Difference between revisions of "Keoladeo National Park" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Infobox World Heritage Site
 
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
 
| WHS        = Keoladeo National Park
 
| WHS        = Keoladeo National Park
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| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/340
 
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/340
 
}}
 
}}
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{{Infobox_protected_area | name = Keoladeo National Park
 
{{Infobox_protected_area | name = Keoladeo National Park
 
{{Location map|India
 
{{Location map|India
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}}
 
}}
  
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The '''Keoladeo National Park''' or '''Keoladeo Ghana National Park''' formerly known as the '''Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary''' in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] is a famous [[avifauna]] sanctuary that sees (or saw) thousands of rare and highly endangered birds such as the [[Siberian Crane]] come here during the [[winter]] season. Over 230 species of birds are known to have made the [[National parks of India|National Park]] their home. It is also a major tourist centre with scores of [[ornithologist]]s arriving here in the hibernal season. It was declared a protected sanctuary in 1971. It is also a declared [[World Heritage Site]].
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The '''Keoladeo National Park,''' or '''Keoladeo Ghana National Park,''' formerly known as the '''Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary,''' in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], has become a famous [[avifauna]] sanctuary with thousands of rare and highly endangered birds, such as the [[Siberian Crane]] wintering annually. Over 230 species of birds have made the [[National parks of India|National Park]] their home. A major center for ornithologists, scores arrive every hibernal season. Declared a protected sanctuary in 1971, [[UNESCO]] designated the park a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1985.
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{{toc}}
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The sanctuary was created 250 years ago and is named after a Keoladeo (Shiva) temple within its boundaries. Initially, it was a natural depression; and was flooded after the ''Ajan Bund'' was constructed by [[Maharaja Suraj Mal]], the then ruler of the princely state of [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]], between 1726 to 1763. The [[bund]] was created at the confluence of two rivers, the [[Gambhir]] and [[Banganga]]. The park was a happy hunting ground for the maharajas of Bharatpur, a tradition dating back to 1850, and duck shoots were organised yearly in honor of the [[Viceroy of India|British viceroys]]. In one shoot alone in 1938, over 4,273 birds such as [[mallard]]s and [[teal]]s were killed by [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], the then [[Governor-General of India]]. After [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]], the rulers of the princely states were allowed shooting rights until 1972. In 1982, grazing was banned in the park, leading to violent clashed between the local farmer and [[Gujjar]] communities and the government.
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The crisis facing the Keoladeo National Park has been endemic to [[wildlife environments]] in nations rapidly developing through the [[Industrial Age|Industrial]] and [[Information Age]]s in a short period of time, like the [[Republic of India]]. Governments' responsibility to protect and foster natural environments and wildlife conflicts with their responsibility to assist their citizens to secure shelter, food, and clothing, as well has the higher needs of education, health care, and recreation. The decision, in 2004, to divert 97 percent of sanctuary water to farmers' fields has created an ecological disaster in Keoladeo National Park that requires  an emergency remedy.
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The sanctuary hosts a small wintering population of the rare Siberian Cranes. Other species include the [[ruddy shelduck]]s, [[gulls]], [[northern shoveler]]s, [[northern pintail]]s, [[coot]]s, [[garganey]], [[tufted duck]]s and [[common pochard]].
 
  
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In late 2004 however, the Rajasthan government led by [[Vasundhara Raje]] succumbed to pressure from farmers to prevent water from being diverted to the sanctuary. The water supply to the park dropped from 540,000,000 to 18,000,000 cubic feet (15,000,000 to 510,000 m³). The result was an ecological disaster with the [[marshland]]s turning dry and inhospitable. Most of the birds flew off to alternate avenues as far as [[Garhmukteshwar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (90 km form [[New Delhi]]) on the river [[Ganges River|Ganga]] for breeding. This resulted in many of the birds being hunted for their meat.
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==History==
 +
The sanctuary had been created 250 years ago, named after a Keoladeo (Shiva) temple within its boundaries. Initially a natural depression, the terrain flooded after [[Maharaja Suraj Mal]], the ruler of the princely state of [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]] between 1726 to 1763, constructed the ''Ajan Bund''. The [[bund]] had been created at the confluence of two rivers, the [[Gambhir]] and [[Banganga]]. The park provided a happy hunting ground for the maharajas of Bharatpur, a tradition dating back to 1850, with duck shoots organized yearly in honor of the [[Viceroy of India|British viceroys]]. In one shoot alone in 1938, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], the then [[Governor-General of India]] killed over 4,273 birds, such as [[mallard]]s and [[teal]]s. After [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]], the rulers of the princely states received shooting rights until 1972. In 1982, the government banned grazing in the park, leading to violent clashes between the local farmer and [[Gujjar]] communities and the government.  
  
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The act was criticised by leading environmentalists, leading to a Public Interest Litigation being filed in court.
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The sanctuary hosts a small wintering population of the rare Siberian Cranes. Other species include the [[ruddy shelduck]]s, [[gulls]], [[northern shoveler]]s, [[northern pintail]]s, [[coot]]s, [[garganey]], [[tufted duck]]s, and [[common pochard]].
  
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==Birds that take Sanctuary in Keoladeo National Park==
+
In late 2004, the Rajasthan government led by [[Vasundhara Raje]] succumbed to pressure from farmers to prevent water from being diverted to the sanctuary. The water supply to the park dropped from 540,000,000 to 18,000,000 cubic feet (15,000,000 to 510,000 m³), resulting in an ecological disaster with the [[marshland]]s turning dry and inhospitable. Most of the birds flew off to alternate avenues as far as [[Garhmukteshwar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (90 km from [[New Delhi]]) on the river [[Ganges River|Ganga]] for breeding. That resulted in many of the birds being hunted for their meat. The act, criticized by leading environmentalists, led to a Public Interest Litigation being filed in court.
  
 +
==Birds that take sanctuary in Keoladeo National Park==
 
===Siberian Crane===
 
===Siberian Crane===
 
{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
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| status = CR
 
| status = CR
 
| trend = down
 
| trend = down
−
| image = Grus_leucogeranus.svg
+
| image = <!--Grus_leucogeranus.svg—>
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| binomial_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1773
 
| binomial_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1773
 
}}
 
}}
−
<!--[[Image:Grus leucogeranus male.jpg|thumb|250px|in the Tennouji Zoo, Japan]]—>
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[[Image:Grus leucogeranus male.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Siberian Crane]]
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The '''Siberian Crane''', '''''Grus leucogeranus''''', also known as the '''Siberian White Crane''' or the '''Snow Crane''', is a [[bird]] of the family Gruidae, the [[crane (bird)|crane]]s.
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The '''Siberian Crane,''' '''''Grus leucogeranus,''''' also known as the '''Siberian White Crane''' or the '''Snow Crane,''' belongs to the bird family Gruidae, the [[crane (bird)|crane]]s. That species breeds in arctic [[Russia]] in [[Yakutia]] and western [[Siberia]], a long distance [[bird migration|migrant]]. The eastern population winters on the [[Yangtze River]] and [[Lake Poyang]] in [[China]], the central population at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[India]], and the western population in [[Fereidoonkenar]] and [[Isfahan Province|Esfahan]], in [[Iran]]. It breeds and winters in wetlands, where it feeds on the shoots, roots, and tubers of aquatic plants.
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This species breeds in arctic [[Russia]] in [[Yakutia]] and western [[Siberia]]. It is a long distance [[bird migration|migrant]]. The eastern population winters on the [[Yangtze River]] and [[Lake Poyang]] in [[China]], the central population at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[India]] and the western population in [[Fereidoonkenar]] and [[Isfahan Province|Esfahan]] in [[Iran]]. It breeds and winters in wetlands, where it feeds on the shoots, roots and tubers of aquatic plants.
 
