Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "Lester Frank Ward" - New World

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[[Image:Ward.gif|right|thumb|Lester Frank Ward]]
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'''Lester Frank Ward''' (born June 18, 1841 in Joliet, Illinois – died April 18, 1913 in Washington, D.C.), was an American botanist, paleontologist and sociologist, first president of the American Sociological Association.
'''Lester F. Ward''' ([[June 18]], [[1841]] in Joliet, [[Illinois]] - [[April 18]], [[1913]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]), American [[botanist]] and [[paleontologist]] and [[sociologist]], first president of the [[American Sociological Association]].
 
  
Lester Ward believed that [[science]] should work for the improvement of the human condition. As he put it in the Preface to Dynamic Sociology (1883): "The real object of science is to benefit man. A science which fails to do this, however agreeable its study, is lifeless. Sociology, which of all sciences should benefit man most, is in danger of falling into the class of polite amusements, or dead sciences. It is the object of this work to point out a method by which the breath of life may be breathed into its nostrils." Ward theorized that poverty could be minimized or eliminated by systematic state intervention. Mankind wasn't helpless before the impersonal force of nature and [[evolution]] — through the power of Mind, man could take control of the situation and direct the evolution of human society. This theory is known as [[telesis]]. Also see: [[meliorism]], [[sociocracy]] and [[public sociology]]
+
==Life==
  
A sociology which intelligently and scientifically directed the social and economic development of society should institute a universal and comprehensive system of [[education]], regulate [[competition]], connect the people together on the basis of equal opportunities and [[cooperation]], and promote the [[happiness]] and the [[Freedom (philosophy)|freedom]] of everyone.
+
Lester Ward was born in a rather poor family of Justus Ward and Silence Rolph. His family did not have enough money to send Lester to school, so he was home-schooled. However, Lester’s intellectual abilities, especially his sense for foreign languages immediately became visible. Lester taught himself Latin, Greek, German, Russian, Japanese and Hebrew. After his family moved to Myersburg, Pennsylvania, Ward started working with his brother in the wagon wheel shop. At the same time, Ward continued studying, mostly after work and at night. It was probably this experience of poverty and hard work that affected Ward, as he later dedicated his academic life in advocating for social justice.
 +
 
 +
When the [[Civil War]] broke out in 1861, Ward joined Pennsylvania regiment and was wounded at Chancellorville. In 1862 he married Elisabeth Caroline Bought. When the war ended Ward started studying at George Washington University (then Columbian College) where he received the A.B. in 1869, and the A.M. in 1872. At the same time he was working for the United States Treasury Department.
 +
 
 +
In 1882 Ward started to work for the United States Geological Survey, where he stayed for the rest of his career. He was first holding a post of assistant geologist, and from 1889 to 1892 a Geologist, while in 1892 he was promoted to Paleontologist. At the same time he served as Honorary Curator of the Department of Fossil Plants in the U.S. National Museum.
 +
 
 +
In 1905 Ward became a professor at [[Brown University]], and in 1906 the first president of the [[American Sociological Association]]. He also edited the ''American Journal of Sociology'' from 1905. He remained active at Brown University until his death in 1913.
 +
 
 +
==Work==
 +
 
 +
Lester Ward believed that science should work for the improvement of the human condition. As he put it in the Preface to ''Dynamic Sociology'' (1883):
 +
 
 +
:The real object of science is to benefit man. A science which fails to do this, however agreeable its study, is lifeless. Sociology, which of all sciences should benefit man most, is in danger of falling into the class of polite amusements, or dead sciences. It is the object of this work to point out a method by which the breath of life may be breathed into its nostrils."
 +
 
 +
Ward theorized that poverty could be minimized or eliminated by systematic state intervention. Mankind is not helpless before the impersonal force of nature and evolution. Instead, through the power of Mind, man could take control of the situation and direct the evolution of human society. This theory is known as telesis. (See also: [[meliorism]], [[sociocracy]] and [[public sociology]].
 +
 
 +
A sociology which intelligently and scientifically directs the social and economic development of society should institute a universal and comprehensive system of education, regulate competition, connect the people together on the basis of equal opportunities and cooperation, and promote the happiness and freedom of everyone.
  
