Difference between revisions of "Herod Antipas" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
Line 47: Line 47:
 
[[Image:Musée de Lille P. F. de Grebber.jpg|thumb|250px|Antipas and Herodias reacted to the preaching of [[John the Baptist]].]]
 
[[Image:Musée de Lille P. F. de Grebber.jpg|thumb|250px|Antipas and Herodias reacted to the preaching of [[John the Baptist]].]]
 
[[Image:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. 015.jpg|thumb|250px|Antipas reacts in horror at the sight of [[John the Baptist]]'s head, painting by Lucas Cranach, 1531.]]
 
[[Image:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. 015.jpg|thumb|250px|Antipas reacts in horror at the sight of [[John the Baptist]]'s head, painting by Lucas Cranach, 1531.]]
 +
[[Image:Duccio di Buoninsegna 027a.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Christ]] on trial before Antipas]]
 
Early in his reign, Antipas had married the daughter of King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]] of [[Nabatea]]. However, while staying in Rome with his half-brother, he fell in love with his host's wife, [[Herodias]], who, unlike Antipas, carried noble [[Hasmonean]] blood. Antipas and Herodias agreed to divorce their previous spouses in order to marry each other, a move which, besides its romantic motive, would also increase any future claim to the Judean throne by Antipas, who was a Samaritan on this mother's side. <ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.109 18.109&ndash;110] Retrieved January 25, 2009. {{bibleverse||Mark|6:17|NRSV}} calls Herodias' former husband Philip; either the author is confusing him with [[Herod Philip II|Philip]] the tetrarch, or both Herods shared the name Philip.</ref> The divorce naturally soured Antipas' relations with the Nabatean (Southern Syrian) ruler [[Aretas IV Philopatris]]. On learning that she had been discarded by Antipas, Aretas' daughter traveled to the fortress of [[Machaerus]], where Nabatean forces escorted her to her father.
 
Early in his reign, Antipas had married the daughter of King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]] of [[Nabatea]]. However, while staying in Rome with his half-brother, he fell in love with his host's wife, [[Herodias]], who, unlike Antipas, carried noble [[Hasmonean]] blood. Antipas and Herodias agreed to divorce their previous spouses in order to marry each other, a move which, besides its romantic motive, would also increase any future claim to the Judean throne by Antipas, who was a Samaritan on this mother's side. <ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.109 18.109&ndash;110] Retrieved January 25, 2009. {{bibleverse||Mark|6:17|NRSV}} calls Herodias' former husband Philip; either the author is confusing him with [[Herod Philip II|Philip]] the tetrarch, or both Herods shared the name Philip.</ref> The divorce naturally soured Antipas' relations with the Nabatean (Southern Syrian) ruler [[Aretas IV Philopatris]]. On learning that she had been discarded by Antipas, Aretas' daughter traveled to the fortress of [[Machaerus]], where Nabatean forces escorted her to her father.
  

Revision as of 22:32, 25 January 2009

Herod Antipas
Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea
Levy H L Herod-s Wife.jpg
Antipas (left) views John the Baptist's head
Reign 4 B.C.E. – AD 39
Born Before 20 B.C.E.
Died After AD 39
Gaul
Predecessor Herod the Great
Successor Agrippa I
Father Herod the Great
Mother Malthace

Herod Antipas (short for Antipatros) (before 20 B.C.E. – after 39 C.E. was a first-century CE Jewish-Idumean ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter"). He is best known from New Testament accounts describing his purported role in the events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth.

The son of Herod the Great Antipas ruled a smaller area than his father as a client state of the Roman Empire. He was responsible for building projects at Sepphoris and Betharamphtha, and the construction of his capital Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Antipas divorced his first wife, the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea, in favor of Herodias, who had formerly been married to his brother. It was John the Baptist's condemnation of this arrangement that led Antipas to have him arrested and subsequently executed dramatic fashion as told in the Gospels.

The Gospel of Luke states that when Jesus was brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, Pilate handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been active. However, Antipas sent him back to Pilate. The historicity of Antipas' involvement in the trial has been the subject of much scholarly debate.

Antipas' divorce added a personal grievance to previous disputes with Aretas over territory on the border of Perea and Nabatea. The result was a war that proved disastrous for Antipas. In 39 C.E. he was accused by his nephew, Agrippa I, of conspiracy against the new Roman emperor, Caligula, who sent him into exile in Gaul. Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an unknown later date.

