Gomez, Lefty

From New World Encyclopedia
 
(19 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Submitted}}
+
{{Approved}}{{Submitted}}{{Copyedited}}
 
[[Category:Image wanted]]
 
[[Category:Image wanted]]
 
{{epname|Gomez, Lefty}}
 
{{epname|Gomez, Lefty}}
 
{{Infobox MLB retired
 
{{Infobox MLB retired
 
|name=Lefty Gomez
 
|name=Lefty Gomez
 +
|image=leftygomez1.jpg|thumb|180px|Lefty Gomez
 
|position=[[Pitcher]]
 
|position=[[Pitcher]]
 
|bats=Left
 
|bats=Left
Line 30: Line 31:
 
|hofmethod=Veteran's Committee
 
|hofmethod=Veteran's Committee
 
}}
 
}}
'''Vernon Louis Gomez''' (November 26, 1908 – February 17, 1989) was a  
+
'''Vernon Louis Gomez''' (November 26, 1908 February 17, 1989) was a
[[Mexican American]] baseball player who played in the [[American League]] for the [[New York Yankees]] between 1930 and 1942. He was a left-handed pitcher.
+
[[Portuguese American]] baseball player who played in the [[American League]] for the [[New York Yankees]] between 1930 and 1942. He was a left-handed pitcher.
  
While pitching for five [[World Series]] teams, Gomez set an unparalled record, winning six consecutive World Series games. He also won 20 regular season games four times, led the American League in wins twice, and led the league in shutouts for three seasons.
+
While pitching for five [[World Series]] teams, Gomez set an unparalleled record, winning six consecutive World Series games. He also won 20 regular season games four times, led the American League in wins twice, and led the league in shutouts for three seasons.
  
 
His nickname "Goofy" was earned as a result of his eccentric behavior, his oddball demeanor and self-deprecating wit that made him popular with the press.  
 
His nickname "Goofy" was earned as a result of his eccentric behavior, his oddball demeanor and self-deprecating wit that made him popular with the press.  
 
+
{{toc}}
 
Gomez was elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|National Baseball Hall of Fame]] in 1972.
 
Gomez was elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|National Baseball Hall of Fame]] in 1972.
 
  
 
==Baseball career==
 
==Baseball career==
He was born in [[Rodeo]], [[California]] and played sandlot baseball in Oakland while attending Richmond High School.
+
He was born in Rodeo, [[California]] and played sandlot baseball in Oakland while attending Richmond High School.
  
 
The Yankees purchased Lefty Gomez from his hometown San Francisco Seals in 1929 for $35,000. Two years later the 6'2" Gomez won 21 games for the Yankees with the support of teammates like [[Lou Gehrig]] and [[Joe DiMaggio]].<ref>[http://www.latinosportslegends.com/lgomez.htm Vernon "Lefty" Gomez] ''Latinosportslegends.com.'' Retrieved June 25, 2009.</ref>
 
The Yankees purchased Lefty Gomez from his hometown San Francisco Seals in 1929 for $35,000. Two years later the 6'2" Gomez won 21 games for the Yankees with the support of teammates like [[Lou Gehrig]] and [[Joe DiMaggio]].<ref>[http://www.latinosportslegends.com/lgomez.htm Vernon "Lefty" Gomez] ''Latinosportslegends.com.'' Retrieved June 25, 2009.</ref>
Line 47: Line 47:
 
He won only two games while losing five in 1930, his first season in the major leagues. However, he quickly justified New York's confidence, going 21-9 in 1931 and 24-7 in 1932.
 
He won only two games while losing five in 1930, his first season in the major leagues. However, he quickly justified New York's confidence, going 21-9 in 1931 and 24-7 in 1932.
  
