Hyrax

Hyraxes Fossil range: Eocene-Recent, 55.8–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Yellow-spotted hyrax (Heterohyrax brucei)
Scientific classification
Families
†Pliohyracidae Procaviidae

Hyrax is the common name for any of the small, largely herbivorous mammals comprising the order Hyracoidea and characterized by thickset bodies, short tails, and three-toed hind feet with rounded, hoof-like nails on two of the toes and a claw on the third. These mammals, which can be described as having a guinea pig or woodchuck-like body, and are similar in size to a large rabbit, are also known as cories and dassies. The presence of specialized muscles in the soles of the feet, combined with the soft and elastic nature of the sweat-gland moistened soles, helps to create a suction-like friction with rocks and other substrate. Hyraxes are often mistaken for rodents, but are more closely related to elephants. There is one extant family of hyraxes, Procaviidae, distributed only in Africa and the Middle East.

values food chain and to humans

Four species are recognised; the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), the yellow-spotted rock hyrax (Heterohyrax brucei), the western tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax dorsalis) and the southern tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax arboreus).

Physical description

Hyraxes are well-furred, shot-tailed, rotund animals about the size of a large rabbit. Typically, they measure between 30 and 70 centimeters (12-28 inches) long and weigh between 2 and 5 kilograms (4-11 pounds).

The characteristic foot pads

Hyraxes have 3-toed hind feet with two of the toes with rounded nails that resemble hooves, while the inner toe has a claw. Forefeet generally have four or five toes. The soles of their fore- and hindfeet are soft, elastic, rubbery like pads, moistened by numerous specialized sweat glands, which increases friction and help the animal maintain its grip when quickly moving up steep, rocky surfaces. The soles of the feet also have specialized muscles in this regard, which helps the soles to work somewhat like suction cups. The plane of symmetry of the feet goes through the third digit (Myers 2000).

Hyraxes have skulls with a short rostrum and prominent postorbital processes. They have a single incisor on each side of the upper jaw and two on the lower. Like rodents, the incisors grow continuously throughout life, and the presence of enamel on only one side (the anterior surface) creates a self-sharpening cutting edge. The molars have strongly developed lophs. Unlike most other browsing and grazing animals, they do not use the incisors at the front of the jaw for slicing off leaves and grass, rather, they use the molar teeth at the side of the jaw. There is a small diastema between the incisors and the cheek teeth. The dental formula for hyraxes is ${\tfrac {1.0.4.3}{2.0.4.3}}$ (Myers 2000).

File:Hyraxchewing.ogv

A hyrax showing the characteristic chewing/grunting behaviour. Note the incisor tusks.

Although not ruminants, hyraxes have complex, multi-chambered stomachs that allow symbiotic bacteria to break down tough plant materials; their overall ability to digest fibers is similar to that of the ungulates (von Engelhardt et al. 1978). Their mandibular motions have often been described as chewing cud (Hendrichs 1966), although there is no evidence this behavior is associated with the regurgitation of stomach contents (Sale 1966) as in the even-toed ungulates and some of the macropods. This behavior is referred to in a passage in the Bible (Leviticus 11:5), which describes hyraxes as chewing the cud. Hyraxes also have efficient kidneys, retaining water so that they can better survive in arid environments.

Hyraxes retain a number of primitive mammalian characteristics; in particular, they have poorly developed internal temperature regulation, which they compensate for by behavioural thermoregulation such as huddling and by basking in the sun.

Distribution and habitat

Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) range

Hyraxes inhabit rocky terrain, forests, and moist savannah across sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. The rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) occurs across sub-Saharan Africa, with the exception of the Congo basin and Madagascar. The western tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax dorsalis), is found in West and Central Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, and possibly Niger. The southern tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax arboreus) is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Heterohyrax brucei, the yellow-spotted rock hyrax or bush hyrax, is found in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Southern Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, Northern South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Some species are arboreal (the western tree hyrax and southern tree hyrax) and some live on rock outcrops (rock hyrax and yellow-spotted rock hyrax).

Behavior

Hyraxes are agile climbers and quick, and active during the daylight hours. Arboreal hyraxes tend to be solitary while those dwelling in rock outcrops tend to live in colonies (Myers 2000).

Female hyraxes give birth to up to four young after a gestation period of between seven and eight months, depending on the species. The young are weaned at one to five months of age, and reach sexual maturity at 16 to 17 months.

Hyraxes living in small family groups are dominated by a single male, who aggressively defends the territory from rivals. Where there is abundant living space, the male may dominate multiple groups of females, each with their own range. The remaining males live solitary lives, often on the periphery of areas controlled by larger males, and mate only with younger females (Hoeck 1984).

