Cobain, Kurt

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{{epname|Cobain, Kurt}}
 
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{{Infobox musical artist
 
{{Infobox musical artist
 
| Name = Kurt Cobain
 
| Name = Kurt Cobain
| Img = Nirvana around 1992.jpg  
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| Img = Kurt-Cobain-alley.jpg
| Img_capt = Kurt Cobain (right) with [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[1992 in music|1992]].
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| Img_capt = Tribute to Kurt Cobain in a Chicago alley
 
| Background = solo_singer
 
| Background = solo_singer
 
| Birth_name = Kurt Donald Cobain
 
| Birth_name = Kurt Donald Cobain
 
| Born = {{birth date|1967|2|20|mf=y}}<br />[[Aberdeen, Washington|Aberdeen]], [[Washington]], [[United States|USA]]
 
| Born = {{birth date|1967|2|20|mf=y}}<br />[[Aberdeen, Washington|Aberdeen]], [[Washington]], [[United States|USA]]
| Died = [[circa|c.]] {{death date and age|1994|4|5|1967|2|20}}<!--His body was FOUND on the 8th - the Seattle Coroner's Office ruled that he probably died on the 5th, please do not change this.—><br />[[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], Washington, USA
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| Died = [[circa|c.]] {{death date and age|1994|4|5|1967|2|20}}<!--His body was FOUND on the 8th - the Seattle Coroner's Office ruled that he probably died on the 5th, please do not change this.—><br />[[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], Washington, U.S.
 
| Instrument = [[Singer|Vocals]] <br/> [[Guitar]]<!-- Cobain is not popularly recognized as a bass player or drummer, please do not add them to this list. —>
 
| Instrument = [[Singer|Vocals]] <br/> [[Guitar]]<!-- Cobain is not popularly recognized as a bass player or drummer, please do not add them to this list. —>
 
| Occupation = [[Musician]], [[Songwriter]]
 
| Occupation = [[Musician]], [[Songwriter]]
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| Label =  
 
| Label =  
 
| Associated_acts = [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]<br /> [[Fecal Matter]]
 
| Associated_acts = [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]<br /> [[Fecal Matter]]
| Notable_instruments = [[Fender Jag-Stang|Fender Jagstang]]<br/>[[Fender Stratocaster]]<br/> [[Fender Jaguar]]<br/>[[Fender Mustang]]<br/>
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| Notable_instruments = [[Electric guitar]]<br/>
 
}}
 
}}
'''Kurt Donald Cobain''' (February 20 1967 – [[circa|c.]] April 5 1994), was an [[United States|American]] [[musician]] who served as [[Singer|lead singer]], [[guitarist]], and [[songwriter]] for the [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]]-based [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]].
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'''Kurt Donald Cobain''' (February 20, 1967 – c. April 5, 1994) was an [[United States|American]] [[musician]] who served as [[Singer|lead singer]], [[guitarist]], and [[songwriter]] for the [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]]-based [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]].
  
Cobain formed Nirvana in 1987 with [[Krist Novoselic]]. Within two years, the band became a fixture of the burgeoning Seattle [[Grunge music|grunge]] scene. In 1991, the arrival of Nirvana's "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]" marked the beginning of a dramatic shift of popular rock music away from the dominant genres of the 1980s ([[glam metal]], [[arena rock]], and [[dance-pop]]) and toward grunge and [[alternative rock]]. The music media eventually awarded the song "anthem-of-a-generation" status and, with it, Cobain was labeled a "spokesman" for [[Generation X]].
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Cobain formed Nirvana in 1987, with [[Krist Novoselic]]. Within two years, the band became a fixture of the burgeoning Seattle [[Grunge music|grunge]] scene. In 1991, the release of Nirvana's hit, "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]" marked the beginning of a dramatic shift of popular rock music away from the dominant genres of the 1980s, toward grunge and [[alternative rock]]. The music journalism media eventually labeled Cobain a "spokesman" for [[Generation X]].
 
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{{toc}}
During the last years of his life, Cobain struggled with [[drug addiction]] and the media pressures surrounding him and his wife, [[Courtney Love]]. On April 8, 1994, Cobain was found dead in his home in Seattle, the victim of what was officially ruled a [[suicide|self-inflicted]] [[shotgun]] wound to the head. In ensuing years, the circumstances of his death became a topic of fascination and debate.
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Cobain came from a troubled family, and suffered the divorce of his parents when just seven.  During the last years of his life, Cobain struggled with [[drug addiction]] and dealing with the media attention surrounding him and his wife, [[Courtney Love]]. On April 8, 1994, Cobain was found dead in his home in Seattle, the victim of an apparently [[suicide|self-inflicted]] [[shotgun]] wound to the head. In ensuing years, the circumstances of his death became a topic of fascination and debate.
  
 
==Life and career==
 
==Life and career==
 
===Early life===
 
===Early life===
Kurt Cobain was born to Donald and Wendy Cobain on February 20, 1967 in [[Aberdeen, Washington|Aberdeen]], [[Washington]] and spent his first six months living in the village of [[Hoquiam, Washington|Hoquiam]], Washington before the family moved to Aberdeen. He began developing an interest in music early in his life. According to his Aunt Mari, "He was singing from the time he was two. He would sing [[The Beatles|Beatles]] songs like '[[Hey Jude]]'. He had a lot of [[charisma]] from a very young age."<ref>Gaar, Gillian. "Verse Chorus Verse: The Recording History of Nirvana." ''[[Goldmine (magazine)|Goldmine Magazine]]''. February 14, 1997.</ref>
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Kurt Cobain was born to Donald and Wendy Cobain on February 20, 1967, in [[Aberdeen, Washington|Aberdeen]], [[Washington]], and spent his first six months living in the village of [[Hoquiam, Washington|Hoquiam]], Washington, before the family moved to Aberdeen. He began developing an interest in music early in his life.
[[Image:Young cobain.jpg|thumb|left|Young Kurt Cobain, seen here in a yearbook picture. This picture was handed out at his memorial service.]]
 