Over his career in the majors, Vernon Louis Gomez won 189 games and lost 102 and is ranked 13th on the career list for winning percentage. <ref name=Berkow> Berkow, Ira. 1989. [http://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/20/sports/sports-of-the-times-lefty-gomez-was-hard-to-beat.html Lefty Gomez Was Hard to Beat] ''Nytimes.com.'' Retrieved June 25, 2009.</ref>
+
Over his career in the majors, Vernon Louis Gomez won 189 games and lost 102 and is ranked 13th on the career list for winning percentage. <ref name=Berkow>Ira Berkow, 1989. [http://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/20/sports/sports-of-the-times-lefty-gomez-was-hard-to-beat.html Lefty Gomez Was Hard to Beat] ''Nytimes.com.'' Retrieved June 25, 2009.</ref>
  
 
Gomez and righthander [[Red Ruffing]] formed the lefty-righty pitching core for the New York Yankees teams of the 1930s. In 1934 he led the league in seven major categories, including wins (26), ERA (2.33), and strikeouts (158), the pitching equivalent of the [[Triple Crown]]. He led the league again in the top three pitching categories in 1937.
 
Gomez and righthander [[Red Ruffing]] formed the lefty-righty pitching core for the New York Yankees teams of the 1930s. In 1934 he led the league in seven major categories, including wins (26), ERA (2.33), and strikeouts (158), the pitching equivalent of the [[Triple Crown]]. He led the league again in the top three pitching categories in 1937.
  
His 6-0 World Series record gave him the most wins without a loss in World Series history. His three victories in All-Star Game competition (against one loss) also are a record and include a win in the the first All-Star game ever, in 1933.
+
His 6-0 World Series record gave him the most wins without a loss in World Series history. His three victories in All-Star Game competition (against one loss) also are a record and include a win in the first All-Star game ever, in 1933.
  
 
===Media favorite===
 
===Media favorite===
Gomez' eccentric take on life made him an instant media favorite because of his oddball quotes.
+
Gomez' eccentric take on life made him an instant media favorite because of his oddball quotes. Reporters loved talking to him. A reporter commenting on Gomez’s brush back pitches asked Gomez if he would throw at his own mother. Gomez replied, "Yes, she’s a darn good hitter."
Reporters loved talking to him. A reporter commenting on Gomez’s brush back pitches asked Gomez if he would throw at his own mother. Gomez replied, "Yes, she’s a darn good hitter."
 
  
Known by the nicknames "Gay Caballero" and "El Goofy" he often took pride in poking fun at manager [[Joe McCarthy]] and teammate [[Joe Dimaggio]].<ref>[http://www.nycurve.com/lefty-gomez Lefty Gomez]'' Nycurve.com.'' Retrieved June 25, 2009.</ref>
+
Known by the nicknames "Gay Caballero" and "El Goofy" he often took pride in poking fun at manager [[Joe McCarthy]] and teammate [[Joe Dimaggio]].<ref>[http://www.nycurve.com/lefty-gomez Lefty Gomez].''Nycurve.com.'' Retrieved June 25, 2009.</ref>
  
 
After Gomez' death his teammate, catcher [[Bill Dickey]], recalled that one batter Gomez had particular trouble with was [[Jimmie Foxx]]. Gomez once said about Foxx, ''He's got muscles in his hair.'' One time, with Foxx at bat, Dickey gave one signal after the other and Gomez shook them all off. Finally Dickey ran out to the mound. ''What do you want to throw him?'' ''I don't wanna throw him nothin','' said Gomez. ''Maybe he'll just get tired of waitin' and leave.''<ref name=Berkow/>
 
After Gomez' death his teammate, catcher [[Bill Dickey]], recalled that one batter Gomez had particular trouble with was [[Jimmie Foxx]]. Gomez once said about Foxx, ''He's got muscles in his hair.'' One time, with Foxx at bat, Dickey gave one signal after the other and Gomez shook them all off. Finally Dickey ran out to the mound. ''What do you want to throw him?'' ''I don't wanna throw him nothin','' said Gomez. ''Maybe he'll just get tired of waitin' and leave.''<ref name=Berkow/>
  
 
===Marriage===
 
===Marriage===
On February 26, 1933, Gomez married [[June O’Dea]] (born Eilean Frances Schwarz). O'Dea, a Broadway headliner who starred in ''Of Thee I Sing'', gave up her career in 1936. Early in their marriage they went through some separations and came close to divorcing, but wound up staying together for 55 years. They had four children and seven grandchildren.
+
On February 26, 1933, Gomez married [[June O’Dea]] (born Eilean Frances Schwarz). O'Dea, a [[musical theater|Broadway]] headliner who starred in ''Of Thee I Sing,'' gave up her career in 1936. Early in their marriage they went through some separations and came close to divorcing, but wound up staying together for 55 years. They had four children and seven grandchildren.
  
