Kingdom of Sunda and Galuh
The Kingdom of Sunda and kingdom of Galuh are twin kingdoms in West Java that emerged from the division of Tarumanagara kingdom. According to Tome Pires (1513) in his travel log, he mentioned that Dayo (Dayeuh) or capital city of Sunda lies two days travel to south from Kalapa harbour or Sunda Kelapa (now Jakarta) right on the mouth of Ciliwung river.
The information about the two kingdoms can be found in inscriptions. The inscriptions scattered around Bogor mention the kingdom of Sunda as the successor of Tarumanagara, while the inscriptions in Sukabumi mention the existence of the Sunda kingdom until the era of Sri Jayabupati.
The capital city of Sunda is suggested to be in the area around Bogor, while the capital of Galuh in the area now known as Ciamis, around the town of Kawali.
The Emerging of Sunda and Galuh
The Division of Tarumanagara
King Tarusbawa from Sunda Sambawa kingdom, has succeed his father in-law as the 13th king of Tarumanagara. At the same time, Tarumanagara's prestige and power have been declining, probably due to the series of invasions from Srivijaya. Wishing to restore the glory of King Purnawarman that reign from Purasaba (capital city) of Sundapura, in 670 C.E. he changes the name of Tarumanagara to the Kingdom of Sunda. Wretikandayun, the lord of Galuh, used this event as an excuse to break eastern Taruma apart from Tarusbawa's Sunda.
Since the crown prince of Galuh is the son in-law of Queen Sima of Kalingga, a kingdom in central Java, Wretikandayun with the support from Kalingga demands that the remnant of what was known as Tarumanagara's territorry should be divided into two kingdoms. Finding himself in an unfortunate position and willing to avoid civil war, King Tarusbawa granted Wretikandayun's demand. Then in 670 C.E. Tarumanagara is divided into two kingdoms: the kingdom of Sunda in the west, and the kingdom of Galuh occupying the east, divided by the Tarum (Citarum) River.
Location of Sunda Capital
King Tarusbawa built a new capital city inland near the source of Cipakancilan river. According to Carita Parahiyangan (means 'The Story of Rahiyangs'), a manuscript from 15-16th century, king Tarusbawa was only mentioned as Tohaan (Lord/King) of Sunda. He will become the ancestor of a series of Sunda kings that reign until 723 C.E.
Sunda as the name of the kingdom is recorded in two inscriptions that were found around Bogor and Sukabumi. The Jayabupati inscriptions in Cibadak give rise to speculations that the capital should be around that area. However this claim is not supported by other historical records. The inscriptions only tell that to catch fish in some parts of Citatih river is forbidden, that the area are considered sacred as part of Kabuyutan Sanghiyang Tapak. It is the same as Purnawarman inscriptions at Pasir Muara and Pasir Koleangkak that didn't mention the exact site of Tarumanagara capital.
Kings of Sunda after Tarusbawa
Since the crown prince of Sunda died before King Tarusbawa, Princess Tejakencana (the daughter of crown prince) was hailed as heiress of Sunda. She married to Rakeyan Jamri, who was a son of Bratasenawa (the third king of Galuh Kingdom and a son of Wretikandayun) and princess Sanaha (from Kalingga). In 723 Jamri surpassed Tarusbawa to be the second king of Sunda. As the lord of Sunda he's known as Prabu Harisdarma, then when he acquired the throne of Galuh he is known as Sanjaya.
Sanjaya also had legitimate right of Kalingga's throne (from his grandmother's side). Thus in 732 C.E. he chose to live in Kalingga (in the northern part of it known as Bhumi Mataram) and later established Ancient Mataram Kingdom and Sanjaya Dynasty. In 732 he gave his right of western Java to his son from Tejakencana, Prince Tamperan (Rakeyan Panaraban). Rakeyan was a halfbrother of Rakai Panangkaran, Sanjaya's son from Sudiwara (daughter of Dewasinga, king of southern Kalingga).
