Difference between revisions of "Herod Antipas" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
(New page: {{Otherusesof|Antipas}} {{Infobox Monarch |name = Herod Antipas |title = Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea |image = [[Ima...)
 
 
(45 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Otherusesof|Antipas}}
+
{{Images OK}}{{submitted}}{{approved}}{{Copyedited}}
 
{{Infobox Monarch
 
{{Infobox Monarch
 
|name            = Herod Antipas
 
|name            = Herod Antipas
 
|title          = [[Tetrarchy|Tetrarch]] of [[Galilee]] and [[Perea (Holy Land)|Perea]]
 
|title          = [[Tetrarchy|Tetrarch]] of [[Galilee]] and [[Perea (Holy Land)|Perea]]
|image          = [[Image:Herod Antipas.jpg|250px]]
+
|image          = [[Image:Levy H L Herod-s Wife.jpg|250px]]
|caption        = [[Herodian coinage|Coin of Herod Antipas]]
+
|caption        = Antipas (left) views [[John the Baptist]]'s head
 
|reign          = 4 B.C.E. – AD 39
 
|reign          = 4 B.C.E. – AD 39
 
|predecessor    = [[Herod the Great]]
 
|predecessor    = [[Herod the Great]]
Line 17: Line 17:
 
|place of death  = [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]]
 
|place of death  = [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]]
 
|}}
 
|}}
'''Herod Antipas''' (short for Antipatros) (before 20 B.C.E. – after 39 C.E. was a first century CE ruler of [[Galilee]] and [[Perea (Holy Land)|Perea]], who bore the title of [[tetrarchy|tetrarch]] ("ruler of a quarter"). He is best known today for his purported role in the events that led to the executions of [[John the Baptist]] and [[Jesus|Jesus of Nazareth]], both from the accounts of these events in the [[New Testament]] and their portrayal in modern media such as [[film]].
+
'''Herod Antipas''' (before 20 B.C.E. – after 39 C.E.) was a first-century CE [[Jewish]]-Idumean ruler of [[Galilee]] and [[Perea (Holy Land)|Perea]], who bore the title of [[tetrarchy|tetrarch]] ("ruler of a quarter"). He governed these territories for more than 40 years, but is best known from [[New Testament]] accounts describing his role in the events that led to the executions of [[John the Baptist]] and [[Jesus|Jesus of Nazareth]].
  
After inheriting his territories when the kingdom of his father [[Herod the Great]] was divided upon his death in 4 B.C.E., Antipas ruled them as a [[client state]] of the [[Roman Empire]]. He was responsible for building projects at [[Sepphoris]] and [[Betharamphtha]], and more importantly for the construction of his capital [[Tiberias]] on the western shore of the [[Sea of Galilee]]. Named in honor of his patron, the emperor [[Tiberius]], the city later became a center of [[Rabbinic Judaism|rabbinic]] learning.
+
The son of [[Herod the Great]], Antipas ruled as a client king of the [[Roman Empire]] over a much smaller area than his father had. He was responsible for building projects at [[Sepphoris]] and [[Betharamphtha]] and the construction of his capital, [[Tiberias]], on the western shore of the [[Sea of Galilee]]. Antipas provoked controversy when he divorced his first wife, the daughter of King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]] of [[Nabatea]], in favor of [[Herodias]], who had formerly been married to his brother, [[Herod II]]. [[John the Baptist]]'s condemnation of this arrangement led Antipas to have him arrested and subsequently executed in dramatic fashion, as told in the [[Gospels]]. The [[Gospel of Luke]] relates that when [[Jesus]] was brought before [[Pontius Pilate]] for trial, Pilate handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been active. However, Antipas sent him back to Pilate.
 
+
{{toc}}
Antipas divorced his first wife, the daughter of King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]] of [[Nabatea]], in favour of [[Herodias]], who had formerly been married to his brother. According to the New Testament [[Gospel]]s, it was John the Baptist's condemnation of this arrangement that led Antipas to have him arrested; John was subsequently put to death. The [[Gospel of Luke]] states that when Jesus was brought before [[Pontius Pilate]] for trial, Pilate handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been active. However, Antipas sent him back to Pilate. The legal basis for these events, and the very [[Historicity (Bible Studies)|historicity]] of Antipas' involvement in the trial, have been the subject of scholarly debate. Besides provoking his conflict with the Baptist, the tetrarch's divorce added a personal grievance to previous disputes with Aretas over territory on the border of Perea and Nabatea. The result was a war that proved disastrous for Antipas; a Roman counter-offensive was ordered by Tiberius, but abandoned upon that emperor's death in 37 C.E.. In 39 C.E. Antipas was accused by his nephew [[Agrippa I]] of conspiracy against the new Roman emperor [[Caligula]], who sent him into exile in [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]]. Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an unknown date.
+
Antipas' divorce added a personal grievance to an ongoing dispute with Aretas over territory on the border of Perea and Nabatea, leading to war that dealt Antipas a serious setback. In 39 C.E. he was accused by his nephew, [[Agrippa I]], of conspiracy against the new Roman emperor, [[Caligula]], who sent him into exile in [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]]. Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an unknown later date.
  
 
==Biography==
 
==Biography==
 
===Early life===
 
===Early life===
Antipas was a son of [[Herod the Great]], who had become king of [[Judea]], and [[Malthace]], who was from [[Samaria]].<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+17.20 17.20], ''[[The Wars of the Jews|War]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+1.562 1.562].</ref> His date of birth is unknown but was before 20 B.C.E.<ref>Milwitzky 638.</ref> Antipas, his full brother [[Herod Archelaus|Archelaus]] and his half-brother [[Herod Philip II|Philip]] were educated in [[ancient Rome|Rome]].<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+17.20 17.20&ndash;21].</ref>
+
[[Image:Herod tissot.jpg|thumb|125px|[[Herod the Great]]]]
 +
Antipas was the son of King [[Herod the Great]] of [[Judea]] by one of Herod's several wives, [[Malthace]], who was from [[Samaria]].<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+17.20 17.20], ''[[The Wars of the Jews|War]]''. Retrieved January 25, 2009.</ref> His date of birth is uncertain. Named for his grandfather [[Antipater]], he was educated in [[Rome]], along with his full brother [[Herod Archelaus|Archelaus]] and his half-brother [[Herod Philip II|Philip]], both of whom also bore the surname of Herod.
  