 
==Later years==
 
==Later years==
Line 71: Line 70:
 
After pitching one game for the [[Minnesota Twins|Washington Senators]] (he lost) in 1943, Gomez retired from baseball. The next year, he was drafted into the U.S. Military in 1944 at the age of 36.
 
After pitching one game for the [[Minnesota Twins|Washington Senators]] (he lost) in 1943, Gomez retired from baseball. The next year, he was drafted into the U.S. Military in 1944 at the age of 36.
  
Gomez later went to work with the [[Wilson Sporting Goods]] company as a goodwill ambassador.<ref name=Gomez>[http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=Lefty_Gomez_1908 Lefty Gomez]'' Baseballlibrary.com.'' Retrieved June 25, 2009.</ref>
+
Gomez later went to work with the [[Wilson Sporting Goods]] company as a goodwill ambassador.<ref name=Gomez>[http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=Lefty_Gomez_1908 Lefty Gomez].''Baseballlibrary.com.'' Retrieved June 25, 2009.</ref>
  
 
On February 2, 1972, the Veterans Committee inducted Gomez into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, the second [[Hispanic]] player to be inducted.
 
On February 2, 1972, the Veterans Committee inducted Gomez into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, the second [[Hispanic]] player to be inducted.
Line 80: Line 79:
  
 
==Legacy==
 
==Legacy==
 +
[[image:Gomezplaque.jpg|thumb|180px|Gomez' Yankee Stadium Plaque]]
 
On August 2, 1987, he and [[Whitey Ford]] were honored with plaques placed in Monument Park at [[Yankee Stadium]]. Gomez's plaque says he was "Noted for his wit and his fastball, as he was fast with a quip and a pitch." Despite advancing age, Gomez attended the ceremony.  
 
On August 2, 1987, he and [[Whitey Ford]] were honored with plaques placed in Monument Park at [[Yankee Stadium]]. Gomez's plaque says he was "Noted for his wit and his fastball, as he was fast with a quip and a pitch." Despite advancing age, Gomez attended the ceremony.  
  
Although honored with the plaque, The New York Yankees did not retiure his uniform number, 11. In 1999, he ranked number 73 on ''[[The Sporting News]]''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the [[Major League Baseball]] All-Century Team.<ref name=Gomez/>
+
Although honored with the plaque, The New York Yankees did not retire his uniform number, 11. In 1999, he ranked number 73 on ''[[The Sporting News]]''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the [[Major League Baseball]] All-Century Team.<ref name=Gomez/>
  
 
The Lefty Gomez Award is an amateur baseball award presented by the [[American Baseball Coaches Association]] each year to an individual who has distinguished himself amongst his peers and has contributed significantly to the game of baseball locally, nationally, and internationally. The Lefty Gomez Award is presented each year at the ABCA Hall of Fame/Coach of the Year Banquet held at the ABCA Convention.<ref>[http://www.abca.org/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=1245573&DB_OEM_ID=18900 Lefty Gomez Award] ''Abca.org.'' Retrieved June 25, 2009.</ref>
 
The Lefty Gomez Award is an amateur baseball award presented by the [[American Baseball Coaches Association]] each year to an individual who has distinguished himself amongst his peers and has contributed significantly to the game of baseball locally, nationally, and internationally. The Lefty Gomez Award is presented each year at the ABCA Hall of Fame/Coach of the Year Banquet held at the ABCA Convention.<ref>[http://www.abca.org/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=1245573&DB_OEM_ID=18900 Lefty Gomez Award] ''Abca.org.'' Retrieved June 25, 2009.</ref>
  
