Difference between revisions of "Josephine de Beauharnais" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Joséphine de Beauharnais''' (nee '''Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de la Pagerie''' [[June 23]] [[1763]] – [[May 29]] [[1814]]) was the first wife of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon Bonaparte]] and thus the first [[First French Empire|Empress of the French]]. Through her daughter, Hortense, she was the maternal grandmother of [[Napoleon III]]. Through her son she was the Great-Grand mother of the latest Swedish and Danish Kings and Queens as well as the last Greek Queen. | + | '''Joséphine de Beauharnais''' (nee '''Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de la Pagerie''' [[June 23]] [[1763]] – [[May 29]] [[1814]]) was the first wife of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon Bonaparte]], and thus the first [[First French Empire|Empress of the French]]. Through her daughter, Hortense, she was the maternal grandmother of [[Napoleon III]]. Through her son she was the Great-Grand mother of the latest Swedish and Danish Kings and Queens, as well as the last Greek Queen. The current reigning houses of Belgium, Norway and Luxemburg descend from her. She died in 1814, and she was buried not far from Malmaison, at the St. Pierre and St. Paul church in [[Rueil]], where her daughter, Hortense is interred beside her. |
==Early Life== | ==Early Life== | ||
'''Marie Josèphine Rose Tascher de la Pagerie''' was born in [[Trois-Ilets]], [[Martinique]] on [[June 23]], [[1763]] but baptised in [[Martinique]], to a slave-owning family that owned a [[sugar]] [[plantation]]. She was a daughter of Joseph-Gaspard de Tascher, chevalier, seigneur de la Pagerie, lieutenant of ''Troupes de Marine'', and his wife, the former Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sanois, whose maternal grandfather was [[English people|English]]. | '''Marie Josèphine Rose Tascher de la Pagerie''' was born in [[Trois-Ilets]], [[Martinique]] on [[June 23]], [[1763]] but baptised in [[Martinique]], to a slave-owning family that owned a [[sugar]] [[plantation]]. She was a daughter of Joseph-Gaspard de Tascher, chevalier, seigneur de la Pagerie, lieutenant of ''Troupes de Marine'', and his wife, the former Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sanois, whose maternal grandfather was [[English people|English]]. | ||
| − | The family struggled financially when [[hurricane]]s destroyed their estate in 1766. Edmée, Joséphine's paternal aunt | + | The family struggled financially when [[hurricane]]s destroyed their estate in 1766. Edmée, Joséphine's paternal aunt had been the mistress of François, vicomte de Beauharnais, a French aristocrat. When Francois' health began to fail, Edmée arranged the advantageous marriage of her niece Catherine-Désirée to François' son, [[Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais]]. This marriage would be highly beneficial for the Tascher family, because it would keep the de Beauharnais money in their hands. However, 12-year-old Catherine died on October 16, 1777, before even leaving Martinique for France. In service to their aunt Edmée's goals, Catherine was replaced by her older sister Joséphine. |
In October 1779, Joséphine went to Europe with her father. She married Alexandre on December 13, 1779, in [[Noisy-le-Grand]]. Although their marriage was not extremely happy, they had two children: a son, [[Eugène de Beauharnais]] (1781–1824), and a daughter, Hortense de Beauharnais (1783–1837), who married Napoleon's brother [[Louis Bonaparte]] in 1802. | In October 1779, Joséphine went to Europe with her father. She married Alexandre on December 13, 1779, in [[Noisy-le-Grand]]. Although their marriage was not extremely happy, they had two children: a son, [[Eugène de Beauharnais]] (1781–1824), and a daughter, Hortense de Beauharnais (1783–1837), who married Napoleon's brother [[Louis Bonaparte]] in 1802. | ||
| − | On March 2, 1794, during the [[Reign of Terror]], the [[Committee of General Security]] ordered the arrest of her husband | + | On March 2, 1794, during the [[Reign of Terror]], the [[Committee of General Security]] ordered the arrest of her husband, and he was then jailed in the Carmes prison. Considering Joséphine as too close to the counter-revolutionary financial circles, the Committee ordered her arrest on April 19, 1794. A warrant of arrest was issued against her on 2 Floréal, year II (April 21, 1794), and she was imprisoned in the Carmes prison until 10 Thermidor, year II (July 28, 1794). She was freed thanks to the trial of [[Robespierre]]. Her husband, accused of having poorly defended [[Mainz]] in 1793, and considered an aristocratic "suspect", was sentenced to death. He was [[guillotined]] on July 23, 1794, one year after the [[Siege of Mainz]], together with his brother Augustin, on the Place de la Révolution (today's [[Place de la Concorde]]) in Paris. |
