Difference between revisions of "Ji Seokyeong" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''지석영'''(池錫永, [[1855년]] [[5월 15일]] 서울~[[1935년]] [[2월 1일]])은 조선 말기의 한의사이며 문신, 한글 학자이다. [[종두법]]의 하나인 우두법의 보급에 공헌하였다. 본관은 충주(忠州), 자는 공윤(公胤), 호는 송촌(松村)·태원(太原)이다. 흔히 한국 최초의 우두법 시술자로 알려져 있으나, 명확한 역사적 증거는 아직 밝혀져 있지 않다.
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{{Infobox Korean name|
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hangul=지석영|
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hanja=池錫永|
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rr=Ji Seokyeong|
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mr=Chi Sǒkyǒng|
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img=Ji1.jpg|
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caption=Statue of Ji Seokyeong in front of Daehan Medical Academy.|
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}}
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'''Ji Seokyeong''' (1855-1935) was a late [[Joseon Dynasty|Joseon]] period physician, as well as a civil minister and [[Hunmin Jeongeum|Hangeul]] scholar. He studied vaccinations and worked to educate people about their value, contributing greatly to the elimination of [[smallpox]] in [[Korea]]. He was the earliest Korean [[physician]] to administer [[Immunization|vaccinations]], and there is still much about his life and work that is unknown. He also worked tirelessly to promote the use of Hangeul, campaigning for wider literacy and [[education]] among the Korean population.
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{{toc}}
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Ji traveled to [[Japan]] and consulted with Japanese colleagues in order to further his knowledge. Later this proved to cause him difficulties as anti-Japanese sentiment increased in Korea. He dedicated his life to improving the lives of the Korean people through better [[medicine|medical care]] and [[literacy]], and chose to retire in 1910 at the age of 55 when the [[Japan's Annexation of Korea|Japanese annexed]] Korea, not wanting to continue his job as dean of the [[government]] medical school under [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese governance]].
  
== 생애 ==
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==Birth and early life==
일찍부터 중국에서 들여온 서양 의학서의 번역본을 많이 읽었고, [[에드워드 제너|제너]]의 우두법(우두 접종법)에 관심을 가지게 되었다.
 
  
1876년 수신사의 수행원으로 일본에 파견된 한의사 박영선(朴永善)에게서 우두법을 전수받았다. 그 뒤 혼자 우두법에 대해 깊이있게 연구하려 했으나 뜻대로 되지 않아 1879년 부산으로 내려가 일본인에게서 우두법을 배운다.  
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Ji Seokyeong was born on May 15, 1855, in the city of Hanseong (now Seoul), the fourth son of Ji Ikyeong (지익용, 池翼龍) an [[Traditional Korean medicine|oriental medicine]] physician. From an early age, he became interested in translations of western medical journals that came to Korea from [[China]], and became interested in the work of the English doctor Edward Jenner, who was the first to administer the smallpox vaccination. In 1876 he met Pak Yongson, who had recently participated as translator for Kim Kisu in a diplomatic mission to observe Japan's modernization, under the terms of the [[Treaty of Ganghwa|Korean-Japanese Treaty of Amity]]. Knowing that Ji was interested in inoculation, Pak told Ji about Japan's advances in inoculation, and gave him a set of books on the topic that he had brought back, Jongdu Guigam (종두귀감, 種痘龜鑑, Models of Inoculation) written by Dr. Odaki of Suncheondang Clinic in [[Tokyo]].  
  