The Lefty Gomez Recreation Building and Ball field Complex is named after Gomez. The Rodeo Ball field Complex is designated as a "Point of Historical Interest" by the State of California Historical Resources Commission. The Rodeo Ball field Complex is the actual location where Gomez
+
The Lefty Gomez Recreation Building and Ball field Complex is named after Gomez. The Rodeo Ball field Complex is designated as a "Point of Historical Interest" by the State of California Historical Resources Commission. The Rodeo Ball field Complex is the actual location where Gomez spent his youth honing his pitching arm.<ref>[http://www.co.contra-costa.ca.us/DocumentView.aspx?DID=1660 Parks and Recreation Facilities] ''Co.contra-costa.ca.us.'' Retrieved June 26, 2009.</ref>
spent his youth honing his pitching arm.<ref>[http://www.co.contra-costa.ca.us/DocumentView.aspx?DID=1660 Parks and Recreation Facilities] ''Co.contra-costa.ca.us.'' Retrieved June 26, 2009.</ref>
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
Line 93: Line 92:
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
*Hammond, Jeffrey. 2001. ''A Fan Letter to Lefty Gomez.'' Chicago, Ill: Sport Literate. {{OCLC|61297629}}
+
*Hammond, Jeffrey. ''A Fan Letter to Lefty Gomez.'' Chicago, IL: Sport Literate, 2001. {{OCLC|61297629}}
*Hickey, David, and Kerry Keene. 2003. ''The Proudest Yankees of All: from the Bronx to Cooperstown.'' Lanham, Md: Taylor Trade Pub. ISBN 1589790081
+
*Hickey, David, and Kerry Keene. ''The Proudest Yankees of All: from the Bronx to Cooperstown.'' Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Pub.,  2003. ISBN 1589790081
*Roberts, Russell. 2003. ''100 baseball Legends Who Shaped Sports History.'' San Mateo, Calif: Bluewood Books. ISBN 0912517522
+
*Roberts, Russell. ''100 baseball Legends Who Shaped Sports History.'' San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 2003. ISBN 0912517522
*Vecchione, Joseph J. 1991. ''The New York Times Book of Sports Legends.'' New York: Times Books, Random House. ISBN 0812917987
+
*Vecchione, Joseph J. ''The New York Times Book of Sports Legends.'' New York: Times Books, Random House, 1991. ISBN 0812917987
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
 +
All links retrieved October 25, 2022.
 
* {{baseball-reference|id=g/gomezle01}}
 
* {{baseball-reference|id=g/gomezle01}}
* {{bbhof|id=114917}}
 
* [http://www.cmgww.com/baseball/gomez Official Website] ''Cmgww.com.''
 
* [http://www.latinosportslegends.com/lgomez.htm Vernon "Lefty" Gómez] ''Latinosportslegends.com.''
 
* [http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=Lefty_Gomez_1908 Lefty Gomez] ''Baseballlibrary.com.''
 
* [http://www.nycurve.com/lefty-gomez Lefty Gomez] ''Nycurve.com.''
 
 
* [http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects06/witaw/Latino%20Greats.html Latino Greats] ''Umich.edu.''
 
* [http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects06/witaw/Latino%20Greats.html Latino Greats] ''Umich.edu.''
 
* Berkow, Ira. 1989. [http://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/20/sports/sports-of-the-times-lefty-gomez-was-hard-to-beat.html Lefty Gomez Was Hard to Beat] ''Nytimes.com.''
 
* Berkow, Ira. 1989. [http://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/20/sports/sports-of-the-times-lefty-gomez-was-hard-to-beat.html Lefty Gomez Was Hard to Beat] ''Nytimes.com.''
* Rogers III, C. Paul. 2001. [http://www.efqreview.com/NewFiles/v18n1/onhistoricalground.html Lefty Gomez: The Life of the Party]'' Efqreview.com.''
 