 
[[Image:WARD-MOOREHEAD.jpg|450px|left|thumb|Lester Frank Ward]]  
 
[[Image:WARD-MOOREHEAD.jpg|450px|left|thumb|Lester Frank Ward]]  
Ward was a strong advocate for equal rights for women and even theorized that women were naturally superior to men, much to the scorn of main stream sociologists.
+
Ward was a strong advocate for equal rights for women and even theorized that women were naturally superior to men, much to the scorn of mainstream sociologists.
  
Ward placed himself in direct opposition to [[Social Darwinism]], especially the work of [[Herbert Spencer]] (Ward admired much of Spencer's work but thought that Spencer had lost his way when he tried to apply his ideas to the world of government and politics) and Spencer's American disciple, [[William Graham Sumner]], who gained great fame (and wealth) in the American business community by single-mindedly promoting the principles of laissez faire and survival of the fittest. To quote [[Henry Steele Commager]]: "Ward was the first major scholar to attack this whole system of negativist and absolutist sociology and he remains the ablest....Before Ward could begin to formulate that science of society which he hoped would inaugurate an era of such progress as the world had not yet seen, he had to destroy the superstitions that still held domain over the mind of his generation. Of these, laissez faire was the most stupefying, and it was on the doctrine of laissez faire that he trained his heaviest guns. The work of demolition performed in Dynamic Sociology, Psychic Factors and Applied Sociology was thorough."
+
Ward placed himself in direct opposition to [[Social Darwinism]], especially to the work of [[Herbert Spencer]]. Although Ward admired Spencer, he believed that Spencer had lost his way when he tried to apply his ideas to the world of government and politics. Besides, Spencer's American disciple, [[William Graham Sumner]], who gained great fame (and wealth) in the American business community, was single-mindedly promoting the principles of laissez faire and survival of the fittest. To quote [[Henry Steele Commager]]:  
  
==Quotes==
+
:Ward was the first major scholar to attack this whole system of negativist and absolutist sociology and he remains the ablest....Before Ward could begin to formulate that science of society which he hoped would inaugurate an era of such progress as the world had not yet seen, he had to destroy the superstitions that still held domain over the mind of his generation. Of these, laissez faire was the most stupefying, and it was on the doctrine of laissez faire that he trained his heaviest guns. The work of demolition performed in Dynamic Sociology, Psychic Factors and Applied Sociology was thorough."
"Every implement or utensil, every mechanical device...is a triumph of mind over the physical forces of nature in ceaseless and aimless competition. All human institutions—religion, govenment, law, marriage, custom—together with innumerable other modes of regulating social, industrial and commercial life are, broadly viewed, only so many ways of meeting and checkmating the principle of competition as it manifests itself in society." —Lester Ward
+
.
  
 +
==Legacy==
  
"Thus far, social progress has in a certain awkward manner taken care of itself, but in the near future it will have to be cared for. To do this, and maintain the dynamic condition against all the hostile forces which thicken with every new advance, is the real problem of sociology considered as an applied science" —Lester Ward
+
Although his impact was not as big as of some of his contemporaries, like [[Albion Small]] or [[George Mead]], Ward left his mark on the development of American sociology. At one point Ward was considered one of America’s greatest thinkers, often even called an “American Aristotle”.
  
 +
Ward is best remembered for his pioneering work in sociology. His book ''Dynamic Sociology'' was truly advanced for his time. When [[laissez faire]] economy and industrial revolution shaped society, Ward argued that real progress can be achieved only through planned society led by benevolent government that would provide education and social justice for all. Ward’s ideas of equality of women and equality of classes and races can also be seen revolutionary for his time.
  
