James Fenimore Cooper
James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851) was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. He is particularly remembered as a novelist, who wrote numerous sea-stories as well as the historical romances known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many people consider his masterpiece.
Early life
Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, on the 15th of September 1789, the eleventh of William and Elizabeth Cooper's twelve children. When James was one year old, his family moved to the frontier of Otsego Lake, New York, where his father established a settlement on his yet unsettled estates which became modern-day Cooperstown, New York. His father was a judge and member of Congress. James was sent to school at Albany and at New Haven, and attended Yale College 1803-1805 as its youngest student, but was expelled, apparently for a dangerous prank involving blowing up another student's door as well as stealing food.[1]
Three years afterward he joined the United States Navy; but after making a voyage or two in a merchant vessel to perfect himself in seamanship, and obtaining his lieutenancy, he married Susan Augusta de Lancey (the wedding took place in Mamaroneck, New York, on May 18th, 1810) and resigned his commission (1811). He had married into one of the best families in the state.
His father William died in 1810, when James was twenty years old, but the legacy he left his son influenced his entire career. Almost one half of Cooper's novels are about populating the wilderness, in The Pioneers his father appears directly, as Judge Marmaduke Temple of Templeton.
Literary career
Cooper settled in Westchester County, New York, the “Neutral Ground” of his earliest American romance, and produced anonymously (1820) his first book, Precaution, a novel of the fashionable school. This was followed (1821) by The Spy, which was very successful at the date of issue; The Pioneers (1823), the first of the Leatherstocking series; and The Pilot (1824), a bold and dashing sea-story. The next was Lionel Lincoln (1825), a feeble and unattractive work; and this was succeeded in 1826 by the famous Last of the Mohicans, a book that is considered by many to be Cooper's masterpiece. Quitting America for Europe he published in Paris The Prairie (1826), the best of his books in nearly all respects, and The Red Rover, (1828), by no means his worst.
At this period Cooper's unequal and uncertain talent would seem to have been at its best. These novels were, however, succeeded by one very inferior, The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish (1829); by The Notions of a Travelling Bachelor (1828); and by The Waterwitch (1830), one of his many sea-stories. In 1830 he entered the lists as a party writer, defending in a series of letters to the National, a Parisian journal, the United States against a string of charges brought against them by the Revue Britannique; and for the rest of his life he continued skirmishing in print, sometimes for the national interest, sometimes for that of the individual, and not infrequently for both at once.
This opportunity of making a political confession of faith appears not only to have fortified him in his own convictions, but to have inspired him with the idea of elucidating them for the public through the medium of his art. His next three novels, The Bravo (1831), The Heidenmauer (1832) and The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833), were expressions of Cooper's republican convictions. The Bravo depicted Venice as a place where a ruthless oligarchy lurks behind the mask of the "serene republic." All were widely read on both sides of the Atlantic, though The Bravo was a critical failure in the United States.[2]
File:James Fenimore Cooper by FOC Darley.png Engraving by F.O.C. Darley |
In 1833 Cooper returned to America and immediately published A Letter to My Countrymen, in which he gave his own version of the controversy in which he had been engaged and sharply censured his compatriots for their share in it. This attack he followed up with The Monikins (1835) and The American Democrat (1835); with several sets of notes on his travels and experiences in Europe, among which may be remarked his England (1837), in three volumes, a burst of vanity and ill temper; and with Homeward Bound and Home as Found (1838), notable as containing a highly idealized portrait of himself.
All these books tended to increase the ill feeling between author and public; the Whig press was virulent and scandalous in its comments, and Cooper plunged into a series of actions for libel. Victorious in all of them, he returned to his old occupation with something of his old vigour and success. A History of the Navy of the United States (1839), supplemented (1846) by a set of Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers, was succeeded by The Pathfinder (1840), a good “Leatherstocking” novel; by Mercedes of Castile (1840); The Deerslayer (1841); by The Two Admirals and by Wing and Wing (1842); by Wyandotte, The History of a Pocket Handkerchief, and Ned Myers (1843); and by Afloat and Ashore, or the Adventures of Miles Wallingford (1844).
From pure fiction, however, he turned again to the combination of art and controversy in which he had achieved distinction, and in the two Littlepage Manuscripts (1845—1846) he wrote with a great deal of vigour. His next novel was The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak (1847), in which he attempted to introduce supernatural machinery; and this was succeeded by Oak Openings and Jack Tier (1848), the latter a curious rifacimento of The Red Rover; by The Sea Lions (1849); and finally by The Ways of the Hour (1850), another novel with a purpose, and his last book.