Cobain's life changed at the age of seven when his parents divorced in 1975, an event which he later cited as having a profound impact on his life. His mother noted that his personality changed dramatically, with Cobain becoming more withdrawn. In a 1993 interview, Cobain said, "I remember feeling ashamed, for some reason. I was ashamed of my parents. I couldn't face some of my friends at school anymore, because I desperately wanted to have the classic, you know, typical family. Mother, father. I wanted that security, so I resented my parents for quite a few years because of that."<ref>Savage, Jon. "Kurt Cobain: The Lost Interview." ''[[Guitar World]]''. 1997.</ref> After a year spent living with his mother following the divorce, Cobain moved to [[Montesano, Washington|Montesano]], [[Washington]] to live with his father, but after a few years his youthful rebellion became too overwhelming and he found himself being shuffled between friends and family.
 
  
At school, Cobain took little interest in sports. At his father's insistence, Cobain joined the junior high wrestling team. While he was good at it, he despised it. Later, his father signed him up for a local baseball league, where Cobain would intentionally strike out to avoid having to play. Instead, Cobain focused on his art courses. He often drew during classes, including objects associated with [[human anatomy]]. Cobain was friends with a [[Homosexuality|gay]] student at his school, sometimes suffering bullying at the hands of [[homophobia|homophobic]] students. That friendship led some to believe that he himself was gay. In one of his personal journals, Cobain wrote, "I am not gay, although I wish I were, just to piss off homophobes."<ref>{{cite book|author = Cobain, Kurt|title = Journals| publisher = Riverhead Hardcover|year = 2002|id = ISBN 978-1573222327}}</ref> In a 1993 interview with ''[[The Advocate]]'', Cobain claimed that he used to spray paint "God is Gay" on pickup trucks around Aberdeen. Cobain also claimed he was arrested in 1985 for spray-painting "HOMO SEX RULES" on a bank. However, Aberdeen police records show that the phrase for which he was arrested was actually "Ain't got no how watchamacallit".<ref>Cross, p. 68</ref> As a teenager growing up in small-town [[Washington]], Cobain eventually found escape through the thriving [[Pacific Northwest]] punk scene, going to [[punk rock]] shows in Seattle. Eventually, Cobain began frequenting the practice space of fellow Montesano musicians the [[Melvins]].
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Cobain's life changed at the age of seven, when his parents divorced in 1975, an event which he later cited as having a profound impact on his life. His mother noted that his personality changed dramatically, with Cobain becoming more withdrawn. In a 1993 interview, Cobain said, "I remember feeling ashamed, for some reason. I was ashamed of my parents."<ref>Jon Savage, "Kurt Cobain: The Lost Interview," ''[[Guitar World]]'' (1997).</ref> After a year spent living with his mother following the divorce, Cobain moved to [[Montesano, Washington|Montesano]], [[Washington]], to live with his father, but after a few years his youthful rebellion became so intense that he found himself being shuffled between friends and family.
  
In the middle of tenth grade, Cobain moved back to live with his mother in Aberdeen. Two weeks before his graduation, Cobain dropped out of high school after realizing that he did not have enough credits to graduate. His mother gave him a choice: either get a job or leave. After a week or so, Cobain found his clothes and other belongings packed away in boxes. Forced out of his mother's home, Cobain often stayed at friends' houses and sneaked into his mother's basement occasionally. Cobain later claimed that when he could not find anywhere else to stay, he lived under a bridge over the [[Wishkah River]], an experience that inspired the ''Nevermind'' track "[[Something in the Way]]." However, Krist Novoselic claimed that Cobain never really lived there, saying, "He hung out there, but you couldn't live on those muddy banks, with the tides coming up and down. That was his own revisionism."<ref name="requiem">Cross, Charles R. "Requiem for a Dream." ''Guitar World''. October 2001.</ref>
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At school, Cobain took little interest in sports. At his father's insistence, he joined the junior high wrestling team. While he was good at the sport, he also despised it. Later, his father signed him up for a local baseball league, where Cobain would intentionally strike out to avoid having to play. Instead, Cobain focused on his art courses.
  
In late 1986, Cobain moved into the first house he lived in alone and paid his rent by working at a coastal resort twenty miles from Aberdeen. At the same time, Cobain was traveling more frequently to [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]], [[Washington]] to check out rock shows. During his visits to Olympia, Cobain started a relationship with Tracy Marander.
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Cobain was friends with a [[Homosexuality|gay]] student at his school, sometimes suffering bullying at the hands of other students as a result. That friendship led some to believe that he himself was gay. In one of his personal journals, Cobain wrote, "I am not gay, although I wish I were, just to piss off homophobes."<ref>Cobain, 2002.</ref> Cobain eventually found escape through the thriving Pacific Northwest punk scene, going to [[punk rock]] shows in Seattle. Eventually, he began frequenting the practice space of fellow Montesano musicians, the [[Melvins]].
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In the middle of tenth grade, Cobain moved back to live with his mother in Aberdeen. Two weeks before his scheduled graduation, however, he dropped out of high school after realizing that he did not have enough credits to graduate. His mother gave him a choice: either get a job or leave. After a week or so, Cobain found his clothes and other belongings packed away in boxes. Forced out of his mother's home, he stayed at friends' houses and sneaked into his mother's basement occasionally.
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In late 1986, Cobain moved into the first house he lived in alone and paid his rent by working at a coastal resort 20 miles from Aberdeen. At the same time, he traveled frequently to [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]], [[Washington]], to check out rock shows.
  
 
===Nirvana===
 
===Nirvana===
For his fourteenth birthday, Cobain's uncle gave him the option of a guitar or a bicycle as a gift; Cobain chose the guitar. He started learning a few covers, including [[AC/DC]]'s "Back in Black" and [[The Cars]]' "My Best Friend's Girl," and soon began working on his own songs.
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[[Image:Nirvana around 1992.jpg|thumb|250px|Kurt Cobain (right) with [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[1992 in music|1992]].]]
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For his fourteenth birthday, Cobain's uncle had given him the option of a guitar or a bicycle as a gift; Cobain chose the guitar. He started learning songs such as [[AC/DC]]'s "Back in Black" and [[The Cars]]' "My Best Friend's Girl." He soon began working on his own songs.
  