Antipas was not Herod's first choice of heir. That honor fell to [[Aristobulus IV|Aristobulus]] and Alexander, Herod's sons by the Hasmonaean princess Mariamne. It was only after they were executed (''c.'' 7 B.C.E.), and Herod's oldest son Antipater was convicted of trying to poison his father (5 B.C.E.), that the now elderly Herod fell back on his youngest son Antipas, revising his will to make him heir.<ref>Bruce 6&ndash;7; Schürer 320&ndash;325.</ref> During his fatal illness in 4 B.C.E., Herod had yet another change of heart about the succession. According to the final version of his will, Antipas' elder brother Archelaus was now to become king of Judea, [[Idumea]] and Samaria, while Antipas would rule [[Galilee]] and [[Perea (Holy Land)|Perea]] with the lesser title of [[tetrarch]]. Philip was to receive [[Gaulanitis]] (the [[Golan Heights]]), Batanaea (southern Syria), [[Trachonitis]] and Auranitis ([[Hauran]]).<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+17.188 17.188&ndash;189], ''War'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+1.664 1.664].</ref>
+
Antipas was not Herod the Great's first choice for heir. That honor originally fell to [[Aristobulus IV|Aristobulus]] and Alexander, Herod's sons by the [[Hasmonean]] princess [[Mariamne]]. However, these heirs fell afoul of Herod's suspicious and ruthless nature and were consequently executed for treason (c. 7 B.C.E.), as was their mother. Herod's oldest son, Antipater, was then convicted of attempting to poison his father (5 B.C.E.), and the new heir-apparent, Herod II, also fell out of favor. The now-elderly Herod fell back on his youngest son, Antipas, revising his will to make him heir. During his fatal illness in 4 B.C.E., Herod had yet another change of heart about the succession. According to the final version of the will, Antipas' elder brother [[Herod Archelaus|Archelaus]] was to become king of Judea, [[Idumea]], and [[Samaria]], while Antipas would rule [[Galilee]] and [[Perea (Holy Land)|Perea]]. Philip was to receive [[Gaulanitis]] (the [[Golan Heights]]), Batanaea (southern [[Syria]]), [[Trachonitis]], and Auranitis ([[Hauran]]).
  
Because of Judea's status as a Roman [[client kingdom]], Herod's plans for the succession had to be ratified by Augustus. The three heirs therefore travelled to Rome to make their claims, Antipas arguing he ought to inherit the whole kingdom and the others maintaining that Herod's final will ought to be honored. Despite qualified support for Antipas from Herodian family members in Rome, who favoured direct Roman rule of Judea but considered Antipas preferable to his brother, Augustus largely confirmed the division of territory set out by Herod in his final will. Archelaus had, however, to be content with the title of [[ethnarch]] rather than king.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+17.224 17.224&ndash;249], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+17.299 299&ndash;323].</ref>
+
Because of Judea's status as a Roman [[client kingdom]], Herod's plans for the succession had to be ratified by [[Augustus]]. The three heirs therefore traveled to Rome to make their claims, Antipas arguing he ought to inherit the whole kingdom and the others maintaining that Herod's final will ought to be honored. Augustus largely confirmed the division of territory set out by Herod in his final will, with Archelaus taking the prize territories. The brothers, however, had to be content with the title of [[ethnarch]] rather than king.
  
[[Image:Palestine after Herod.png|thumb|right|300px|The Division of [[Herod the Great|Herod's]] Kingdom: <br/>{{legend|lime|Territory under [[Herod Archelaus]], from 6 [[Iudaea Province]]}}{{legend|Fuchsia|Territory under Herod Antipas}}{{legend|orange|Territory under [[Herod Philip II]]}}{{legend|silver|[[Salome I]] (cities of [[Jabneh]], Azotas, Phaesalis)}}{{legend|green|[[Syria (Roman province)|Roman province of Syria]]}}{{legend|yellow|Autonomous cities ([[Decapolis]])}}]]
+
===Early reign===
[[Image:Antipas coin s.jpg|300px|thumb|Coin of Herod Antipas]]
+
[[Image:Palestine after Herod.png|thumb|right|300px|The Division of [[Herod the Great|Herod's]] Kingdom: <br/>{{legend|lime|Territory under [[Herod Archelaus]]}}{{legend|Fuchsia|Territory under Herod Antipas}}{{legend|orange|Territory under [[Herod Philip II]]}}{{legend|silver|Cities of [[Jabneh]], Azotas, Phaesalis}}{{legend|green|[[Syria (Roman province)|Roman province of Syria]]}}{{legend|yellow|Autonomous cities: The [[Decapolis]]}}]]
[[Image:First century palestine.gif|thumb|300px|right|Map of Israel/Palestine in the 1st century CE]]
 
[[Image:Jesus-och-Herodes.jpg|thumb|250px|Jesus before Herod Antipas, [[Albrecht Dürer]], 1509]]
 
  
===Reign===
+
After matters were resolved in [[Rome]], Antipas began his reign about a year before the turn of the [[Common Era]] and enjoyed the confidence of Rome for four decades. [[Archelaus]], however, was soon deemed incompetent by [[Augustus]] and replaced with a [[governor|prefect]] in 6 C.E.  
====To circa 29 C.E.====
 
While Archelaus was deemed incompetent by Augustus and replaced with a [[prefect]] in 6 C.E., Antipas would govern Galilee and Perea for forty-two years.<ref>Bruce 8.</ref> These territories were separated by the region of the [[Decapolis]], with Galilee to the north and Perea to the south (see map). Threats to stability in both areas would have been clear to Antipas when he took office. While he had been making his case to Augustus in Rome, dissidents led by one Judas son of Hezekiah had attacked the palace of [[Sepphoris]] in Galilee, seizing money and weapons with which they terrorised the area.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+17.271 17.271&ndash;272], ''War'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+2.56 2.56]. This Judas may be identical with the [[Judas of Galilee]] who led resistance to the [[Census of Quirinius]] (Schürer 381).</ref> In a counterattack ordered by [[Publius Quinctilius Varus|Quinctilius Varus]], Roman governor of Syria, Sepphoris was destroyed by fire and its inhabitants sold as slaves.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+17.288 17.288&ndash;289], ''War'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+2.68 2.68].</ref> Perea, meanwhile, bordered on the kingdom of [[Nabatea]], which had long had uneasy relations with Romans and Jews.<ref>For Nabatean history, see Schürer 574&ndash;586.</ref>
 
  
Part of Antipas' solution was to follow in his father's footsteps as a builder. He rebuilt and fortified Sepphoris, while also adding a wall to [[Betharamphtha]] in Perea.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.27 18.27], ''War'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+2.168 2.168].</ref> The latter city was renamed Livias after Augustus' wife [[Livia]], and later Julias after [[Julia the Elder|his daughter]].<ref>Bruce 9; Schürer 342.</ref> However, the tetrarch's most noted construction was his capital on the western shore of the [[Sea of Galilee]] &ndash; [[Tiberias]], so named to honor his patron [[Tiberius]], who had succeeded Augustus as emperor in 14 C.E.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.36 18.36].</ref> Residents could [[bathing|bathe]] nearby at the warm springs of [[Emmaus]], and by the time of the [[First Jewish-Roman War]] the city's own buildings included a stadium, a royal palace and a sanctuary for prayer.<ref>Schürer 342&ndash;343.</ref> It gave its name to the sea and later became a center of [[Rabbinic Judaism|rabbinic]] learning.<ref>Bruce 9, citing {{bibleverse||John|6:1|NRSV}} and {{bibleverse-nb||John|21:1|NRSV}} for the "Sea of Tiberias".</ref> However, pious Jews at first refused to live in it because it was built atop a graveyard and therefore a source of [[Tumah|ritual impurity]]; Antipas had to colonise it using a mixture of foreigners, [[forced migration|forced migrants]], poor people and freed slaves.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.37 18.37&ndash;38].</ref>
+
Antipas' territories were separated by the region of the [[Decapolis]], with [[Galilee]] to the north and [[Perea]] to the south. It was in the Galilee that [[Jesus of Nazareth]]'s family settled after returning from Egypt, according to Matthew's account, because Joseph felt unsafe under Archelaus in [[Judea]] (Matthew 2:22).  
  
