Difference between revisions of "Library Science" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''Library science''' is an [[interdisciplinary]] [[science]] incorporating the [[humanities]], [[law]] and [[applied science]] to study topics related to [[library|libraries]], the collection, organization, [[Preservation: Library and Archival Science|preservation]] and dissemination of information resources, and the [[political economy]] of information. Historically, library science has also included [[Archival science]]. "The distinction between a library and an archive is relatively modern"<ref> Harris, Michael H. ''History of Libraries in the Western World''. 4th ed. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow, 1995. 3</ref>. This includes how information resources are organized to serve the needs of select user groups, how people interact with classification systems and technology, how information is acquired, evaluated and applied by people in and outside of libraries as well as cross-culturally, how people are trained and educated for careers in libraries, the [[ethics]] that guide library service and organization, the legal status of libraries and information resources, and the applied science of [[computer technology]] used in [[documentation]] and [[records management]]. Academic courses in library science typically include [[Librarian#Librarian roles and duties|Collection management]], Information Systems and Technology, [[Library catalog|Cataloging]] and [[library classification|classification]], Preservation, Reference, [[Statistics]] and [[Management]]. Library science is constantly evolving, incorporating new topics like [[Database management system|Database Management]], [[Information Architecture]] and [[Knowledge Management]], for example.  
+
'''Library science''' is an [[interdisciplinary]] [[science]] incorporating the [[humanities]], [[law]] and [[applied science]] to study topics related to [[library|libraries]], the collection, organization, [[Preservation: Library and Archival Science|preservation]] and dissemination of information resources, and the [[political economy]] of information. Historically, library science has also included [[Archival science]]. "The distinction between a library and an archive is relatively modern."<ref> Michael H. Harris, ''History of Libraries in the Western World'', 4th ed. (Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow, 1995), 3.</ref> This includes how information resources are organized to serve the needs of select user groups, how people interact with classification systems and technology, how information is acquired, evaluated and applied by people in and outside of libraries as well as cross-culturally, how people are trained and educated for careers in libraries, the [[ethics]] that guide library service and organization, the legal status of libraries and information resources, and the applied science of [[computer technology]] used in [[documentation]] and [[records management]]. Academic courses in library science typically include [[Librarian#Librarian roles and duties|Collection management]], Information Systems and Technology, [[Library catalog|Cataloging]] and [[library classification|classification]], Preservation, Reference, [[Statistics]] and [[Management]]. Library science is constantly evolving, incorporating new topics like [[Database management system|Database Management]], [[Information Architecture]] and [[Knowledge Management]], for example.  
  
 
There is no generally agreed distinction between ''library science'', ''library and information science'', and ''librarianship''. To a certain extent they can be considered equivalent terms, perhaps adopted to increase the "science" aspect, or improve the popular image of librarians.
 
There is no generally agreed distinction between ''library science'', ''library and information science'', and ''librarianship''. To a certain extent they can be considered equivalent terms, perhaps adopted to increase the "science" aspect, or improve the popular image of librarians.
 
+
{{toc}}
The term '''library and information science''' (LIS) is sometimes used; most librarians consider it as only a terminological variation, intended to emphasize the scientific and technical foundations of the subject, and its relationship with information science. LIS should not be confused with [[information theory]], the mathematical study of the concept of information, or [[information science]], a field related to [[computer science]] and [[cognitive science]].
+
The term ''library and information science'' (LIS) is sometimes used; most librarians consider it as only a terminological variation, intended to emphasize the scientific and technical foundations of the subject, and its relationship with information science. LIS should not be confused with [[information theory]], the mathematical study of the concept of information, or [[information science]], a field related to [[computer science]] and [[cognitive science]].
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
Library and information science, it may be argued, began with the first effort to organize a collection of information and provide access to that information.  
+
Library and information science, it may be argued, began with the first effort to organize a collection of information and provide access to that information.
  