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This is a large white crane. Large males can exceed 140 cm (55 inches) in length and weigh over 10 kg (22 lbs). Adults are all white, except for a dark red mask extending from the bill to behind the eye. It has a yellow iris and reddish legs. The male is slightly larger than the female. Juveniles have a feathered mask and buff or cinnamon plumage. The voice is flute-like and musical.
 
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The status of this crane is critical, as it is expected to undergo a rapid population decline in the near future. The wintering site in China holding 95% of the population is threatened by hydrological changes caused by the [[Three Gorges Dam]].
 
  
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Historic records from India suggest that a number of them wintered there in the past. This number has steadily declined and the birds are no longer found there.
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A large white crane, the largest males exceed 140 cm (55 inches) in length and weigh over 10 kg (22 lbs). Adults have white feathers, except for a dark red mask extending from the bill to behind the eye. It has a yellow iris and reddish legs. The male grows slightly larger than the female. Juveniles have a feathered mask and buff of cinnamon plumage. The voice sounds flute-like and musical.
  
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{{quote|Mr. Rutledge of Entally told me that for twenty years he tried unsuccessfully to get live specimens of this   crane, but did not succeed till a few years ago, when he and one of the native dealers got so many that the market was quite glutted, and many were sent to Europe. Since then the bird got scarce again, so this was evidently only a temporary invasion.|Frank Finn|Frank Finn in How to know the Indian waders. 1906}}
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The status of this crane has become critical, with an expected rapid population decline in the near future. The wintering site in China holding 95 percent of the population has been threatened by hydrological changes caused by the [[Three Gorges Dam]]. Historic records from India suggest that a number of them wintered there in the past. That number has steadily declined and the birds have disappeared from there.
  
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The Siberian Crane is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies and is subject of a Memorandum of Understanding concluded under the [[Bonn Convention]].
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<blockquote>Mr. Rutledge of Entally told me that for twenty years he tried unsuccessfully to get live specimens of  this  crane, but did not succeed till a few years ago, when he and one of the native dealers got so many that the market was quite glutted, and many were sent to Europe. Since then the bird got scarce again, so this was evidently only a temporary invasion (Frank Finn, in ''How to know the Indian Waders'').</blockquote>
  
 +
The Siberian Crane numbers among the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies, the subject of a Memorandum of Understanding concluded under the [[Bonn Convention]].
 +
<!--{{commons|Grus leucogeranus|Siberian Crane}}—>
 
<!--{{credits|Siberian_Crane|169764464}}—>
 
<!--{{credits|Siberian_Crane|169764464}}—>
  
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| name = Spotted Owlet
 
| name = Spotted Owlet
 
| status = LC
 
| status = LC
−
| image = Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)- Pair in Foreplay at Bharatpur I IMG 5472.jpg‎  
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| image = <!--Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)- Pair in Foreplay at Bharatpur I IMG 5472.jpg‎|150px| —>
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| image_caption = Pair in Foreplay at  [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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| image_caption = <!--Pair at  [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].—>
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| species = '''''A. brama'''''
 
| species = '''''A. brama'''''
 
| binomial = ''Athene brama''
 
| binomial = ''Athene brama''
−
| binomial_authority = ([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], [[1821]])
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| binomial_authority = ([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1821)
 
}}
 
}}
 
<!---Image copyright waived by Liz Leyden for educational and non-profit making purpose--->
 
<!---Image copyright waived by Liz Leyden for educational and non-profit making purpose--->
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The '''Spotted Owlet''' (''Athene brama'') is an [[owl]] which breeds in tropical [[Asia]] from [[India]] to [[Southeast Asia]]. This species is a part of the larger grouping of owls known as [[typical owl]]s, Strigidae, which contains most species of owl. The other grouping is the [[barn owl]]s, Tytonidae.  
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The '''Spotted Owlet''' ''(Athene brama)'', an [[owl]] which breeds in tropical [[Asia]] from [[India]] to [[Southeast Asia]], belongs to the larger grouping of owls, known as [[typical owl]]s, Strigidae, which contains most species of owl. The [[barn owl]]s, Tytonidae, conprise the other grouping.
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[[Image:Spotted Owlet I IMG 6313.jpg|thumb|left| In [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. ]]
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[[Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)- Pair in Foreplay at Bharatpur I IMG 5472.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Pair at Keoladeo National Park]]
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Spotted Owlet is a common resident bird in open habitats including farmland and human habitation. It nests in a hole in a tree or building, laying 3-5 eggs.
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<!--[[Image:Spotted Owlet I IMG 6313.jpg|thumb|left|150px|In [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].]]—>
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The Spotted Owlet commonly resides in open habitats including farmland and human habitation. It nests in a hole in a tree or building, laying 3-5 eggs. The Spotted Owlet has a small (21cm) and stocky body, its upper parts grey-brown while heavily spotted with white. The owl has white underparts, streaked with brown. The Spotted Owlet has a pale facial disc, yellow eyes, and a white neckband. Male and female appear similar, with deeply undulating flight.
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The Spotted Owlet is small (21cm) and stocky. The upperparts are grey-brown, heavily spotted with white. The underparts are white, streaked with brown. The facial disc is pale and the eyes are yellow. There is a white neckband. Sexes are similar. The flight is deeply undulating.
 
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This species is nocturnal but is sometimes seen in the day. It can often be located by the small birds that mob it while it is perched in a tree. It hunts a variety of insects and small vertebrates. The call is a harsh ''chirurr-chirurr-chirurr''.
 