Biography

Early life

Antipas was the son of King Herod the Great of Judea and one of Herod's several wives, Malthace, who was from Samaria.[1] His date of birth is unknown uncertain. Named for his grandfather Antipater, he was educated in Rome, along with his full brother Archelaus and his half-brother Philip were educated in Rome, both of whom also bore the surname of Herod.

Antipas was not Herod the Great's first choice of heir. That honor originally fell to Aristobulus and Alexander, Herod's sons by the Hasmonaean princess Mariamne. However, these heirs fell afoul of Herod's suspicious and ruthless nature and were consequently executed for treason (c. 7 B.C.E.). Herod's oldest son Antipater was then convicted of attempting to poison his father (5 B.C.E.), and the now elderly Herod fell back on his youngest son Antipas, revising his will to make him heir. During his fatal illness in 4 B.C.E., Herod had yet another change of heart about the succession. According to the final version of the will, Antipas' elder brother Archelaus was to become king of Judea, Idumea and Samaria, while Antipas would rule Galilee and Perea with the lesser title of tetrarch. Philip was to receive Gaulanitis (the Golan Heights), Batanaea (southern Syria), Trachonitis, and Auranitis (Hauran).

Because of Judea's status as a Roman client kingdom, Herod's plans for the succession had to be ratified by Augustus. The three heirs therefore traveled to Rome to make their claims, Antipas arguing he ought to inherit the whole kingdom and the others maintaining that Herod's final will ought to be honored. Augustus largely confirmed the division of territory set out by Herod in his final will, with Archelaus taking the prize territories. The brothers, however, had to be content with the title of ethnarch rather than king.

Early reign

The Division of Herod's Kingdom:
██ Territory under Herod Archelaus,Iudaea Province██ Territory under Herod Antipas██ Territory under Herod Philip II██ Salome I (cities of Jabneh, Azotas, Phaesalis)██ Roman province of Syria██ Autonomous cities (Decapolis)
File:Antipas coin s.jpg
Coin of Herod Antipas

Antipas would govern Galilee and Perea for 42 years. Archelaus, meanwhile, was deemed incompetent by Augustus and replaced with a prefect in 6 C.E. Antipas' territories were separated by the region of the Decapolis, with Galilee to the north and Perea to the south (see map). Matthew's report

Antipas faced several challenges to his rule early in his reign. While he had been making his case to Augustus in Rome, a Jewish faction led by one Judas son of Hezekiah had attacked the palace of Sepphoris in Galilee, seizing money and weapons. This Judas may be identical with the Judas of Galilee who led resistance to the census conducted by the Roman governor of Syria, Quirinius, and who is mentioned by the Pharisaic leader Gamaliel in Acts 5:37 as a would-be Messiah. In a counterattack ordered by the Roman general Quinctilius Varus Sepphoris, which had supported Judas, was destroyed by fire and many of its inhabitants sold as slaves. Perea, meanwhile, bordered on the kingdom of Nabatea, which had long had uneasy relations with Romans and Jews.

Antipa, like his father before, demonstrated his value both the Jews and the Romans by various impressive construction project. He rebuilt and fortified Sepphoris, and current scholarship suggests that the "carptener" [Saint Joseph|Joseph]] and his sons may have found work in Sepphoris, which within walking distance from Nazareth. Antiapas also added a wall to Betharamphtha in Perea renamed it "Livias" after Augustus' wife Livia, and later Julias after his daughter. However, his most famous construction project was his capital on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee – Tiberias, so named to honor his patron Emperor Tiberius, who had succeeded Augustus in 14 C.E. Residents there could bathe nearby at the warm springs of Emmaus, and by the time of the First Jewish-Roman War the city's buildings included a stadium, a royal palace, and a sanctuary for prayer. It later became a center of rabbinic learning. However, pious Jews at first refused to live in it because it was built atop a graveyard and therefore a source of ritual impurity, while some also had no desire to support Antipas, whom they viewed as a Roman collaborator. Antipas thus had to colonize Tiberas with a mixture of foreigners, forced migrants, freed slaves, and impoverished Jews.

Despite his willingness to cooperate with Rome, Antipas at times showed senstivity to Jewish tradition. His coins carried no images, which would have violated Jewish prescriptions against idolatry. And when Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea from 26 C.E. to 36 C.E., caused offense by placing Roman votive shields in the royal palace at Jerusalem, Antipas and his brothers successfully petitioned for their removal.[2]

John the Baptist and Jesus

Antipas and Herodias reacted to the preaching of John the Baptist.
Antipas reacts in horror at the sight of John the Baptist's head, painting by Lucas Cranach, 1531.
Christ on trial before Antipas

Early in his reign, Antipas had married the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea. However, while staying in Rome with his half-brother, he fell in love with his host's wife, Herodias, who, unlike Antipas, carried noble Hasmonean blood. Antipas and Herodias agreed to divorce their previous spouses in order to marry each other, a move which, besides its romantic motive, would also increase any future claim to the Judean throne by Antipas, who was a Samaritan on this mother's side. [3] The divorce naturally soured Antipas' relations with the Nabatean (Southern Syrian) ruler Aretas IV Philopatris. On learning that she had been discarded by Antipas, Aretas' daughter traveled to the fortress of Machaerus, where Nabatean forces escorted her to her father.