 
===Early history===
 
===Early history===
 
{{main|Great libraries of the ancient world}}
 
{{main|Great libraries of the ancient world}}
At [[Ugarit]] in Syria excavations have revealed a palace library, temple library, and two private libraries which date back to around 1200 B.C.E., containing diplomatic texts as well as poetry and other literary forms. In the 7th century, King [[Ashurbanipal]] of [[Assyria]] assembled what is considered "the first systematically collected [[library]]" at [[Nineveh]]; previous collections functioned more as passive [[archives]]. The legendary [[Library of Alexandria]] is perhaps the best known example of an early library, flourishing in the 3rd century B.C.E. and possibly inspired by [[Demetrius Phalereus]].
+
At [[Ugarit]] in [[Syria]] excavations have revealed a palace library, temple library, and two private libraries which date back to around 1200 B.C.E., containing diplomatic texts as well as [[poetry]] and other literary forms. In the seventh century, King [[Ashurbanipal]] of [[Assyria]] assembled what is considered "the first systematically collected [[library]]" at [[Nineveh]]; previous collections functioned more as passive [[archives]]. The legendary [[Library of Alexandria]] is perhaps the best known example of an early library, flourishing in the third century B.C.E. and possibly inspired by [[Demetrius Phalereus]].
  
 
===Ancient information retrieval===
 
===Ancient information retrieval===
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[[Thomas Jefferson]], whose library at [[Monticello]] consisted of thousands of books, devised a classification system inspired by the [[Baconian method]] which grouped books more or less by subject rather than alphabetically, as it was previously done. Jefferson's collection became the nucleus of the first national collection of the United States when it was transferred to Congress after a fire destroyed the Congressional Library during the [[War of 1812]]. The Jefferson collection was the start of what we now know as the Library of Congress.
 
[[Thomas Jefferson]], whose library at [[Monticello]] consisted of thousands of books, devised a classification system inspired by the [[Baconian method]] which grouped books more or less by subject rather than alphabetically, as it was previously done. Jefferson's collection became the nucleus of the first national collection of the United States when it was transferred to Congress after a fire destroyed the Congressional Library during the [[War of 1812]]. The Jefferson collection was the start of what we now know as the Library of Congress.
  
===20th century===
+
===Twentieth century===
The term "library science" first appeared in the early 1930's, in the title of [[S. R. Ranganathan]]'s ''The Five Laws of Library Science'', published in 1931, and in the title of [[Lee Pierce Butler]]'s 1933 book, ''An introduction to library science'' (University of Chicago Press). Butler's new approach advocated research using [[quantitative research|quantitative methods]] and ideas in the [[social sciences]] with the aim of using librarianship to address society's information needs. This research agenda went against the more procedure-based approach of "library economy," which was mostly confined to practical problems in the administration of libraries. While Ranganathan's approach was philosophical it was tied more to the day-to-day business of running a library.
+
The term "library science" first appeared in the early 1930s, in the title of [[S. R. Ranganathan]]'s ''The Five Laws of Library Science'', published in 1931, and in the title of [[Lee Pierce Butler]]'s 1933 book, ''An introduction to library science'' (University of Chicago Press). Butler's new approach advocated research using [[quantitative research|quantitative methods]] and ideas in the [[social sciences]] with the aim of using librarianship to address society's information needs. This research agenda went against the more procedure-based approach of "library economy," which was mostly confined to practical problems in the administration of libraries. While Ranganathan's approach was philosophical it was tied more to the day-to-day business of running a library.
  
 
In more recent years, with the growth of digital technology, the field has been greatly influenced by information science concepts. Although a basic understanding is critical to both library research and practical work, the area of information science has remained largely distinct both in training and in research interests.  
 
In more recent years, with the growth of digital technology, the field has been greatly influenced by information science concepts. Although a basic understanding is critical to both library research and practical work, the area of information science has remained largely distinct both in training and in research interests.  
  
 
==Training in librarianship==  
 
==Training in librarianship==  
Most professional library jobs require a professional post-[[Bachelor%27s_degree|baccalaureate]] degree in '''library science''', or one of its equivalent terms, '''library and information science''as a basic credential. In the United States and [[Canada]] the certification usually comes from a Master's degree granted by an ALA (American Library Association) -accredited institution, so even non-scholarly librarians have an originally academic background. In the United Kingdom, however, there have been moves to broaden the entry requirements to professional library posts, such that qualifications in, or experience of, a number of other disciplines have become more acceptable.
+
Most professional library jobs require a professional post-[[Bachelor%27s_degree|baccalaureate]] degree in ''library science'', or one of its equivalent terms, ''library and information science'' as a basic credential. In the United States and [[Canada]] the certification usually comes from a Master's degree granted by an ALA (American Library Association) accredited institution, so even non-scholarly librarians have an originally academic background. In the [[United Kingdom]], however, there have been moves to broaden the entry requirements to professional library posts, such that qualifications in, or experience of, a number of other disciplines have become more acceptable.
  