  
 +
Normally nocturnal, the species has been sighted during the day. Small birds often locate the owls, mobbing them while perched in trees. It hunts a variety of insects and small vertebrates. They have a harsh ''chirurr-chirurr-chirurr'' call.
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
 
<Gallery>
 
<Gallery>
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Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama) at Kolkata I IMG 2200.jpg|In [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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<!--Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama) at Kolkata I IMG 2200.jpg|In [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].—>
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Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)- Preening at Bharatpur I IMG 5280.jpg|Preening at Bharatpur at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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<!--Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)- Preening at Bharatpur I IMG 5280.jpg|Preening at Keoladeo National Park—>
 
Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)- Preening at Bharatpur I IMG 5278.jpg|Preening at  [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
 
Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)- Preening at Bharatpur I IMG 5278.jpg|Preening at  [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)- Pair in Foreplay at Bharatpur I IMG 5479.jpg|Pair in Foreplay at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)- Pair in Foreplay at Bharatpur I IMG 5479.jpg|Pair at Keoladeo National Park
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Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)- Pair in Foreplay at Bharatpur I IMG 5473.jpg|Pair in Foreplay at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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<!--Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)- Pair in Foreplay at Bharatpur I IMG 5473.jpg|Pair at [[Keoladeo National Park]]—>
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Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama) at Bharatpur I IMG 5277.jpg|At [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama) at Bharatpur I IMG 5277.jpg|At Keoladeo National Park, [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama) at Bharatpur I IMG 5275.jpg|At [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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Image:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama) at Bharatpur I IMG 5275.jpg|At Keoladeo National Park, [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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Image:Spotted Owlet- different moods I.jpg|Different moods in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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<!--Image:Spotted Owlet- different moods I.jpg|Different moods in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].—>
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Image:Spotted Owlet- Bathing in the rain I IMG 8176.jpg|Bathing in the rain in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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<!--Image:Spotted Owlet- Bathing in the rain I IMG 8176.jpg|Bathing in the rain in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].—>
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Image:Spotted Owlet- Bathing in the rain I IMG 8171.jpg|Bathing in the rain in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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<!--Image:Spotted Owlet- Bathing in the rain I IMG 8171.jpg|Bathing in the rain in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].—>
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Image:Spotted Owlet- Bathing in the rain I IMG 8166.jpg|Bathing in the rain in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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<!--Image:Spotted Owlet- Bathing in the rain I IMG 8166.jpg|Bathing in the rain in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].—>
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Image:Spotted Owlet at Bhopal I IMG 8098.jpg|In [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].
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<!--Image:Spotted Owlet at Bhopal I IMG 8098.jpg|In [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].—>
 
<!--Image:Spotted Owlet.jpg—>
 
<!--Image:Spotted Owlet.jpg—>
 
</Gallery>
 
</Gallery>
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| name = Spotted Redshank
 
| name = Spotted Redshank
 
| status = LC
 
| status = LC
−
| image = Tringa erythropus 1.jpg
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| image = <!--Tringa erythropus 1.jpg—>
 
| image_width = 240px
 
| image_width = 240px
 
| image_caption = Juvenile Spotted Redshank
 
| image_caption = Juvenile Spotted Redshank
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}}
 
}}
  
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The '''Spotted Redshank''' ''Tringa erythropus'' is a [[wader]] in the large [[bird]] family Scolopacidae, the typical waders. It is an arctic bird, breeding across northern [[Scandinavia]] and northern [[Asia]]. It is a [[bird migration|migratory]] species, wintering around the [[Mediterranean]], the southern [[British Isles]], [[France]], tropical [[Africa]], and tropical [[Asia]], usually on fresh or brackish water. It is an occasional vagrant in [[Australia]] and [[North America]].
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The '''Spotted Redshank,''' ''Tringa erythropus''—a [[wader]] in the large [[bird]] family Scolopacidae, the typical waders. An arctic bird, breeding across northern [[Scandinavia]] and northern [[Asia]], the Spotted Redshank migrates, wintering around the [[Mediterranean]], the southern [[British Isles]], [[France]], tropical [[Africa]], and tropical Asia, usually on fresh or brackish water. The breed has been occasionally vagrant in [[Australia]] and [[North America]].
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[[Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus) at Bharatpur I IMG 5552.jpg|thumb|left| In Non-breeding plumage at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. ]]
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[[Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus) at Bharatpur I IMG 5552.jpg|thumb|left|150px| In Non-breeding plumage at Keoladeo National Park]]
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It is 29-33 cm long. It is black in breeding plumage, and very pale in winter. It has a red legs and bill, and shows a white oval on the back in flight. Juveniles are grey-brown finely speckled white above, and have pale, finely barred underparts. It nests on open boggy [[taiga]], laying four eggs in a ground scrape. The call is a creaking whistle ''teu-it'' (somewhat similar to the call of a [[Roseate Tern]]), the alarm call a ''kyip-kyip-kyip''. Like most waders, it feed on small invertebrates.
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29-33 cm long, the bird has black plumage in breeding and looks pale in winter. It has a red legs and bill, and shows a white oval on the back in flight. Juveniles have grey-brown finely speckled white above, and pale, finely barred underparts. It nests on open boggy [[taiga]], laying four eggs in a ground scrape. They have a creaking whistle ''teu-it'' (somewhat similar to the call of a [[Roseate Tern]]), the alarm call a ''kyip-kyip-kyip''. Like most waders, it feeds on small invertebrates.
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The Spotted Redshank is replaced as a breeding bird further south by the [[Common Redshank]], which has a shorter bill and legs, and is brown and white above with some dark patterning below, becoming somewhat lighter-toned in winter.
 
  
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Taxonomically, it forms a close-knit group with the [[Greater Yellowlegs]] and the [[Greenshank]], which among them show all the basic leg and foot colours of the [[shanks]], demonstrating that this character is [[paraphyletic]] (Pereira & Baker, 2005). These three species are the largest shanks apart from the [[Willet]], which is altogether more robustly built.
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The [[Common Redshank]], which has a shorter bill and legs, brown and white above with some dark patterning below, becoming somewhat lighter-toned in winter, replaced the Spotted Redshank as a breeding bird further south. Taxonomically, it forms a close-knit group with the [[Greater Yellowlegs]] and the [[Greenshank]], which among them show all the basic leg and foot colors of the [[shanks]].<!--demonstrating that this character is [[paraphyletic]]—> Those three species constitute the largest shanks apart from the [[Willet]], an altogether more robustly built bird.
  