The list of kings of Sunda:
- 1. Sanjaya/Harisdarma/Rakeyan Jamri (723 –732)
- 2. Rakeyan Panaraban/Tamperan Barmawijaya (732 - 739)
- 3. Rakeyan Banga (739 – 766)
- 4. Rakeyan Medang Prabu Hulukujang (766 – 783)
- 5. Prabu Gilingwesi (783 – 795)
- 6. Pucukbumi Darmeswara (795 – 819)
- 7. Prabu Gajah Kulon Rakeyan Wuwus (819 – 891)
- 8. Prabu Darmaraksa (891 – 895)
- 9. Windusakti Prabu Dewageng (895 – 913)
- 10. Rakeyan Kemuning Gading Prabu Pucukwesi (913 – 916)
- 11. Rakeyan Jayagiri Prabu Wanayasa (916 – 942)
- 12. Prabu Resi Atmayadarma Hariwangsa (942 – 954)
- 13. Limbur Kancana (954 – 964)
- 14. Prabu Munding Ganawirya (964 – 973)
- 15. Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung (973 – 989)
- 16. Prabu Brajawisesa (989 – 1012)
- 17. Prabu Dewa Sanghyang (1012 – 1019)
- 18. Prabu Sanghyang Ageng (1019 – 1030)
- 19. Prabu Detya Maharaja Sri Jayabupati (1030 – 1042). Sri Jayabupati’s father (Sanghyang Ageng) married a Sriwijaya princes (Sri Jayabupati’s mother). Sri Jayabupati married a daughter of Dharmawangsa (sister to Dewi Laksmi, Airlangga's wife)
Jayabupati inscription
Contents of the inscription
The origin of the name Sunda being used to identify a kingdom is written on inscription found in Sukabumi area. The inscriptions consist of 40 lines thus requiring 4 piece of stone to write on. These 4 stones are found in the Cicatih river bank in Cibadak area. Three were found near Kampung Bantar Muncang, while one was found near Kampung Pangcalikan. The inscriptions are written in the ancient Javanese script. Now the four inscriptions are stored at National Museum of Indonesia, with code D 73 (Cicatih), D 96, D 97 and D 98. The contents of the first three inscriptions (according Pleyte):
D 73 : //O// Swasti shakawarsatita 952 karttikamasa tithi dwadashi shuklapa-ksa. ha. ka. ra. wara tambir. iri- ka diwasha nira prahajyan sunda ma-haraja shri jayabhupati jayamana- hen wisnumurtti samarawijaya shaka-labhuwanamandaleswaranindita harogowardhana wikra-mottunggadewa, ma-
D 96 : gaway tepek i purwa sanghyang tapak ginaway denira shri jayabhupati prahajyan sunda. mwang tan hanani baryya baryya shila. irikang lwah tan pangalapa ikan sesini lwah. Makahingan sanghyang tapak wates kapujan i hulu, i sor makahingan ia sanghyang tapak wates kapujan i wungkalagong kalih matangyan pinagawayaken pra-sasti pagepageh. mangmang sapatha.
D 97 : sumpah denira prahajyan sunda. lwirnya nihan.
Translation: Peace and well-being. In the year of Saka 952, Kartika month on the 12th day on the light part, Hariang day, Kaliwon, first day, Wuku Tambir. Today is the day that king of Sunda Maharaja Sri Jayabupati Jayamanahen Wisnumurti Samarawijaya Sakalabuwanamandaleswaranindita Haro Gowardhana Wikramottunggadewa, make his marks on eastern part of Sanghiyang Tapak. Made by Sri Jayabupati King of Sunda. And may there be nobody allowed to break this law. In this part of river catching fish is forbidden, in the sacred area of Sanghyang Tapak near the source of the river. Up until the border of sacred Sanghyang Tapak marked by two big tree. So this inscriptions is made, enforced with an oath.
The oath of the king is written on the fourth inscription (D 98). Consisting of 20 lines, the point is he asked a whole supranatural power, deities from heavens and earth to protect and support the king's mandate. Whoever breaks the law will be punished by these supranatural beings, die in horrible way like their brain being sucked, blood being drunk, intestines being destroyed, and chest is split in two. This inscription is closed by the words, "I wruhhanta kamung hyang kabeh" (O being known by thee.., all the spirits).
The Inscription's Date
The date of the Jayabupati inscription is suggested at October 11, 1030. According to Pustaka Nusantara, Parwa III sarga 1, Sri Jayabupati reigned for 12 years (952 - 964) saka (1030 - 1042C.E.). Strangely the style of the inscriptions revealing East Javanese style. Not only letters, language, and style, but the noble name of the king is similar to royal names in Darmawangsa's court. Sri Jayabupati in Carita Parahiyangan is mentioned as Prabu Detya Maharaja. He is the 20th king of Sunda after Tarusbawa.