 
==Subdisciplines==
 
==Subdisciplines==
 
Subdisciplines of library science include the study of:
 
Subdisciplines of library science include the study of:
 
* Human Information Behaviors (information-seeking, search strategies, and use)
 
* Human Information Behaviors (information-seeking, search strategies, and use)
* Knowledge Organization (which includes bibliographies, cataloging, classification, indexing & abstracting, metadata, semantic & syntactic analysis (controlled vocabularies, etc.))
+
* Knowledge Organization (which includes bibliographies, cataloging, classification, indexing and abstracting, metadata, semantic and syntactic analysis (controlled vocabularies, etc.))
 
* [[Digital library|Digital libraries]]
 
* [[Digital library|Digital libraries]]
 
* Collection development
 
* Collection development
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===Academic===
 
===Academic===
The study of academic librarianship covers library services for [[college]]s and [[University|universities]]. Issues of special importance to the field may include [[copyright]]; technology, [[digital libraries]], and digital repositories; [[academic freedom]]; [[open access]] to scholarly works; as well as specialized knowledge of subject areas important to the institution and the relevant [[reference work]]s.
+
The study of academic librarianship covers library services for [[college]]s and [[University|universities]]. Issues of special importance to the field may include [[copyright]]; [[technology]], [[digital libraries]], and digital repositories; [[academic freedom]]; [[open access]] to scholarly works; as well as specialized knowledge of subject areas important to the institution and the relevant [[reference work]]s.
  
 
Some academic librarians are considered [[Faculty (university)|faculty]], and hold similar academic ranks as professors, while others are not. In either case, the minimal qualification is a Master's degree in Library Studies or Library Science, and, in some cases, a Master's degree in another field.
 
Some academic librarians are considered [[Faculty (university)|faculty]], and hold similar academic ranks as professors, while others are not. In either case, the minimal qualification is a Master's degree in Library Studies or Library Science, and, in some cases, a Master's degree in another field.
Line 107: Line 107:
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 
{{main|List of library and information science topics}}
 
{{main|List of library and information science topics}}
* [[Portal:Library and information science]]
+
* [[Portal: Library and information science]]
 
* [[Archival science]]
 
* [[Archival science]]
 
* [[Informatics]]
 
* [[Informatics]]
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A large number of fine books are available in this field. Select introductory texts are:
 
A large number of fine books are available in this field. Select introductory texts are:
  