| − | On July 27, 1794 ([[9 Thermidor]]), [[Tallien]] arranged the liberation of [[Thérèse Cabarrus]], and soon after that of Joséphine. In June 1795, thanks to a new law, she was allowed to recover the possessions of Alexandre. | + | On July 27, 1794 ([[9 Thermidor]]), [[Tallien]] arranged the liberation of [[Thérèse Cabarrus]], and soon after that, the liberation of Joséphine. In June 1795, thanks to a new law, she was allowed to recover the possessions of Alexandre. |
==Meeting Napoleon== | ==Meeting Napoleon== | ||
[[Image:Emprjose.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Portrait of the Empress Joséphine'', by [[François Gerard]]]] | [[Image:Emprjose.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Portrait of the Empress Joséphine'', by [[François Gerard]]]] | ||
| − | As a widow, Joséphine de Beauharnais reportedly was mistress to several leading political figures, | + | As a widow, Joséphine de Beauharnais reportedly was the mistress to several leading political figures, including [[Paul François Jean Nicolas Barras]]. She met General [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]], who was six years younger than her, in 1795, when their romance began. He wrote in a letter to her in December, "I awake full of you. Your image and the memory of last night’s intoxicating pleasures has left no rest to my senses."<ref>Bruce, Evangeline: ''Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage''. New York, New York: Scribner, 1995. ISBN 0025178105.</ref> Joséphine was a renowned spendthrift and Barras may have encouraged the relationship with Napoleon in order to get her off his hands. |
| − | In January 1796, Napoleon proposed to her and they married on [[March 9]], 1796. Until meeting Napoleon, she had always been Rose. Instead of calling her this name, which he apparently disliked, he called her 'Joséphine,' which she adopted from then on. Two days after the wedding, Napoleon left to lead the French army in Italy, but sent her many intensely romantic love letters. In February 1797, he wrote: “You to whom nature has given spirit, sweetness, and beauty, you who alone can move and rule my heart, you who knows all too well the absolute empire you exercise over it | + | In January 1796, Napoleon proposed to her and they married on [[March 9]], 1796. Until meeting Napoleon, she had always been Rose. Instead of calling her this name, which he apparently disliked, he called her 'Joséphine,' which she adopted from then on. Two days after the wedding, Napoleon left to lead the French army in Italy, but sent her many intensely romantic love letters. In February 1797, he wrote: “You to whom nature has given spirit, sweetness, and beauty, you who alone can move and rule my heart, you who knows all too well the absolute empire you exercise over it."<ref>Bruce, Evangeline: ''Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage''. New York, New York: Scribner, 1995. ISBN 0025178105.</ref> Many of his letters are still intact today, while very few of hers have been found. It is not known whether this is due to their having been lost or to their initial scarcity. |
| − | Joséphine, less in love than Napoleon, is rumoured to have begun an affair with high society playboy Hippolyte Charles in 1796. There is no way of knowing whether or not this is the case, but regardless of the truth of the matter, the rumours so infuriated and hurt Napoleon | + | Joséphine, less in love than Napoleon, is rumoured to have begun an affair with high society playboy, Hippolyte Charles in 1796. There is no way of knowing whether or not this is the case, but regardless of the truth of the matter, the rumours so infuriated and hurt Napoleon, that his love changed entirely. Around this time he took as his own mistress, Pauline Bellisle Foures, the wife of a junior officer who became known as "Napoleon's Cleopatra", the affair having begun during the [[French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1798#Campaign in Egypt|Egyptian campaign]] of 1798. The relationship between Joséphine and Napoleon was never the same after her affair. His letters became less loving. No subsequent lovers of Joséphine are recorded, but Napoleon continued to take on mistresses. In 1804 he said "power is my mistress."<ref>Bruce, Evangeline: ''Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage''. New York, New York: Scribner, 1995. ISBN 0025178105.</ref> |
==An Empress== | ==An Empress== | ||
[[Image:Jacques-Louis David 019.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Joséphine kneels before Napoléon during his coronation at Notre Dame.]] | [[Image:Jacques-Louis David 019.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Joséphine kneels before Napoléon during his coronation at Notre Dame.]] | ||
| − | Shortly before | + | Shortly before her coronation with Napoleon, there was an incident at the [[Château de Saint-Cloud]] that nearly sundered the marriage between the two. Josephine caught Napoleon in the bedroom of her lady-in-waiting, [[Elisabeth de Vaudey]], and Napoleon threatened to divorce her as she had not produced an heir. This was impossible for Joséphine, who was infertile, due either to the stresses of her imprisonment during the Terror triggering menopause, or possibly due to injuries she suffered in a fall from a collapsing balcony in 1799. Eventually, however, through the efforts of Joséphine's daughter Hortense from her previous marriage, the two were reconciled and Napoleon and Joséphine were crowned [[Emperor]] and [[Empress]] of the French in 1804, in the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] cathedral. |