The divorce also provoked controversy closer to home. Probably around 28-29 C.E., John the Baptist began preaching and baptizing pilgrims by the Jordan River, which marked the western edge of Antipas' territory of Perea. The New Testament relates that John attacked the tetrarch's marriage as contrary to Jewish law, and the Jewish historian Josephus confirms that John's public influence made Antipas fearful of rebellion.[4] Consequently, John was imprisoned, probably in Machaerus, and later executed.[5] According to Matthew and Mark, Herod was reluctant to order John's death but was compelled by Herodias' daughter (unnamed in the text but traditionally called Salome), to whom he had promised any reward she chose in exchange for her dancing.[6]

Among those baptized by John was Jesus of Nazareth, who began his own ministry in Galilee around the time of John's imprisonment. According to Matthew and Mark, so similar were John's and Jesus' ministries that Antipas feared that the Baptist had been raised from the dead.[7] Luke reports that a group of Pharisees warned Jesus that Antipas was plotting his death, whereupon Jesus denounced the tetrarch as a "fox."[8]

Luke, unlike the other Gospels, also credits Antipas with a role in Jesus' trial. In this version, Pilate, on learning that Jesus was a Galilean and therefore under "Herod's" jurisdiction, sent him to Antipas, who was also in Jerusalem at the time. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Jesus, hoping to see him perform a miracle, but when Jesus remained silent in the face of questioning, Antipas mocked him and sent him back to Pilate. Luke reports that these events improved relations between Pilate and Herod despite some earlier enmity.[9]

Antipas' involvement in the trial of Jesus has been much debated. Some hold that there is a basis for the idea that, in the early Roman Empire, defendants were to be tried by the authorities of their home provinces, while others conclude that trials were generally based on the location of the alleged crimes. If Pilate was not required to send Jesus to Antipas, he may have been making a show of courtesy to the tetrarch or trying to shift responsibility for convicting Jesus and thus risking alienating his supporters. Some scholars, on the other hand, take the viewthat Jesus' trial by Herod Antipas is simply unhistorical. The fact that Matthew and Mark, as well as John, overlook Antipas' role is one argument in favor of this view. It has also been suggested that the trial by Antipas is a literary composition by Luke designed to parallel the trials of Paul, which Luke reports in the Book of Acts, or that it is designed to emphasize the adamant role of the Jewish leaders in demanding that action be taken both by Pilate and Antipas against Jesus.

Later reign

Meanwhile, border disputes between Antipas and King Aretas of Nabatea had been slowing moving toward open warfare, exacerbated by Antipas' divorce of Aretas' daughter. In 36 C.E. Antipas' army suffered a serious defeat after fugitives from the former tetrarchy of Philip sided with the Nabateans. Antipas was forced to appeal to Tiberius for help. The emperor ordered Lucius Vitellius, the Roman governor of Syria, to march against Aretas and ensure that he was captured or killed. Vitellius mobilized two legions, sending them on a detour around Judea and meanwhile joining Antipas in attending a festival at Jerusalem. While there he learned of the death of Tiberius March 16, 37) and concluded he lacked the authority to go to war. He then recalled his troops.[10]

The new emperor, Caligula, proved to be no friend to Antipas. When Herodias' brother, Agrippa I, fell into debt during the reign of Tiberius, Herodias had persuaded Antipas to provide for him. However, the two men quarreled and Agrippa soon departed. Agrippa had been friendly with Caligula while Tiberius was still emperor but had ended up in prison for speaking against Tiberius. When Caligula acceded to the throne in 37 C.E., he not only released his friend but granted him rule of Philip's former tetrarchy, expanding its territory and giving him the title of king.