*Bopp, Richard E., and Linda C. Smith. ''Reference and Information Services: An Introduction.'' Library and information science text series. Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 2001. ISBN 1563086247 ISBN 9781563086243 ISBN 1563086212 ISBN 9781563086212
+
*Bopp, Richard E., and Linda C. Smith. ''Reference and Information Services: An Introduction.'' Library and information science text series. Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 2001. ISBN 1563086247
*Dority, G. Kim. ''Rethinking Information Work: A Career Guide for Librarians and Other Information Professionals.'' Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited, 2006. ISBN 159158180X ISBN 9781591581802
+
*Dority, G. Kim. ''Rethinking Information Work: A Career Guide for Librarians and Other Information Professionals.'' Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited, 2006. ISBN 159158180X
*Eberhart, George M. ''The Whole Library Handbook 4: Current Data, Professional Advice, and Curiosa About Libraries and Library Services.'' Chicago: American Library Association, 2006. ISBN 0838909159 ISBN 9780838909157
+
*Eberhart, George M. ''The Whole Library Handbook 4: Current Data, Professional Advice, and Curiosa About Libraries and Library Services.'' Chicago: American Library Association, 2006. ISBN 0838909159
*Rubin, Richard. ''Foundations of Library and Information Science.'' New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1555703097 ISBN 9781555703097
+
*Rubin, Richard. ''Foundations of Library and Information Science.'' New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1555703097
*Stueart, Robert D., and Barbara B. Moran. ''Library and Information Center Management.'' Library and information science text series. Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 1998. ISBN 0585119597 ISBN 9780585119595
+
*Stueart, Robert D., and Barbara B. Moran. ''Library and Information Center Management.'' Library and information science text series. Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 1998.
*Taylor, Arlene G. ''The Organization of Information.'' Library and information science text series. Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 1999. ISBN 1563084937 ISBN 9781563084935 ISBN 1563084988 ISBN 9781563084980
+
*Taylor, Arlene G. ''The Organization of Information.'' Library and information science text series. Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 1999. ISBN 1563084937
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
===Library science===
+
All links retrieved October 25, 2022.
* [http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ dLIST] dLIST: Digital Library of Information Science and Technology, an open access archive of Information Sciences materials. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://dlharvest.sir.arizona.edu DL-Harvest] DL-Harvest, an open access aggregator for Information Sciences. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://www.lisnews.org LISNews.org] Librarian and Information Science News. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://dmoz.org/Reference/Libraries/Library_and_Information_Science/ Open Directory Project category] Library and Information Science listings. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://www.michaellorenzen.com/libraryschool.html Education Schools and Library Schools: A Comparison of Their Perceptions by Academia]. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://radio.weblogs.com/0109575/ ASC Online: Mentoring weblog for LIS students]. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://www.liblinks.org LibLinks.org - Directory of library links organized by US states]. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/libraries.html ERIC Digests on Libraries.] Annotated list with links to public domain ERIC Digests dealing with library science and libraries. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://www.infosciencetoday.org Information Science Today - Voluntary information development organization]. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ The Nitecki Trilogy]. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
===Organizations and institutions===
 
*[http://www.loc.gov/index.html Library of Congress] (USA). Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
*[http://www.ala.org/ American Library Association]. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
*[http://www.oclc.org/ OCLC (Online Computer Library Center)]. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
 
 
===History===
 
* [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jefflib.html Jefferson's Library] - Exhibition including a sample page from "Catalog of Library of Thomas Jefferson". Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM Chronology of information science and technology] - From the XVII{{th}} to the XX{{th}} century. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/chemnet/CHCHRON.htm Chronology of chemical information science]. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/ISP/contents.htm Information science pioneers] - Biographies of pioneers and famous information scientists. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
* [http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/JASIS_50th_Tour-j_990418.html A tour of information science through the pages of ''JASIS'']. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
 
  
===Library related wikis===
+
* [https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/105067 Digital Library of Information Science and Technology (DLIST)], an open access archive of Information Sciences materials.
* [http://www.liswiki.com/wiki/Main_Page Library and Information Science Wiki]. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
+
* [http://www.lisnews.org LISNews.org] Librarian and Information Science News.
* [http://www.gslis.org/ GSLIS at University of Illinois Wiki]. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
+
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/libraries.html ERIC Digests on Libraries] Annotated list with links to public domain ERIC Digests dealing with library science and libraries.
* [http://www.seedwiki.com/wiki/antioch_university_new_england_library_staff_training_and_support_wiki/ Library Front Desk Staff Training Wiki.]  Public Site, but private to edit,  at Antioch New England Graduate School's Library in Keene, NH. USA. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
+
*[http://www.loc.gov/index.html Library of Congress] (USA).
 +
*[http://www.ala.org/ American Library Association]
 +
*[http://www.oclc.org/ OCLC (Online Computer Library Center)]
 +
* [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jefflib.html Jefferson's Library] - Exhibition including a sample page from "Catalog of Library of Thomas Jefferson."
  