At other times Antipas was more sensitive to Jewish tradition. His coins carried no images, which would have violated Jewish prescriptions against [[idolatry]].<ref>Schürer 343 and n. 16.</ref> When [[Pontius Pilate]], governor of Judea from 26 CEto 36 C.E., caused offence by placing votive shields in the royal palace at [[Jerusalem]], Antipas and his brothers successfully petitioned for their removal.<ref>[[Philo]], ''[http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book40.html On the Embassy to Gaius]'' 299&ndash;305.</ref>
+
Antipas faced several challenges to his rule early in his reign. While he had been making his case to Augustus in Rome, a Jewish faction led by Judas, son of Hezekiah, had attacked the palace of [[Sepphoris]] in Galilee, seizing money and weapons. This Judas may be identical with the [[Judas of Galilee]] who led resistance to the [[census]] conducted by the Roman governor of Syria, Quirinius, and who is mentioned by the Pharisaic leader [[Gamaliel]] in Acts 5:37 as a would-be [[Messiah]]. In a counterattack ordered by the Roman general [[Publius Quinctilius Varus|Quinctilius Varus]], Sepphoris was destroyed by fire and many of its inhabitants sold as slaves. Perea, meanwhile, bordered on the kingdom of [[Nabatea]], which had long experienced uneasy relations with both the Romans and the Jews.
  
====John the Baptist and Jesus====
+
Antipas, like his father before him, demonstrated his value both to the Romans and to many Jews by various impressive construction projects. He rebuilt and fortified [[Sepphoris]], and current scholarship suggests that the "carpenter" [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] and his sons may have found work in there, Sepphoris being was about five miles distance from [[Nazareth]]. Antipas also added a wall to [[Betharamphtha]] in Perea, renaming it "Livias" after Augustus' wife [[Livia]], and later "Julias" after [[Julia the Elder|the emperor's daughter]].
Early in his reign, Antipas had married the daughter of King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]] of [[Nabatea]]. However, while staying in Rome with his half-brother [[Herod Philip I|Herod]] (son of Herod the Great and [[Mariamne (third wife of Herod)|Mariamne II]]), he fell in love with his host's wife [[Herodias]] (granddaughter of Herod the Great and [[Mariamne (second wife of Herod)|Mariamne I]]). Antipas and Herodias agreed to divorce their previous spouses in order to marry each other.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.109 18.109&ndash;110]. {{bibleverse||Mark|6:17|NRSV}} calls Herodias' former husband Philip; either the author is confusing him with [[Herod Philip II|Philip]] the tetrarch, or both Herods shared the name Philip (Bruce 10 n. 16; Schürer 344 and n. 19).</ref> On learning of this, Aretas' daughter travelled to the fortress of [[Machaerus]], from where Nabatean forces escorted her to her father. Relations between Antipas and Aretas soured and in time preparations began for war.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.111 18.111&ndash;113].</ref>
 
  
Antipas faced more immediate problems in his own tetrarchy when [[John the Baptist]] &ndash; in 28/29 C.E. according to the [[Gospel of Luke]]<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|3:1|NRSV}}.</ref> &ndash; began a ministry of preaching and [[baptism]] by the [[Jordan River]], which marked the western edge of Antipas' territory of Perea. The [[New Testament]] [[Gospel]]s state that John attacked the tetrarch's marriage as contrary to Jewish law, while [[Josephus]] says that John's public influence made him fearful of rebellion.<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|14:3-4|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Mark|6:17-18|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Luke|3:19|NRSV}}; Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.118 18.118].</ref> John was imprisoned in Machaerus and executed.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.119 18.119].</ref> According to [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]], Herod was reluctant to order John's death but was compelled by Herodias' daughter (unnamed in the text but traditionally [[Salome]]), to whom he had promised any reward she chose in exchange for her dancing.<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|14:6-11|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Mark|6:19-28|NRSV}}.</ref>
+
However, his most famous construction project was his capital on the western shore of the [[Sea of Galilee]]&mdash;[[Tiberias]], named to honor his patron, Emperor [[Tiberius]], who had succeeded Augustus in 14 C.E. Residents there could [[bathing|bathe]] nearby at the warm springs of [[Emmaus]], and by the time of the [[First Jewish-Roman War]] the city's buildings included a stadium, a royal palace, and a sanctuary for prayer. It later became a center of [[Rabbinic Judaism|rabbinic]] learning.
  
Among those baptized by John was [[Jesus|Jesus of Nazareth]], who began his own ministry in Galilee &ndash; causing Antipas, according to Matthew and Mark, to fear that the Baptist had been [[resurrection|raised from the dead]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|14:1-2|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Mark|6:14-16|NRSV}}; cf. {{bibleverse||Luke|9:7-9|NRSV}}.</ref> [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] alone among the Gospels states that a group of [[Pharisees]] warned Jesus that Antipas was plotting his death, whereupon Jesus denounced the tetrarch as a "[[fox]]" and declared that he, Jesus, would not fall victim to such a plot because "it cannot be that a prophet should perish away from Jerusalem".<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|13:31-33|NRSV}}. The "fox" had been interpreted as a symbol of either cunning or destruction (Schürer 342 and n. 5). [[Robert H. Gundry]], noting that the Greek word is feminine, suggests that "Jesus is calling Herod a vixen ... not an animal to be afraid of or to run away from" (Gundry 3).</ref> Luke also credits the tetrarch with a role in Jesus' trial. According to Luke, Pilate, on learning that Jesus was a Galilean and therefore under Herod's jurisdiction, sent him to Antipas, who was also in Jerusalem at the time. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Jesus, hoping to see him perform a [[miracle]], but when Jesus remained silent in the face of questioning Antipas mocked him and sent him back to Pilate. Luke says that these events improved relations between Pilate and Herod despite their earlier enmity.<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|23:5-12|NRSV}}.</ref>
+
For many Jews and others living in his lands, Antipas was a successful ruler who provided jobs and security. The otherwise unknown party or sect mentioned in the [[New Testament]] as the [[Herodians]] may have been ardent supporters of Antipas, perhaps hoping that he would come to rule over a united Jewish kingdom including [[Judea]] and [[Samaria]] rather than serving as tetrarch of only the northern and eastern territories. However, pious Jews at first refused to live in Tiberias because it was built atop a graveyard and was therefore a source of [[Tumah|ritual impurity]]. Antipas thus had to colonize Tiberas with a mixture of foreigners, [[forced migration|forced migrants]], freed slaves, and impoverished Jews. Some had no desire to support Antipas, whom they viewed as a Roman collaborator, and the party known as the [[Zealots]] actively opposed Roman rule.
  