In high school, Cobain rarely found anyone to jam with. While hanging out at the [[Melvins]] practice space, he met [[Krist Novoselic]], a fellow devotee of [[punk rock]]. Novoselic's mother owned a hair salon and Cobain and Novoselic would occasionally practice in the upstairs room. A few years later, Cobain tried to convince Novoselic to form a band with him by lending him a copy of a [[Illiteracy Will Prevail|home demo]] recorded by Cobain's earlier band, [[Fecal Matter]]. After months of asking, Novoselic finally agreed to join Cobain, forming the beginnings of Nirvana.
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In high school, Cobain rarely found anyone with whom he could jam. While hanging out at the [[Melvins]]' practice space, he met [[Krist Novoselic]], a fellow devotee of [[punk rock]]. Novoselic's mother owned a hair salon, and Cobain and Novoselic would occasionally practice in the upstairs room. Later, Cobain convinced Novoselic to create a band with him, and this formed the beginnings of Nirvana.
  
During their first few years playing together, Novoselic and Cobain were hosts to a rotating list of drummers. Eventually, the band settled on [[Chad Channing]], with whom Nirvana recorded the album ''[[Bleach (album)|Bleach]]'', released on [[Sub Pop|Sub Pop Records]] in 1989. Cobain, however, became dissatisfied with Channing's style, leading the band to seek out a replacement, eventually settling on [[Dave Grohl]]. With Grohl, the band found their greatest success via their 1991 major-label debut, ''[[Nevermind]]''.
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During their first few years playing together, Novoselic and Cobain were hosts to a rotating list of drummers. Eventually, the band hired on [[Chad Channing]], with whom Nirvana recorded the album ''[[Bleach (album)|Bleach]],'' released on [[Sub Pop|Sub Pop Records]] in 1989. Cobain, however, became dissatisfied with Channing's style, leading the band to seek out a replacement, settling eventually on [[Dave Grohl]]. With Grohl, the band found its greatest success via their 1991 major-label debut, ''[[Nevermind]]''.
  
Cobain struggled to reconcile the massive success of Nirvana with his [[underground rock|underground]] roots. He also felt persecuted by the [[news media|media]], comparing himself to [[Frances Farmer]], and harbored resentment for people who claimed to be fans of the band, but who completely missed the point of the band's message. One incident particularly distressing to Cobain involved two men who [[rape]]d a woman while singing the Nirvana song "[[Polly (song)|Polly]]." Cobain condemned the episode in the [[liner notes]] of the U.S. release of the album ''[[Incesticide]]'': "Last year, a girl was raped by two wastes of sperm and eggs while they sang the lyrics to our song `Polly.' I have a hard time carrying on knowing there are plankton like that in our audience. Sorry to be so anally [[Political correctness|P.C.]] but that's the way I feel!"
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Cobain struggled to reconcile the massive success of Nirvana with his [[underground rock|underground]] roots. He also felt persecuted by the [[news media|media]], harboring resentment for people who claimed to be fans of the band, but who, he felt, completely missed the point of the band's message.
  
 
===Marriage===
 
===Marriage===
[[Courtney Love]] first saw Cobain perform in 1989 at a show in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]]; the pair talked briefly after the show and Love developed a crush on him. According to journalist [[Everett True]], the pair were formally introduced at an [[L7 (band)|L7]]/[[Butthole Surfers]] concert in [[Los Angeles]] in May 1991. In the weeks that followed, after learning from Dave Grohl that she and Cobain shared mutual crushes, Love began pursuing Cobain. After a few weeks of on-again, off-again courtship in the fall of 1991, the two found themselves together on a regular basis, often bonding through drug use.<ref name="Azerrad172">Azerrad, p. 172. Courtney Love: "We bonded over pharmaceuticals."</ref>
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[[Image:Courtney Love on stage.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Cobain's widow, Courtney love, in 2007.]]
 
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[[Courtney Love]] first saw Cobain perform in 1989, at a show in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]]. The pair talked briefly after the show and Love developed a crush on him. According to journalist [[Everett True]], the couple was formally introduced at an [[L7 (band)|L7]]/[[Butthole Surfers]] concert in [[Los Angeles]] in May 1991. In the weeks that followed, after learning from Dave Grohl that she and Cobain shared mutual crushes, Love began pursuing Cobain. After a few weeks of on-again, off-again courtship in the fall of 1991, the two found themselves together on a regular basis. Besides their emotional and physical attraction, the couple reportedly also often bonded through drug use.<ref name="Azerrad172">Azerrad, p. 172.</ref>
Love was somewhat unpopular with Nirvana fans; her harshest critics said she was merely using him as a vehicle to make herself famous. Critics who compared Cobain to [[John Lennon]] were also fond of comparing Love to [[Yoko Ono]]. Rumors persist that Cobain wrote most of the songs on the breakthrough album ''[[Live Through This]]'' of Love's band [[Hole (band)|Hole]], partially fueled by the 1996 appearance of a rough mix of "Asking for It" with Cobain singing backing vocals. However, there is no specific evidence to support the assertion.
 
 
 
In a 1992 article in ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', Love admitted to using [[heroin]] while (unknowingly) pregnant. Love claimed that ''Vanity Fair'' had misquoted her, but her admission created controversy for the couple. While Cobain and Love's romance had always been something of a media attraction, the couple found themselves hounded by [[tabloid]] reporters after the article was published, many wanting to know if Frances was addicted to drugs at birth. The Los Angeles County Department of Children's Services took the Cobains to court, claiming that the couple's drug usage made them unfit parents. Two-week-old Frances Bean Cobain was ordered by the judge to be taken from their custody and placed with Courtney's sister Jamie for several weeks, after which the couple obtained custody, but had to submit to urine tests and a regular visit from a social worker. After months of legal wrangling, the couple were eventually granted full custody of their daughter.
 
  
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Love was unpopular with some Nirvana fans. Her harshest critics said she was merely using him as a vehicle to make herself famous. Some compared Cobain to [[John Lennon]] while Love was equated with [[Yoko Ono]].
  