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The Spotted Redshank is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.
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The Spotted Redshank numbers among the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
  
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus)- Resting with Red-wattled Lapwing at Bharatpur I IMG 5595.jpg|Resting with Red-wattled Lapwing at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus)- Resting with Red-wattled Lapwing at Bharatpur I IMG 5595.jpg|Resting with Red-wattled Lapwing at Keoladeo National Park.
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Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus)- Resting on one leg at Bharatpur I IMG 5751.jpg‎|Resting on one leg at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus)- Resting on one leg at Bharatpur I IMG 5751.jpg‎|Resting on one leg at Keoladeo National Park.
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Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus)- Resting on one leg at Bharatpur I IMG 5739.jpg‎ |Resting on one leg at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus)- Resting on one leg at Bharatpur I IMG 5739.jpg‎ |Resting on one leg at Keoladeo National Park.
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Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus) at Bharatpur I IMG 5550.jpg‎|In Non-breeding plumage at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus) at Bharatpur I IMG 5550.jpg‎|In Non-breeding plumage at Keoladeo National Park.
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Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus) at Bharatpur I IMG 5549.jpg‎|In Non-breeding plumage at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
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<!--Image:Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus) at Bharatpur I IMG 5549.jpg‎|In Non-breeding plumage at Keoladeo National Park.—>
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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{{Commons|Tringa erythropus|Spotted Redshank}}
+
<!--{{Commons|Tringa erythropus|Spotted Redshank}}—>
  
 
<!--{{credits|Spotted_Redshank|166889061}}—>
 
<!--{{credits|Spotted_Redshank|166889061}}—>
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| status = LC
 
| status = LC
 
| image_width = 240px
 
| image_width = 240px
−
| image = Luscinia svecica tom (Marek Szczepanek) small.jpg
+
| image = <!--Luscinia svecica tom (Marek Szczepanek) small.jpg—>
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| species = '''''L. svecica'''''
 
| species = '''''L. svecica'''''
 
| binomial = ''Luscinia svecica''
 
| binomial = ''Luscinia svecica''
−
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]])
+
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
 
}}
 
}}
−
 
+
[[Image:Bluethroatred.JPG|thumb|left|Red-spotted race]]
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The '''Bluethroat'''  (''Luscinia svecica''), is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] that was formerly classed as a member of the [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]] family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an [[Old World flycatcher]], Muscicapidae. It, and similar small [[Europe]]an species, are often called  [[chat (bird)|chat]]s.
+
The '''Bluethroat'''  ''(Luscinia svecica)''—a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] formerly classed as a member of the [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]] family, Turdidae, but now more generally considered an [[Old World flycatcher]], Muscicapidae. It, and similar small [[Europe]]an species, have often been called  [[chat (bird)|chat]]s.
 
[[Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica)- Female at Bharatpur I IMG 5484.jpg|thumb|left| At [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].]]
 
[[Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica)- Female at Bharatpur I IMG 5484.jpg|thumb|left| At [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].]]
−
[[Image:Bluethroatred.JPG|thumb|left|Red-spotted race]]
 
  
−
It is a [[bird migration|migratory]] insectivorous species breeding in wet [[birch]] wood or bushy swamp in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] with a foothold in western [[Alaska]]. It nests in tussocks or low in dense bushes. It winters in north [[Africa]] and [[India]].
+
A [[bird migration|migratory]], insectivorous species breeding in wet [[birch]] wood or bushy swamp in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] with a foothold in western [[Alaska]], the bird nests in tussocks or low in dense bushes. It winters in north [[Africa]] and [[India]]. The Bluethroat has a similar size to the [[European Robin]], at 13-14 cm. Plain brown above except for the distinctive black tail with red side patches, the Bluethroat has a strong white supercilium.
 +
The male has a blue bib edged below with successive black, white, and rust colored borders. Some species, such as ''L. svecica svecica'' '''(Red-spotted Bluethroat)''' of northern Eurasia, have a red spot in the center of the blue bib. Others, such as ''L. svecica cyanecula '' '''(White-spotted Bluethroat)''' of southern and central Europe, have a white spot in the center of the blue bib. ''L. svecica magna,'' in Turkey, has no central spot.
  
−
The Bluethroat is similar in size to the [[European Robin]] at 13-14 cm. It is plain brown above except for the distinctive black tail with red side patches. It has a strong white supercilium.
+
Females of all races usually have just a blackish crescent on an otherwise cream throat and breast. Newly fledged juveniles have freckled and spotted dark brown above. Despite the distinctive appearance of the males, recent genetic studies show only limited variation between the forms, and confirm this as a single species. The male has a loud, varied, and sometimes imitative song reminiscent of its relative, the [[Nightingale]]. Its call has a typical chat “chack” noise.
−
The male has a blue bib edged below with successive black, white and rust coloured borders. Some races, such as ''L. svecica svecica'' ('''Red-spotted Bluethroat''') of northern Eurasia, have a red spot in the centre of the blue bib.
 
−
 
 
−
Others, such as ''L. svecica cyanecula '' ('''White-spotted Bluethroat''') of southern and central Europe, have a white spot in the centre of the blue bib. ''L. svecica magna '' in Turkey has no central spot.
 
−
 
 
−
Females of all races usually have just a blackish crescent on an otherwise cream throat and breast. Newly fledged juveniles are freckled and spotted dark brown above.
 
−
 
 
−
Despite the distinctive appearance of the males, recent genetic studies show only limited variation between the forms, and confirm that this is a single species.
 
−
 
 
−
The male has a loud, varied, and sometimes imitative song reminiscent of its relative, the [[Nightingale]]. Its call is a typical chat “chack” noise.
 
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
−
 
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
−
Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica)- Female at Bharatpur I IMG 5483.jpg|At [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
+
Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica)- Female at Bharatpur I IMG 5483.jpg|At Keoladeo National Park.
−
Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) at Bharatpur I IMG 5459.jpg|At [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
+
Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) at Bharatpur I IMG 5459.jpg|At Keoladeo National Park.
−
Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) at Bharatpur I IMG 5457.jpg|At [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
+
Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) at Bharatpur I IMG 5457.jpg|At Keoladeo National Park.
−
Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) at Bharatpur I IMG 5455.jpg|At [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
+
Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) at Bharatpur I IMG 5455.jpg|At Keoladeo National Park.
−
Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) at Bharatpur I IMG 5452.jpg|At [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
+
<!--Image:Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) at Bharatpur I IMG 5452.jpg|At [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].—>
 
<!--Bluethroat I4 IMG 5409.jpg|At Joka in  [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].—>
 
<!--Bluethroat I4 IMG 5409.jpg|At Joka in  [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].—>
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
−
 
+
<!--{{Commons|Luscinia svecica}}—>
 
<!--{{credits|Bluethroat|167190048}}—>
 
<!--{{credits|Bluethroat|167190048}}—>
  
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| status = LC
 
| status = LC
 
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=49174|title=Vanellus indicus|downloaded=11 May 2006}}</ref>
 
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=49174|title=Vanellus indicus|downloaded=11 May 2006}}</ref>
−
| image = Vanellus_indicus.jpg
+
| image = <!--Vanellus_indicus.jpg—>
−
| image_width = 204px
+
| image_width = <!--204px—>
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
Line 243: Line 226:
 
| species = '''''V. indicus'''''
 
| species = '''''V. indicus'''''
 
| binomial = ''Vanellus indicus''
 
| binomial = ''Vanellus indicus''
−
| binomial_authority = ([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], [[1783]])
+
| binomial_authority = ([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1783)
 
