Difference between revisions of "Heterocyclic compound" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:Pyridine chemical structure.png|thumb|350px|Various representations of a molecule of pyridine. The hexagonal ring is composed of five carbon atoms (at the five unmarked corners) and one nitrogen atom (marked with an N).]]
 
[[Image:Pyridine chemical structure.png|thumb|350px|Various representations of a molecule of pyridine. The hexagonal ring is composed of five carbon atoms (at the five unmarked corners) and one nitrogen atom (marked with an N).]]
 
[[Image:Pyrimidine_chemical_structure.png|thumb|350px|right|Various representations of a molecule of pyrimidine. The hexagonal ring is composed of four carbon atoms (at the four unmarked corners) and two nitrogen (N) atoms.]]
 
[[Image:Pyrimidine_chemical_structure.png|thumb|350px|right|Various representations of a molecule of pyrimidine. The hexagonal ring is composed of four carbon atoms (at the four unmarked corners) and two nitrogen (N) atoms.]]
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'''Heterocyclic compounds''' are [[organic compound]]s that contain a ring structure containing atoms in addition to [[carbon]], such as [[sulfur]], [[oxygen]] or [[nitrogen]], as part of the ring. They may be either [[simple aromatic ring]]s or non-aromatic rings. Some examples are [[pyridine]] (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>N), [[pyrimidine]] (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub>) and [[dioxane]] (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>2</sub>).
 
'''Heterocyclic compounds''' are [[organic compound]]s that contain a ring structure containing atoms in addition to [[carbon]], such as [[sulfur]], [[oxygen]] or [[nitrogen]], as part of the ring. They may be either [[simple aromatic ring]]s or non-aromatic rings. Some examples are [[pyridine]] (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>N), [[pyrimidine]] (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub>) and [[dioxane]] (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>2</sub>).
  
Note that compounds such as ''[[cyclopropane]]'', an anaesthetic with explosive properties, and ''[[cyclohexane]]'', a solvent, are not heterocyclic, they are merely [[cycloalkanes]]. The suffix '-cyclic' implies a ring structure, while 'hetero' refers to an atom other than carbon, as above. Many heterocyclic compounds, including some [[amines]], are [[carcinogenic]].
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Note that compounds such as ''[[cyclopropane]]'', an anaesthetic with explosive properties, and ''[[cyclohexane]]'', a solvent, are not heterocyclic, they are merely [[cycloalkanes]]. The suffix '-cyclic' implies a ring structure, while 'hetero' refers to an atom other than carbon, as above. Many heterocyclic compounds, including some [[amines]], are [[carcinogenic]].
  
'''Heterocyclic chemistry''' is the chemistry branch dealing exclusively with synthesis, properties and applications of heterocycles especially vital to [[drug]] design.  
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''Heterocyclic chemistry'' is the chemistry branch dealing exclusively with synthesis, properties and applications of heterocycles especially vital to [[drug]] design.  
  
 
==3-membered rings==
 
==3-membered rings==
Heterocycles with three atoms in the ring are more reactive because of [[ring strain]]. Those containing one heteroatom are generally stable. Those with two heteroatoms are more likely to occur as reactive intermediates. Common 3-membered heterocycles are:
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Heterocycles with three atoms in the ring are more reactive because of [[ring strain]]. Those containing one heteroatom are generally stable. Those with two heteroatoms are more likely to occur as reactive intermediates. Common 3-membered heterocycles are:
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
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With two heteroatoms:
 
With two heteroatoms:
* Two N: [[Pyridazine]], [[Pyrimidine]], and [[Pyrazine]] are the 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-isomers, respectively.
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* Two N: [[Pyridazine]], [[Pyrimidine]], and [[Pyrazine]] are the 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-isomers, respectively.
* Two N: [[Piperazine]]
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* Two N: [[Piperazine]]
 
* One N and one O: [[Oxazines]]
 
* One N and one O: [[Oxazines]]
 
* One N and one S: [[Thiazine]]
 
* One N and one S: [[Thiazine]]
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==Heterocyclic amines and cancer==
 