"...it is not just my own belief but a well-established scientific fact that most change is for the worse: any change increases entropy (unavailable energy). Therefore, any change that produces no net positive good is invariably harmful. Progress, then, does not consist of destroying good things in the mere hope that the things that will replace them will be better (they will not be) but in retaining good things while adding more." —Gene Wolfe
+
==References==
  
==Literature==
+
*Burnham, John C. (1956). ''Lester Frank Ward in American thought''. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press
*Burnham, John C. Lester Frank Ward in American thought. Washington, D.C., 1956.
+
 
*S. Chugerman, Lester F. Ward, The American Aristotle (1939, repr. 1965).  
+
*Chugerman, Samuel. (1939/1965). ''Lester F. Ward, The American Aristotle: A summary and interpretation of his sociology''. Octagon Books 
*Rafferty, Edward C. Apostle of Human Progress. Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought, 1841/1913. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Oxford, 2003.
+
 
*Chapter 4 of Hofstadter, Richard. Social Darwinism in American Thought (original 1944, 1955; reprint Boston: Beacon Press, 1992).
+
*Rafferty, Edward C. (2003). ''Apostle of Human Progress. Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought, 1841-1913.'' Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0742522164
*Chriss, James J. (2006): "The Place of Lester Ward among the Sociological Classics," Journal of Classical Sociology 6 (1): 5-21.
+
 
*Commager, Henry Steele; The American Mind; Chapter 10: Lester Ward and the Science of Society; Yale University Press; 1950.
+
*Hofstadter, Richard. (1944/1992). ''Social Darwinism in American Thought''. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0807055034
*Becker, Ernest; Escape From Evil; Free Press, reissue edition; 1985.
+
 
*Finlay, Barbara; Lester Frank Ward as a Sociologist Of Gender: A New Look at His Sociological Work; Gender & Society, Vol. 13, No. 2, 251-265 (1999) http://gas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/251
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*Chriss, James J. (2006). The Place of Lester Ward among the Sociological Classics. Journal ''of Classical Sociology'', 6, 5-21.
*Ravitch, Diane; Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms; Simon & Schuster; Chapter one: The Educational Ladder http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/ravitch-back.html
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*Mers, Adelheid; Fusion (graphic art, needs to be magnified) http://adelheidmers.org/aweb/fusion.pdf
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*Commager, Henry Steele. (1959). ''The American Mind'' (Chapter 10: Lester Ward and the Science of Society). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300000464
*Rafferty, Edward C.; “The Right to the Use of the Earth:” Herbert Spencer, the Washington Intellectual Community, and American Conservation in the Late Nineteenth Century; http://www.historians.org/annual/2006/06program/precirculated/Session145_Rafferty.pdf
+
 
*Coser, Lewis; A History of Sociological Analysis, Basic Books, New York http://www.sociology.ccsu.edu/adair/american_trends_by_lewis_coser.htm
+
*Becker, Ernest. (1985). ''Escape From Evil''. Free Press. ISBN 0029024501
 +
 
 +
*Finlay, Barbara. (1999). Lester Frank Ward as a Sociologist Of Gender: A New Look at His Sociological Work. ''Gender & Society'', 13, 2, 251-265.
 +
 
 +
*Coser, Lewis. (1981). American Trends. In Tom Bottomore & Robert Nisbet (Eds.) ''A History of Sociological Analysis'', (pp. 183-321). Macmillan Pub Co. ISBN 0465030246. In full at [[http://www.sociology.ccsu.edu/adair/american_trends_by_lewis_coser.htm]]
 +
 
 +
==Bibliography==
 +
 
 +
* Ward, Lester F. (1881). ''Flora of Washington, D.C and Vicinity.'' Smithsonian Institution
 +
 
 +
* Ward, Lester F. (1883/1897). ''Dynamic Sociology'' (2 vols.). Reprint Services Corp. ISBN 0781298741
 +
 
 +
* Ward, Lester F. (1886). ''Synopsis of the Flora of the Laramie Group''. Govt. print. off
 +
 
 +
* Ward, Lester F. (1887). ''Types of the Laramie Flora''. Reprint Services Corp. ISBN 078129875X
 +
 
 +
* Ward, Lester F. (1893/2005). ''The Psychic Factors of Civilization''. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1417975059
 +
 