그 후 우두법의 보급에 공헌하였으며, 1899년 의학교가 설치되자 초대 교장으로 임명되었다.  
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Having been interested in inoculations since an early age, and sorry that so many people were dying from [[infectious diseases]], Ji began to undertake research to try to develop vaccinations. Particularly he worked to fight [[smallpox]], the most dangerous infectious disease facing late nineteenth-century Korea. Unable to create effective inoculations on his own, in 1879, he traveled to Pusan to study inoculation at the Japanese Naval Hospital. Completing his studies, he received some vaccine from the Hospital, and on the way back to Seoul he stopped at his wife's hometown in Chungjugun Deoksanmyeon and inoculated 40 children of her relatives and neighbors against smallpox, the first inoculations to be administered in Korea. Arriving in Seoul, he vaccinated many children, working out of his house. However, since the vaccine he had brought with him from [[Busan]] could only treat a limited number of people, he determined to manufacture the vaccine on his own.
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==Smallpox vaccinations==
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In 1880 Ji learned another diplomatic mission to Japan was being planned, and requested to join the staff, hoping to have a chance to learn about manufacturing vaccine during the Japan visit. The head of the Korean mission, Kim Hongjip, made a request on Ji's behalf to Japan's Foreign Affairs Minister Inoue, and Minister Inoue arranged for Ji to be introduced to the director of the vaccine department. In Japan, Ji studied the production and storage of vaccines. After he had mastered his studies on the production and administration of the vaccine, he brought 50 vials of vaccine back to Korea with him and returning to Seoul, he continued to administer vaccinations.
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In the late nineteenth-century Joseon Korea there was rising tension regarding Japanese influence in Korea. In 1882, during the Military Mutiny of 1882, or ''Imo Kullan'', a Japanese military training officer was killed, and the Hanabusa, the head of the Japanese mission in Korea was also attacked. In the aftermath, Koreans like Ji Seokyeong who had close ties to Japan came under suspicion of being too sympathetic to Japan. He was injured and almost died when his clinic was destroyed by fire. Under threat of arrest, Ji was forced to leave Seoul for a while. In August he returned to Seoul and rebuilt the clinic, and in September he traveled south at the request of the governor of Jeolla province, to establish vaccination clinics in Jeonju and to instruct physicians on how to administer the vaccine. The following year, he continued to encourage smallpox vaccinations throughout the country, establishing another clinic in Gongju, at the request of the governor of Chungcheong Province, he established another clinic in Gongju.
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==Teaching and writing==
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[[Image:Daehan hospital2.JPG|thumb|right|350px|The Daehan Medical Hospital, opened in 1908, where Ji Seokyeong was the founding Dean. Now part of Seoul National University School of Medicine.]]
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Ji Seokyeong passed the civil service examination in 1883, and was appointed as an instructor of Confucian precepts in the National University (관립대학교, 官立大學校). He began work on a book on inoculations, finally completing two volumes including important essays on inoculation by English, Chinese and Japanese pioneers in the field. The work, entitled ''New Principals of Inoculation'', (Jongdu Sinseol, 종두신설, 種痘新說), was published in 1885.
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Following the ''Kapsin Cheongbyeon'' or Coup d'Etat of 1884, again his association with Japan placed Ji Seokyeong under suspicion; he was accused of being a member of the Independence Party, a party with close Japanese ties. In 1887 he was arrested and sent to exile in Sinjido, an island off the coast of Jeolla province. During his time in exile, he continued to teach, and finally in 1893, was able to return to Seoul, he established the Wuduboyeongdang (우두보영당, 牛痘保嬰堂) clinic, where he continued inoculating children and training doctors. Based on his qualification from the civil service exam in 1883, Ji Seokyeong was appointed to a district chief post near Pusan in 1891, where he served for a time.
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In 1899, the government opened the Euhakkyo (의학교, 醫學校), school of medicine, under Ji Seokyeong's direction, and he held the post of Dean for ten years, focusing on teaching medicine from a scientific approach. In 1908, he took the position of Dean at the newly established Daehan Medical Academy (대한의원교육부, 大韓醫院敎育部).
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==Later Work==
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Ji Seokyeong is best known for his work in the field of [[medicine]], especially [[vaccination]] against [[smallpox]]. However, he was also active in promoting the use of hangeul, to increase educational opportunities for a greater portion of the population. Despite the fact that Hangeul, a new phonetic alphabet for writing Korean had been developed under the leadership of [[King Sejong]] centuries before, even during the nineteenth century the vast majority of published works in the Korean language continued to be written with Hanmun (Chinese characters), which could only be read by the aristocracy. Ji Seokyeong actively advocated abandoning Hanmun in favor of Hangeul, and in February of 1908, he was appointed head of the Korean Language Institute (Kukmunyeonguso, 국문연구소, 國文硏究所). Under Ji's direction, the following year, the institute published a dictionary of Chinese characters, Chajeon Seogyeo (자전석요, 字典釋要) written in Hangeul.
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[[Image:Hanja dictionary.JPG|thumb|200px|Hangeul Hanmun Dictionary published in 1910 by Ji Seokyeong.|right]]
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In recognition of his efforts on behalf of the Korean people, the Korean Imperial government awarded him the Palgwehunjang (팔괘훈장, 八卦勳章) and Taegukhunjang (태극훈장, 太極勳章) followed by the 4th class honor (팔괘장, 八卦章) in June of 1910. Two months later, Korea was annexed by Japan, the Korean Empire was dissolved and the country came under the control of the Japanese occupation government. It was difficult for a patriot like Ji to endure the humiliation of Japanese rule on his country, and later the same year, he resigned from his position as Dean of the Daehan Medical Academy. The Japanese Governor urged him to continue as the Dean of Daehan, but Ji refused, choosing to retire to the countryside, where he lived until his death on February 1, 1935.
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==Legacy==
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Ji Seokyeong is credited with introducing and promoting the smallpox vaccination to Korea, as well as promulgating the use of Hangeul for written Korean during the early twentieth century. His son, Ji Seongju attended the Gyeongseong Medical School, which developed from the Euhakkyo founded by Ji in 1899, graduating in 1919, and where he had great success as a physician after taking over his father's medical practice in Nagwon-dong. Ji's grandson Ji Hongchang also graduated from Gyeongseong Medical School in 1949 and became a well-known army surgeon, and served as the personal physician for the president. Ji Hongchang's eldest son Ji Muyeong graduated from Catholic University School of Medicine and also began working as a physician.
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1899년 의학교가 설치되자 초대 교장으로 임명되었다.  
  