==Heterocyclic amines and cancer==
Some heterocyclic amines (HCAs) found in cooked meat are known [[carcinogen]]s. Research has shown that cooking certain meats at high temperatures creates chemicals that are not present in uncooked meats. For example, heterocyclic amines are the carcinogenic chemicals formed from the cooking of muscle meats such as [[beef]], [[pork]], [[fowl]], and [[fish]]. HCAs form when [[amino acids]] and [[creatine]] (a chemical found in muscles) react at high cooking temperatures. Researchers have identified 17 different HCAs resulting from the cooking of muscle meats that may pose human cancer risk.<ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/heterocyclic-amines Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats]. National Cancer Institute. Retrieved November 4, 2007.</ref> NCI's Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics found a link between individuals with [[stomach cancer]] and the consumption of cooked meat, and other studies for [[colorectal]], [[pancreatic]], and [[breast cancer]] is associated with high intakes of well-done, fried, or [[barbecue]]d meats. Other sources of [[protein]] ([[milk]], [[egg (food)|eggs]], [[tofu]], and organ meats such as [[liver]]) have very little or no HCA content naturally or when cooked.
+
Some heterocyclic amines (HCAs) found in cooked meat are known [[carcinogen]]s. Research has shown that cooking certain meats at high temperatures creates chemicals that are not present in uncooked meats. For example, heterocyclic amines are the carcinogenic chemicals formed from the cooking of muscle meats such as [[beef]], [[pork]], [[fowl]], and [[fish]]. HCAs form when [[amino acids]] and [[creatine]] (a chemical found in muscles) react at high cooking temperatures. Researchers have identified 17 different HCAs resulting from the cooking of muscle meats that may pose human cancer risk.<ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/heterocyclic-amines Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats] National Cancer Institute. Retrieved December 10, 2007.</ref> NCI's Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics found a link between individuals with [[stomach cancer]] and the consumption of cooked meat, and other studies for [[colorectal]], [[pancreatic]], and [[breast cancer]] is associated with high intakes of well-done, fried, or [[barbecue]]d meats. Other sources of [[protein]] ([[milk]], [[egg (food)|eggs]], [[tofu]], and organ meats such as [[liver]]) have very little or no HCA content naturally or when cooked.
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
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==References==
 
==References==
  
* Eicher, Theophil, Siegfried Hauptmann, and Andreas Speicher. 2003. ''The Chemistry of Heterocycles: Structure, Reactions, Syntheses, and Applications''. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527307206.
+
* Eicher, Theophil, Siegfried Hauptmann, and Andreas Speicher. 2003. ''The Chemistry of Heterocycles: Structure, Reactions, Syntheses, and Applications''. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527307206
 
+
* Joule, J. A., and K. Mills. 2000. ''Heterocyclic Chemistry''. 4th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0632054530
* Joule, J. A., and K. Mills. 2000. ''Heterocyclic Chemistry''. 4th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0632054530.
+
* McMurry, John. 2004. ''Organic Chemistry''. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0534420052
 
+
* Morrison, Robert T., and Robert N. Boyd. 1992. ''Organic Chemistry''. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-643669-2
* McMurry, John. 2004. ''Organic Chemistry''. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0534420052.
+
* Solomons, T.W. Graham, and Craig B. Fryhle. 2004. ''Organic Chemistry''. 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. ISBN 0471417998
 
 
* Morrison, Robert T., and Robert N. Boyd. 1992. ''Organic Chemistry''. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-643669-2.
 
 
 
* Solomons, T.W. Graham, and Fryhle, Craig B. 2004. ''Organic Chemistry''. 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. ISBN 0471417998.
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
  
* [http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/heterocyclic-amines Heterocyclic amines in cooked meat, US CDC]. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
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* [http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/heterocyclic-amines Heterocyclic amines in cooked meat, US CDC] Retrieved December 10, 2007.
* [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_1_3x_Known_and_Probable_Carcinogens.asp List of known and probable carcinogens, American Cancer Society]. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
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* [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_1_3x_Known_and_Probable_Carcinogens.asp List of known and probable carcinogens, American Cancer Society] Retrieved December 10, 2007.
* [http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-groups/one-list.tcl?short_list_name=p65 List of known carcinogens by the State of California, Proposition 65] (more comprehensive). Retrieved November 4, 2007.
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* [http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-groups/one-list.tcl?short_list_name=p65 List of known carcinogens by the State of California, Proposition 65] (more comprehensive). Retrieved December 10, 2007.
  