Historical accounts

Hyrax on Mount Kenya

The words "rabbit," "hare," or "coney" appear as terms for the hyrax in some English translations of the Bible. Early English translators had no knowledge of the hyrax (Hebrew שָּׁפָן shaphan),and therefore no name for them. There are references to hyraxes in the Old Testament (Lev 11:4-8; Deut 14:7; Ps 104:18; Prov 30:26) and notably Leviticus 11 in which they are described as lacking a split hoof and therefore being not kosher. It also incorrectly claims that the hyrax chews its cud. Some of the modern translations refer to them as rock badgers. .

Phoenician sailors visiting the coast of Spain circa 1100s B.C.E., mistaking the European rabbit for the rock hyrax from their native homeland, gave it the name i-shepan-ham. A theory exists that an adaptation and/or corruption of this name, used by the Romans, became Hispania, leading to Spanish España and English Spain, although this theory is somewhat controversial.

Classification

The extinct meridiungulate family Archaeohyracidae, consisting of four genera of notoungulate mammals known from the Paleocene through the Oligocene of South America is a group unrelated to the true hyraxes.

List of extinct species

• Pliohyracidae
  • Geniohyinae
    • Seggeurius
    • Geniohyus
  • Saghatheriinae
    • Microhyrax
    • Meroehyrax
    • Selenohyrax
    • Bunohyrax
    • Pachyhyrax
    • Megalohyrax
    • Saghatherium
    • Thyrohyrax
  • Titanohyracinae
    • Antilohyrax
    • Titanohyrax
  • Pliohyracinae
    • Sogdohyrax
    • Kvabebihyrax
    • Prohyrax
    • Parapliohyrax
    • Pliohyrax
    • Postschizotherium
• Procaviidae
  • Procaviinae
    • Gigantohyrax
    • Procavia (Rock hyrax)
      • Procavia antigua
      • Procavia transvaalensis

Extant species

In the 2000s, taxonomists reduced the number of recognized species of hyrax. In 1995, there were eleven or more recognized species; in 2013, only four are recognized. The animals which are no longer recognised as species are regarded as subspecies of the recognized four. There are over 50 recognized subspecies and species, many of which are considered highly endangered.

• ORDER HYRACOIDEA
  • Family Procaviidae
    • Genus Dendrohyrax
      • Southern tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax arboreus
      • Western tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax dorsalis
    • Genus Heterohyrax
      • Yellow-spotted rock hyrax, Heterohyrax brucei
    • Genus Procavia
      • Rock hyrax, Procavia capensis

Evolution

Tree hyrax in the Serengeti, Tanzania

All modern hyraxes are members of the family Procaviidae (the only living family within the Hyracoidea) and are found only in Africa and the Middle East. In the past, however, hyraxes were more diverse, and widespread. The order first appears in the fossil record at a site in the Middle East in the form of Dimaitherium, 37 million years ago. For many millions of years, hyraxes were the primary terrestrial herbivore in Africa, just as odd-toed ungulates were in North America. Through the middle to late Eocene, there were many different species, the largest of them weighing the same as a small horse and the smallest the size of a mouse. During the Miocene, however, competition from the newly developed bovids, which were very efficient grazers and browsers, displaced the hyraxes out of the prime territory and into marginal niches. Nevertheless, the order remained widespread, diverse and successful as late as the end of the Pliocene (about two million years ago) with representatives throughout most of Africa, Europe and Asia.

The descendants of the giant hyracoids evolved in different ways. Some became smaller, and evolved to become the modern hyrax family. Others appear to have taken to the water (perhaps like the modern capybara), ultimately giving rise to the elephant family and perhaps also the sirenians. DNA evidence supports this hypothesis, and the small modern hyraxes share numerous features with elephants, such as toenails, excellent hearing, sensitive pads on their feet, small tusks, good memory, higher brain functions compared to other similar mammals, and the shape of some of their bones.

Hyraxes are sometimes described as being the closest living relative to the elephant, although whether this is so is disputed. Recent morphological and molecular-based classifications reveal the sirenians to be the closest living relatives of elephants. While hyraxes are closely related, they form a taxonomic outgroup to the assemblage of elephants, sirenians, and extinct orders such as Embrithopoda and Desmostylia.

Similarities with elephants and sirenia

Hyraxes share several unusual characteristics with elephants and sirenia (manatees and dugongs) which have resulted in them all being placed in the taxon Paenungulata. Male hyraxes lack a scrotum and their testicles remain tucked up in their abdominal cavity next to the kidneys; the same as elephants, manatees, and dugongs. Female hyraxes have a pair of teats near their arm pits (axilla), as well as four teats in their groin (inguinal area); elephants have a pair of teats near their axillae, and dugongs and manatees have a pair of teats, one located close to each of the front flippers. The tusks of hyraxes develop from the incisor teeth as do the tusks of elephants; in most other mammals, tusks develop from the canines. Hyraxes, like elephants, have flattened nails on the tips of their digits, rather than curved, elongated claws which are usually seen on mammals (see).

Hyraxes have highly charged myoglobin, which has been inferred to reflect an aquatic ancestry.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Myers, P. 2000. Hyracoidea. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved January 30, 2014.

Template:Hyracoidea

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