Reith, John

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{{epname|Reith, John}}
  
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'''John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith''' (July 20, 1889 – June 16, 1971) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[broadcasting]] executive. As the general manager of the [[BBC]], he established the tradition of independent public service broadcasting in the [[United Kingdom]]. Lord Reith was a man of high intelligence, great ambition, and rigid moral views. The brilliance of his vision and his ability to implement it are evidenced by the fact that the BBC continues to operate according to the same mission and guidelines that Reith established. However, he had an uncompromising nature and was finally ousted from his position, spending the remainder of his life in a number of less significant positions in [[government]], [[business]], and [[education]]. Although his writings revealed that Reith became bitter and frustrated, concluding that his life was a failure, his work at the BBC was remarkably significant. As the voice of the British establishment, at a time when Britain was a major world leader, Reith's BBC informed and educated the public in Britain and worldwide, from its beginning in the 1920s throughout the twentieth century and beyond.
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{{toc}}
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==Early life==
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Born July 20, 1889, in Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, in [[Scotland]] John Charles Walsham Reith was the youngest, by ten years, of the seven children of the Reverend Dr George Reith, a minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He was to carry the strict [[Presbyterian]] religious convictions of the Free Church forward into his adult life. Reith was educated at the Glasgow Academy and then at Gresham's School, Holt in Norfolk, [[England]].
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Reith was an indolent child who had used his intelligence to escape hard work, but he was genuinely disappointed when his father refused to support any further education and [[apprentice]]d him as an [[engineer]] at the North British Locomotive Company. Reith was a keen sportsman and tolerated his apprenticeship through part-time soldiering in the 1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers and 5th Scottish Rifles.
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In 1914, Reith left Glasgow for [[London]]. Though he readily found work at the Royal Albert Dock, his commission in the 5th Scottish Rifles soon found him serving in [[World War I]]. He suffered an injury that left his face scarred when he was hit in the cheek by a bullet in October 1915. He was discharged from active duty and spent the next two years in the [[United States]], supervising armament contracts.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063117/John-Charles-Walsham-Reith-1st-Baron-Reith Reith (of Stonehaven), John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron] Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved March 4, 2008.</ref>
  
{{epname}}
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Reith returned to Glasgow as General Manager of an [[engineering]] firm. The lure of London proved too much for Reith and, in 1922, he returned there. Dabbling in [[politics]], despite his family's Liberal Party sympathies, he worked as secretary to the London Unionist group of MPs in the general election of 1922. Perhaps prophetically, this election's results were the first to be [[broadcasting|broadcast]] on the [[radio]].
  
'''John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith''' [[Order of the Thistle|KT]] [[Royal Victorian Order|GCVO]] [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]] [[Order of the Bath|CB]] [[Territorial Decoration|TD]] [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]] ([[20 July]] [[1889]]&ndash;[[16 June]] [[1971]]) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] broadcasting executive who established the tradition of independent [[public service broadcasting]] in the United Kingdom. He was the founder of the [[BBC]].
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==The BBC==
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On December 14, 1922, Reith became the general manager of the British Broadcasting Company, an organization formed by manufacturers to provide broadcasts hoping to foster demand for wireless [[radio]] sets. Reith oversaw the vesting of the company in a new organization, the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] (BBC), formed under royal [[charter]] and became its first Director-General, serving in that position from January 1, 1927, to June 30, 1938.
  