 
1907년 통감부에서 의학교를 폐지하고 1908년 대한의원의육부(大韓醫院醫育部)로 개편할 때 교장직에서 쫓겨나 학감으로 자리를 옮겼으나 곧 학감 자리에서도 쫓겨나게 된다.  
 
1907년 통감부에서 의학교를 폐지하고 1908년 대한의원의육부(大韓醫院醫育部)로 개편할 때 교장직에서 쫓겨나 학감으로 자리를 옮겼으나 곧 학감 자리에서도 쫓겨나게 된다.  
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# 조선 민중의 무지 : 민간의 저항을 조선 민중의 무지로만 편협하게 해석하였다. 그러나 우두에 대한 저항은 동서양을 막론하고 일어난 일임에도 오직 조선 민중만이 무지하여 저항하였다고 주장하는 오류를 보이고 있다. 심지어 “종두의 과학적 효과를 전혀 이해하지 못하고 민중은 도리어 이를 외국의 마술, 사법(邪法)으로 간주하여 국가를 어지럽히는 것으로 생각했고, 집에도 받아들이지 않았다”라고 하였다.  
 
# 조선 민중의 무지 : 민간의 저항을 조선 민중의 무지로만 편협하게 해석하였다. 그러나 우두에 대한 저항은 동서양을 막론하고 일어난 일임에도 오직 조선 민중만이 무지하여 저항하였다고 주장하는 오류를 보이고 있다. 심지어 “종두의 과학적 효과를 전혀 이해하지 못하고 민중은 도리어 이를 외국의 마술, 사법(邪法)으로 간주하여 국가를 어지럽히는 것으로 생각했고, 집에도 받아들이지 않았다”라고 하였다.  
 