 +
* Ward, Lester F. (1895-97). Contributions to Social Philosophy.  ''American Journal of Sociology'', Vol. 1 & 2. In full at [http://de.geocities.com/ralf_schreyer/ward/download/contributions.pdf.] (596 KB - PDF)
 +
 
 +
* Ward, Lester F. (1898/2004). ''Outlines of Sociology''. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1419139711. In full at  [http://de.geocities.com/ralf_schreyer/ward/download/outline_sociology.pdf.]
 +
 
 +
* Ward, Lester F. (1902). Contemporary Sociology. ''The American Journal of Sociology'', 7, (No. 4, 5, 6)
 +
In full at [http://de.geocities.com/ralf_schreyer/ward/download/contemporary_sociology.pdf.]
 +
 
 +
* Ward, Lester F. (1903/2002). ''Pure Sociology. A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society''. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 1410201708
 +
 
 +
* Ward, Lester F. (1906/1974). ''Applied Sociology. A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society.'' Ayer Co Publishing. ISBN 0405055307
 +
 
 +
* Ward, Lester F. (1913-18). ''Glimpses of the Cosmos. A Mental Autobiography''. (6 vols.). Reprint Services Corp. ISBN 0781298792
 +
 
 +
==External link==
  
==External links==
 
 
*[http://www.cityofjoliet.com/halloffame/scientists/lesterfward.htm Short biography]
 
*[http://www.cityofjoliet.com/halloffame/scientists/lesterfward.htm Short biography]
 +
 
*[http://www.si.edu/archives/archives/findingaids/FARU7321.htm Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 7321] - Lester Frank Ward Papers, 1882-1913, with Related Materials to Circa 1965.
 
*[http://www.si.edu/archives/archives/findingaids/FARU7321.htm Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 7321] - Lester Frank Ward Papers, 1882-1913, with Related Materials to Circa 1965.
 +
 
*[http://www.asanet.org/page.ww?section=Presidents&name=Lester+F.+Ward American Sociological Association - Lester Ward]
 
*[http://www.asanet.org/page.ww?section=Presidents&name=Lester+F.+Ward American Sociological Association - Lester Ward]
 +
 
*[http://www.rootsweb.com/~srgp/histmark/wardmark.htm The Sunday Review; Towanda, Pennsylvania]
 
*[http://www.rootsweb.com/~srgp/histmark/wardmark.htm The Sunday Review; Towanda, Pennsylvania]
 +
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?q=lester+ward&btnG=Search+Books&hl=en Google Book Search]
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?q=lester+ward&btnG=Search+Books&hl=en Google Book Search]
*[http://69.202.113.188/Lester_Ward A Lester Ward web site]
+
 
 +
*[http://69.202.113.188/Lester_Ward A Lester Ward website]
 +
 
 
*[http://pubsoc.wisc.edu/?q= Public Sociology website]
 
*[http://pubsoc.wisc.edu/?q= Public Sociology website]
 +
 
*[http://www.thedailyreview.com/site/news.cfm?BRD=2276&dept_id=495082&newsid=16413291&PAG=461&rfi=9 Mansfield professor makes documentary on Lester Frank Ward]
 
*[http://www.thedailyreview.com/site/news.cfm?BRD=2276&dept_id=495082&newsid=16413291&PAG=461&rfi=9 Mansfield professor makes documentary on Lester Frank Ward]
 
==Major works==
 
Notice: only time-limited download at Geocities! If Geocities is unavailable try this site: [http://69.202.113.188/Lester_Ward/download/ Ward pdfs]
 
*Guide to the Flora of Washington, D.C and Vicinity, 1881.
 
*(1883, 1897) Dynamic Sociology (2 vols.). Or Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences. [http://de.geocities.com/ralf_schreyer/ward/download/dynamic_sociology_vol1.pdf Volume I.] (2,430 KB - PDF) - [http://de.geocities.com/ralf_schreyer/ward/download/dynamic_sociology_vol2.pdf Volume II.] (2,396 KB - PDF)
 
*Sketch of Paleo-Botany, 1885.
 