==Early life==
+
Reith had the vision of charging a Post Office license fee of ten shillings (50 pence) half of which went to the BBC, ensuring that the BBC was not financially dependent on the government of the day nor on [[advertising]] revenue.<ref name=BBC> History of the BBC.</ref> "Reith was passionate about public service broadcasting. He was a strictly moral man who believed that radio should offer national coverage and high-quality programs. Furthermore, radio should be publicly funded to avoid commercial dumbing-down, whilst remaining politically independent."<ref> Reith, Sir John (1889-1971): the man at the BBC.</ref>
Born at [[Stonehaven]], [[Kincardineshire]], Reith was the youngest, by ten years, of the seven children of the Revd Dr George Reith, a [[Minister of religion|minister]] of the [[Free Church of Scotland]]. He was to carry the strict [[Presbyterian]] religious convictions of the Free Church forward into his adult life. Reith was educated at the [[Glasgow Academy]] then at [[Gresham's School]], [[Holt, Norfolk|Holt]], [[Norfolk]]. Reith was an indolent child who had used his intelligence to escape hard work but he was genuinely disappointed when his father refused to support any further education and [[apprentice]]d him an [[engineer]] at the [[North British Locomotive Company]]. Reith had been a keen sportsman at school and only learnt to tolerate his apprenticeship through part-time [[soldier]]ing in the [[1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers]] and [[5th Scottish Rifles]].
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He expounded firm principles of centralized, all-encompassing radio broadcasting, stressing programming standards and moral tone. When asked whether he was going to give the people what they wanted, Reith replied: "No. Something better than that." To this day, the BBC claims to follow the Reithian directive to "inform, educate, and entertain."
 +
 
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In 1922, Reith suggested that King [[George V]] should use the new medium of radio to speak to the nation as one family. The King declined as he felt that radio was still too experimental to be used for a royal message. The King was asked again in 1932, by which time the BBC has begun its overseas service and the King had the opportunity to talk to his subjects around the world. At 3:00pm on December 25, 1932, the King made the first broadcast live from the royal house at Sandringham. Since then, King [[George VI]] and Queen [[Elizabeth II]] continued the tradition. In 1957, the broadcast moved to the medium of [[television]].
  
In [[1914]], Reith left [[Glasgow]] for [[London]], largely in pursuit of a 17 year-old schoolboy, Charlie Bowser, on whom he appears to have formed something of a crush. Though he readily found work at the [[Royal Albert Dock]], his commission in the 5th Scottish Rifles soon found him serving in [[World War I]], being invalided out when struck in the cheek by a bullet in October [[1915]]. He spent the next two years in the [[United States]], supervising armament contracts, and became attracted to the country, fantasising of moving there with Bowser after the war [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063117/John-Charles-Walsham-Reith-1st-Baron-Reith].
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In 1926 a [[general strike]] broke out across Britain. When the value of broadcasting as a governmental and political instrument became apparent, [[Winston Churchill]] and others in the Government wanted to commandeer the organization for the emergency. Reith refused to comply, maintaining the BBC's independence. He won the argument but made an enemy of Churchill for years to come. This enmity was enhanced when the BBC refused Churchill air time to outline his controversial views on [[India]]n policy and rearmament during the 1930s. Regardless of his personal disagreements with Churchill over editorial control during the general strike, Reith regarded the BBC as a tool of the British parliament, and allowed the broadcasting of material unfavorable to the strikers. Workers’ representatives were not allowed to broadcast their side of the dispute and the BBC came to be labeled the "British Falsehood Corporation."
  
On his return to the UK, Reith and Bowser both fell in love with Muriel Odhams. Reith won Muriel's hand but warned her that she ''must share me with C.'' He sought to redress the asymmetry by finding a partner for Bowser but Reith's subsequent jealousy interrupted the men's friendship, much to Reith's pain.
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In 1927, the British Broadcasting Company became the British Broadcasting Corporation under Reith when it was granted its first royal charter. Reith was subsequently knighted.<ref name=BBC/>
  
However, the end of the war saw a reconciliation, with Reith's return to Glasgow as General Manager of an engineering firm and Bowser becoming his assistant. But the lure of London proved too much for Reith and in [[1922]], he returned there. Dabbling in [[politics]], despite his family's [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] sympathies, he ended up working as secretary to the London [[Unionist (Ireland)|Unionist]] group of [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] in the [[United Kingdom general election, 1922]]. Perhaps prophetically, this election's results were the first to be [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] on the [[radio]].
+
Reith introduced the BBC's "Empire Service"&mdash;later renamed the BBC's "World Service"&mdash;in 1932. He was less than enthusiastic about its launch, as he declared "I doubt that the Empire Service will be either very good or very interesting." Regardless of his opinion, Reith was correct when he remarked in the inaugural Empire Service broadcast:
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<blockquote>This occasion is as significant as any in the ten years of British broadcasting. It is a significant occasion in the history of the British Empire; there must be few in any civilized country who have yet to realize that broadcasting is a development with which the future must reckon and reckon seriously.</blockquote>
 +
In 2002 the [[UN Secretary General]], [[Kofi Annan]], described the World Service as the greatest gift Britain had given the world in the twentieth century. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the World Service broadcast in 43 [[language]]s to a worldwide audience of 160-170 million.
  