The Leatherstocking tales
The five Leatherstocking novels chronicle the life of Nathaniel "Natty" Bumppo, who lives in the frontier (which moves steadily westward with each successive novel,) at the intersection of European and Native American culture. Bumppo is a hybrid of these cultures; in each book, he has a different Native American name, and it is by these names that he is known. These books are a lucid and insightful study of the encounter between the two cultures, from the point of view of a man who manages to straddle the divide between them.
Last years and legacy
Cooper spent the last years of his life in Cooperstown, New York (named for his father). He died of dropsy on the 14th of September 1851 and a statue was later erected in his honor.
Cooper was certainly one of the most popular 19th century American authors. His stories have been translated into nearly all the languages of Europe and into some of those of Asia. Balzac admired him greatly, but with discrimination; Victor Hugo pronounced him greater than the great master of modern romance, and this verdict was echoed by a multitude of inferior readers, who were satisfied with no title for their favourite less than that of “the American Scott.” As a satirist and observer he is simply the “Cooper who's written six volumes to prove he's as good as a Lord” of Lowell's clever portrait; his enormous vanity and his irritability find vent in a sort of dull violence, which is exceedingly tiresome. He was most memorably criticised by Mark Twain whose vicious and amusing "Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offences" is still read widely in academic circles.
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
Cooper's writings
| Date | Title: Subtitle | Genre | Topic, Location, Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1820 | Precaution: A Novel | novel | England, 1813-1814 |
| 1821 | The Spy: A Tale of the Neutral Ground | novel | Westchester County, New York, 1778 |
| 1823 | The Pioneers: or The Sources of the Susquehanna | novel | Leatherstocking, Otsego County, New York, 1793-1794, |
| 1823 | Tales for Fifteen: or Imagination and Heart | 2 short stories | written under the pseudonym: "Jane Morgan" |
| 1823 | The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea [3] | novel | John Paul Jones, England, 1780 |
| 1825 | Lionel Lincoln: or The Leaguer of Boston | novel | Battle of Bunker Hill, Boston, 1775-1781 |
| 1826 | The Last of the Mohicans: A narrative of 1757 | novel | Leatherstocking, French and Indian War, Lake George & Adirondacks, 1757 |
| 1827 | The Prairie | novel | Leatherstocking, American Midwest, 1805 |
| 1828 | The Red Rover: A Tale | novel | Newport, Rhode Island & Atlantic Ocean, pirates, 1759 |
| 1828 | Notions of the Americans: Picked up by a Travelling Bachelor | non-fiction | America for European readers |
| 1829 | The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish: A Tale | novel | Western Connecticut, Puritans and Indians, 1660-1676 |
| 1830 | The Water-Witch: or the Skimmer of the Seas | novel | New York, smugglers, 1713 |
| 1830 | Letter to General Lafayette | politics | France vs. US, cost of government |
| 1831 | The Bravo: A Tale | novel | Venice, 18th century |
| 1832 | The Heidenmauer: or, The Benedictines, A Legend of the Rhine | novel | German Rhineland, 16th century |
| 1832 | No Steamboats | short story | |
| 1833 | The Headsman: The Abbaye des Vignerons | novel | Geneva, Switzerland, & Alps, 18th century |
| 1834 | A Letter to His Countrymen | politics | Why Cooper temporarily stopped writing |
| 1835 | The Monikins | novel | Antarctica, aristocratic monkeys. 1830s |
| 1836 | The Eclipse | memoir | Solar eclipse in Cooperstown, New York 1806 |
| 1836 | Gleanings in Europe: Switzerland (Sketches of Switzerland) | travel | Hiking in Switzerland, 1828 |
| 1836 | Gleanings in Europe: The Rhine (Sketches of Switzerland, Part Second) | travel | Travels France, Rhineland & Switzerland, 1832 |
| 1836 | A Residence in France: With an Excursion Up the Rhine, and a Second Visit to Switzerland | travel | |
| 1837 | Gleanings in Europe: France | travel | Living, travelling in France, 1826-1828 |
| 1837 | Gleanings in Europe: England | travel | Travels in England, 1826, 1828, 1833 |
| 1838 | Gleanings in Europe: Italy | travel | Living, travelling in Italy, 1828-1830 |
| 1838 | The American Democrat : or Hints on the Social and Civic Relations of the United States of America | non-fiction | US society and government |