| − | When it was clear they were not fertile, she agreed to be divorced so he could remarry in the hopes of having an heir to succeed him. The divorce took place on 10 January 1810. | + | When it was clear they were not fertile together, she agreed to be divorced so he could remarry in the hopes of having an heir to succeed him. The divorce took place on 10 January 1810. |
On 11 March 1810, Napoleon married [[Marie Louise of Austria]] by proxy; the formal ceremony took place at the [[Louvre]] on 1 April. They had one child, [[Napoleon II of France]], who was born in 1811. | On 11 March 1810, Napoleon married [[Marie Louise of Austria]] by proxy; the formal ceremony took place at the [[Louvre]] on 1 April. They had one child, [[Napoleon II of France]], who was born in 1811. | ||
| Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
==Later Life== | ==Later Life== | ||
[[Image:1809 Lettre Josephine a Napoleon.jpg|Divorce letter to Napoleon|thumb|left]] | [[Image:1809 Lettre Josephine a Napoleon.jpg|Divorce letter to Napoleon|thumb|left]] | ||
| − | After her divorce, | + | After her divorce, Josephine lived at the [[Château de Malmaison]], near [[Paris]]. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts, which were due to her luxourious shopping expenses. |
When she died in 1814, she was buried not far from Malmaison, at the St. Pierre and St. Paul church in [[Rueil]]. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her. | When she died in 1814, she was buried not far from Malmaison, at the St. Pierre and St. Paul church in [[Rueil]]. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her. | ||
| − | Napoleon claimed to a friend, whilst in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Josephine, but I did not respect her."<ref> | + | Napoleon claimed to a friend, whilst in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Josephine, but I did not respect her."<ref> Stuart, Andrea: ''The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine''. Atlantic Monthly Press, March 5, 2004. ISBN 0802117708.</ref> Despite his numerous affairs, eventual divorce, and Napoleon's remarrying, the Emperor's last words on the Island of St. Helena were "France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Josephine."<ref> Stuart, Andrea: ''The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine''. Atlantic Monthly Press, March 5, 2004. ISBN 0802117708.</ref> |
==Descendants== | ==Descendants== | ||
| − | Hortense's son became [[Napoleon III of France]]. Her granddaughter [[Josephine of Leuchtenberg|Josephine]], daughter of Eugène, married King [[Oscar I of Sweden]], the son of [[Napoleon]]'s one-time fiancée, [[Désirée Clary]]. Through her, Josephine is a direct ancestor of the present heads of the royal houses of [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]]. | + | Hortense's son became [[Napoleon III of France]]. Her granddaughter [[Josephine of Leuchtenberg|Josephine]], daughter of Eugène, married King [[Oscar I of Sweden]], the son of [[Napoleon]]'s one-time fiancée, [[Désirée Clary]]. Through her, Josephine is a direct ancestor of the present heads of the royal houses of [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]]. |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | ||
| + | ==Notes== | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div class="references-2column"> | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | * Bruce, Evangeline: ''Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage''. New York, New York: Scribner, 1995. ISBN 0025178105. | |
| + | |||
| + | * Erickson, Carolly: ''Josephine: A Life of the Empress''. London, UK: St. Martin's Griffin, August 17, 2000. ISBN 0312263465. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Mühlbach, L. Luise: ''Empress Josephine''. Hard Press, November 3, 2006. ISBN 1406957186. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Stuart, Andrea: ''The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine''. Atlantic Monthly Press, March 5, 2004. ISBN 0802117708. | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
| Line 73: | Line 81: | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | * [http://www. | + | * [http://www.napoleonguide.com/josephine.htm Napoleonic Recod of Josephine] Retrieved December 17, 2007. |
| − | * [http://www. | + | |
| − | * [http://www. | + | * [http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9358328 Biography of Josephine de Beauharnais] Retrieved December 17, 2007. |
| − | * | + | |
| − | + | * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~androom/dead/josephin.htm Life and Pictures of Josephine] Retrieved December 17, 2007. | |
| − | + | ||
| + | * [http://www.biographybase.com/biography/de_Beauharnais_Josephine.html Josephine Biography] Retrieved December 17, 2007. | ||
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{{Start}} | {{Start}} | ||