==The BBC==
+
Reith's stubborn beliefs drew the ire of the board of governors as he was slow to adopt [[television]], which be believed would reduce media standards, and to relax his standards for high-minded programming. The first regular television broadcasts (November 1936 to September 1939) started under Reith's stewardship, but this service initially ground to a halt at the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. When the television service resumed in 1945, it was to be very different due to the impact of the war and to the departure of Reith, who was fired in 1938.
On [[14 December]] [[1922]] Reith became the general manager of the [[British Broadcasting Company]], an organisation formed by [[manufacturing|manufacturers]] to provide broadcasts to foster demand for [[wireless]] sets. Reith oversaw the vesting of the company in a new organisation, the British Broadcasting Corporation ([[BBC]]), formed under [[royal charter]] and became its first [[Director-General of the BBC|Director-General]] from [[1 January]] [[1927]] to [[30 June]] [[1938]].
 
  
Reith had the vision to charge a Post Office licence fee of ten shillings (50 pence)half of which went to the BBC, ensuring that the BBC was not
+
==Later life==
financially dependent on the Government of the day nor on advertising revenue [http://www.bbc.co.uk/heritage/more/pdfs/1920s.pdf]. "Reith was passionate about public service broadcasting. He was a strictly moral man who believed that radio should offer national coverage and high-quality programmes. Furthermore, radio should be publicly funded to avoid commercial dumbing-down, whilst remaining politically independent" [http://www.connected-earth.com/Galleries/Pioneersandpersonalities/R/Reith/index.htm].
+
After leaving the [[BBC]] in 1938, Reith became chairman of Imperial Airways. In 1940, he was appointed Minister of Information in the government of [[Neville Chamberlain]]. So as to perform his full duties he became a Member of Parliament for Southampton, representing for the Nationalist Party. When [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] became Prime Minister his long running feud with Reith led to the latter being moved to the Ministry of Transport. He was subsequently moved to become First Commissioner of Works, a position he held for the next two years, through two restructurings of the job. He was also transferred to the House of Lords, becoming Baron Reith of Stonehaven.
  
He expounded firm principles of centralised, all-encompassing radio broadcasting, stressing programming standards and moral tone. When asked whether he was going to give the people what they wanted, Reith replied: "No. Something better than that." To this day, the BBC claims to follow the Reithian directive to "inform, educate and entertain".
+
During this period, the town centers of Coventry, Plymouth, and Portsmouth were destroyed by German bombing. Reith urged the local authorities to begin planning the post-war reconstruction. However, he was dismissed from his government post by Churchill who stated that he found Reith difficult to work with.  
  
In 1922 Reith felt that King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] should use the new medium of radio to speak to the nation as one family. The King declined as he felt that radio was still too experimental to be used for a royal message. The King was asked again in [[1932]] by which time the BBC has begun its overseas service and the King had the opportunity to talk to his subjects around the world. At 3:00pm on 25th December [[1932]], the King made the first broadcast live from [[Sandringham]]. Since then King [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] and Queen [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] have continued the tradition. In [[1957]] the broadcast moved to television
+
The remainder of Reith's life was rather disappointing. He held several minor political and corporate positions, but was not able to find another role for himself with the challenge and value of his initial time at the BBC. His strong convictions and difficult personality no doubt contributed to his lack of success in a time of many changes.
  
In [[1926]] a [[General Strike]] broke out across Britain. When the value of broadcasting as a governmental and political instrument became apparent, [[Winston Churchill]] and others in the Government wanted to commandeer the organisation for the emergency. Reith refused to comply, maintaining the BBC's independence. He won the argument but made an enemy of Churchill for years to come. This enmity was enhanced when the BBC refused Churchill air time to outline his controversial views on [[India]]n policy and rearmament during the 1930s. Regardless of his personal disagreements with Churchill over editoral control during the General Strike, Reith regarded the BBC as a tool of the British [[Parliament]] and allowed the broadcasting of material unfavorable to the strikers. Workers’ representatives were not allowed to broadcast their side of the dispute and the BBC came to be labelled the 'British Falsehood Corporation.'
+
He took a naval commission as a Lieutenant-Commander of the Royal Naval Voluntary Reserve (RNVR) on the staff of the Rear-Admiral Coastal Services. In 1943 was promoted to Captain (RNVR), and appointed Director of the Combined Operations Material Department at the Admiralty, a post he held until early 1945.
  