[[Category:Library and information science]]
+
[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 +
[[category:library and information science]]
  
 
{{credit|134934042}}
 
{{credit|134934042}}

Latest revision as of 22:32, 25 October 2022

Library science is an interdisciplinary science incorporating the humanities, law and applied science to study topics related to libraries, the collection, organization, preservation and dissemination of information resources, and the political economy of information. Historically, library science has also included Archival science. "The distinction between a library and an archive is relatively modern."[1] This includes how information resources are organized to serve the needs of select user groups, how people interact with classification systems and technology, how information is acquired, evaluated and applied by people in and outside of libraries as well as cross-culturally, how people are trained and educated for careers in libraries, the ethics that guide library service and organization, the legal status of libraries and information resources, and the applied science of computer technology used in documentation and records management. Academic courses in library science typically include Collection management, Information Systems and Technology, Cataloging and classification, Preservation, Reference, Statistics and Management. Library science is constantly evolving, incorporating new topics like Database Management, Information Architecture and Knowledge Management, for example.

There is no generally agreed distinction between library science, library and information science, and librarianship. To a certain extent they can be considered equivalent terms, perhaps adopted to increase the "science" aspect, or improve the popular image of librarians.

The term library and information science (LIS) is sometimes used; most librarians consider it as only a terminological variation, intended to emphasize the scientific and technical foundations of the subject, and its relationship with information science. LIS should not be confused with information theory, the mathematical study of the concept of information, or information science, a field related to computer science and cognitive science.

History

Library and information science, it may be argued, began with the first effort to organize a collection of information and provide access to that information.

Early history

At Ugarit in Syria excavations have revealed a palace library, temple library, and two private libraries which date back to around 1200 B.C.E., containing diplomatic texts as well as poetry and other literary forms. In the seventh century, King Ashurbanipal of Assyria assembled what is considered "the first systematically collected library" at Nineveh; previous collections functioned more as passive archives. The legendary Library of Alexandria is perhaps the best known example of an early library, flourishing in the third century B.C.E. and possibly inspired by Demetrius Phalereus.

Ancient information retrieval

One of the curators of the imperial library in the Han Dynasty is believed to have been the first to establish a library classification system and the first book notation system. At this time the library catalog was written on scrolls of fine silk and stored in silk bags.

Jefferson's method

Thomas Jefferson, whose library at Monticello consisted of thousands of books, devised a classification system inspired by the Baconian method which grouped books more or less by subject rather than alphabetically, as it was previously done. Jefferson's collection became the nucleus of the first national collection of the United States when it was transferred to Congress after a fire destroyed the Congressional Library during the War of 1812. The Jefferson collection was the start of what we now know as the Library of Congress.

Twentieth century

The term "library science" first appeared in the early 1930s, in the title of S. R. Ranganathan's The Five Laws of Library Science, published in 1931, and in the title of Lee Pierce Butler's 1933 book, An introduction to library science (University of Chicago Press). Butler's new approach advocated research using quantitative methods and ideas in the social sciences with the aim of using librarianship to address society's information needs. This research agenda went against the more procedure-based approach of "library economy," which was mostly confined to practical problems in the administration of libraries. While Ranganathan's approach was philosophical it was tied more to the day-to-day business of running a library.

In more recent years, with the growth of digital technology, the field has been greatly influenced by information science concepts. Although a basic understanding is critical to both library research and practical work, the area of information science has remained largely distinct both in training and in research interests.

Training in librarianship

Most professional library jobs require a professional post-baccalaureate degree in library science, or one of its equivalent terms, library and information science as a basic credential. In the United States and Canada the certification usually comes from a Master's degree granted by an ALA (American Library Association) accredited institution, so even non-scholarly librarians have an originally academic background. In the United Kingdom, however, there have been moves to broaden the entry requirements to professional library posts, such that qualifications in, or experience of, a number of other disciplines have become more acceptable.

Subdisciplines

Subdisciplines of library science include the study of:

  • Human Information Behaviors (information-seeking, search strategies, and use)
  • Knowledge Organization (which includes bibliographies, cataloging, classification, indexing and abstracting, metadata, semantic and syntactic analysis (controlled vocabularies, etc.))
  • Digital libraries
  • Collection development
  • Preservation
  • Public reference and other services
  • Scholarly communication (includes bibliometrics, informetrics, scientometrics, webmetrics)

Types of library science professionals

  • Librarian
  • Archivist
  • Cataloger
  • Computer, Data, and Information Systems professionals
  • Curator
  • Indexers
  • Information architect
  • Information broker
  • Metadata Architects
  • Metadata Managers
  • Preservation Administrators and Conservators

Librarians in different types of libraries

Public

The study of librarianship for public libraries covers issues such as cataloging, collection development for a diverse community, information literacy, community standards, public services-focused librarianship, serving a diverse community of adults, children, and teens, Intellectual freedom, Censorship and legal and budgeting issues.