# 조선 정부의 지석영에 대한 박해와 지석영의 희생 : 지석영은 한때 갑신정변의 배후로 모함을 받아 유배를 가게 된다. 이를 조선 정부가 무능하여 “훌륭한 인사”를 박해하였다고 주장하였다. 그리고 횡포를 일삼는 종두 의사에게 내려진 포박령을 지석영에게 내려진 포박령으로 왜곡하기도 했다. 또한 지석영이 실비에도 미치지 못하는 1문의 싼값으로 시술한 일을 희생으로 평가하였다. 하지만 초기 우두 의사의 횡포로 말미암아 우두 의사에 대한 세간의 평가는 매우 좋지 않았고, 결국 지석영은 1문이라는 매우 싼값으로 시술할 수밖에 없는 상황에 놓였을 뿐 특별히 희생했다고 보기는 힘들다. 결정적으로 그러한 “훌륭한 인사”를 의학교에서 쫓아낸 이들은 바로 일본이었다.  
 
# 조선 정부의 지석영에 대한 박해와 지석영의 희생 : 지석영은 한때 갑신정변의 배후로 모함을 받아 유배를 가게 된다. 이를 조선 정부가 무능하여 “훌륭한 인사”를 박해하였다고 주장하였다. 그리고 횡포를 일삼는 종두 의사에게 내려진 포박령을 지석영에게 내려진 포박령으로 왜곡하기도 했다. 또한 지석영이 실비에도 미치지 못하는 1문의 싼값으로 시술한 일을 희생으로 평가하였다. 하지만 초기 우두 의사의 횡포로 말미암아 우두 의사에 대한 세간의 평가는 매우 좋지 않았고, 결국 지석영은 1문이라는 매우 싼값으로 시술할 수밖에 없는 상황에 놓였을 뿐 특별히 희생했다고 보기는 힘들다. 결정적으로 그러한 “훌륭한 인사”를 의학교에서 쫓아낸 이들은 바로 일본이었다.  
# 우두법에 대한 강조와 과장 : 천연두로 말미암아 불행에 처한 조선 민중을 구제하는 유일한 수단인 양 우두법에 대한 찬사와 과장을 하였다.
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# 우두법에 대한 강조와 과장 : 천연두로 말미암아 불행에 처한 조선 민중을 구제하는 유일한 수단인 양 우두법에 대한 찬사와 과장을 하였다.—>
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== 주석 ==
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==See Also==
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*[[List of Korea-related topics]]
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*[[Horace Newton Allen]]
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*[[Eak-tai, Ahn]]
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*[[Korea under Japanese rule]]
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==Notes==
 
<references />
 
<references />
  
{{토막글|한국 사람}}
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==References==
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*Saccone, Richard. 1993. ''Koreans to remember fifty famous people who helped shape Korea''. Elizabeth, N.J.: Hollym International. ISBN 9781565910072
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*Shin DW. 2004. ''Western medicine, Korean government, and imperialism in late nineteenth-century Korea: The cases of the Choson government hospital and smallpox vaccination''. Historia Scientiarum: International Journal of the History of Science Society of Japan. 13 (3): 164-75.
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[[Category:Korea]]
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[[Category:Biography]]
  
[[분류:1855년 태어남]]
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{{credits|지석영|1214593|lang=ko}}
[[분류:1935년 죽음]]
 
[[분류:한국의 의사]]
 
[[분류:한국의 학자]]
 
[[분류:서울특별시 출신자]]
 
{{credits|Ji_Seokyeong|1214593|lang=ko}}
 

Latest revision as of 14:28, 9 May 2014

Ji Seokyeong
Statue of Ji Seokyeong in front of Daehan Medical Academy.
Statue of Ji Seokyeong in front of Daehan Medical Academy.
Korean name
Hangul 지석영
Hanja 池錫永
Revised Romanization Ji Seokyeong
McCune-Reischauer Chi Sǒkyǒng


Ji Seokyeong (1855-1935) was a late Joseon period physician, as well as a civil minister and Hangeul scholar. He studied vaccinations and worked to educate people about their value, contributing greatly to the elimination of smallpox in Korea. He was the earliest Korean physician to administer vaccinations, and there is still much about his life and work that is unknown. He also worked tirelessly to promote the use of Hangeul, campaigning for wider literacy and education among the Korean population.