}}
 
}}
−
The '''Red-wattled Lapwing''' (''Vanellus indicus''), (local names: {{lang-hi|''titeeri, titai, titori''}}, {{lang-sd|''tAteehAr''}}, {{lang-gu|''titodi''}}  {{lang-ks|''hatatut''}}, {{lang-as|''bAlighorA''}}, {{lang-te|''yennappa chitawa''}}, {{lang-ta|''alkati''}}) is a [[lapwing]] or large [[plover]], a [[wader]] in the family [[Charadriidae]]. It is sometimes called the ''did-ye-do-it bird'' due to its unmistakable call<ref name=grewal>
+
The '''Red-wattled Lapwing''' ''(Vanellus indicus)'' (local names: {{lang-hi|''titeeri, titai, titori''}}, {{lang-sd|''tAteehAr''}}, {{lang-gu|''titodi''}}  {{lang-ks|''hatatut''}}, {{lang-as|''bAlighorA''}}, {{lang-te|''yennappa chitawa''}}, {{lang-ta|''alkati''}})—a [[lapwing]] or large [[plover]], a [[wader]] in the family [[Charadriidae]]. Sometimes called the "did-ye-do-it bird" due to its unmistakable call.<ref>Bikram Grewal, Bill Harvey, and Otto Pfister, ''Photographic Guide to Birds of India'' (Hong Kong: Princeton University Press, 2002).</ref>
−
{{cite book
+
[[Image:Vanellus_indicus.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Red-wattled Lapwing]]
−
|title = Photographic guide to birds of India
 
−
|last = Grewal
 
−
|first = Bikram
 
−
|authorlink = Bikram Grewal
 
−
|coauthors = Bill Harvey and [[Otto Pfister (naturalist)|Otto Pfister]]
 
−
|publisher = [[Tuttle Publishing|Periplus]] editions / [[Princeton University Press]]
 
−
|address = Hong Kong
 
−
|year = 2002
 
−
}} p.179</ref>.  
 
  
 
===Distribution===
 
===Distribution===
−
It breeds from [[West Asia]] ([[Iraq]], SW [[Iran]]) eastwards across [[South Asia]] ([[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], the entire [[India]]n subcontinent up to [[Kanyakumari]] and up to 1800[[Metre#SI multiples|m]] in [[Kashmir]]/[[Nepal]]), with the related species [[Burmese Red-wattled Lapwing]] further east in [[Southeast Asia]]. May [[bird migration|migrate]] altitudinally in spring and autumn (e.g. in N. [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]] or NW [[Pakistan]]), and spreads out widely in the monsoons<ref name=ali-ripley/> on creation of requisite habitats, but by and large the populations are resident.  
+
It breeds from [[West Asia]] ([[Iraq]], SW [[Iran]]) eastwards across [[South Asia]] ([[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], the entire [[India]]n subcontinent up to [[Kanyakumari]] and up to 1800 [[Metre#SI multiples|m]] in [[Kashmir]]/[[Nepal]]), with the related species, [[Burmese Red-wattled Lapwing]], further east in [[Southeast Asia]]. May [[bird migration|migrate]] altitudinally in spring and autumn (for example, in N. Baluchistan or NW Pakistan), and spreads out widely in the monsoons on creation of requisite habitats, but by and large the populations remain resident.  
  
−
This species is declining in its western range, but is abundant in much of [[South Asia]], being seen at almost any wetland habitat in its range.  
+
This species has been declining in its western range, but remains abundant in much of [[South Asia]], being seen at almost any wetland habitat in its range.
  
 
==Description==
 
==Description==
Line 267: Line 241:
 
<!--[[Image:Red-wattled Lapwing I IMG 9198.jpg|thumb|at [[Hodal]] in [[Faridabad]] District of [[Haryana]], [[India]].]]—>
 
<!--[[Image:Red-wattled Lapwing I IMG 9198.jpg|thumb|at [[Hodal]] in [[Faridabad]] District of [[Haryana]], [[India]].]]—>
  
−
Red-wattled Lapwings are large [[wader]]s, about 35[[Metre#SI multiples|cm]] long (somewhat larger than a [[Rock Pigeon]], with longer legs). The wings and back are light brown, but head and chest and front part of neck are black. Prominently white patch runs between these two colours, from belly and tail, flanking the neck to the sides of crown. Short tail is tipped black.  A red fleshy [[wattle (anatomy)|wattle]] in front of each eye, black-tipped red bill, and the long legs are yellow. In flight, prominent white V-shaped wing bar.  
+
Red-wattled Lapwings constitute large [[wader]]s, about 35[[Metre#SI multiples|cm]] long (somewhat larger than a [[Rock Pigeon]], with longer legs). They have light brown wings and back, with black head, chest, and front part of neck. A prominently white patch runs between those two colors, from belly and tail, flanking the neck to the sides of crown. They have a short tail tipped black with a red fleshy [[wattle (anatomy)|wattle]] in front of each eye, black-tipped red bill, and yellow long legs. In flight, they have a prominent white V-shaped wing bar.  
 +
[[Image:9378 lapwing-flight-vee.jpg|thumb|150px|right|In flight. Note the diagnostic V-shaped white wing bar, and also black and white markings on tail]]
 +
The birds usually stays in pairs or trios in well-watered open country, ploughed fields, grazing land, and margins and dry beds of tanks and puddles. They may be found in forest clearings around rain-filled depressions. They run about in short spurts and dip forward obliquely (with unflexed legs) to pick up food in a typical plover manner.<ref>Salim Ali, ''Book of Indian Birds'' (Mumbai: Oxford University Press).</ref> Red-wattled Lapwings act uncannily and ceaselessly vigilant, day or night, the first to detect intrusions and raise an alarm, and therefore a nuisance to hunters. They have a rather slow flight, using deliberate flaps, yet capable of remarkable agility when defending nest or being hunted by a hawk.<ref>Salim Ali and Sidney Dillon Ripley, ''Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan,'' 2nd ed. (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983).</ref>
  
−
It usually keeps in pairs or trios in well-watered open country, ploughed fields, grazing land, and margins and dry beds of tanks and puddles.  It is also found in forest clearings around rain-filled depressions.  It runs about in short spurts and dips forward obliquely (with unflexed legs) to pick up food in a typical plover manner
+
The bird has a striking appearance although supplemented by its noisy nature, with a loud and scolding ''did-he-do-it'' call, often uttered at night.
−
<ref name=ali-cent>
 
−
{{cite book
 
−
|last = Ali
 
−
|first = Salim
 
−
|authorlink=Salim Ali (ornithologist)
 
−
|title = Book of Indian Birds, Salim Ali centenary edition
 
−
|year = 1996
 
−
|publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]]/[[Oxford University Press]]
 
−
|address = Mumbai
 
−
}}p. 139</ref>.  Is uncannily and ceaselessly vigilant, day or night, and is the first to detect intrusions and raise an alarm, and therefore a nuisance to hunters. Flight rather slow, with deliberate flaps, but capable of remarkable agility when defending nest or being hunted by a hawk<ref name=ali-ripley>
 
−
{{cite book
 
−
|last = Ali
 
−
|first = Salim
 
−
|authorlink=Salim Ali (ornithologist)
 
−
|coauthors = [[Sidney Dillon Ripley]]
 
−
|title = Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan, 2nd ed.,10 vols
 
−
|year = 1983
 
−
|publisher=Oxford University Press
 
−
|address = New Delhi
 
−
}}vol. 2, p.212-214.</ref>.
 