The Cause of Divisions
Kingdom of Sunda is formed from the divisions of Tarumanagara. This event happened in 670 C.E. This event confirmed by Chinese source that mentioned the last time Tarumanaga send their envoy is in 669 C.E. Tarusbawa did sent his emissary to Chinese Emperor to informed his ascends to the throne in 669 C.E. He is coronated in the date 9 on full moon on Jesta month in 591 Saka, or corresponds to 18th May 669 C.E.
Sanna and Purbasora
Tarusbawa is the good friend of Bratasena or Sena (709 - 716 C.E.), the third king of Galuh. He also known as Sanna, as mentioned in Canggal inscriptions (732 C.E.), uncle of Sanjaya. This friendship encourage Tarusbawa to took Sanjaya as his son in-law. Bratasenawa (Sanna or Sena) is surpassed from Galuh throne by Purbasora in 716 C.E. Purbasora is the grandson of Wretikandayun from his eldest son, Batara Danghyang Guru Sempakwaja, the founder of Galunggung kingdom. On the other hand Sena is also grandson of Wretikandayun from his youngest son, Mandiminyak, the second king of Galuh (702-709 C.E.).
Actually Purbasora and Sena is brothers from same mother because the affair between Mandiminyak and Sempakwaja's wife. Sempakwaja can not succeeded his father because he is toothless, a shameful physical handicap considered unsuitable to be king at that time. That's why his younger brother has inherited the Galuh throne from Wretikandayun. However, the son of Sempakwaja still felt deserved to the throne of Galuh. Moreover King Sena has doubtful scandalous origin that fueled Purbasora rebellion and determination to took Galuh throne from Sena.
With the aid of his father in-law, King Indraprahasta, from a kingdom near present day Cirebon, Purbasora launch his coup on Galuh throne. Defeated Sena flee to Kalingga, the kingdom of his wife's grandmother, Queen Shima.
Sanjaya and Balangantrang
Sanjaya, the son of Sannaha (sister of Sena), determined to take revenge to Purbasora's family. He ask the help of Tarusbawa, friend of Sena. His wish is put to realisation when he become the king of Sunda, reigning on behalf of his wife.
He has prepared a special force placed on Gunung Sawal area with the help of Rabuyut Sawal, also dear friend of Sena. This special force is led by Sanjaya, while Sunda army is led by Patih Anggada. The raid is launced at nightfal is surprise attack. Almost all of Purbasora's family is wiped out, except Bimaraksa, Purbasora's son in-law, the minister of Galuh that escaped with just a handful of guards.
Bimaraksa also known as Ki Balangantrang, he is the Senapati (army general) of the kingdom. Balangantrang also the grandson of Wretikandayun from his second son, Resi Guru Jantaka or Rahyang Kidul, he also considered unfit to be the successor of Wretikandayun because he suffer hernia. Balangantrang hide in Gègèr Sunten village and rising anti-Sanjaya forces. He is supported by kings of Kuningan also the remnants of Indraprahasta army. Indraphrasta has been annihilates by Sanjaya as the revenge for their aid, helping Purbasora to ousts Sena.
Sena has asked Sanjaya to honor all of Galuh royal family, except Purbasora. Sanjaya himself is not interested to reign Galuh. He just attack it to fulfill his godfather's wish to took revenge on Purbasora's family. After defeating Purbasora, Sanjaya ask his uncle, Sempakwaja, in Galunggung to order Demunawan, younger brother of Purbasora, to reign in Galuh. But Sempakwaja decline his fearing this only Sanjaya's trick to annihilate Demunawan.
Sanjaya himself can not reach Balangantrang whereabout. So he accepted his rights on Galuh throne. Realize he is unwelcomed in Galuh court, and also he is a Sunda King that must reside in Pakuan, he put Premana Dikusuma, grandson of Purbasora in charge of Galuh. Premana Dikusuma at that time is placed as vassal king. In the age 43 years old (born on 683 C.E.), he's already known as Rsi or aeschetic monk because his passion on learning spiritual teaching since young age, he also known as Bagawat Sajalajaya.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Ayatrohaedi. 2005. Sundakala: Cuplikan Sejarah Sunda Berdasarkan Naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon. Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta. ISBN 979-419-330-5
- Saleh Danasasmita. 2003. Nyukcruk Sajarah Pakuan Pajajaran jeung Prabu Siliwangi. Kiblat Buku Utama, Bandung. ISBN
- Yoseph Iskandar. 1997. Sejarah Jawa Barat: Yuganing Rajakawasa. Geger Sunten, Bandung.
jv:Sunda
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