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In a 1992 article in ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]],'' Love admitted to using [[heroin]] while unknowingly pregnant. She later claimed that ''Vanity Fair'' had misquoted her, but her admission created controversy for the couple. While Cobain and Love's romance had always been something of a media attraction, the couple found themselves hounded by [[tabloid]] reporters after the article was published. The Los Angeles County Department of Children's Services took the Cobains to court, claiming that the couple's drug usage made them unfit parents. Two-week-old Frances Bean Cobain was ordered by the judge to be taken from their custody and placed with Courtney's sister, Jamie. Kurt and Courtney then obtained custody after several weeks, but had to submit to urine tests and a regular visit from a social worker. After months of legal wrangling, the couple were eventually granted full custody of their daughter.
  
 
===Drug addiction===
 
===Drug addiction===
[[Aberdeen, Washington]] that reads "Welcome to Aberdeen - Come As You Are" as a tribute to Cobain.]]
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Cobain's first drug experience was reportedly with [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] in 1980, at age 13. He tried [[heroin]] sometime in 1986, administered by a local drug dealer in [[Tacoma, Washington]], who had previously been supplying him with [[percodan]]. Cobain used heroin sporadically for several years, and by the end of 1990, his use had developed into a full-fledged [[addiction]]. He claimed that he was "determined to get a habit" as a way to self-medicate his stomach condition. Related Cobain, "It started with three days in a row of doing heroin and I don't have a stomach pain. That was such a relief."<ref>Azerrad, p. 236.</ref>
Cobain's first drug experience was with [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] in 1980 at age 13. His first experience with [[heroin]] occurred sometime in 1986, administered to him by a local drug dealer in [[Tacoma, Washington]], who had previously been supplying him with [[Percodan]]. Cobain used heroin sporadically for several years, but, by the end of 1990, his use had developed into a full-fledged [[addiction]]. Cobain claimed that he was "determined to get a habit" as a way to self-medicate his stomach condition. Related Cobain, "It started with three days in a row of doing heroin and I don't have a stomach pain. That was such a relief."<ref>Azerrad, p. 236.</ref>
 
 
 
His heroin use eventually began affecting the band's support of ''Nevermind'', with Cobain [[unconsciousness|passing out]] during photo shoots. One memorable example came the day of the band's 1992 performance on ''Saturday Night Live'', where Nirvana had a shoot with photographer Michael Levine. Having shot up beforehand, Cobain nodded off several times during the shoot. Regarding the shoot, Cobain related to biographer [[Michael Azerrad]], "I mean, what are they supposed to do?  They're not going to be able to tell me to stop. So I really didn't care. Obviously to them it was like practicing [[witchcraft]] or something. They didn't know anything about it so they thought that any second, I was going to die."<ref>Azerrad, p. 241</ref>
 
  
Cobain's heroin addiction worsened as the years progressed. Cobain made his first attempt at [[Drug rehabilitation|rehab]] in early 1992, not long after he and Love discovered they were going to become parents. Immediately after leaving rehab, Nirvana embarked on their Australian tour, with Cobain appearing pale and gaunt while suffering through [[withdrawal]]s. Not long after returning home, Cobain's heroin use resumed.
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His heroin use eventually began affecting the band's success, with Cobain [[unconsciousness|passing out]] during photo shoots. Cobain's addiction only worsened as the years progressed. He made his first attempt at [[Drug rehabilitation|rehab]] in early 1992, not long after he and Love discovered they were going to become parents. Immediately after he left rehab, Nirvana embarked on its Australian tour, with Cobain appearing pale and gaunt while suffering through [[withdrawal]]. Not long after returning home, Cobain's heroin use resumed.
  
Prior to a performance at the New Music Seminar in [[New York, New York|New York City]] in July 1993, Cobain suffered a heroin [[overdose]]. Rather than calling for an ambulance, Love injected Cobain with illegally acquired [[naloxone|Narcan]] to bring him out of his unconscious state. Cobain proceeded to perform with Nirvana, giving the public no indication that anything out of the ordinary had taken place.
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Prior to a performance at the New Music Seminar in [[New York, New York|New York City]] in July 1993, Cobain suffered a heroin [[overdose]]. Rather than calling for an ambulance, Love injected Cobain with illegally acquired [[naloxone]] to bring him out of his unconscious state. Cobain proceeded to perform with Nirvana, giving the public no indication that anything out of the ordinary had taken place.
  
===Cobain's final weeks and death===
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===Final weeks and death===
{{main|Death of Kurt Cobain}}
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Following a tour stop at [[Munich-Riem airport|Terminal Eins]] in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], on March 1, 1994, Cobain was diagnosed with [[bronchitis]] and severe [[laryngitis]]. He flew to [[Rome]] the next day for medical treatment, and was joined there by his wife on March 3. The next morning, Love awoke to find that Cobain had overdosed on a combination of [[Champagne (wine)|champagne]] and [[flunitrazepam|Rohypnol]]. Cobain was immediately rushed to the hospital, and spent the rest of the day unconscious. After five days in the hospital, he was released and returned to Seattle.
Following a tour stop at [[Munich-Riem airport|Terminal Eins]] in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], on March 1, 1994, Cobain was diagnosed with [[bronchitis]] and severe [[laryngitis]]. He flew to [[Rome]] the next day for medical treatment, and was joined there by his wife on March 3. The next morning, Love awoke to find that Cobain had overdosed on a combination of [[Champagne (wine)|champagne]] and [[flunitrazepam|Rohypnol]] (Love had a prescription for Rohypnol filled after arriving in Rome). Cobain was immediately rushed to the hospital, and spent the rest of the day unconscious. After five days in the hospital, Cobain was released and returned to Seattle.<ref>{{cite book |author = Halperin, Ian & Wallace, Max| title = Who Killed Kurt Cobain?| publisher = Birch Lane Press|      year = 1998|id = ISBN 1-55972-446-3}}</ref> Love later stated that the incident was Cobain's first [[parasuicide|suicide attempt]].<ref name="life after death">David Fricke, "[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/courtneylove/articles/story/5937442/life_after_death Courtney Love: Life After Death]," ''Rolling Stone'', December 15, 1994.</ref>
 
  
On March 18, Love phoned police to inform them that Cobain was suicidal and had locked himself in a room with a gun. Police arrived and confiscated several guns and a bottle of pills from Cobain, who insisted that he was not suicidal and had locked himself in the room to hide from Love. When questioned by police, Love admitted that Cobain had never mentioned that he was suicidal and that she had not seen him with a gun.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Seattle Police Department]] | year=1994| title=Incident Report - March 18| url=http://www.justiceforkurt.com/investigation/documents/march_18_report.shtml| accessmonthday=March 13 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>
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On March 18, Love phoned police to inform them that Cobain was suicidal and had locked himself in a room with a gun. Police arrived and confiscated several guns and a bottle of pills from Cobain, who insisted that he was not suicidal and had locked himself in the room to hide from Love.
  