In 1927 the British Broadcasting Company became the British Broadcasting Corporation under Reith when it was granted its first Royal Charter. Reith was subsequently knighted [http://www.bbc.co.uk/heritage/more/pdfs/1920s.pdf].
+
In 1946, he was appointed chairmanship of the Commonwealth Telecommunications Board, a post he held until 1950. He was then appointed chairman of the Colonial Development Corporation which he held until 1959. In 1948, he was also appointed the chairman of the National Film Finance Corporation, an office he held until 1951.
  
Reith introduced the BBC's [[Empire Service]] - later renamed the BBC's [[World Service]] - in [[1932]]. He was less than enthusistic about its launch as he declared 'I doubt that the Empire Service will be either very good or very interesting.' Regardless of his opinion Reith was correct when he remarked in the Inaugural Empire Service Broadcast: 'This occasion is as significant as any in the 10 years of British broadcasting. It is a significant occasion in the history of the [[British Empire]]; there must be few in any civilized country who have yet to realize that broadcasting is a development with which the future must reckon and reckon seriously.' In [[2002]] the [[UN Secretary General]], [[Kofi Annan]], described the World Service as the greatest gift Britain had given the world in the twentieth century. Currently the World Service broadcasts in 43 languages to a worldwide audience of 160-170 million.
+
Lord Reith also held directorships at the Phoenix Assurance Company, Tube Investments Ltd, the State Building Society (1960-1964), and was the vice-chairman of the British Oxygen Company (1964-1966). He was Lord Rector of Glasgow University (1965-1968). In 1967, he was appointed Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the [[Church of Scotland]].
  
Reith's stubborn beliefs drew the ire of the board of governors as he was slow to adopt television, which be believed would reduce media standards and to relax his standards for high-minded programming.  
+
The Independent Television Authority was created on July 30, 1954, ending the BBC's existing [[broadcasting]] [[monopoly]]. Lord Reith did not approve of its creation:
 +
<blockquote>Somebody introduced [[Christianity]] into [[England]] and somebody introduced [[smallpox]], [[bubonic plague]], and the [[Black Death]]. Somebody is minded now to introduce sponsored broadcasting... Need we be ashamed of moral values, or of intellectual and ethical objectives? It is these that are here and now at stake.</blockquote>
  
The first regular [[television]] broadcasts (November [[1936]] to September [[1939]]) started under Reith's stewardship, but this service initially ground to a halt at the outbreak of the Second World War. When the television service resumed in [[1945]] it was to be very different due to the impact of the war and Reith having long since departed after being fired in 1938.
+
In December 1955, Lord Reith officially opened the new home of the Cable and Wireless [[telecommunication]]s company in Mercury House.  
  
==Later life==
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In 1960, he returned to the BBC for an interview with John Freeman in the television series ''Face to Face''.
After leaving the BBC in [[1938]], Reith became chairman of [[Imperial Airways]]. In [[1940]] he was appointed [[Minister of Information]] in the government of [[Neville Chamberlain]]. So as to perform his full duties he became a [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Southampton]] standing for the [[Nationalist Party]]. When Chamberlain fell and Churchill became Prime Minister his long running feud with Reith led to the latter being moved to the [[Secretary of State for Transport|Ministry of Transport]]. He was subsequently moved to become [[First Commissioner of Works]] which he held for the next two years, through two restructurings of the job, and was also transferred to the [[House of Lords]] becoming Baron Reith of [[Stonehaven]].
 
  
During this period the town centers of [[Coventry]], [[Plymouth]] and [[Portsmouth]] were destroyed by German bombing. Reith urged the local authorities to begin planning the post war reconstruction. He was dismissed from his government post by Churchill who stated that he found Reith difficult to work with.  
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Lord Reith died on June 16, 1971, in Edinburgh.
  