 
* Richman, Milton. 1972. [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19720804&id=wqgSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=g_cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1582,1954975 Lefty Gomez Admitted to Baseball Hall of Fame] ''News.google.com.''
 
* Richman, Milton. 1972. [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19720804&id=wqgSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=g_cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1582,1954975 Lefty Gomez Admitted to Baseball Hall of Fame] ''News.google.com.''
* [http://gonyc.about.com/od/photogalleries/ig/Yankee-Stadium-Pictures/Vernon—LeftyGomez.htm Gomez Plaque] ''Gonyc.about.com.''  
+
* Rogers III, C. Paul. 2001. [http://www.efqreview.com/NewFiles/v18n1/onhistoricalground.html Lefty Gomez: The Life of the Party].''Elysian Fields Quarterly'', ''Efqreview.com.''
  
 
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width=65% align="center"
 
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width=65% align="center"
Line 132: Line 126:
 
{{Pitchers in the Baseball Hall of Fame}}
 
{{Pitchers in the Baseball Hall of Fame}}
  
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomez, Lefty}}
 
  
 
[[Category:Biography]]
 
[[Category:Biography]]

Latest revision as of 19:03, 25 October 2022


Lefty Gomez
Lefty Gomez
Pitcher
Born: November 26, 1908
Rodeo, California
Died: February 17 1989 (aged 80)
Greenbrae, California
Batted: Left Threw: Left
MLB debut
April 29, 1930
for the New York Yankees
Final game
May 23, 1943
for the Washington Senators
Career statistics
Win-Loss record     189-102
Earned run average     3.34
Strikeouts     1,468
Teams
  • New York Yankees (1930-1942)
  • Washington Senators (1943)
Career highlights and awards
  • 7x All-Star selection (1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939)
  • 5x World Series champion (1932, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939)
Member of the National
Empty Star.svg Baseball Hall of Fame Empty Star.svg
Elected    1972
Election Method    Veteran's Committee

Vernon Louis Gomez (November 26, 1908 – February 17, 1989) was a Portuguese American baseball player who played in the American League for the New York Yankees between 1930 and 1942. He was a left-handed pitcher.

While pitching for five World Series teams, Gomez set an unparalleled record, winning six consecutive World Series games. He also won 20 regular season games four times, led the American League in wins twice, and led the league in shutouts for three seasons.

His nickname "Goofy" was earned as a result of his eccentric behavior, his oddball demeanor and self-deprecating wit that made him popular with the press.

Gomez was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972.

Baseball career

He was born in Rodeo, California and played sandlot baseball in Oakland while attending Richmond High School.

The Yankees purchased Lefty Gomez from his hometown San Francisco Seals in 1929 for $35,000. Two years later the 6'2" Gomez won 21 games for the Yankees with the support of teammates like Lou Gehrig and Joe DiMaggio.[1]

He won only two games while losing five in 1930, his first season in the major leagues. However, he quickly justified New York's confidence, going 21-9 in 1931 and 24-7 in 1932.

Over his career in the majors, Vernon Louis Gomez won 189 games and lost 102 and is ranked 13th on the career list for winning percentage. [2]

Gomez and righthander Red Ruffing formed the lefty-righty pitching core for the New York Yankees teams of the 1930s. In 1934 he led the league in seven major categories, including wins (26), ERA (2.33), and strikeouts (158), the pitching equivalent of the Triple Crown. He led the league again in the top three pitching categories in 1937.

His 6-0 World Series record gave him the most wins without a loss in World Series history. His three victories in All-Star Game competition (against one loss) also are a record and include a win in the first All-Star game ever, in 1933.

Media favorite

Gomez' eccentric take on life made him an instant media favorite because of his oddball quotes. Reporters loved talking to him. A reporter commenting on Gomez’s brush back pitches asked Gomez if he would throw at his own mother. Gomez replied, "Yes, she’s a darn good hitter."