*Synopsis of the Flora of the Laramie Group, 1886.
 
*Types of the Laramie Flora, 1887.
 
*(1893, 1906) The Psychic Factors of Civilization.
 
*(1895-97) [http://de.geocities.com/ralf_schreyer/ward/download/contributions.pdf Contributions to Social Philosophy.] (596 KB - PDF)
 
*(1898, reprint 1913) [http://de.geocities.com/ralf_schreyer/ward/download/outline_sociology.pdf Outlines of Sociology.] (609 KB - PDF)
 
*(1902) [http://de.geocities.com/ralf_schreyer/ward/download/contemporary_sociology.pdf Contemporary Sociology.] (333 KB - PDF)
 
*(1903) [http://de.geocities.com/ralf_schreyer/ward/download/pure_sociology.pdf Pure Sociology. A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society.] (2,625 KB - PDF)
 
*(1905, with James Q. Dealey) A Text-Book of Sociology.
 
*(1906) [http://de.geocities.com/ralf_schreyer/ward/download/applied_sociology.pdf Applied Sociology. A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society.] (2,305 KB - PDF)
 
*(1913-18) Glimpses of the Cosmos. A Mental Autobiography. (6 vols.)
 
  
  
 
{{Credit1|Lester_Frank_Ward|53812617|}}
 
{{Credit1|Lester_Frank_Ward|53812617|}}

Revision as of 18:07, 14 June 2006


Lester Frank Ward (born June 18, 1841 in Joliet, Illinois – died April 18, 1913 in Washington, D.C.), was an American botanist, paleontologist and sociologist, first president of the American Sociological Association.

Life

Lester Ward was born in a rather poor family of Justus Ward and Silence Rolph. His family did not have enough money to send Lester to school, so he was home-schooled. However, Lester’s intellectual abilities, especially his sense for foreign languages immediately became visible. Lester taught himself Latin, Greek, German, Russian, Japanese and Hebrew. After his family moved to Myersburg, Pennsylvania, Ward started working with his brother in the wagon wheel shop. At the same time, Ward continued studying, mostly after work and at night. It was probably this experience of poverty and hard work that affected Ward, as he later dedicated his academic life in advocating for social justice.

When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Ward joined Pennsylvania regiment and was wounded at Chancellorville. In 1862 he married Elisabeth Caroline Bought. When the war ended Ward started studying at George Washington University (then Columbian College) where he received the A.B. in 1869, and the A.M. in 1872. At the same time he was working for the United States Treasury Department.

In 1882 Ward started to work for the United States Geological Survey, where he stayed for the rest of his career. He was first holding a post of assistant geologist, and from 1889 to 1892 a Geologist, while in 1892 he was promoted to Paleontologist. At the same time he served as Honorary Curator of the Department of Fossil Plants in the U.S. National Museum.

In 1905 Ward became a professor at Brown University, and in 1906 the first president of the American Sociological Association. He also edited the American Journal of Sociology from 1905. He remained active at Brown University until his death in 1913.

Work

Lester Ward believed that science should work for the improvement of the human condition. As he put it in the Preface to Dynamic Sociology (1883):

The real object of science is to benefit man. A science which fails to do this, however agreeable its study, is lifeless. Sociology, which of all sciences should benefit man most, is in danger of falling into the class of polite amusements, or dead sciences. It is the object of this work to point out a method by which the breath of life may be breathed into its nostrils."

Ward theorized that poverty could be minimized or eliminated by systematic state intervention. Mankind is not helpless before the impersonal force of nature and evolution. Instead, through the power of Mind, man could take control of the situation and direct the evolution of human society. This theory is known as telesis. (See also: meliorism, sociocracy and public sociology.

A sociology which intelligently and scientifically directs the social and economic development of society should institute a universal and comprehensive system of education, regulate competition, connect the people together on the basis of equal opportunities and cooperation, and promote the happiness and freedom of everyone.