−
 
 
−
Its striking appearance is supplemented by its noisy nature, with a loud and scolding ''did-he-do-it'' call, often uttered at night.
 
−
{{Listen|filename=Vanellusindicus.ogg|title=Call|description=Call of Red-wattled Lapwing|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 
  
 
===Nesting===
 
===Nesting===
−
Season: mainly March to August-September. Has a preference for marshes and similar freshwater wetland habitats.  Lays eggs in a ground scrape or depression sometimes ringed around with a few goat droppings or pebbles. About 3-4 black-blotched buff eggs shaped a bit like a peg-top ([[pyriform]]), 42x30 mm on average. Nests are difficult to find since eggs and nest usually match the ground to perfection.<ref name=ali-ripley/>
+
Season: Mainly March to August-September. The bird has a preference for marshes and similar freshwater wetland habitats, laying eggs in a ground scrape or depression sometimes ringed around with a few goat droppings or pebbles. Their nest contains three to four black-blotched buff eggs shaped a bit like a peg-top ([[pyriform]]), 42x30 mm on average. Their nests prove difficult to find since eggs and nest usually match the ground to perfection.
  
 
===Diet===
 
===Diet===
−
[[Ant]]s, [[beetle]]s, [[caterpillar]]s and other [[insect]]s, [[snail]]s and other invertebrates, mostly picked from the ground. Also a quantity of vegetable matter. Feeds in the day as well as night.
+
[[Ant]]s, [[beetle]]s, [[caterpillar]]s and other [[insect]]s, [[snail]]s and other invertebrates, mostly picked from the ground constitute their main diet. They consume a quantity of vegetable matter as well. The Red-wattled Lapwing feeds in the day as well as night.
  
 
==Image gallery==
 
==Image gallery==
 
<gallery>  
 
<gallery>  
−
Image:Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) bathing at Bharatpur I IMG 5685.jpg|bathing at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
+
Image:Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) bathing at Bharatpur I IMG 5685.jpg|bathing at Keoladeo National Park.
−
Image:Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) bathing at Bharatpur I IMG 5679.jpg|bathing at [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
+
Image:Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) bathing at Bharatpur I IMG 5679.jpg|bathing at Keoladeo National Park.
−
Image:Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) at Bharatpur I IMG 5511.jpg‎|At [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
+
Image:Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) at Bharatpur I IMG 5511.jpg‎|At Keoladeo National Park.
−
Image:Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) after bath at Bharatpur I IMG 5758.jpg|after bath at   [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
+
Image:Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) after bath at Bharatpur I IMG 5758.jpg|after bath at Keoladeo National Park.
−
Image:Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) after bath at Bharatpur I IMG 5757.jpg|after bath at  [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].
+
<!--Image:Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) after bath at Bharatpur I IMG 5757.jpg|after bath at  [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].—>
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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<!--{{credits|Red-wattled_Lapwing|170911162}}—>
 
<!--{{credits|Red-wattled_Lapwing|170911162}}—>
−
 
−
 
−
==See also==
 
−
* [[National parks of India]]
 
−
* [[List of World Heritage sites in India]]
 
−
* [[Angelo d'Arrigo]]
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
−
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=51741|title=Luscinia svecica|downloaded=12 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
+
* Grimmett, Richard, Carol Inskipp, and Tim Inskipp. ''A Guide to the Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.'' Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 9780691006871.
−
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=49052|title=Tringa erythropus|downloaded=05 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
+
* Singh, Jagjit. ''Birds of India.'' New Delhi: Books Today, 2001. ISBN 9788187478157.
−
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2006|id=9521|title=Grus leucogeranus|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered
+
* Subramanian, K.S., and Michael Vlassoff. ''Population Pressure and Bio Diversity: A Case Study Keoladeo National Park.'' New Delhi: United Nations Population Fund, India, 2006.
−
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=48585|title=Athene brama|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
 
−
* ''Birds of India'' by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp, ISBN 0-691-04910-6
 
−
* Pereira, S. L., & Baker, A. J. (2005). Multiple Gene Evidence for Parallel Evolution and Retention of Ancestral Morphological States in the Shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae).  
 
−
* ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' 107 (3): 514–526. [[Digital Object Identifier|DOI]]: 10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2 [http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0010-5422&volume=107&issue=03&page=0514 HTML abstract]
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/340/ Keoladeo National Park in UNESCO List]
+
All links retrieved October 5, 2022.
−
* [http://www.wildlifeinindia.com/keoladeo.html Wildlife in India | Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur)]
+
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/340/ UNESCO World Heritage Site: Keoladeo National Park].  
−
* [http://www.birding.in Birding in India]
 
−
* [http://www.knpark.org Keoladeo National Park official site]
 
−
* [http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/keoladeo.html WCMC]
 
−
* [http://today.reuters.com/News/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId=DEL95384 Reuters: Drought-ridden Indian bird park loses its birds. Version of 2007-Feb-25.] Retrieved 2007-Feb-27.
 
−
* [http://delsonclicks3.blogspot.com/2007/11/red-wattled-lapwing.html Photographs and Information about Red-wattled Lapwing]
 
−
* [http://www.cbs.umn.edu/eeb/faculty/ZinkRobert/Recentevolutionary.pdf Zink ''et al.''(2003) Recent evolutionary history of the bluethroat (''Luscinia svecica'') across Eurasia] ''Molecular Ecology'' '''12''':3069-3075
 
−
* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=6552 Bluethroat videos: on the Internet Bird Collection].
 
−
{{commons|Grus leucogeranus|Siberian Crane}}
 
−
* [http://www.savingcranes.org/species/siberian.cfm International Crane Foundation's Siberian Crane page]
 
−
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=2786&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]
 
−
* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=2712 Spotted Owlet videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
 
−
 
 
−
{{Commons|Luscinia svecica}}
 
  
 
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
 
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

Latest revision as of 03:29, 6 October 2022

Keoladeo National Park*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party Flag of India India
Type Natural
Criteria x
Reference 340
Region** Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription 1985  (9th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.
Keoladeo National Park
Keoladeo NP (India)
Keoladeo NP
Keoladeo NP
Keoladeo NP (India)
IUCN Category II (National Park)
Location: Rajasthan, India
Area: 28.73 km²
Established: 1982

The Keoladeo National Park, or Keoladeo Ghana National Park, formerly known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, in Rajasthan, India, has become a famous avifauna sanctuary with thousands of rare and highly endangered birds, such as the Siberian Crane wintering annually. Over 230 species of birds have made the National Park their home. A major center for ornithologists, scores arrive every hibernal season. Declared a protected sanctuary in 1971, UNESCO designated the park a World Heritage Site in 1985.