Known by the nicknames "Gay Caballero" and "El Goofy" he often took pride in poking fun at manager Joe McCarthy and teammate Joe Dimaggio.[3]

After Gomez' death his teammate, catcher Bill Dickey, recalled that one batter Gomez had particular trouble with was Jimmie Foxx. Gomez once said about Foxx, He's got muscles in his hair. One time, with Foxx at bat, Dickey gave one signal after the other and Gomez shook them all off. Finally Dickey ran out to the mound. What do you want to throw him? I don't wanna throw him nothin', said Gomez. Maybe he'll just get tired of waitin' and leave.[2]

Marriage

On February 26, 1933, Gomez married June O’Dea (born Eilean Frances Schwarz). O'Dea, a Broadway headliner who starred in Of Thee I Sing, gave up her career in 1936. Early in their marriage they went through some separations and came close to divorcing, but wound up staying together for 55 years. They had four children and seven grandchildren.

Later years

Arm problems caused Gomez to move from a power pitcher to a finesse pitcher who developed a slow curve. "I'm throwing as hard as I ever did," he quipped, "the ball's just not getting there as fast." He had a great comeback in 1941 (15-5) after a 3-3 mark in 1940, leading the league in winning percentage (.750).

Gomez threw a shutout in 1941 while issuing 11 walks, the most walks ever allowed in a shutout. And though a notoriously poor hitter, he produced the first RBI in All-Star history by a pitcher and singled home the winning run in the 1937 World Series final game.

After pitching one game for the Washington Senators (he lost) in 1943, Gomez retired from baseball. The next year, he was drafted into the U.S. Military in 1944 at the age of 36.

Gomez later went to work with the Wilson Sporting Goods company as a goodwill ambassador.[4]

On February 2, 1972, the Veterans Committee inducted Gomez into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, the second Hispanic player to be inducted.

In retirement, Gomez became a sought-after dinner speaker known for his humorous anecdotes about his playing days and the personalities he knew.

He spent the final years of his life in Novato, California, and died of congestive heart failure on February 17, 1989, in Marin General Hospital in Larkspur, California.

Legacy

Gomez' Yankee Stadium Plaque

On August 2, 1987, he and Whitey Ford were honored with plaques placed in Monument Park at Yankee Stadium. Gomez's plaque says he was "Noted for his wit and his fastball, as he was fast with a quip and a pitch." Despite advancing age, Gomez attended the ceremony.

Although honored with the plaque, The New York Yankees did not retire his uniform number, 11. In 1999, he ranked number 73 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.[4]

The Lefty Gomez Award is an amateur baseball award presented by the American Baseball Coaches Association each year to an individual who has distinguished himself amongst his peers and has contributed significantly to the game of baseball locally, nationally, and internationally. The Lefty Gomez Award is presented each year at the ABCA Hall of Fame/Coach of the Year Banquet held at the ABCA Convention.[5]

The Lefty Gomez Recreation Building and Ball field Complex is named after Gomez. The Rodeo Ball field Complex is designated as a "Point of Historical Interest" by the State of California Historical Resources Commission. The Rodeo Ball field Complex is the actual location where Gomez spent his youth honing his pitching arm.[6]

Notes

  1. Vernon "Lefty" Gomez Latinosportslegends.com. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Ira Berkow, 1989. Lefty Gomez Was Hard to Beat Nytimes.com. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  3. Lefty Gomez.Nycurve.com. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Lefty Gomez.Baseballlibrary.com. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  5. Lefty Gomez Award Abca.org. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  6. Parks and Recreation Facilities Co.contra-costa.ca.us. Retrieved June 26, 2009.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Hammond, Jeffrey. A Fan Letter to Lefty Gomez. Chicago, IL: Sport Literate, 2001. OCLC 61297629
  • Hickey, David, and Kerry Keene. The Proudest Yankees of All: from the Bronx to Cooperstown. Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Pub., 2003. ISBN 1589790081
  • Roberts, Russell. 100 baseball Legends Who Shaped Sports History. San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 2003. ISBN 0912517522
  • Vecchione, Joseph J. The New York Times Book of Sports Legends. New York: Times Books, Random House, 1991. ISBN 0812917987

External links

All links retrieved October 25, 2022.

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.