Revision as of 16:57, 17 December 2007
| Joséphine de Beauharnais | ||
|---|---|---|
| Empress of the French | ||
| ||
| Born | June 23 1763 | |
| Les Trois-Îlets, Martinique | ||
| Died | 29 May 1814 (aged 50) | |
| Paris, Île-de-France, France | ||
| Consort | 20 March, 1804 - 10 January, 1810 | |
| Consort to | Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais Napoleon I | |
| Issue | Eugène de Beauharnais and Hortense de Beauharnais | |
| Royal House | Bonaparte | |
| Father | Joseph-Gaspard de Tascher | |
| Mother | Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sanois | |
Joséphine de Beauharnais (nee Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de la Pagerie June 23 1763 – May 29 1814) was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte, and thus the first Empress of the French. Through her daughter, Hortense, she was the maternal grandmother of Napoleon III. Through her son she was the Great-Grand mother of the latest Swedish and Danish Kings and Queens, as well as the last Greek Queen. The current reigning houses of Belgium, Norway and Luxemburg descend from her. She died in 1814, and she was buried not far from Malmaison, at the St. Pierre and St. Paul church in Rueil, where her daughter, Hortense is interred beside her.
Early Life
Marie Josèphine Rose Tascher de la Pagerie was born in Trois-Ilets, Martinique on June 23, 1763 but baptised in Martinique, to a slave-owning family that owned a sugar plantation. She was a daughter of Joseph-Gaspard de Tascher, chevalier, seigneur de la Pagerie, lieutenant of Troupes de Marine, and his wife, the former Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sanois, whose maternal grandfather was English.
The family struggled financially when hurricanes destroyed their estate in 1766. Edmée, Joséphine's paternal aunt had been the mistress of François, vicomte de Beauharnais, a French aristocrat. When Francois' health began to fail, Edmée arranged the advantageous marriage of her niece Catherine-Désirée to François' son, Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais. This marriage would be highly beneficial for the Tascher family, because it would keep the de Beauharnais money in their hands. However, 12-year-old Catherine died on October 16, 1777, before even leaving Martinique for France. In service to their aunt Edmée's goals, Catherine was replaced by her older sister Joséphine.
In October 1779, Joséphine went to Europe with her father. She married Alexandre on December 13, 1779, in Noisy-le-Grand. Although their marriage was not extremely happy, they had two children: a son, Eugène de Beauharnais (1781–1824), and a daughter, Hortense de Beauharnais (1783–1837), who married Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte in 1802.
On March 2, 1794, during the Reign of Terror, the Committee of General Security ordered the arrest of her husband, and he was then jailed in the Carmes prison. Considering Joséphine as too close to the counter-revolutionary financial circles, the Committee ordered her arrest on April 19, 1794. A warrant of arrest was issued against her on 2 Floréal, year II (April 21, 1794), and she was imprisoned in the Carmes prison until 10 Thermidor, year II (July 28, 1794). She was freed thanks to the trial of Robespierre. Her husband, accused of having poorly defended Mainz in 1793, and considered an aristocratic "suspect", was sentenced to death. He was guillotined on July 23, 1794, one year after the Siege of Mainz, together with his brother Augustin, on the Place de la Révolution (today's Place de la Concorde) in Paris.
On July 27, 1794 (9 Thermidor), Tallien arranged the liberation of Thérèse Cabarrus, and soon after that, the liberation of Joséphine. In June 1795, thanks to a new law, she was allowed to recover the possessions of Alexandre.
Meeting Napoleon
As a widow, Joséphine de Beauharnais reportedly was the mistress to several leading political figures, including Paul François Jean Nicolas Barras. She met General Napoleon Bonaparte, who was six years younger than her, in 1795, when their romance began. He wrote in a letter to her in December, "I awake full of you. Your image and the memory of last night’s intoxicating pleasures has left no rest to my senses."[1] Joséphine was a renowned spendthrift and Barras may have encouraged the relationship with Napoleon in order to get her off his hands.
In January 1796, Napoleon proposed to her and they married on March 9, 1796. Until meeting Napoleon, she had always been Rose. Instead of calling her this name, which he apparently disliked, he called her 'Joséphine,' which she adopted from then on. Two days after the wedding, Napoleon left to lead the French army in Italy, but sent her many intensely romantic love letters. In February 1797, he wrote: “You to whom nature has given spirit, sweetness, and beauty, you who alone can move and rule my heart, you who knows all too well the absolute empire you exercise over it."[2] Many of his letters are still intact today, while very few of hers have been found. It is not known whether this is due to their having been lost or to their initial scarcity.