He took a naval commission as a [[Lieutenant-Commander]] of the [[Royal Naval Voluntary Reserve]] (RNVR) on the staff of the [[Rear-Admiral]] Coastal Services. In 1943 was promoted to [[Captain]] (RNVR), and appointed Director of the Combined Operations Material Department at the [[Admiralty]], a post he held until early [[1945]].
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==Legacy==
  
In [[1946]] he was appointed chairmanship of the [[Commonwealth Telecommunications Board]] - a post he held until [[1950]]. He was then appointed chairman of the [[Colonial Development Corporation]] which he held until [[1959]]. In [[1948]] he was also appointed the chairman of the [[National Film Finance Corporation]], an office he held until [[1951]].
+
The [[BBC]] "Reith Lectures" were instituted in 1948, in commemoration of Lord Reith.
  
He also held directorships at the [[Phoenix Assurance Company]], [[Tube Investments Ltd]],the [[State Building Society]] ([[1960]] - [[1964]]) and was the vice-chairman of the [[British Oxygen Company]] ([[1964]] - [[1966]]). He was [[Lord Rector]] of [[Glasgow University]] ([[1965]] - [[1968]]). In [[1967]] he was appointed [[Lord High Commissioner]] to the General Assembly of the [[Church of Scotland]].
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The BBC has continued operating according to Reith's directive and vision, providing much high-minded programming while remaining independent of [[politics]]. Despite this independence, Reith set a delicate precedent of close working relationships between politicians and the BBC while still having autonomy over content. This balance is sought, and sometimes upset, by news media the world over. Reith's "World Service" also set the precedent for later global networks such as [[CNN]] and [[Al Jazeera]].
  
The [[Independent Television Authority]] was created on July 30, [[1954]] ending the BBC's existing broadcasting monopoly. Lord Reith did not approve of its creation: "Somebody introduced [[Christianity]] into [[England]] and somebody introduced [[smallpox]], [[bubonic plague]] and the [[Black Death]]. Somebody is minded now to introduce sponsored broadcasting ... Need we be ashamed of moral values, or of intellectual and ethical objectives? It is these that are here and now at stake."
+
Despite his success in founding the BBC, and his enduring legacy there, the rest of Reith's life, including his personal life, was much less successful and rather controversial.
  
In November [[1955]] [[Cable & Wireless]] moved from [[Electra House Embankment]] into its new headquarters in [[Theobalds Road, London]]. The building was named Mercury House after the Greek messenger of the gods and was officially opened by Lord Reith in December [[1955]].  
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In her biography of her father, ''My Father—Reith of the BBC'', Reith's daughter Marista Leishman claimed that her father was a [[Nazism|Nazi]] sympathizer who abhorred [[Judaism|Jews]]. Leishman said he banned the playing of [[jazz]] music on the BBC, and that he wrote in his diary that "Germany has banned hot jazz and I’m sorry that we should be behind in dealing with this filthy product of modernity." Leishman claimed that on March 9, 1933, her father wrote "I am certain that the Nazis will clean things up and put Germany on the way to being a real power in Europe again… They are being ruthless and most determined"; and in March 1939, when Prague was occupied, he wrote: "Hitler continues his magnificent efficiency."
  
In [[1960]] he returned to the BBC for an interview with [[John Freeman (politician)|John Freeman]] in the television series ''[[Face to Face (TV series)|Face to Face]]''.
+
It has been speculated that Reith initially left Scotland in pursuit of his friend Charlie Bowser, with whom Reith is rumored to have had an affair. Supposedly, Reith warned his wife that she must share him with Charlie. He sought to redress the asymmetry by finding a partner for Bowser, but Reith's subsequent jealousy interrupted the men's friendship, much to Reith's pain. A play was written about the suspected affair by Michael Hastings titled ''The Reith Affair''.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199808/ai_n8827194 Love Story Spectator] Retrieved March 4, 2008.</ref>
  