Josephus relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, persuaded Antipas to ask Caligula for the title of king for himself. However, Agrippa simultaneously presented the emperor with a list of charges against Antipas: especially that he plotting against Caligula, alleging that Antipas had a stockpile of weaponry sufficient for 70,000 men. Antipas' admitted having the weapons but insisted on his loyalty, but Caligula decided that the tetrarch constituted a threat. In the summer of 39 C.E., Antipas' territory, wealth, and possession, were turned over to Agrippa, and Antipas was sent into exile. The place of his exile is given by Josephus as "Lugdunum" in Gaul.[11] This may mean the city now known as Lyon, or the less important Lugdunum Convenarum, which is modern Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges.

Caligula offered to allow Herodias, as Agrippa's sister, to retain her property if she separated from Antipas. However, she chose instead to join her husband in exile, where he died at an unknown date. The third-century historian Cassius Dio implies that Caligula had him killed, but this is usually treated with skepticism by modern historians.

Legacy

Antipas became famous in Christian tradition for his role in the death of John the Baptist and the trial of Jesus. A good deal of confusion exists among readers of the New Testament concerning his identity, as, except for one passage in the Book of Revelation, he is never mentioned as Antipas, but rather as simply "Herod" or "Herod the tetrarch."

The pseudepigraphical Gospel of Peter went further, stating that it was Antipas rather than Pilate who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus. In line with the work's anti-Jewish theme, this work pointedly remarked that Antipas and "the Jews," unlike Pilate, refused to "wash their hands" of responsibility for the death.

Among the followers of Jesus and members of the early Christian movement mentioned in the New Testament are Joanna, the wife of one of Antipas' stewards, and Manaen, a "foster-brother" or "companion" of Antipas who later became a teacher in the church at Antioch.

Antipas has appeared in a large number of more recent representations of the passion of Jesus – often, as in the films Jesus Christ Superstar and The Passion of the Christ, being portrayed as effeminate. He also features in The Secret Magdalene by Ki Longfellow, where he is depicted as rash, ineffective, and willing to do anything to save himself.


House of Herod
Died: after AD 39
Preceded by:
Herod I
Tetrarch of Galilee
4 B.C.E. – AD 39
Succeeded by: Agrippa I

Notes

  1. Josephus, Antiquities 17.20, War. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  2. Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius 299–305.
  3. Josephus, Antiquities 18.109–110 Retrieved January 25, 2009. Mark 6:17 calls Herodias' former husband Philip; either the author is confusing him with Philip the tetrarch, or both Herods shared the name Philip.
  4. Matthew 14:3-4; Mark 6:17-18; Luke 3:19; Josephus, Antiquities 18.118.Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  5. Josephus, Antiquities 18.119.
  6. Matthew 14:6-11; Mark 6:19-28.
  7. Matthew 14:1-2; Mark 6:14-16; cf. Luke 9:7-9.
  8. Luke 13:31-33.
  9. Luke 23:5-12.
  10. Josephus, Antiquities 18.120–126; Schürer 350. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  11. Josephus, Antiquities 18.252 Retrieved January 25, 2009.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Ancient
Modern
  • Bond, Helen K. (1998). Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation, Society for New Testament Studies monograph series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 149. ISBN 0-521-63114-9. 
  • Bruce, F. F. (1963/1965). Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea. Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society 5: 6–23.
  • Goodacre, Mark (2004-05-01). Herod Antipas in The Passion of the Christ. NT Gateway Weblog. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
  • Gundry, Robert H.. The Burden of the Passion (PDF). SBL Forum. Society of Biblical Literature. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
  • Hoehner, Harold W. (1970). "Why Did Pilate Hand Jesus Over to Antipas?", in Ernst Bammel (ed.): The Trial of Jesus: Cambridge Studies in Honour of C. F. D. Moule (PDF), Studies in Biblical Theology, London: SCM Press, 84–90. ISBN 0-334-01678-9. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
  • Jensen, Morten Hørning (2006). Herod Antipas in Galilee: The Literary and Archaeological Sources on the Reign of Herod Antipas and its Socio-economic Impact on Galilee, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 121. ISBN 3161489675. 
  • Lane Fox, Robin (1991). The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible. London: Viking, 297. ISBN 0-670-82412-7. 
  • Milwitzky, William. (1901-1906). "Antipas (Herod Antipas)". Jewish Encyclopedia: 638–639. Ed. Isidore Singer et al.. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved on 2007-10-19.
  • Schürer, Emil (1973). The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ: Volume I, revised and edited by Geza Vermes, Fergus Millar and Matthew Black, revised English edition, Edinburgh: T&T Clark. ISBN 0-567-02242-0.  Pages 340–353 treat Antipas' reign.
  • Sherwin-White, A. N. (1963). Roman Society and Roman Law in the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 28–31. ISBN 0-19-825153-X. 

External links

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.