The reason for Antipas' involvement has been debated. [[Theodor Mommsen]] argued that the normal legal procedure of the early Roman empire was for defendants to be tried by the authorities of their home provinces.<ref>Cited by Sherwin-White 28.</ref> [[A. N. Sherwin-White]] re-examined the relevant legal texts and concluded that trials were generally based on the location of the alleged crimes, but that there was a possibility of referral to a province of origin in special cases.<ref>Sherwin-White 28&ndash;31.</ref> If Pilate was not required to send Jesus to Antipas, he may have been making a show of courtesy to the tetrarch<ref>Bruce 16&ndash;17; Hoehner 88.</ref> and trying to avoid the need to deal with the Jewish authorities himself.<ref>Hoehner 88.</ref> When Jesus was sent back, Pilate could still have represented Antipas' failure to convict as support for his own view (according to Luke) that Jesus was not guilty of a capital offence,<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|23:13-16|NRSV}}; Bruce 17; Hoehner 89&ndash;90.</ref> thus allowing him to avoid responsibility for Jesus' execution.<ref>Hoehner 90.</ref>
+
Despite his eagerness to please Rome, Antipas at times showed particular sensitivity to Jewish tradition. His coins carried no images of persons or animals, which would have violated Jewish prescriptions against [[idolatry]]. And when [[Pontius Pilate]], governor of Judea from 26 C.E. to 36 C.E., caused offense by placing Roman votive shields in the royal palace at [[Jerusalem]], Antipas and his brothers successfully petitioned for their removal.<ref>[[Philo]], ''[http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book40.html On the Embassy to Gaius]'' 299&ndash;305. Retrieved February 21, 2009.</ref>
  
Some scholars believe that Jesus' trial by Herod Antipas is unhistorical.<ref>Jensen 121.</ref> [[Robin Lane Fox]], for example, argues that the story was invented based on [[Psalms|Psalm]] 2, in which "the kings of the earth" are described as opposing the Lord's "[[anointing#The Messiah|anointed]]," and also served to show that the authorities failed to find grounds for convicting Jesus.<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalm|2:2|NRSV}} (also quoted in {{bibleverse||Acts|4:26|NRSV}}); Lane Fox 297.</ref> Helen Bond argues that the trial is probably a literary composition designed to parallel the trials of Paul.<ref>Bond 149.</ref>
+
===John the Baptist and Jesus===
 +
[[Image:Musée de Lille P. F. de Grebber.jpg|thumb|250px|Antipas and Herodias reacted to the preaching of [[John the Baptist]].]]
 +
[[Image:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. 015.jpg|thumb|250px|Antipas reacts in horror at the sight of [[John the Baptist]]'s head, painting by Lucas Cranach, 1531.]]
 +
[[Image:Duccio di Buoninsegna 027a.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Christ]] on trial before Antipas]]
 +
Early in his reign, Antipas had married the daughter of King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]] of [[Nabatea]] (Southern [[Syria]]). However, while staying in Rome with his half-brother, Herod II, he fell in love with his host's wife, [[Herodias]], who, unlike Antipas, carried noble [[Hasmonean]] blood. Antipas and Herodias agreed to [[divorce]] their previous spouses in order to marry each other, a move which, besides its romantic motive, would also increase any future claim to the Judean throne by Antipas, who was a [[Samaritan]] on this mother's side.<ref>{{bibleverse||Mark|6:17|NRSV}} calls Herodias' former husband Philip; either the author is confusing him with [[Herod Philip II|Philip]] the tetrarch, or both Philip and Herod II shared the name Philip.</ref>
  
====Later reign====
+
The divorce naturally soured Antipas' relations with Aretas. It also provoked controversy closer to home. Probably around 28-29 C.E., [[John the Baptist]] began preaching and [[baptism|baptizing]] pilgrims by the [[Jordan River]], which marked the western edge of Antipas' territory of Perea. Mark 6:20 indicates that Antipas was impressed with John's preaching. However, John attacked Antipas' marriage as contrary to Jewish law, and the Jewish historian [[Josephus]] confirms that John's public influence made Antipas fearful of rebellion.<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|14:3-4|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Mark|6:17-18|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Luke|3:19|NRSV}}; Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.118 18.118]. Retrieved January 25, 2009.</ref> Consequently, John was imprisoned, probably in Machaerus, and later executed. According to [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]], Herod was reluctant to order John's death but was compelled to deliver the Baptist's head to Herodias' daughter (unnamed here but called [[Salome]] by Josephus), to whom he had promised any reward she chose in exchange for her dancing for him.<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|14:6-11|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Mark|6:19-28|NRSV}}.</ref>
It was in 36 C.E. that the conflict with Aretas of Nabatea, caused by Antipas' divorce and the rulers' disagreement over territory, developed into open war. Antipas' army suffered a devastating defeat after fugitives from the former tetrarchy of [[Herod Philip II|Philip]] sided with the Nabateans, and Antipas was forced to appeal to Tiberius for help. The emperor ordered [[Lucius Vitellius]], governor of Syria, to march against Aretas and ensure that he was captured or killed.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.113 18.113&ndash;115]; Schürer 350.</ref> Vitellius obediently mobilized two [[Roman legion|legions]], sending them on a detour around Judea while he joined Antipas in attending a festival at Jerusalem. While staying there he learned of the death of Tiberius (16 March AD 37), concluded he lacked the authority to go to war, and recalled his troops.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.120 18.120&ndash;126]; Schürer 350.</ref>
 
  
Josephus implies that Vitellius was unwilling to cooperate with the tetrarch because of a grudge he bore from an earlier incident. According to his account, Antipas provided hospitality at a conference on the [[Euphrates]] between Vitellius and King [[Artabanus II of Parthia|Artabanus II]] of [[Parthia]], and after Vitellius' diplomatic success anticipated the governor in sending a report to Tiberius.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.101 18.101&ndash;105].</ref> However, other sources place the meeting between Vitellius and Artabanus under Tiberius' successor [[Caligula]],<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''[[On the Life of the Caesars#Life of Caligula|Caligula]]'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#14.3 14.3]; [[Cassius Dio|Dio]] [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#27.2 59.27.2&ndash;3].</ref> leading some historians to think that Josephus misdated it to the reign of Tiberius or conflated it with an earlier diplomatic meeting involving Antipas and Vitellius.<ref>Bruce 18&ndash;19; Schürer 350&ndash;351.</ref>
+
Among those baptized by John was [[Jesus|Jesus of Nazareth]], who began his own ministry in Galilee around the time of John's imprisonment. So similar were John's and Jesus' ministries that Antipas feared that the Baptist had been [[resurrection|raised from the dead]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|14:1-2|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Mark|6:14-16|NRSV}}; cf. {{bibleverse||Luke|9:7-9|NRSV}}.</ref> [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] reports that a group of [[Pharisees]] warned Jesus that Antipas was plotting his death, whereupon Jesus denounced the tetrarch as a "[[fox]]."<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|13:31-33|NRSV}}.</ref>
  