On April 8, 1994, Cobain's body was discovered in the spare room above the garage at his [[Denny-Blaine, Seattle, Washington|Lake Washington]] home by Veca Electric employee Gary Smith. Smith arrived at the house that morning to install security lighting and saw him lying inside. Apart from a minor amount of blood coming out of Cobain's ear, Smith reported seeing no visible signs of [[Physical trauma|trauma]], and initially believed that Cobain was asleep. Smith found what he thought might be a [[suicide note]] with a pen stuck through it beneath an overturned flowerpot. A shotgun, purchased for Cobain by Dylan Carlson, was found resting on Cobain's chest. Cobain's death certificate stated that his death was a result of a "contact perforating shotgun wound to the head," and concluded his death a suicide. The report estimated Cobain to have died on April 5, 1994.
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On April 8, 1994, Cobain's body was discovered in the spare room above the garage at his [[Denny-Blaine, Seattle, Washington|Lake Washington]] home by Veca Electric employee Gary Smith. Apart from a minor amount of blood coming out of Cobain's ear, Smith reported seeing no visible signs of [[Physical trauma|trauma]], and initially believed that Cobain was asleep. Smith found what he thought might be a [[suicide note]] with a pen stuck through it beneath an overturned flowerpot. A shotgun was found resting on Cobain's chest. Cobain's death certificate stated that his death was a result of a "contact perforating shotgun wound to the head," and concluded his death a suicide. The report estimated Cobain to have died on April 5.
  
On April 10, a public vigil was held for Cobain at a park at [[Seattle Center]] which drew approximately seven thousand mourners.<ref>Azerrad, p. 346</ref> Prerecorded messages by Krist Novoselic and Courtney Love were played at the memorial. Love read portions of Cobain's suicide note to the crowd and broke down, crying and chastising Cobain. Near the end of the vigil Love arrived at the park and distributed some of Cobain's clothing to those who still remained.<ref>Azerrad, p. 350</ref> Cobain's body was cremated.
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On April 10, a public vigil was held for Cobain at a park at [[Seattle Center]] which drew approximately 7,000 mourners. Prerecorded messages by Krist Novoselic and Courtney Love were played. Love read portions of Cobain's suicide note to the crowd and broke down, crying and chastising Cobain. Near the end of the vigil, Love arrived at the park and distributed some of Cobain's clothing to those who still remained. Cobain's body was cremated.
  
 
==Musical influences==
 
==Musical influences==
Cobain was a devoted champion of early [[alternative rock]] acts. His interest in the underground started when [[Buzz Osborne]] of [[the Melvins]] let him borrow a tape with songs by punk bands such as [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]], [[Flipper (band)|Flipper]], and [[Millions of Dead Cops]]. He would often make reference to his favorite bands in interviews, often placing a greater importance on the bands that influenced him than on his own music. Interviews with Cobain were often littered with references to obscure performers like [[The Vaselines]], The Melvins, [[Daniel Johnston]], [[Meat Puppets|The Meat Puppets]], [[Young Marble Giants]], [[Wipers|The Wipers]], Flipper, and [[The Raincoats]]. Cobain was eventually able to convince record companies to reissue albums by The Raincoats ([[Geffen Records|Geffen]]) and The Vaselines ([[Sub Pop]]). Cobain also noted the influence of the [[Pixies]], and commented that "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]" bore some similarities to their sound. Cobain told ''[[Melody Maker]]'' in 1992 that hearing ''[[Surfer Rosa]]'' for the first time convinced him to abandon his more Black Flag-influenced songwriting in favor of the "[[Iggy Pop]] / [[Aerosmith]]" type songwriting that appeared on ''[[Nevermind]]''.<ref>Cobain, Kurt. "Kurt Cobain of Nirvana Talks About the Records That Changed His Life." ''[[Melody Maker]]''. August 29, 1992.</ref>
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Cobain was a devoted champion of early [[alternative rock]] acts. His interest in the underground started when [[Buzz Osborne]] of [[the Melvins]] let him borrow a tape with songs by punk bands such as [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]], [[Flipper (band)|Flipper]], and [[Millions of Dead Cops]]. He would often refer to his favorite bands in interviews, often placing a greater importance on the bands that influenced him than on his own music.  
  
[[The Beatles]] were an early and important musical influence on Cobain. Cobain expressed a particular fondness for [[John Lennon]], whom he called his "idol" in [[Journals (Cobain)|his journals]]. Cobain once related that he wrote "[[About a Girl]]" after spending three hours listening to ''[[Meet the Beatles!]]''.<ref>Cross, p. 121.</ref> He was heavily influenced by [[punk rock]] and [[hardcore punk]], and often credited bands such as [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]] and the [[Sex Pistols]] for his artistic style and attitude.
+
Cobain also noted the influence of the [[Pixies]], and commented that "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]" bore some similarities to their sound. Cobain told ''[[Melody Maker]]'' in 1992, that hearing ''[[Surfer Rosa]]'' for the first time convinced him to abandon his more Black Flag-influenced songwriting in favor of the "[[Iggy Pop]]/[[Aerosmith]]" type songwriting that appeared on ''[[Nevermind]]''.
  