Joséphine, less in love than Napoleon, is rumoured to have begun an affair with high society playboy, Hippolyte Charles in 1796. There is no way of knowing whether or not this is the case, but regardless of the truth of the matter, the rumours so infuriated and hurt Napoleon, that his love changed entirely. Around this time he took as his own mistress, Pauline Bellisle Foures, the wife of a junior officer who became known as "Napoleon's Cleopatra", the affair having begun during the Egyptian campaign of 1798. The relationship between Joséphine and Napoleon was never the same after her affair. His letters became less loving. No subsequent lovers of Joséphine are recorded, but Napoleon continued to take on mistresses. In 1804 he said "power is my mistress."[3]
An Empress
Shortly before her coronation with Napoleon, there was an incident at the Château de Saint-Cloud that nearly sundered the marriage between the two. Josephine caught Napoleon in the bedroom of her lady-in-waiting, Elisabeth de Vaudey, and Napoleon threatened to divorce her as she had not produced an heir. This was impossible for Joséphine, who was infertile, due either to the stresses of her imprisonment during the Terror triggering menopause, or possibly due to injuries she suffered in a fall from a collapsing balcony in 1799. Eventually, however, through the efforts of Joséphine's daughter Hortense from her previous marriage, the two were reconciled and Napoleon and Joséphine were crowned Emperor and Empress of the French in 1804, in the Notre-Dame cathedral.
When it was clear they were not fertile together, she agreed to be divorced so he could remarry in the hopes of having an heir to succeed him. The divorce took place on 10 January 1810.
On 11 March 1810, Napoleon married Marie Louise of Austria by proxy; the formal ceremony took place at the Louvre on 1 April. They had one child, Napoleon II of France, who was born in 1811.
Later Life
After her divorce, Josephine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts, which were due to her luxourious shopping expenses.
When she died in 1814, she was buried not far from Malmaison, at the St. Pierre and St. Paul church in Rueil. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her.
Napoleon claimed to a friend, whilst in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Josephine, but I did not respect her."[4] Despite his numerous affairs, eventual divorce, and Napoleon's remarrying, the Emperor's last words on the Island of St. Helena were "France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Josephine."[5]
Descendants
Hortense's son became Napoleon III of France. Her granddaughter Josephine, daughter of Eugène, married King Oscar I of Sweden, the son of Napoleon's one-time fiancée, Désirée Clary. Through her, Josephine is a direct ancestor of the present heads of the royal houses of Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway and Sweden.
Notes
- ↑ Bruce, Evangeline: Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage. New York, New York: Scribner, 1995. ISBN 0025178105.
- ↑ Bruce, Evangeline: Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage. New York, New York: Scribner, 1995. ISBN 0025178105.
- ↑ Bruce, Evangeline: Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage. New York, New York: Scribner, 1995. ISBN 0025178105.
- ↑ Stuart, Andrea: The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine. Atlantic Monthly Press, March 5, 2004. ISBN 0802117708.
- ↑ Stuart, Andrea: The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine. Atlantic Monthly Press, March 5, 2004. ISBN 0802117708.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bruce, Evangeline: Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage. New York, New York: Scribner, 1995. ISBN 0025178105.
- Erickson, Carolly: Josephine: A Life of the Empress. London, UK: St. Martin's Griffin, August 17, 2000. ISBN 0312263465.
- Mühlbach, L. Luise: Empress Josephine. Hard Press, November 3, 2006. ISBN 1406957186.
- Stuart, Andrea: The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine. Atlantic Monthly Press, March 5, 2004. ISBN 0802117708.
See Also
- Tuileries Palace
- Aimée Dubuc de Rivery
External Links
- Napoleonic Recod of Josephine Retrieved December 17, 2007.
- Biography of Josephine de Beauharnais Retrieved December 17, 2007.
- Life and Pictures of Josephine Retrieved December 17, 2007.
- Josephine Biography Retrieved December 17, 2007.
| Tascher de la Pagerie Born: 23 June 1763; Died: 29 May 1814 | ||
|---|---|---|
| French royalty | ||
| Preceded by: Marie Antoinette of Austria |
Empress of the French 20 March 1804–10 January 1810 |
Succeeded by: Marie Louise of Austria |
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