The crisis facing the Keoladeo National Park has been endemic to wildlife environments in nations rapidly developing through the Industrial and Information Ages in a short period of time, like the Republic of India. Governments' responsibility to protect and foster natural environments and wildlife conflicts with their responsibility to assist their citizens to secure shelter, food, and clothing, as well has the higher needs of education, health care, and recreation. The decision, in 2004, to divert 97 percent of sanctuary water to farmers' fields has created an ecological disaster in Keoladeo National Park that requires an emergency remedy.

History

The sanctuary had been created 250 years ago, named after a Keoladeo (Shiva) temple within its boundaries. Initially a natural depression, the terrain flooded after Maharaja Suraj Mal, the ruler of the princely state of Bharatpur between 1726 to 1763, constructed the Ajan Bund. The bund had been created at the confluence of two rivers, the Gambhir and Banganga. The park provided a happy hunting ground for the maharajas of Bharatpur, a tradition dating back to 1850, with duck shoots organized yearly in honor of the British viceroys. In one shoot alone in 1938, Lord Linlithgow, the then Governor-General of India killed over 4,273 birds, such as mallards and teals. After India's independence, the rulers of the princely states received shooting rights until 1972. In 1982, the government banned grazing in the park, leading to violent clashes between the local farmer and Gujjar communities and the government.

The sanctuary hosts a small wintering population of the rare Siberian Cranes. Other species include the ruddy shelducks, gulls, northern shovelers, northern pintails, coots, garganey, tufted ducks, and common pochard.

In late 2004, the Rajasthan government led by Vasundhara Raje succumbed to pressure from farmers to prevent water from being diverted to the sanctuary. The water supply to the park dropped from 540,000,000 to 18,000,000 cubic feet (15,000,000 to 510,000 m³), resulting in an ecological disaster with the marshlands turning dry and inhospitable. Most of the birds flew off to alternate avenues as far as Garhmukteshwar, Uttar Pradesh (90 km from New Delhi) on the river Ganga for breeding. That resulted in many of the birds being hunted for their meat. The act, criticized by leading environmentalists, led to a Public Interest Litigation being filed in court.

Birds that take sanctuary in Keoladeo National Park

Siberian Crane

Siberian Crane
Conservation status
Status iucn3.1 CR.svg
Critically endangered
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Gruidae
Genus: Grus
Species: G. leucogeranus
Binomial name
Grus leucogeranus
Pallas, 1773
Siberian Crane

The Siberian Crane, Grus leucogeranus, also known as the Siberian White Crane or the Snow Crane, belongs to the bird family Gruidae, the cranes. That species breeds in arctic Russia in Yakutia and western Siberia, a long distance migrant. The eastern population winters on the Yangtze River and Lake Poyang in China, the central population at Keoladeo National Park, India, and the western population in Fereidoonkenar and Esfahan, in Iran. It breeds and winters in wetlands, where it feeds on the shoots, roots, and tubers of aquatic plants.

A large white crane, the largest males exceed 140 cm (55 inches) in length and weigh over 10 kg (22 lbs). Adults have white feathers, except for a dark red mask extending from the bill to behind the eye. It has a yellow iris and reddish legs. The male grows slightly larger than the female. Juveniles have a feathered mask and buff of cinnamon plumage. The voice sounds flute-like and musical.

The status of this crane has become critical, with an expected rapid population decline in the near future. The wintering site in China holding 95 percent of the population has been threatened by hydrological changes caused by the Three Gorges Dam. Historic records from India suggest that a number of them wintered there in the past. That number has steadily declined and the birds have disappeared from there.

Mr. Rutledge of Entally told me that for twenty years he tried unsuccessfully to get live specimens of this crane, but did not succeed till a few years ago, when he and one of the native dealers got so many that the market was quite glutted, and many were sent to Europe. Since then the bird got scarce again, so this was evidently only a temporary invasion (Frank Finn, in How to know the Indian Waders).

The Siberian Crane numbers among the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies, the subject of a Memorandum of Understanding concluded under the Bonn Convention.

Spotted Owlet

Spotted Owlet
Conservation status
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg
Least Concern
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Genus: Athene
Species: A. brama
Binomial name
Athene brama
(Temminck, 1821)

The Spotted Owlet (Athene brama), an owl which breeds in tropical Asia from India to Southeast Asia, belongs to the larger grouping of owls, known as typical owls, Strigidae, which contains most species of owl. The barn owls, Tytonidae, conprise the other grouping.

Pair at Keoladeo National Park

The Spotted Owlet commonly resides in open habitats including farmland and human habitation. It nests in a hole in a tree or building, laying 3-5 eggs. The Spotted Owlet has a small (21cm) and stocky body, its upper parts grey-brown while heavily spotted with white. The owl has white underparts, streaked with brown. The Spotted Owlet has a pale facial disc, yellow eyes, and a white neckband. Male and female appear similar, with deeply undulating flight.

Normally nocturnal, the species has been sighted during the day. Small birds often locate the owls, mobbing them while perched in trees. It hunts a variety of insects and small vertebrates. They have a harsh chirurr-chirurr-chirurr call.

Gallery

  • Preening at Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India.

  • Pair at Keoladeo National Park

  • At Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India.

  • At Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India.


Spotted Redshank

Spotted Redshank
Conservation status
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg
Least Concern
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Scolopacidae
Genus: Tringa
Species: T. erythropus
Binomial name
Tringa erythropus
(Pallas, 1764)

The Spotted Redshank, Tringa erythropus—a wader in the large bird family Scolopacidae, the typical waders. An arctic bird, breeding across northern Scandinavia and northern Asia, the Spotted Redshank migrates, wintering around the Mediterranean, the southern British Isles, France, tropical Africa, and tropical Asia, usually on fresh or brackish water. The breed has been occasionally vagrant in Australia and North America.

In Non-breeding plumage at Keoladeo National Park

29-33 cm long, the bird has black plumage in breeding and looks pale in winter. It has a red legs and bill, and shows a white oval on the back in flight. Juveniles have grey-brown finely speckled white above, and pale, finely barred underparts. It nests on open boggy taiga, laying four eggs in a ground scrape. They have a creaking whistle teu-it (somewhat similar to the call of a Roseate Tern), the alarm call a kyip-kyip-kyip. Like most waders, it feeds on small invertebrates.

The Common Redshank, which has a shorter bill and legs, brown and white above with some dark patterning below, becoming somewhat lighter-toned in winter, replaced the Spotted Redshank as a breeding bird further south. Taxonomically, it forms a close-knit group with the Greater Yellowlegs and the Greenshank, which among them show all the basic leg and foot colors of the shanks. Those three species constitute the largest shanks apart from the Willet, an altogether more robustly built bird.