School

The study of school librarianship covers library services for children in schools up until (but not including) university. In some regions, the local government may have stricter standards for the education and certification of school librarians (who are often considered a special case of teacher), than for other librarians, and the educational program will include those local standards. School librarianship may also include issues of intellectual freedom; pedagogy; and how to build a cooperative curriculum with the teaching staff.

Academic

The study of academic librarianship covers library services for colleges and universities. Issues of special importance to the field may include copyright; technology, digital libraries, and digital repositories; academic freedom; open access to scholarly works; as well as specialized knowledge of subject areas important to the institution and the relevant reference works.

Some academic librarians are considered faculty, and hold similar academic ranks as professors, while others are not. In either case, the minimal qualification is a Master's degree in Library Studies or Library Science, and, in some cases, a Master's degree in another field.

Archives

The study of archives covers the training of archivists, librarians specially trained to maintain and build archives of records intended for historical preservation. Special issues include physical preservation of materials and mass deacidification; specialist catalogs; solo work; access; and appraisal. Many archivists are also trained historians specializing in the period covered by the archive.

Special

Special librarians include almost any other form of librarianship, including those who serve in medical libraries (and hospitals or medical schools), corporations, news agency libraries, or other special collections. The issues at these libraries will be specific to the industries they inhabit, but may include solo work; corporate financing; specialized collection development; and extensive self-promotion to potential patrons.

Preservation

Preservation librarians most often work in academic libraries. Their focus is on the management of preservation activities that seek to maintain access to content within books, manuscripts, archival materials, and other library resources. Examples of activities managed by preservation librarians include binding, conservation, digital and analog reformatting, digital preservation, and environmental monitoring.

Theory and practice

Many practicing librarians do not contribute to LIS scholarship but focus on daily operations of their own library systems. Other practicing librarians, particularly in academic libraries, do perform original scholarly LIS research and contribute to the academic end of the field.

On this basis, it has sometimes been proposed that LIS is distinct from librarianship, in a way analogous to the difference between medicine and doctoring. In this view, librarianship, the application of library science, would comprise the practical services rendered by librarians in their day-to-day attempts to meet the needs of library patrons.

Other uses of these terms do not make the distinction and treat them as synonyms.

Current issues in LIS

  • Education for librarianship
  • Information policy
  • Information communication technologies (ICT's)
  • Information literacy
  • Information commons
  • Information Society
  • Equity of Access
  • Sustainability and ICT's
  • Children's Internet Protection Act
  • Censorship
  • Information explosion
  • Information literacy
  • Government Information
  • Decreased funding for established libraries
  • Copyright
  • Intellectual property rights
  • Intellectual freedom
  • Digital divide
  • Open access
  • Patriot Act
  • Public lending right
  • Slow fires
  • Serials crisis
  • Current digital/scanning technologies
  • Remote access

See also

Notes

  1. Michael H. Harris, History of Libraries in the Western World, 4th ed. (Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow, 1995), 3.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

A large number of fine books are available in this field. Select introductory texts are:

  • Bopp, Richard E., and Linda C. Smith. Reference and Information Services: An Introduction. Library and information science text series. Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 2001. ISBN 1563086247
  • Dority, G. Kim. Rethinking Information Work: A Career Guide for Librarians and Other Information Professionals. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited, 2006. ISBN 159158180X
  • Eberhart, George M. The Whole Library Handbook 4: Current Data, Professional Advice, and Curiosa About Libraries and Library Services. Chicago: American Library Association, 2006. ISBN 0838909159
  • Rubin, Richard. Foundations of Library and Information Science. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1555703097
  • Stueart, Robert D., and Barbara B. Moran. Library and Information Center Management. Library and information science text series. Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 1998.
  • Taylor, Arlene G. The Organization of Information. Library and information science text series. Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 1999. ISBN 1563084937

External links

All links retrieved October 25, 2022.

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