Even with all of Cobain's indie influences, Nirvana's early style was influenced by the major rock bands of the '70s, including [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], and [[Neil Young]]. In its early days, Nirvana made a habit of regularly playing cover songs by those bands, including Led Zeppelin's "[[Immigrant Song]]," "[[Dazed and Confused (song)|Dazed and Confused]]," "[[Heartbreaker (Led Zeppelin song)|Heartbreaker]]," and made a studio recording of Kiss' "Do You Love Me?." Cobain also talked about the influence of bands like [[The Knack]], [[Boston (band)|Boston]], and [[Bay City Rollers|The Bay City Rollers]].
+
[[The Beatles]] were an early and important musical influence on Cobain. He expressed a particular fondness for [[John Lennon]], whom he called his "idol" in [[Journals (Cobain)|his journals]]. Cobain once related that he wrote "[[About a Girl]]" after spending three hours listening to ''[[Meet the Beatles!]]'' He was heavily influenced by [[punk rock]] and [[hardcore punk]], and often credited bands such as [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]] and the [[Sex Pistols]] for his artistic style and attitude.
  
Where [[Sonic Youth]] had served to help Nirvana gain wider success, Nirvana attempted to help other [[indie (music)|indie]] acts attain success. The band submitted the song "Oh, the Guilt" to a split single with [[Chicago]]'s [[The Jesus Lizard]], helping Nirvana's indie credibility while opening The Jesus Lizard to a wider audience.
+
Nirvana's early style was also influenced by the major rock bands of the 1970s, including [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], and [[Neil Young]]. In its early days, Nirvana made a habit of regularly playing cover songs by those bands.
  
 
==Legacy==
 
==Legacy==
[[Image:Viretta Park bench 04.jpg|thumb|The bench in Viretta Park has become a ''de facto'' memorial to Cobain]][[Image:Welcome to Aberdeen cropped.jpg|thumb|In 2005, a sign was put up in In 2005, a sign was put up in [[Aberdeen, Washington]] that read "Welcome to Aberdeen - Come As You Are" as a tribute to Cobain. The sign was paid for and created by the Kurt Cobain Memorial Committee, a [[non-profit organization]] created in May 2004 to honor Cobain. The Committee also planned to create a Kurt Cobain Memorial Park and a youth center in Aberdeen.
+
[[Image:Welcome to Aberdeen cropped.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Aberdeen's "Come As You Are" sign is reportedly a tribute to Kurt Cobain.]]
 +
[[Image:Viretta Park bench 04.jpg|thumb|150px|The bench in Viretta Park has become a ''de facto'' memorial to Cobain]]
 +
In 2005, a sign was put up in [[Aberdeen, Washington]], that read, "Welcome to Aberdeen--Come As You Are" as a tribute to Cobain. The sign was paid for and created by the Kurt Cobain Memorial Committee, a [[non-profit organization]] created in May 2004, to honor Cobain. The Committee also planned to create a Kurt Cobain Memorial Park and a youth center in Aberdeen.
  
As Cobain has no gravesite, many Nirvana fans visit [[Viretta Park]], near Cobain's former [[Lake Washington]] home, to pay tribute. On the anniversary of his death, fans gather in the park to celebrate his life and memory. In the years following his death, Cobain is now often remembered as one of the most iconic rock musicians in the history of alternative music.
+
As Cobain has no grave site, many Nirvana fans visit [[Viretta Park]], near Cobain's former [[Lake Washington]] home, to pay tribute. On the anniversary of his death, fans gather in the park to celebrate his life and memory. In the years following his death, Cobain is now often remembered as one of the most iconic rock musicians in the history of alternative music.
  
[[Gus Van Sant]] based his 2005 movie ''[[Last Days (film)|Last Days]]'' on what might have happened in the final hours of Cobain's life. In January 2007, Courtney Love began to shop the biography ''Heavier Than Heaven'' to various movie studios in Hollywood to turn the book into an [[A-list]] feature film about Cobain and Nirvana.
+
[[Gus Van Sant]] based his 2005 movie, ''[[Last Days (film)|Last Days]],'' on what might have happened in the final hours of Cobain's life. Several biographies of Cobain have also emerged.
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
+
<references/>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
*Azerrad, Michael. ''Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana''. New York: Doubleday, 1994. ISBN 0-385-47199-8
+
*Azerrad, Michael. ''Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana''. New York: Doubleday, 1994. ISBN 0-385-47199-8.
*Cross, Charles. ''Heavier Than Heaven: A Biography of Kurt Cobain''. New York: Hyperion, 2001. ISBN 0-7868-8402-9  
+
*Cobain, Kurt. ''Journals''. New York: Riverhead Books, 2002. ISBN 9781573222327.
*Kitts, Jeff, et al. ''Guitar World Presents Nirvana and the Grunge Revolution''. Milwaukee,WI: Hal Leonard, 1998. ISBN 0-79-35900-6X
+
*Cross, Charles. ''Heavier Than Heaven: A Biography of Kurt Cobain''. New York: Hyperion, 2001. ISBN 0-7868-8402-9.
*Summers, Kim. "[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Blhud6j6h71q0 Kurt Cobain]." ''[[All Music Guide]]''. Accessed on May 9, 2005
+
*Kitts, Jeff, et al. ''Guitar World Presents Nirvana and the Grunge Revolution''. Milwaukee,WI: Hal Leonard, 1998. ISBN 0-79-35900-6X.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
+
All links retrieved June 16, 2018.
{{Commons|Nirvana|Kurt Cobain}}
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* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/kurt/kurt.html Kurt & Courtney: No Nirvana] at The Smoking Gun ''www.thesmokinggun.com.''
 
 
* {{imdb name|id=0001052|name=Kurt Cobain}}
 
* [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:rvjxlfhe5cqq Kurt Cobain] at the [[All Music Guide]]
 
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/kurt/kurt.html Official police reports into Cobain's death] at [[The Smoking Gun]].
 