Lester Frank Ward

Ward was a strong advocate for equal rights for women and even theorized that women were naturally superior to men, much to the scorn of mainstream sociologists.

Ward placed himself in direct opposition to Social Darwinism, especially to the work of Herbert Spencer. Although Ward admired Spencer, he believed that Spencer had lost his way when he tried to apply his ideas to the world of government and politics. Besides, Spencer's American disciple, William Graham Sumner, who gained great fame (and wealth) in the American business community, was single-mindedly promoting the principles of laissez faire and survival of the fittest. To quote Henry Steele Commager:

Ward was the first major scholar to attack this whole system of negativist and absolutist sociology and he remains the ablest....Before Ward could begin to formulate that science of society which he hoped would inaugurate an era of such progress as the world had not yet seen, he had to destroy the superstitions that still held domain over the mind of his generation. Of these, laissez faire was the most stupefying, and it was on the doctrine of laissez faire that he trained his heaviest guns. The work of demolition performed in Dynamic Sociology, Psychic Factors and Applied Sociology was thorough."

.

Legacy

Although his impact was not as big as of some of his contemporaries, like Albion Small or George Mead, Ward left his mark on the development of American sociology. At one point Ward was considered one of America’s greatest thinkers, often even called an “American Aristotle”.

Ward is best remembered for his pioneering work in sociology. His book Dynamic Sociology was truly advanced for his time. When laissez faire economy and industrial revolution shaped society, Ward argued that real progress can be achieved only through planned society led by benevolent government that would provide education and social justice for all. Ward’s ideas of equality of women and equality of classes and races can also be seen revolutionary for his time.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Burnham, John C. (1956). Lester Frank Ward in American thought. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press
  • Chugerman, Samuel. (1939/1965). Lester F. Ward, The American Aristotle: A summary and interpretation of his sociology. Octagon Books
  • Rafferty, Edward C. (2003). Apostle of Human Progress. Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought, 1841-1913. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0742522164
  • Hofstadter, Richard. (1944/1992). Social Darwinism in American Thought. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0807055034
  • Chriss, James J. (2006). The Place of Lester Ward among the Sociological Classics. Journal of Classical Sociology, 6, 5-21.
  • Commager, Henry Steele. (1959). The American Mind (Chapter 10: Lester Ward and the Science of Society). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300000464
  • Finlay, Barbara. (1999). Lester Frank Ward as a Sociologist Of Gender: A New Look at His Sociological Work. Gender & Society, 13, 2, 251-265.
  • Coser, Lewis. (1981). American Trends. In Tom Bottomore & Robert Nisbet (Eds.) A History of Sociological Analysis, (pp. 183-321). Macmillan Pub Co. ISBN 0465030246. In full at [[1]]

Bibliography

  • Ward, Lester F. (1881). Flora of Washington, D.C and Vicinity. Smithsonian Institution
  • Ward, Lester F. (1883/1897). Dynamic Sociology (2 vols.). Reprint Services Corp. ISBN 0781298741
  • Ward, Lester F. (1886). Synopsis of the Flora of the Laramie Group. Govt. print. off
  • Ward, Lester F. (1887). Types of the Laramie Flora. Reprint Services Corp. ISBN 078129875X
  • Ward, Lester F. (1893/2005). The Psychic Factors of Civilization. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1417975059
  • Ward, Lester F. (1895-97). Contributions to Social Philosophy. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 1 & 2. In full at [2] (596 KB - PDF)
  • Ward, Lester F. (1898/2004). Outlines of Sociology. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1419139711. In full at [3]
  • Ward, Lester F. (1902). Contemporary Sociology. The American Journal of Sociology, 7, (No. 4, 5, 6)

In full at [4]

  • Ward, Lester F. (1903/2002). Pure Sociology. A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 1410201708
  • Ward, Lester F. (1906/1974). Applied Sociology. A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society. Ayer Co Publishing. ISBN 0405055307
  • Ward, Lester F. (1913-18). Glimpses of the Cosmos. A Mental Autobiography. (6 vols.). Reprint Services Corp. ISBN 0781298792

External link


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