===Exile and death===
+
Luke, unlike the other Gospels, also credits Antipas with a role in Jesus' trial. In this version, [[Pontius Pilate|Pilate]], on learning that Jesus was a Galilean, sent him to Antipas, who was in Jerusalem at the time. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Jesus, hoping to see him perform a [[miracle]], but when Jesus remained silent in the face of his questioning, Antipas mocked him and sent him back to Pilate. Luke reports that these events improved relations between Pilate and Herod despite some earlier enmity.<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|23:5-12|NRSV}}.</ref>
Antipas' fall from power was due to Caligula and to his own nephew [[Agrippa I|Agrippa]], brother of [[Herodias]]. When Agrippa fell into debt during the reign of Tiberius despite his connections with the imperial family, Herodias persuaded Antipas to provide for him, but the two men quarrelled and Agrippa departed. After Agrippa was heard expressing to his friend Caligula his eagerness for Tiberius to die and leave room for Caligula to succeed him, he was imprisoned. When Caligula finally became emperor in 37 C.E., he not only released his friend but granted him rule of Philip's former tetrarchy (slightly extended), with the title of king.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.143 18.143&ndash;239], ''War'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+2.178 2.178&ndash;181]; Bruce 19&ndash;20.</ref>
 
  
Josephus relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, persuaded Antipas to ask Caligula for the title of king for himself. However, Agrippa simultaneously presented the emperor with a list of charges against the tetrarch: allegedly, he had conspired against Tiberius with [[Sejanus]] (executed 31 C.E.) and was now plotting against Caligula with Artabanus. As evidence, Agrippa noted that Antipas had a stockpile of weaponry sufficient for 70,000 men. Hearing Antipas' admission to this last charge, Caligula decided to credit the allegations of conspiracy. In the summer of 39 C.E., Antipas' money and territory were turned over to Agrippa, while he himself was exiled.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.240 18.240&ndash;252], ''War'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+2.181 2.181&ndash;183]. For the date, see Schürer 352&ndash;353 n. 42.</ref> The place of his exile is given by Josephus' ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'' as "[[Lugdunum (disambiguation)|Lugdunum]]" in [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]].<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.252 18.252].</ref> (This may mean the city of [[Lugdunum]] now known as [[Lyon]],<ref>Bruce 21.</ref> or the less important [[Lugdunum Convenarum]], modern [[Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges]].<ref>Schürer 352 n. 41, observing that the transmitted text of Josephus' ''[[The Wars of the Jews|War]]'' states that Antipas was exiled to [[Hispania|Spain]], and that [[Lugdunum Convenarum]] lay on the Gallic-Spanish border.</ref>) Caligula offered to allow Herodias, as Agrippa's sister, to retain her property. However, she chose instead to join her husband in exile.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.253 18.253&ndash;255].</ref>
+
Antipas' involvement in the trial of Jesus has been much debated. Some hold that there is a basis for the idea that, in the early [[Roman Empire]], defendants were to be tried by the authorities of their home provinces, while others conclude that trials were generally based on the location of the alleged crimes. Some scholars take the view that Jesus' trial by Herod Antipas is simply unhistorical. The fact that Matthew and Mark, as well as John, know nothing of Antipas' role is one argument in favor of this opinion. It has also been suggested that the trial by Antipas is a literary composition by Luke designed to parallel the trials of [[Saint Paul|Paul]], which Luke reports in his [[Book of Acts]].
  
Antipas died in exile.<ref>Josephus, ''War'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+2.181 2.183].</ref> The third-century historian [[Cassius Dio]] seems to imply that Caligula had him killed, but this is usually treated with skepticism by modern historians.<ref>Dio [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#8.2 59.8.2]; Milwitzky 639. Schürer calls Dio's statement "confused" (353), while Bruce simply remarks that "in exile Antipas and Herodias together disappear from history" (21).</ref>
+
===Later reign===
 +
[[Image:Caligula bust.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Caligula]]]]
 +
Meanwhile, border disputes between Antipas and King Aretas of Nabatea had been slowly moving toward open warfare, exacerbated by Antipas' divorce of Aretas' daughter. In 36 C.E. Antipas' army suffered a serious defeat after fugitives from the former tetrarchy of [[Herod Philip II|Philip]] sided with the Nabateans. Antipas was forced to appeal to Tiberius for help. The emperor ordered [[Lucius Vitellius]], the Roman governor of Syria, to march against Aretas and ensure that he was captured or killed. Vitellius mobilized two [[Roman legion|legions]], sending them on a detour around Judea and meanwhile joining Antipas in attending a festival at Jerusalem. While there, he learned of the death of Tiberius on March 16, 37. He then recalled his troops.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.120 18.120&ndash;126]. Retrieved January 25, 2009.</ref>
 +
 
 +
The new emperor, [[Caligula]], proved to be no friend to Antipas. When Herodias' brother, [[Agrippa I]], had fallen into debt during the reign of Tiberius, Herodias had persuaded Antipas to provide for him. However, the two men quarreled, and Agrippa soon departed. Agrippa was friendly with Caligula while Tiberius was still emperor but ended up in prison for speaking against Tiberius. When Caligula acceded to the throne in 37 C.E., he not only released his friend but granted him rule of Philip's former tetrarchy, expanding its territory and giving him the title of king. Josephus relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, persuaded Antipas to ask Caligula for the title of king as well. However, Agrippa simultaneously presented the emperor with a list of charges against Antipas, including that he plotted against the emperor and that Antipas had a stockpile of weaponry sufficient for 70,000 men. Antipas' admitted having the weapons but insisted on his loyalty; Caligula decided that the tetrarch constituted a threat.
 +
 
 +
In the summer of 39 C.E., Antipas' territory, wealth, and possessions were turned over to Agrippa, and Antipas was sent into exile. The place of his exile is given by Josephus as "[[Lugdunum (disambiguation)|Lugdunum]]" in [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]].<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.252 18.252] Retrieved January 25, 2009.</ref> This may mean the city now known as [[Lyon]], or the less important [[Lugdunum Convenarum]], which is modern [[Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges]]. Caligula offered to allow Herodias, as Agrippa's sister, to retain her property if she separated from Antipas. However, she chose instead to join her husband in exile, where they died at an unknown date. The third-century historian [[Cassius Dio]] implies that Caligula had him killed, but this is usually treated with [[skepticism]] by modern historians.
  