He wrote two autobiographies: 'Into The Wind' in [[1956]] and 'Wearing Spurs' in [[1966]].
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Reith wrote two autobiographies: ''Into The Wind'' in 1956 and ''Wearing Spurs'' in 1966. In these writings he revealed that he felt his life to have been a failure, and that he had never been "fully stretched." The diaries that he kept all his life were published in 1975, showing him to be "a man with strong convictions, powerful hatreds, considerable frustration, and an immense ego."<ref>C.H. Sterling, [http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/R/htmlR/reithjohnc/reithjohnc.htm Reith, John C.W.: British Media Executive], Museum of Broadcast Communications website. Retrieved March 4, 2008.</ref>
  
The BBC [[Reith Lectures]] instituted in [[1948]] commemorate Lord Reith.
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==Notes==
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<references/>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
<references/>
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*Reith, John Charles Walsham Reith. 1924. ''Broadcast Over Britain''. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
*John Charles Walsham Reith Reith, ''Into the Wind'' (1956)
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*Reith, John Charles Walsham Reith. 1956. ''Into the Wind''. Hodder & Stoughton.
*John Charles Walsham Reith Reith, ''Wearing Spurs'' (1966)
+
*Reith, John Charles Walsham Reith. 1966. ''Wearing Spurs''.
*Marista Leishman, ''My Father — Reith of the BBC'' (2006)
+
*Marista Leishman. 2006. ''My Father—Reith of the BBC''.
 +
*Stewart, C.H. 1975. ''The Reith Diaries''. London: Collins. ISBN 0002111748
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
*[http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp03744 Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery]
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All links retrieved August 3, 2022.
*[http://www.birth-of-tv.org/birth/assetView.do?asset=BIRTHOFTELEV19001___1112797637825 Extract from ''Face to Face'' interview]
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*[http://spartacus-educational.com/Jreith.htm John Reith] Spartacus Educational
  
  
 
{{Credit1|John_Reith|80495570|}}
 
{{Credit1|John_Reith|80495570|}}

Latest revision as of 00:36, 10 February 2023


John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith (July 20, 1889 – June 16, 1971) was a Scottish broadcasting executive. As the general manager of the BBC, he established the tradition of independent public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom. Lord Reith was a man of high intelligence, great ambition, and rigid moral views. The brilliance of his vision and his ability to implement it are evidenced by the fact that the BBC continues to operate according to the same mission and guidelines that Reith established. However, he had an uncompromising nature and was finally ousted from his position, spending the remainder of his life in a number of less significant positions in government, business, and education. Although his writings revealed that Reith became bitter and frustrated, concluding that his life was a failure, his work at the BBC was remarkably significant. As the voice of the British establishment, at a time when Britain was a major world leader, Reith's BBC informed and educated the public in Britain and worldwide, from its beginning in the 1920s throughout the twentieth century and beyond.

Early life

Born July 20, 1889, in Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, in Scotland John Charles Walsham Reith was the youngest, by ten years, of the seven children of the Reverend Dr George Reith, a minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He was to carry the strict Presbyterian religious convictions of the Free Church forward into his adult life. Reith was educated at the Glasgow Academy and then at Gresham's School, Holt in Norfolk, England.

Reith was an indolent child who had used his intelligence to escape hard work, but he was genuinely disappointed when his father refused to support any further education and apprenticed him as an engineer at the North British Locomotive Company. Reith was a keen sportsman and tolerated his apprenticeship through part-time soldiering in the 1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers and 5th Scottish Rifles.

In 1914, Reith left Glasgow for London. Though he readily found work at the Royal Albert Dock, his commission in the 5th Scottish Rifles soon found him serving in World War I. He suffered an injury that left his face scarred when he was hit in the cheek by a bullet in October 1915. He was discharged from active duty and spent the next two years in the United States, supervising armament contracts.[1]

Reith returned to Glasgow as General Manager of an engineering firm. The lure of London proved too much for Reith and, in 1922, he returned there. Dabbling in politics, despite his family's Liberal Party sympathies, he worked as secretary to the London Unionist group of MPs in the general election of 1922. Perhaps prophetically, this election's results were the first to be broadcast on the radio.

The BBC

On December 14, 1922, Reith became the general manager of the British Broadcasting Company, an organization formed by manufacturers to provide broadcasts hoping to foster demand for wireless radio sets. Reith oversaw the vesting of the company in a new organization, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), formed under royal charter and became its first Director-General, serving in that position from January 1, 1927, to June 30, 1938.