The Spotted Redshank numbers among the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

Gallery

  • Resting with Red-wattled Lapwing at Keoladeo National Park.

  • Resting on one leg at Keoladeo National Park.

  • Resting on one leg at Keoladeo National Park.

  • In Non-breeding plumage at Keoladeo National Park.


Bluethroat

Bluethroat
Conservation status
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg
Least Concern
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Muscicapidae
Genus: Luscinia
Species: L. svecica
Binomial name
Luscinia svecica
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Red-spotted race

The Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica)—a small passerine bird formerly classed as a member of the thrush family, Turdidae, but now more generally considered an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae. It, and similar small European species, have often been called chats.

At Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India.

A migratory, insectivorous species breeding in wet birch wood or bushy swamp in Europe and Asia with a foothold in western Alaska, the bird nests in tussocks or low in dense bushes. It winters in north Africa and India. The Bluethroat has a similar size to the European Robin, at 13-14 cm. Plain brown above except for the distinctive black tail with red side patches, the Bluethroat has a strong white supercilium. The male has a blue bib edged below with successive black, white, and rust colored borders. Some species, such as L. svecica svecica (Red-spotted Bluethroat) of northern Eurasia, have a red spot in the center of the blue bib. Others, such as L. svecica cyanecula (White-spotted Bluethroat) of southern and central Europe, have a white spot in the center of the blue bib. L. svecica magna, in Turkey, has no central spot.

Females of all races usually have just a blackish crescent on an otherwise cream throat and breast. Newly fledged juveniles have freckled and spotted dark brown above. Despite the distinctive appearance of the males, recent genetic studies show only limited variation between the forms, and confirm this as a single species. The male has a loud, varied, and sometimes imitative song reminiscent of its relative, the Nightingale. Its call has a typical chat “chack” noise.

Gallery

  • At Keoladeo National Park.

  • At Keoladeo National Park.

  • At Keoladeo National Park.

  • At Keoladeo National Park.

Red-wattled Lapwing

Red-wattled Lapwing
Conservation status
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg
Least Concern 
[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Charadriidae
Genus: Vanellus
Species: V. indicus
Binomial name
Vanellus indicus
(Boddaert, 1783)

The Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) (local names: Hindi: titeeri, titai, titori, Sindhi: tAteehAr, Gujarati: titodi Kashmiri: hatatut, Assamese: 'bAlighorA', Telugu: yennappa chitawa, Tamil: alkati)—a lapwing or large plover, a wader in the family Charadriidae. Sometimes called the "did-ye-do-it bird" due to its unmistakable call.[2]

Red-wattled Lapwing

Distribution

It breeds from West Asia (Iraq, SW Iran) eastwards across South Asia (Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the entire Indian subcontinent up to Kanyakumari and up to 1800 m in Kashmir/Nepal), with the related species, Burmese Red-wattled Lapwing, further east in Southeast Asia. May migrate altitudinally in spring and autumn (for example, in N. Baluchistan or NW Pakistan), and spreads out widely in the monsoons on creation of requisite habitats, but by and large the populations remain resident.

This species has been declining in its western range, but remains abundant in much of South Asia, being seen at almost any wetland habitat in its range.

Description

Red-wattled Lapwings constitute large waders, about 35cm long (somewhat larger than a Rock Pigeon, with longer legs). They have light brown wings and back, with black head, chest, and front part of neck. A prominently white patch runs between those two colors, from belly and tail, flanking the neck to the sides of crown. They have a short tail tipped black with a red fleshy wattle in front of each eye, black-tipped red bill, and yellow long legs. In flight, they have a prominent white V-shaped wing bar.

In flight. Note the diagnostic V-shaped white wing bar, and also black and white markings on tail

The birds usually stays in pairs or trios in well-watered open country, ploughed fields, grazing land, and margins and dry beds of tanks and puddles. They may be found in forest clearings around rain-filled depressions. They run about in short spurts and dip forward obliquely (with unflexed legs) to pick up food in a typical plover manner.[3] Red-wattled Lapwings act uncannily and ceaselessly vigilant, day or night, the first to detect intrusions and raise an alarm, and therefore a nuisance to hunters. They have a rather slow flight, using deliberate flaps, yet capable of remarkable agility when defending nest or being hunted by a hawk.[4]

The bird has a striking appearance although supplemented by its noisy nature, with a loud and scolding did-he-do-it call, often uttered at night.

Nesting

Season: Mainly March to August-September. The bird has a preference for marshes and similar freshwater wetland habitats, laying eggs in a ground scrape or depression sometimes ringed around with a few goat droppings or pebbles. Their nest contains three to four black-blotched buff eggs shaped a bit like a peg-top (pyriform), 42x30 mm on average. Their nests prove difficult to find since eggs and nest usually match the ground to perfection.

Diet

Ants, beetles, caterpillars and other insects, snails and other invertebrates, mostly picked from the ground constitute their main diet. They consume a quantity of vegetable matter as well. The Red-wattled Lapwing feeds in the day as well as night.

Image gallery

  • bathing at Keoladeo National Park.

  • bathing at Keoladeo National Park.

  • At Keoladeo National Park.

  • after bath at Keoladeo National Park.


Notes

  1. ↑ BirdLife International 2004. [1]. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species., World Conservation Union. Retrieved on 11 May 2006.
  2. ↑ Bikram Grewal, Bill Harvey, and Otto Pfister, Photographic Guide to Birds of India (Hong Kong: Princeton University Press, 2002).
  3. ↑ Salim Ali, Book of Indian Birds (Mumbai: Oxford University Press).
  4. ↑ Salim Ali and Sidney Dillon Ripley, Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan, 2nd ed. (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983).

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Grimmett, Richard, Carol Inskipp, and Tim Inskipp. A Guide to the Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 9780691006871.
  • Singh, Jagjit. Birds of India. New Delhi: Books Today, 2001. ISBN 9788187478157.
  • Subramanian, K.S., and Michael Vlassoff. Population Pressure and Bio Diversity: A Case Study Keoladeo National Park. New Delhi: United Nations Population Fund, India, 2006.

External links

All links retrieved October 5, 2022.

World Heritage Sites in India

Agra Fort · Ajanta Caves · Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi · Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park · Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus · Churches and convents of Goa · Elephanta Caves · Ellora Caves · Fatehpur Sikri · Great Living Chola Temples · Group of Monuments at Hampi · Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram · Group of Monuments at Pattadakal · Humayun's Tomb · Kaziranga National Park · Keoladeo National Park · Khajuraho Group of Monuments · Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya · Manas Wildlife Sanctuary · Mountain railways of India · Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks · Qutub Minar and its Monuments · The Red Fort complex · Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka · Sun Temple at Konark Sundarbans National Park · Taj Mahal

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