 
==Legacy==
 
==Legacy==
Among the followers of Jesus and members of the early Christian movement mentioned in the New Testament are [[Saint Joanna|Joanna]], the wife of one of Antipas' stewards, and [[Manahen|Manaen]], a "foster-brother" or "companion" of Antipas (both translations are possible for the Greek {{Polytonic|σύντροφος}}). It has been conjectured that these were sources for early Christian knowledge of Antipas and his court.<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|8:3|NRSV}} and {{bibleverse||Acts|13:1|NRSV}}, with Bruce 13&ndash;14; Lane Fox 297 is skeptical.</ref> In any case, Antipas featured prominently in the New Testament in connection with the deaths of John the Baptist and Jesus (see [[#John the Baptist and Jesus|above]]). The [[pseudepigrapha|pseudepigraphical]] ''[[Gospel of Peter]]'' went further, stating that it was Antipas rather than [[Pontius Pilate|Pilate]] who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus. In line with the work's [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] theme, it pointedly remarked that Herod and "the Jews," unlike Pilate, refused to "wash their hands" of responsibility for the death.<ref>''[[Gospel of Peter]]'' [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/gospelpeter.html 1].</ref>
+
Antipas became famous in Christian tradition for his role in the death of [[John the Baptist]] and the trial of [[Jesus]]. A good deal of confusion exists among readers of the [[New Testament]] concerning his identity, however, as the Gospels do not give his name as Antipas, but rather as simply "Herod" or "Herod the tetrarch."
 +
 
 +
Among the followers of Jesus and members of the early Christian movement mentioned in the [[New Testament]] are [[Saint Joanna|Joanna]], the wife of one of Antipas' stewards, and [[Manahen|Manaen]], a "foster-brother" or "companion" of Antipas who later became a teacher in the church at [[Antioch]].
 +
 
 +
The [[pseudepigrapha|pseudepigraphical]] ''[[Gospel of Peter]]'' claimed that it was Antipas rather than [[Pontius Pilate|Pilate]] who ordered the [[crucifixion]] of Jesus. In line with the work's [[Anti-Judaism|anti-Jewish]] theme, this work pointedly remarked that Antipas and "the Jews," unlike Pilate, refused to "wash their hands" of responsibility for the death.
  
Antipas has appeared in a large number of more recent representations of the [[Passion (Christianity)|passion]] of Jesus &ndash; often, as in the films ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar (film)|Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' and ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'', being portrayed as effeminate. The origin of this tradition may have been Antipas' manipulation by his wife Herodias, as well as Christ's description of him as a "fox" in Luke 13:32, using a feminine word in the original Greek.<ref>Gundry 3, endorsed by Goodacre ''passim''.</ref>  He also features in [[The Secret Magdalene (book)|The Secret Magdalene]] by [[Ki Longfellow]]. In Longfellow's view, he was not effeminate so much as rash, ineffective, and when backed into a corner by his furious ex-father-in-law, willing to do anything to save himself.
+
In modern times, the Reverend [[Sun Myung Moon]] taught that [[John the Baptist]]'s criticism of Antipas was a fatal error and that it was John's duty to mediate between Jesus and Jewish rulers like Antipas. Antipas has also appeared in a large number of more film representations of the [[Passion (Christianity)|passion]] of Jesus. Early Hollywood portrayals depicted him as exceedingly lustful in his desire for Herodias' daughter, while the more recent films ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar (film)|Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' and ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'', portray him as effeminate. He also features in [[The Secret Magdalene (book)|The Secret Magdalene]] by [[Ki Longfellow]], where he is depicted as rash, ineffective, and willing to do anything to save himself.
  
 
{{start}}
 
{{start}}
Line 83: Line 91:
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
;Ancient
+
* Darr, John A. ''Herod the Fox: Audience Criticism and Lukan Characterization'', Journal for the study of the New Testament, 163. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998. ISBN 9781850758839
<div class="references-small">
+
* Hoehner, Harold W. ''Herod Antipas'', Cambridge [Eng.]: University Press, 1972. ISBN 9780521081320
*The [[Bible]]: {{bibleverse||Psalm|2:2|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Matthew|14:1-11|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Mark|6:14-28|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Luke|3:1|NRSV}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Luke|3:19-20|NRSV}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Luke|8:3|NRSV}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Luke|9:7-9|NRSV}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Luke|13:31-33|NRSV}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Luke|23:5-16|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||John|6:1|NRSV}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|21:1|NRSV}}; {{bibleverse||Acts|4:26|NRSV}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Acts|13:1|NRSV}}.
+
* Kokkinos, Nikos. ''The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in Society and Eclipse'', Journal for the study of the pseudepigrapha, 30. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998. ISBN 9781850756903
*[[Cassius Dio|Dio]] [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#8.2 59.8.2], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#27.2 59.27.2&ndash;3].
+
* Jensen, Morten Hørning. ''Herod Antipas in Galilee: The Literary and Archaeological Sources on the Reign of Herod Antipas and Its Socio-Economic Impact on Galilee'', Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 215. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006. ISBN 9783161489679
*[[Josephus]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+17.1 17&ndash;18], ''[[The Wars of the Jews|War]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+1.1 1&ndash;2].
 
*''[[Gospel of Peter]]'' [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/gospelpeter.html 1].
 
*[[Philo]], ''[http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book40.html On the Embassy to Gaius]'' 299&ndash;305.
 
*[[Suetonius]], ''[[On the Life of the Caesars#Life of Caligula|Caligula]]'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#14.3 14.3].
 
</div>
 
;Modern
 
<div class="references-small">
 
*{{cite book |last=Bond |first=Helen K. |title=Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation |series=Society for New Testament Studies monograph series |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-63114-9 |pages=149 }}
 
*{{cite journal |last=Bruce |first=F. F. |authorlink=F. F. Bruce |year=1963/1965 |title=Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea |journal=Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society |volume=5 |pages=6&ndash;23 |url=http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/herod_bruce.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |accessdate=2007-10-19 }}
 
*{{cite web |last=Goodacre |first=Mark |url=http://ntgateway.com/weblog/2004/05/herod-antipas-in-passion-of-christ.html |title=Herod Antipas in The Passion of the Christ |accessdate=2007-10-19 |date=2004-05-01 |work=NT Gateway Weblog }}
 
*{{cite web |last=Gundry |first=Robert H. |authorlink=Robert H. Gundry |url=http://www.sbl-site.org/PDF/GundryLetter.pdf |title=The Burden of the Passion |accessdate=2007-10-19 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |work=SBL Forum |publisher=[[Society of Biblical Literature]] }}
 
*{{cite book |last=Hoehner |first=Harold W. |editor=Ernst Bammel (ed.) |title=The Trial of Jesus: Cambridge Studies in Honour of [[C. F. D. Moule]] |series=Studies in Biblical Theology |year=1970 |publisher=SCM Press |location=London |isbn=0-334-01678-9 |pages=84&ndash;90 |chapter=Why Did Pilate Hand Jesus Over to Antipas? |chapterurl=http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/antipas_hoehner.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |accessdate=2007-10-19 }}
 
*{{cite book |last=Jensen |first=Morten Hørning |title=Herod Antipas in Galilee: The Literary and Archaeological Sources on the Reign of Herod Antipas and its Socio-economic Impact on Galilee |series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |year=2006 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |location=Tübingen |isbn=3161489675 |pages=121 }}
 
*{{cite book |last=Lane Fox |first=Robin |authorlink=Robin Lane Fox |title=The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible |year=1991 |publisher=Viking |location=London |isbn=0-670-82412-7 |pages=297 }}
 
*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Milwitzky |first=William |editor=[[Isidore Singer]] ''et al.'' |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] |title=Antipas (Herod Antipas) |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1597&letter=A |accessdate=2007-10-19 |year=1901-1906 |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |location=New York |pages=638&ndash;639 }}
 
*{{cite book |last=Schürer |first=Emil |authorlink=Emil Schürer |others=revised and edited by [[Geza Vermes]], [[Fergus Millar]] and Matthew Black |title=The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ: Volume I |edition=revised English edition |year=1973 |publisher=T&T Clark |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0-567-02242-0 }} Pages 340&ndash;353 treat Antipas' reign.
 