Reith had the vision of charging a Post Office license fee of ten shillings (50 pence) half of which went to the BBC, ensuring that the BBC was not financially dependent on the government of the day nor on advertising revenue.[2] "Reith was passionate about public service broadcasting. He was a strictly moral man who believed that radio should offer national coverage and high-quality programs. Furthermore, radio should be publicly funded to avoid commercial dumbing-down, whilst remaining politically independent."[3]

He expounded firm principles of centralized, all-encompassing radio broadcasting, stressing programming standards and moral tone. When asked whether he was going to give the people what they wanted, Reith replied: "No. Something better than that." To this day, the BBC claims to follow the Reithian directive to "inform, educate, and entertain."

In 1922, Reith suggested that King George V should use the new medium of radio to speak to the nation as one family. The King declined as he felt that radio was still too experimental to be used for a royal message. The King was asked again in 1932, by which time the BBC has begun its overseas service and the King had the opportunity to talk to his subjects around the world. At 3:00pm on December 25, 1932, the King made the first broadcast live from the royal house at Sandringham. Since then, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II continued the tradition. In 1957, the broadcast moved to the medium of television.

In 1926 a general strike broke out across Britain. When the value of broadcasting as a governmental and political instrument became apparent, Winston Churchill and others in the Government wanted to commandeer the organization for the emergency. Reith refused to comply, maintaining the BBC's independence. He won the argument but made an enemy of Churchill for years to come. This enmity was enhanced when the BBC refused Churchill air time to outline his controversial views on Indian policy and rearmament during the 1930s. Regardless of his personal disagreements with Churchill over editorial control during the general strike, Reith regarded the BBC as a tool of the British parliament, and allowed the broadcasting of material unfavorable to the strikers. Workers’ representatives were not allowed to broadcast their side of the dispute and the BBC came to be labeled the "British Falsehood Corporation."

In 1927, the British Broadcasting Company became the British Broadcasting Corporation under Reith when it was granted its first royal charter. Reith was subsequently knighted.[2]

Reith introduced the BBC's "Empire Service"—later renamed the BBC's "World Service"—in 1932. He was less than enthusiastic about its launch, as he declared "I doubt that the Empire Service will be either very good or very interesting." Regardless of his opinion, Reith was correct when he remarked in the inaugural Empire Service broadcast:

This occasion is as significant as any in the ten years of British broadcasting. It is a significant occasion in the history of the British Empire; there must be few in any civilized country who have yet to realize that broadcasting is a development with which the future must reckon and reckon seriously.

In 2002 the UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, described the World Service as the greatest gift Britain had given the world in the twentieth century. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the World Service broadcast in 43 languages to a worldwide audience of 160-170 million.

Reith's stubborn beliefs drew the ire of the board of governors as he was slow to adopt television, which be believed would reduce media standards, and to relax his standards for high-minded programming. The first regular television broadcasts (November 1936 to September 1939) started under Reith's stewardship, but this service initially ground to a halt at the outbreak of the Second World War. When the television service resumed in 1945, it was to be very different due to the impact of the war and to the departure of Reith, who was fired in 1938.

Later life

After leaving the BBC in 1938, Reith became chairman of Imperial Airways. In 1940, he was appointed Minister of Information in the government of Neville Chamberlain. So as to perform his full duties he became a Member of Parliament for Southampton, representing for the Nationalist Party. When Churchill became Prime Minister his long running feud with Reith led to the latter being moved to the Ministry of Transport. He was subsequently moved to become First Commissioner of Works, a position he held for the next two years, through two restructurings of the job. He was also transferred to the House of Lords, becoming Baron Reith of Stonehaven.

During this period, the town centers of Coventry, Plymouth, and Portsmouth were destroyed by German bombing. Reith urged the local authorities to begin planning the post-war reconstruction. However, he was dismissed from his government post by Churchill who stated that he found Reith difficult to work with.

The remainder of Reith's life was rather disappointing. He held several minor political and corporate positions, but was not able to find another role for himself with the challenge and value of his initial time at the BBC. His strong convictions and difficult personality no doubt contributed to his lack of success in a time of many changes.