Ji traveled to Japan and consulted with Japanese colleagues in order to further his knowledge. Later this proved to cause him difficulties as anti-Japanese sentiment increased in Korea. He dedicated his life to improving the lives of the Korean people through better medical care and literacy, and chose to retire in 1910 at the age of 55 when the Japanese annexed Korea, not wanting to continue his job as dean of the government medical school under Japanese governance.

Birth and early life

Ji Seokyeong was born on May 15, 1855, in the city of Hanseong (now Seoul), the fourth son of Ji Ikyeong (지익용, 池翼龍) an oriental medicine physician. From an early age, he became interested in translations of western medical journals that came to Korea from China, and became interested in the work of the English doctor Edward Jenner, who was the first to administer the smallpox vaccination. In 1876 he met Pak Yongson, who had recently participated as translator for Kim Kisu in a diplomatic mission to observe Japan's modernization, under the terms of the Korean-Japanese Treaty of Amity. Knowing that Ji was interested in inoculation, Pak told Ji about Japan's advances in inoculation, and gave him a set of books on the topic that he had brought back, Jongdu Guigam (종두귀감, 種痘龜鑑, Models of Inoculation) written by Dr. Odaki of Suncheondang Clinic in Tokyo.

Having been interested in inoculations since an early age, and sorry that so many people were dying from infectious diseases, Ji began to undertake research to try to develop vaccinations. Particularly he worked to fight smallpox, the most dangerous infectious disease facing late nineteenth-century Korea. Unable to create effective inoculations on his own, in 1879, he traveled to Pusan to study inoculation at the Japanese Naval Hospital. Completing his studies, he received some vaccine from the Hospital, and on the way back to Seoul he stopped at his wife's hometown in Chungjugun Deoksanmyeon and inoculated 40 children of her relatives and neighbors against smallpox, the first inoculations to be administered in Korea. Arriving in Seoul, he vaccinated many children, working out of his house. However, since the vaccine he had brought with him from Busan could only treat a limited number of people, he determined to manufacture the vaccine on his own.

Smallpox vaccinations

In 1880 Ji learned another diplomatic mission to Japan was being planned, and requested to join the staff, hoping to have a chance to learn about manufacturing vaccine during the Japan visit. The head of the Korean mission, Kim Hongjip, made a request on Ji's behalf to Japan's Foreign Affairs Minister Inoue, and Minister Inoue arranged for Ji to be introduced to the director of the vaccine department. In Japan, Ji studied the production and storage of vaccines. After he had mastered his studies on the production and administration of the vaccine, he brought 50 vials of vaccine back to Korea with him and returning to Seoul, he continued to administer vaccinations.

In the late nineteenth-century Joseon Korea there was rising tension regarding Japanese influence in Korea. In 1882, during the Military Mutiny of 1882, or Imo Kullan, a Japanese military training officer was killed, and the Hanabusa, the head of the Japanese mission in Korea was also attacked. In the aftermath, Koreans like Ji Seokyeong who had close ties to Japan came under suspicion of being too sympathetic to Japan. He was injured and almost died when his clinic was destroyed by fire. Under threat of arrest, Ji was forced to leave Seoul for a while. In August he returned to Seoul and rebuilt the clinic, and in September he traveled south at the request of the governor of Jeolla province, to establish vaccination clinics in Jeonju and to instruct physicians on how to administer the vaccine. The following year, he continued to encourage smallpox vaccinations throughout the country, establishing another clinic in Gongju, at the request of the governor of Chungcheong Province, he established another clinic in Gongju.

Teaching and writing

The Daehan Medical Hospital, opened in 1908, where Ji Seokyeong was the founding Dean. Now part of Seoul National University School of Medicine.