*{{cite book |last=Sherwin-White |first=A. N. |authorlink=A. N. Sherwin-White |title=Roman Society and Roman Law in the New Testament |year=1963 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-825153-X |pages=28&ndash;31 }}
 
</div>
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
*[http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antipas.html Galilee under Antipas] and [http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antipas_2.html Antipas] entries in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
+
All links retrieved December 22, 2017.
 +
*[http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antipas.html Galilee under Antipas]  
 +
*[http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antipas_2.html Antipas] entries in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith.
  
{{New Testament people}}
 
  
{{Persondata
 
|NAME              = Herod Antipas
 
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
 
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = [[Tetrarch]] of [[Galilee]] and [[Perea (Holy Land)|Perea]]
 
|DATE OF BIRTH    = Before 20 B.C.E.
 
|PLACE OF BIRTH    =
 
|DATE OF DEATH    = After AD 39
 
|PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]]
 
}}
 
 
[[Category:biography]]
 
[[Category:biography]]
 
[[Category:philosophy and religion]]
 
[[Category:philosophy and religion]]
Line 125: Line 107:
 
[[Category:Judaism]]
 
[[Category:Judaism]]
 
[[Category:Christianity]]
 
[[Category:Christianity]]
 +
[[Category:bible]]
 
{{credit|265185762}}
 
{{credit|265185762}}

Latest revision as of 14:56, 12 February 2022

Herod Antipas
Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea
Levy H L Herod-s Wife.jpg
Antipas (left) views John the Baptist's head
Reign 4 B.C.E. – AD 39
Born Before 20 B.C.E.
Died After AD 39
Gaul
Predecessor Herod the Great
Successor Agrippa I
Father Herod the Great
Mother Malthace

Herod Antipas (before 20 B.C.E. – after 39 C.E.) was a first-century CE Jewish-Idumean ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter"). He governed these territories for more than 40 years, but is best known from New Testament accounts describing his role in the events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth.

The son of Herod the Great, Antipas ruled as a client king of the Roman Empire over a much smaller area than his father had. He was responsible for building projects at Sepphoris and Betharamphtha and the construction of his capital, Tiberias, on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Antipas provoked controversy when he divorced his first wife, the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea, in favor of Herodias, who had formerly been married to his brother, Herod II. John the Baptist's condemnation of this arrangement led Antipas to have him arrested and subsequently executed in dramatic fashion, as told in the Gospels. The Gospel of Luke relates that when Jesus was brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, Pilate handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been active. However, Antipas sent him back to Pilate.

Antipas' divorce added a personal grievance to an ongoing dispute with Aretas over territory on the border of Perea and Nabatea, leading to war that dealt Antipas a serious setback. In 39 C.E. he was accused by his nephew, Agrippa I, of conspiracy against the new Roman emperor, Caligula, who sent him into exile in Gaul. Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an unknown later date.

Biography

Early life

Antipas was the son of King Herod the Great of Judea by one of Herod's several wives, Malthace, who was from Samaria.[1] His date of birth is uncertain. Named for his grandfather Antipater, he was educated in Rome, along with his full brother Archelaus and his half-brother Philip, both of whom also bore the surname of Herod.

Antipas was not Herod the Great's first choice for heir. That honor originally fell to Aristobulus and Alexander, Herod's sons by the Hasmonean princess Mariamne. However, these heirs fell afoul of Herod's suspicious and ruthless nature and were consequently executed for treason (c. 7 B.C.E.), as was their mother. Herod's oldest son, Antipater, was then convicted of attempting to poison his father (5 B.C.E.), and the new heir-apparent, Herod II, also fell out of favor. The now-elderly Herod fell back on his youngest son, Antipas, revising his will to make him heir. During his fatal illness in 4 B.C.E., Herod had yet another change of heart about the succession. According to the final version of the will, Antipas' elder brother Archelaus was to become king of Judea, Idumea, and Samaria, while Antipas would rule Galilee and Perea. Philip was to receive Gaulanitis (the Golan Heights), Batanaea (southern Syria), Trachonitis, and Auranitis (Hauran).

Because of Judea's status as a Roman client kingdom, Herod's plans for the succession had to be ratified by Augustus. The three heirs therefore traveled to Rome to make their claims, Antipas arguing he ought to inherit the whole kingdom and the others maintaining that Herod's final will ought to be honored. Augustus largely confirmed the division of territory set out by Herod in his final will, with Archelaus taking the prize territories. The brothers, however, had to be content with the title of ethnarch rather than king.

Early reign

The Division of Herod's Kingdom:
██ Territory under Herod Archelaus██ Territory under Herod Antipas██ Territory under Herod Philip II██ Cities of Jabneh, Azotas, Phaesalis██ Roman province of Syria██ Autonomous cities: The Decapolis

After matters were resolved in Rome, Antipas began his reign about a year before the turn of the Common Era and enjoyed the confidence of Rome for four decades. Archelaus, however, was soon deemed incompetent by Augustus and replaced with a prefect in 6 C.E.

Antipas' territories were separated by the region of the Decapolis, with Galilee to the north and Perea to the south. It was in the Galilee that Jesus of Nazareth's family settled after returning from Egypt, according to Matthew's account, because Joseph felt unsafe under Archelaus in Judea (Matthew 2:22).

Antipas faced several challenges to his rule early in his reign. While he had been making his case to Augustus in Rome, a Jewish faction led by Judas, son of Hezekiah, had attacked the palace of Sepphoris in Galilee, seizing money and weapons. This Judas may be identical with the Judas of Galilee who led resistance to the census conducted by the Roman governor of Syria, Quirinius, and who is mentioned by the Pharisaic leader Gamaliel in Acts 5:37 as a would-be Messiah. In a counterattack ordered by the Roman general Quinctilius Varus, Sepphoris was destroyed by fire and many of its inhabitants sold as slaves. Perea, meanwhile, bordered on the kingdom of Nabatea, which had long experienced uneasy relations with both the Romans and the Jews.