 
[[Category:Physical sciences]]
 
[[Category:Physical sciences]]

Revision as of 22:41, 10 December 2007


Various representations of a molecule of pyridine. The hexagonal ring is composed of five carbon atoms (at the five unmarked corners) and one nitrogen atom (marked with an N).
Various representations of a molecule of pyrimidine. The hexagonal ring is composed of four carbon atoms (at the four unmarked corners) and two nitrogen (N) atoms.
A molecule of 1,4-dioxane has two oxygen (O) atoms in its ring structure.

Heterocyclic compounds are organic compounds that contain a ring structure containing atoms in addition to carbon, such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen, as part of the ring. They may be either simple aromatic rings or non-aromatic rings. Some examples are pyridine (C5H5N), pyrimidine (C4H4N2) and dioxane (C4H8O2).

Note that compounds such as cyclopropane, an anaesthetic with explosive properties, and cyclohexane, a solvent, are not heterocyclic, they are merely cycloalkanes. The suffix '-cyclic' implies a ring structure, while 'hetero' refers to an atom other than carbon, as above. Many heterocyclic compounds, including some amines, are carcinogenic.

Heterocyclic chemistry is the chemistry branch dealing exclusively with synthesis, properties and applications of heterocycles especially vital to drug design.

3-membered rings

Heterocycles with three atoms in the ring are more reactive because of ring strain. Those containing one heteroatom are generally stable. Those with two heteroatoms are more likely to occur as reactive intermediates. Common 3-membered heterocycles are:

heteroatom saturated unsaturated
Nitrogen aziridine
Oxygen ethylene oxide (epoxides, oxiranes) oxirene
Sulphur thiirane (episulfides)

4-membered rings

heteroatom saturated unsaturated
Nitrogen azetidine
Oxygen oxetane

5-membered rings

With heterocycles containing five atoms, the unsaturated compounds are frequently more stable because of aromaticity.

heteroatom saturated unsaturated
Nitrogen dihydropyrrole (pyrroline) & tetrahydropyrrole (pyrrolidine) pyrrole
Oxygen dihydrofuran & tetrahydrofuran furan
Sulphur dihydrothiophene & tetrahydrothiophene thiophene (thiole)
Arsenic arsole

With two heteroatoms:

  • The azoles:
    • Two N: pyrazole & imidazole
    • Three N: triazole
    • Four N: tetrazole
    • One N and one O: oxazole & isoxazole
    • One N and one S: thiazole & isothiazole
  • Two S: Dithiolane

6-membered rings

heteroatom saturated unsaturated
Nitrogen piperidine pyridine
Oxygen tetrahydropyran pyran
Sulphur Thiane Thiine aka thiapyrane

With two heteroatoms:

  • Two N: Pyridazine, Pyrimidine, and Pyrazine are the 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-isomers, respectively.
  • Two N: Piperazine
  • One N and one O: Oxazines
  • One N and one S: Thiazine
  • Two S: Dithiane
  • Two O: Dioxane

Heterocyclic amines and cancer

Some heterocyclic amines (HCAs) found in cooked meat are known carcinogens. Research has shown that cooking certain meats at high temperatures creates chemicals that are not present in uncooked meats. For example, heterocyclic amines are the carcinogenic chemicals formed from the cooking of muscle meats such as beef, pork, fowl, and fish. HCAs form when amino acids and creatine (a chemical found in muscles) react at high cooking temperatures. Researchers have identified 17 different HCAs resulting from the cooking of muscle meats that may pose human cancer risk.[1] NCI's Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics found a link between individuals with stomach cancer and the consumption of cooked meat, and other studies for colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancer is associated with high intakes of well-done, fried, or barbecued meats. Other sources of protein (milk, eggs, tofu, and organ meats such as liver) have very little or no HCA content naturally or when cooked.

See also

Notes

  1. Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats National Cancer Institute. Retrieved December 10, 2007.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Eicher, Theophil, Siegfried Hauptmann, and Andreas Speicher. 2003. The Chemistry of Heterocycles: Structure, Reactions, Syntheses, and Applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527307206
  • Joule, J. A., and K. Mills. 2000. Heterocyclic Chemistry. 4th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0632054530
  • McMurry, John. 2004. Organic Chemistry. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0534420052
  • Morrison, Robert T., and Robert N. Boyd. 1992. Organic Chemistry. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-643669-2
  • Solomons, T.W. Graham, and Craig B. Fryhle. 2004. Organic Chemistry. 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. ISBN 0471417998

External links

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