Ji Seokyeong passed the civil service examination in 1883, and was appointed as an instructor of Confucian precepts in the National University (관립대학교, 官立大學校). He began work on a book on inoculations, finally completing two volumes including important essays on inoculation by English, Chinese and Japanese pioneers in the field. The work, entitled New Principals of Inoculation, (Jongdu Sinseol, 종두신설, 種痘新說), was published in 1885.

Following the Kapsin Cheongbyeon or Coup d'Etat of 1884, again his association with Japan placed Ji Seokyeong under suspicion; he was accused of being a member of the Independence Party, a party with close Japanese ties. In 1887 he was arrested and sent to exile in Sinjido, an island off the coast of Jeolla province. During his time in exile, he continued to teach, and finally in 1893, was able to return to Seoul, he established the Wuduboyeongdang (우두보영당, 牛痘保嬰堂) clinic, where he continued inoculating children and training doctors. Based on his qualification from the civil service exam in 1883, Ji Seokyeong was appointed to a district chief post near Pusan in 1891, where he served for a time.

In 1899, the government opened the Euhakkyo (의학교, 醫學校), school of medicine, under Ji Seokyeong's direction, and he held the post of Dean for ten years, focusing on teaching medicine from a scientific approach. In 1908, he took the position of Dean at the newly established Daehan Medical Academy (대한의원교육부, 大韓醫院敎育部).

Later Work

Ji Seokyeong is best known for his work in the field of medicine, especially vaccination against smallpox. However, he was also active in promoting the use of hangeul, to increase educational opportunities for a greater portion of the population. Despite the fact that Hangeul, a new phonetic alphabet for writing Korean had been developed under the leadership of King Sejong centuries before, even during the nineteenth century the vast majority of published works in the Korean language continued to be written with Hanmun (Chinese characters), which could only be read by the aristocracy. Ji Seokyeong actively advocated abandoning Hanmun in favor of Hangeul, and in February of 1908, he was appointed head of the Korean Language Institute (Kukmunyeonguso, 국문연구소, 國文硏究所). Under Ji's direction, the following year, the institute published a dictionary of Chinese characters, Chajeon Seogyeo (자전석요, 字典釋要) written in Hangeul.

Hangeul Hanmun Dictionary published in 1910 by Ji Seokyeong.

In recognition of his efforts on behalf of the Korean people, the Korean Imperial government awarded him the Palgwehunjang (팔괘훈장, 八卦勳章) and Taegukhunjang (태극훈장, 太極勳章) followed by the 4th class honor (팔괘장, 八卦章) in June of 1910. Two months later, Korea was annexed by Japan, the Korean Empire was dissolved and the country came under the control of the Japanese occupation government. It was difficult for a patriot like Ji to endure the humiliation of Japanese rule on his country, and later the same year, he resigned from his position as Dean of the Daehan Medical Academy. The Japanese Governor urged him to continue as the Dean of Daehan, but Ji refused, choosing to retire to the countryside, where he lived until his death on February 1, 1935.

Legacy

Ji Seokyeong is credited with introducing and promoting the smallpox vaccination to Korea, as well as promulgating the use of Hangeul for written Korean during the early twentieth century. His son, Ji Seongju attended the Gyeongseong Medical School, which developed from the Euhakkyo founded by Ji in 1899, graduating in 1919, and where he had great success as a physician after taking over his father's medical practice in Nagwon-dong. Ji's grandson Ji Hongchang also graduated from Gyeongseong Medical School in 1949 and became a well-known army surgeon, and served as the personal physician for the president. Ji Hongchang's eldest son Ji Muyeong graduated from Catholic University School of Medicine and also began working as a physician.


See Also

Notes


References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Saccone, Richard. 1993. Koreans to remember fifty famous people who helped shape Korea. Elizabeth, N.J.: Hollym International. ISBN 9781565910072
  • Shin DW. 2004. Western medicine, Korean government, and imperialism in late nineteenth-century Korea: The cases of the Choson government hospital and smallpox vaccination. Historia Scientiarum: International Journal of the History of Science Society of Japan. 13 (3): 164-75.

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