 
 
{{Nirvana (band)}}
 
 
 
{{Persondata
 
|NAME= Cobain, Kurt Donald
 
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
 
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= American singer, guitarist in Nirvana
 
|DATE OF BIRTH= February 20, 1967
 
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Aberdeen, Washington]]
 
|DATE OF DEATH= [[circa|c.]] April 5, 1994
 
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Seattle, Washington]]
 
}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cobain, Kurt}}
 
  
 
[[Category:biography]]
 
[[Category:biography]]
 
{{Credit|210608673}}
 
{{Credit|210608673}}

Latest revision as of 15:09, 16 June 2018

Kurt Cobain
Tribute to Kurt Cobain in a Chicago alley
Tribute to Kurt Cobain in a Chicago alley
Background information
Birth name Kurt Donald Cobain
Born February 20 1967(1967-02-20)
Aberdeen, Washington, USA
Died c. April 5 1994 (aged 27)
Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Genre(s) Alternative rock
Grunge
Occupation(s) Musician, Songwriter
Instrument(s) Vocals
Guitar
Years active 1987–1994
Associated acts Nirvana
Fecal Matter
Notable instrument(s)
Electric guitar

Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 – c. April 5, 1994) was an American musician who served as lead singer, guitarist, and songwriter for the Seattle-based rock band Nirvana.

Cobain formed Nirvana in 1987, with Krist Novoselic. Within two years, the band became a fixture of the burgeoning Seattle grunge scene. In 1991, the release of Nirvana's hit, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" marked the beginning of a dramatic shift of popular rock music away from the dominant genres of the 1980s, toward grunge and alternative rock. The music journalism media eventually labeled Cobain a "spokesman" for Generation X.

Cobain came from a troubled family, and suffered the divorce of his parents when just seven. During the last years of his life, Cobain struggled with drug addiction and dealing with the media attention surrounding him and his wife, Courtney Love. On April 8, 1994, Cobain was found dead in his home in Seattle, the victim of an apparently self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head. In ensuing years, the circumstances of his death became a topic of fascination and debate.

Life and career

Early life

Kurt Cobain was born to Donald and Wendy Cobain on February 20, 1967, in Aberdeen, Washington, and spent his first six months living in the village of Hoquiam, Washington, before the family moved to Aberdeen. He began developing an interest in music early in his life.

Cobain's life changed at the age of seven, when his parents divorced in 1975, an event which he later cited as having a profound impact on his life. His mother noted that his personality changed dramatically, with Cobain becoming more withdrawn. In a 1993 interview, Cobain said, "I remember feeling ashamed, for some reason. I was ashamed of my parents."[1] After a year spent living with his mother following the divorce, Cobain moved to Montesano, Washington, to live with his father, but after a few years his youthful rebellion became so intense that he found himself being shuffled between friends and family.

At school, Cobain took little interest in sports. At his father's insistence, he joined the junior high wrestling team. While he was good at the sport, he also despised it. Later, his father signed him up for a local baseball league, where Cobain would intentionally strike out to avoid having to play. Instead, Cobain focused on his art courses.

Cobain was friends with a gay student at his school, sometimes suffering bullying at the hands of other students as a result. That friendship led some to believe that he himself was gay. In one of his personal journals, Cobain wrote, "I am not gay, although I wish I were, just to piss off homophobes."[2] Cobain eventually found escape through the thriving Pacific Northwest punk scene, going to punk rock shows in Seattle. Eventually, he began frequenting the practice space of fellow Montesano musicians, the Melvins.

In the middle of tenth grade, Cobain moved back to live with his mother in Aberdeen. Two weeks before his scheduled graduation, however, he dropped out of high school after realizing that he did not have enough credits to graduate. His mother gave him a choice: either get a job or leave. After a week or so, Cobain found his clothes and other belongings packed away in boxes. Forced out of his mother's home, he stayed at friends' houses and sneaked into his mother's basement occasionally.

In late 1986, Cobain moved into the first house he lived in alone and paid his rent by working at a coastal resort 20 miles from Aberdeen. At the same time, he traveled frequently to Olympia, Washington, to check out rock shows.

Nirvana

Kurt Cobain (right) with Nirvana, 1992.

For his fourteenth birthday, Cobain's uncle had given him the option of a guitar or a bicycle as a gift; Cobain chose the guitar. He started learning songs such as AC/DC's "Back in Black" and The Cars' "My Best Friend's Girl." He soon began working on his own songs.

In high school, Cobain rarely found anyone with whom he could jam. While hanging out at the Melvins' practice space, he met Krist Novoselic, a fellow devotee of punk rock. Novoselic's mother owned a hair salon, and Cobain and Novoselic would occasionally practice in the upstairs room. Later, Cobain convinced Novoselic to create a band with him, and this formed the beginnings of Nirvana.

During their first few years playing together, Novoselic and Cobain were hosts to a rotating list of drummers. Eventually, the band hired on Chad Channing, with whom Nirvana recorded the album Bleach, released on Sub Pop Records in 1989. Cobain, however, became dissatisfied with Channing's style, leading the band to seek out a replacement, settling eventually on Dave Grohl. With Grohl, the band found its greatest success via their 1991 major-label debut, Nevermind.

Cobain struggled to reconcile the massive success of Nirvana with his underground roots. He also felt persecuted by the media, harboring resentment for people who claimed to be fans of the band, but who, he felt, completely missed the point of the band's message.

Marriage

Cobain's widow, Courtney love, in 2007.

Courtney Love first saw Cobain perform in 1989, at a show in Portland, Oregon. The pair talked briefly after the show and Love developed a crush on him. According to journalist Everett True, the couple was formally introduced at an L7/Butthole Surfers concert in Los Angeles in May 1991. In the weeks that followed, after learning from Dave Grohl that she and Cobain shared mutual crushes, Love began pursuing Cobain. After a few weeks of on-again, off-again courtship in the fall of 1991, the two found themselves together on a regular basis. Besides their emotional and physical attraction, the couple reportedly also often bonded through drug use.[3]

Love was unpopular with some Nirvana fans. Her harshest critics said she was merely using him as a vehicle to make herself famous. Some compared Cobain to John Lennon while Love was equated with Yoko Ono.

In a 1992 article in Vanity Fair, Love admitted to using heroin while unknowingly pregnant. She later claimed that Vanity Fair had misquoted her, but her admission created controversy for the couple. While Cobain and Love's romance had always been something of a media attraction, the couple found themselves hounded by tabloid reporters after the article was published. The Los Angeles County Department of Children's Services took the Cobains to court, claiming that the couple's drug usage made them unfit parents. Two-week-old Frances Bean Cobain was ordered by the judge to be taken from their custody and placed with Courtney's sister, Jamie. Kurt and Courtney then obtained custody after several weeks, but had to submit to urine tests and a regular visit from a social worker. After months of legal wrangling, the couple were eventually granted full custody of their daughter.