| 1838 | The Chronicles of Cooperstown | history | Local history of Cooperstown, New York |
| 1838 | Homeward Bound: or The Chase: A Tale of the Sea | novel | Atlantic Ocean & North African coast, 1835 |
| 1838 | Home as Found: Sequel to Homeward Bound | novel | Eve Effingham, New York City & Otsego County, New York, 1835 |
| 1839 | The History of the Navy of the United States of America | history | US Naval history to date |
| 1839 | Old Ironsides | history | History of the Frigate USS Constitution, 1st pub. 1853 |
| 1840 | The Pathfinder: or the Inland Sea | novel | Leatherstocking, Western New York, 1759 |
| 1840 | Mercedes of Castile: or, The Voyage to Cathay | novel | Christopher Columbus in West Indies, 1490s |
| 1841 | The Deerslayer: or The First Warpath | novel | Leatherstocking, Otsego Lake 1740-1745 |
| 1842 | The Two Admirals | novel | England & English Channel, Scottish uprising, 1745 |
| 1842 | The Wing-and-Wing: le Le Feu-Follet (Jack o Lantern) | novel | Italian coast, Napoleonic Wars, 1745 |
| 1843 | Autobiography of a Pocket-Handkerchief, also published as
|
novelette | Social satire, France & New York, 1830s |
| 1843 | Richard Dale | ||
| 1843 | Wyandotté: or The Hutted Knoll. A Tale [4] | novel | Butternut Valley of Otsego County, New York, 1763-1776 |
| 1843 | Ned Myers: or Life before the Mast | biography | of Cooper's shipmate |
| 1844 | Afloat and Ashore: or The Adventures of Miles Wallingford. A Sea Tale | novel | Ulster County & worldwide, 1795-1805 |
| 1844 | Miles Wallingford: Sequel to Afloat and Ashore | novel | Ulster County & worldwide, 1795-1805 |
| 1844 | Proceedings of the Naval Court-Martial in the Case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, &c. | ||
| 1845 | Satanstoe: or The Littlepage Manuscripts, a Tale of the Colony | novel | New York City, Westchester County, Albany, Adirondacks, 1758 |
| 1845 | The Chainbearer; or, The Littlepage Manuscripts | novel | Westchester County, Adirondacks, 1780s (next generation) |
| 1846 | The Redskins; or, Indian and Injin: Being the Conclusion of the Littlepage Manuscripts | novel | Anti-rent wars, Adirondacks, 1845 |
| 1846 | Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers | biography | |
| 1847 | The Crater; or, Vulcan's Peak: A Tale of the Pacific (Mark's Reef) | novel | New Jersey & Pacific desert island, early 1800s |
| 1848 | Jack Tier: or the Florida Reefs a.k.a. Captain Spike: or The Islets of the Gulf |
novel | Florida Keys, Mexican War, 1846 |
| 1848 | The Oak Openings: or the Bee-Hunter | novel | Kalamazoo River, Michigan, War of 1812 |
| 1849 | The Sea Lions: The Lost Sealers | novel | Long Island & Antarctica, 1819-1820 |
| 1850 | The Ways of the Hour | novel | "Dukes County, New York," murder/courtroom mystery novel, legal corruption, women's rights, 1846 |
| 1850 | Upside Down: or Philosophy in Petticoats | play | satirization of socialism |
| 1851 | The Lake Gun | short story | Seneca Lake in New York, political satire based on folklore |
| 1851 | New York: or The Towns of Manhattan | history | Unfinished, history of New York City, 1st pub. 1864 |
Sources for this table include:
- http://www.oneonta.edu/external/cooper/bibliography/works.html
- http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jfcooper.htm
- http://www.jamesfenimorecooper.com/
- http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/cooper.htm
- http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/c
Modern editions of Cooper
- The Leatherstocking Tales, vol. 1, Blake Nevius, ed. (New York: The Library of America, 1985) ISBN 0-940450-20-8. Includes The Pioneers, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie.
- The Leatherstocking Tales, vol. 2, Blake Nevius, ed. (New York: The Library of America, 1985) ISBN 0-940450-21-6. Includes The Pathfinder and The Deerslayer.
- Sea Tales: The Pilot, The Red Rover, Kay Seymour House & Thomas Philbrick, eds. (New York: The Library of America, 1991) ISBN 0-940450-70-4
External links
- Works by James Fenimore Cooper. Project Gutenberg
- James Fenimore Cooper Society Website
- Thomas R. Lounsbury: James Fenimore Cooper. 6th Edition. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1886 (American Men of Letters). PDF in the Arno Schmidt Reference Library
- The Cambridge History of American Literature, Fiction I: Brown, Cooper
- Find-A-Grave profile for James Fenimore Cooper
- "Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses" (1895), by Mark Twain.
- James Fenimore Cooper at the Internet Movie Database
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