He took a naval commission as a Lieutenant-Commander of the Royal Naval Voluntary Reserve (RNVR) on the staff of the Rear-Admiral Coastal Services. In 1943 was promoted to Captain (RNVR), and appointed Director of the Combined Operations Material Department at the Admiralty, a post he held until early 1945.

In 1946, he was appointed chairmanship of the Commonwealth Telecommunications Board, a post he held until 1950. He was then appointed chairman of the Colonial Development Corporation which he held until 1959. In 1948, he was also appointed the chairman of the National Film Finance Corporation, an office he held until 1951.

Lord Reith also held directorships at the Phoenix Assurance Company, Tube Investments Ltd, the State Building Society (1960-1964), and was the vice-chairman of the British Oxygen Company (1964-1966). He was Lord Rector of Glasgow University (1965-1968). In 1967, he was appointed Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

The Independent Television Authority was created on July 30, 1954, ending the BBC's existing broadcasting monopoly. Lord Reith did not approve of its creation:

Somebody introduced Christianity into England and somebody introduced smallpox, bubonic plague, and the Black Death. Somebody is minded now to introduce sponsored broadcasting... Need we be ashamed of moral values, or of intellectual and ethical objectives? It is these that are here and now at stake.

In December 1955, Lord Reith officially opened the new home of the Cable and Wireless telecommunications company in Mercury House.

In 1960, he returned to the BBC for an interview with John Freeman in the television series Face to Face.

Lord Reith died on June 16, 1971, in Edinburgh.

Legacy

The BBC "Reith Lectures" were instituted in 1948, in commemoration of Lord Reith.

The BBC has continued operating according to Reith's directive and vision, providing much high-minded programming while remaining independent of politics. Despite this independence, Reith set a delicate precedent of close working relationships between politicians and the BBC while still having autonomy over content. This balance is sought, and sometimes upset, by news media the world over. Reith's "World Service" also set the precedent for later global networks such as CNN and Al Jazeera.

Despite his success in founding the BBC, and his enduring legacy there, the rest of Reith's life, including his personal life, was much less successful and rather controversial.

In her biography of her father, My Father—Reith of the BBC, Reith's daughter Marista Leishman claimed that her father was a Nazi sympathizer who abhorred Jews. Leishman said he banned the playing of jazz music on the BBC, and that he wrote in his diary that "Germany has banned hot jazz and I’m sorry that we should be behind in dealing with this filthy product of modernity." Leishman claimed that on March 9, 1933, her father wrote "I am certain that the Nazis will clean things up and put Germany on the way to being a real power in Europe again… They are being ruthless and most determined"; and in March 1939, when Prague was occupied, he wrote: "Hitler continues his magnificent efficiency."

It has been speculated that Reith initially left Scotland in pursuit of his friend Charlie Bowser, with whom Reith is rumored to have had an affair. Supposedly, Reith warned his wife that she must share him with Charlie. He sought to redress the asymmetry by finding a partner for Bowser, but Reith's subsequent jealousy interrupted the men's friendship, much to Reith's pain. A play was written about the suspected affair by Michael Hastings titled The Reith Affair.[4]

Reith wrote two autobiographies: Into The Wind in 1956 and Wearing Spurs in 1966. In these writings he revealed that he felt his life to have been a failure, and that he had never been "fully stretched." The diaries that he kept all his life were published in 1975, showing him to be "a man with strong convictions, powerful hatreds, considerable frustration, and an immense ego."[5]

Notes

  1. Reith (of Stonehaven), John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
  2. 2.0 2.1 History of the BBC.
  3. Reith, Sir John (1889-1971): the man at the BBC.
  4. Love Story Spectator Retrieved March 4, 2008.
  5. C.H. Sterling, Reith, John C.W.: British Media Executive, Museum of Broadcast Communications website. Retrieved March 4, 2008.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Reith, John Charles Walsham Reith. 1924. Broadcast Over Britain. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
  • Reith, John Charles Walsham Reith. 1956. Into the Wind. Hodder & Stoughton.
  • Reith, John Charles Walsham Reith. 1966. Wearing Spurs.
  • Marista Leishman. 2006. My Father—Reith of the BBC.
  • Stewart, C.H. 1975. The Reith Diaries. London: Collins. ISBN 0002111748

External links

All links retrieved August 3, 2022.


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