Drug addiction

Cobain's first drug experience was reportedly with marijuana in 1980, at age 13. He tried heroin sometime in 1986, administered by a local drug dealer in Tacoma, Washington, who had previously been supplying him with percodan. Cobain used heroin sporadically for several years, and by the end of 1990, his use had developed into a full-fledged addiction. He claimed that he was "determined to get a habit" as a way to self-medicate his stomach condition. Related Cobain, "It started with three days in a row of doing heroin and I don't have a stomach pain. That was such a relief."[4]

His heroin use eventually began affecting the band's success, with Cobain passing out during photo shoots. Cobain's addiction only worsened as the years progressed. He made his first attempt at rehab in early 1992, not long after he and Love discovered they were going to become parents. Immediately after he left rehab, Nirvana embarked on its Australian tour, with Cobain appearing pale and gaunt while suffering through withdrawal. Not long after returning home, Cobain's heroin use resumed.

Prior to a performance at the New Music Seminar in New York City in July 1993, Cobain suffered a heroin overdose. Rather than calling for an ambulance, Love injected Cobain with illegally acquired naloxone to bring him out of his unconscious state. Cobain proceeded to perform with Nirvana, giving the public no indication that anything out of the ordinary had taken place.

Final weeks and death

Following a tour stop at Terminal Eins in Munich, Germany, on March 1, 1994, Cobain was diagnosed with bronchitis and severe laryngitis. He flew to Rome the next day for medical treatment, and was joined there by his wife on March 3. The next morning, Love awoke to find that Cobain had overdosed on a combination of champagne and Rohypnol. Cobain was immediately rushed to the hospital, and spent the rest of the day unconscious. After five days in the hospital, he was released and returned to Seattle.

On March 18, Love phoned police to inform them that Cobain was suicidal and had locked himself in a room with a gun. Police arrived and confiscated several guns and a bottle of pills from Cobain, who insisted that he was not suicidal and had locked himself in the room to hide from Love.

On April 8, 1994, Cobain's body was discovered in the spare room above the garage at his Lake Washington home by Veca Electric employee Gary Smith. Apart from a minor amount of blood coming out of Cobain's ear, Smith reported seeing no visible signs of trauma, and initially believed that Cobain was asleep. Smith found what he thought might be a suicide note with a pen stuck through it beneath an overturned flowerpot. A shotgun was found resting on Cobain's chest. Cobain's death certificate stated that his death was a result of a "contact perforating shotgun wound to the head," and concluded his death a suicide. The report estimated Cobain to have died on April 5.

On April 10, a public vigil was held for Cobain at a park at Seattle Center which drew approximately 7,000 mourners. Prerecorded messages by Krist Novoselic and Courtney Love were played. Love read portions of Cobain's suicide note to the crowd and broke down, crying and chastising Cobain. Near the end of the vigil, Love arrived at the park and distributed some of Cobain's clothing to those who still remained. Cobain's body was cremated.

Musical influences

Cobain was a devoted champion of early alternative rock acts. His interest in the underground started when Buzz Osborne of the Melvins let him borrow a tape with songs by punk bands such as Black Flag, Flipper, and Millions of Dead Cops. He would often refer to his favorite bands in interviews, often placing a greater importance on the bands that influenced him than on his own music.

Cobain also noted the influence of the Pixies, and commented that "Smells Like Teen Spirit" bore some similarities to their sound. Cobain told Melody Maker in 1992, that hearing Surfer Rosa for the first time convinced him to abandon his more Black Flag-influenced songwriting in favor of the "Iggy Pop/Aerosmith" type songwriting that appeared on Nevermind.

The Beatles were an early and important musical influence on Cobain. He expressed a particular fondness for John Lennon, whom he called his "idol" in his journals. Cobain once related that he wrote "About a Girl" after spending three hours listening to Meet the Beatles! He was heavily influenced by punk rock and hardcore punk, and often credited bands such as Black Flag and the Sex Pistols for his artistic style and attitude.

Nirvana's early style was also influenced by the major rock bands of the 1970s, including Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, Kiss, and Neil Young. In its early days, Nirvana made a habit of regularly playing cover songs by those bands.

Legacy

Aberdeen's "Come As You Are" sign is reportedly a tribute to Kurt Cobain.
The bench in Viretta Park has become a de facto memorial to Cobain

In 2005, a sign was put up in Aberdeen, Washington, that read, "Welcome to Aberdeen—Come As You Are" as a tribute to Cobain. The sign was paid for and created by the Kurt Cobain Memorial Committee, a non-profit organization created in May 2004, to honor Cobain. The Committee also planned to create a Kurt Cobain Memorial Park and a youth center in Aberdeen.

As Cobain has no grave site, many Nirvana fans visit Viretta Park, near Cobain's former Lake Washington home, to pay tribute. On the anniversary of his death, fans gather in the park to celebrate his life and memory. In the years following his death, Cobain is now often remembered as one of the most iconic rock musicians in the history of alternative music.

Gus Van Sant based his 2005 movie, Last Days, on what might have happened in the final hours of Cobain's life. Several biographies of Cobain have also emerged.

Notes

  1. Jon Savage, "Kurt Cobain: The Lost Interview," Guitar World (1997).
  2. Cobain, 2002.
  3. Azerrad, p. 172.
  4. Azerrad, p. 236.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Azerrad, Michael. Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana. New York: Doubleday, 1994. ISBN 0-385-47199-8.
  • Cobain, Kurt. Journals. New York: Riverhead Books, 2002. ISBN 9781573222327.
  • Cross, Charles. Heavier Than Heaven: A Biography of Kurt Cobain. New York: Hyperion, 2001. ISBN 0-7868-8402-9.
  • Kitts, Jeff, et al. Guitar World Presents Nirvana and the Grunge Revolution. Milwaukee,WI: Hal Leonard, 1998. ISBN 0-79-35900-6X.

External links

All links retrieved June 16, 2018.

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