Antipas, like his father before him, demonstrated his value both to the Romans and to many Jews by various impressive construction projects. He rebuilt and fortified Sepphoris, and current scholarship suggests that the "carpenter" Joseph and his sons may have found work in there, Sepphoris being was about five miles distance from Nazareth. Antipas also added a wall to Betharamphtha in Perea, renaming it "Livias" after Augustus' wife Livia, and later "Julias" after the emperor's daughter.

However, his most famous construction project was his capital on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee—Tiberias, named to honor his patron, Emperor Tiberius, who had succeeded Augustus in 14 C.E. Residents there could bathe nearby at the warm springs of Emmaus, and by the time of the First Jewish-Roman War the city's buildings included a stadium, a royal palace, and a sanctuary for prayer. It later became a center of rabbinic learning.

For many Jews and others living in his lands, Antipas was a successful ruler who provided jobs and security. The otherwise unknown party or sect mentioned in the New Testament as the Herodians may have been ardent supporters of Antipas, perhaps hoping that he would come to rule over a united Jewish kingdom including Judea and Samaria rather than serving as tetrarch of only the northern and eastern territories. However, pious Jews at first refused to live in Tiberias because it was built atop a graveyard and was therefore a source of ritual impurity. Antipas thus had to colonize Tiberas with a mixture of foreigners, forced migrants, freed slaves, and impoverished Jews. Some had no desire to support Antipas, whom they viewed as a Roman collaborator, and the party known as the Zealots actively opposed Roman rule.

Despite his eagerness to please Rome, Antipas at times showed particular sensitivity to Jewish tradition. His coins carried no images of persons or animals, which would have violated Jewish prescriptions against idolatry. And when Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea from 26 C.E. to 36 C.E., caused offense by placing Roman votive shields in the royal palace at Jerusalem, Antipas and his brothers successfully petitioned for their removal.[2]

John the Baptist and Jesus

Antipas and Herodias reacted to the preaching of John the Baptist.
Antipas reacts in horror at the sight of John the Baptist's head, painting by Lucas Cranach, 1531.
Christ on trial before Antipas

Early in his reign, Antipas had married the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea (Southern Syria). However, while staying in Rome with his half-brother, Herod II, he fell in love with his host's wife, Herodias, who, unlike Antipas, carried noble Hasmonean blood. Antipas and Herodias agreed to divorce their previous spouses in order to marry each other, a move which, besides its romantic motive, would also increase any future claim to the Judean throne by Antipas, who was a Samaritan on this mother's side.[3]

The divorce naturally soured Antipas' relations with Aretas. It also provoked controversy closer to home. Probably around 28-29 C.E., John the Baptist began preaching and baptizing pilgrims by the Jordan River, which marked the western edge of Antipas' territory of Perea. Mark 6:20 indicates that Antipas was impressed with John's preaching. However, John attacked Antipas' marriage as contrary to Jewish law, and the Jewish historian Josephus confirms that John's public influence made Antipas fearful of rebellion.[4] Consequently, John was imprisoned, probably in Machaerus, and later executed. According to Matthew and Mark, Herod was reluctant to order John's death but was compelled to deliver the Baptist's head to Herodias' daughter (unnamed here but called Salome by Josephus), to whom he had promised any reward she chose in exchange for her dancing for him.[5]

Among those baptized by John was Jesus of Nazareth, who began his own ministry in Galilee around the time of John's imprisonment. So similar were John's and Jesus' ministries that Antipas feared that the Baptist had been raised from the dead.[6] Luke reports that a group of Pharisees warned Jesus that Antipas was plotting his death, whereupon Jesus denounced the tetrarch as a "fox."[7]

Luke, unlike the other Gospels, also credits Antipas with a role in Jesus' trial. In this version, Pilate, on learning that Jesus was a Galilean, sent him to Antipas, who was in Jerusalem at the time. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Jesus, hoping to see him perform a miracle, but when Jesus remained silent in the face of his questioning, Antipas mocked him and sent him back to Pilate. Luke reports that these events improved relations between Pilate and Herod despite some earlier enmity.[8]

Antipas' involvement in the trial of Jesus has been much debated. Some hold that there is a basis for the idea that, in the early Roman Empire, defendants were to be tried by the authorities of their home provinces, while others conclude that trials were generally based on the location of the alleged crimes. Some scholars take the view that Jesus' trial by Herod Antipas is simply unhistorical. The fact that Matthew and Mark, as well as John, know nothing of Antipas' role is one argument in favor of this opinion. It has also been suggested that the trial by Antipas is a literary composition by Luke designed to parallel the trials of Paul, which Luke reports in his Book of Acts.

Later reign

Meanwhile, border disputes between Antipas and King Aretas of Nabatea had been slowly moving toward open warfare, exacerbated by Antipas' divorce of Aretas' daughter. In 36 C.E. Antipas' army suffered a serious defeat after fugitives from the former tetrarchy of Philip sided with the Nabateans. Antipas was forced to appeal to Tiberius for help. The emperor ordered Lucius Vitellius, the Roman governor of Syria, to march against Aretas and ensure that he was captured or killed. Vitellius mobilized two legions, sending them on a detour around Judea and meanwhile joining Antipas in attending a festival at Jerusalem. While there, he learned of the death of Tiberius on March 16, 37. He then recalled his troops.[9]

The new emperor, Caligula, proved to be no friend to Antipas. When Herodias' brother, Agrippa I, had fallen into debt during the reign of Tiberius, Herodias had persuaded Antipas to provide for him. However, the two men quarreled, and Agrippa soon departed. Agrippa was friendly with Caligula while Tiberius was still emperor but ended up in prison for speaking against Tiberius. When Caligula acceded to the throne in 37 C.E., he not only released his friend but granted him rule of Philip's former tetrarchy, expanding its territory and giving him the title of king. Josephus relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, persuaded Antipas to ask Caligula for the title of king as well. However, Agrippa simultaneously presented the emperor with a list of charges against Antipas, including that he plotted against the emperor and that Antipas had a stockpile of weaponry sufficient for 70,000 men. Antipas' admitted having the weapons but insisted on his loyalty; Caligula decided that the tetrarch constituted a threat.

In the summer of 39 C.E., Antipas' territory, wealth, and possessions were turned over to Agrippa, and Antipas was sent into exile. The place of his exile is given by Josephus as "Lugdunum" in Gaul.[10] This may mean the city now known as Lyon, or the less important Lugdunum Convenarum, which is modern Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges. Caligula offered to allow Herodias, as Agrippa's sister, to retain her property if she separated from Antipas. However, she chose instead to join her husband in exile, where they died at an unknown date. The third-century historian Cassius Dio implies that Caligula had him killed, but this is usually treated with skepticism by modern historians.

Legacy

Antipas became famous in Christian tradition for his role in the death of John the Baptist and the trial of Jesus. A good deal of confusion exists among readers of the New Testament concerning his identity, however, as the Gospels do not give his name as Antipas, but rather as simply "Herod" or "Herod the tetrarch."

Among the followers of Jesus and members of the early Christian movement mentioned in the New Testament are Joanna, the wife of one of Antipas' stewards, and Manaen, a "foster-brother" or "companion" of Antipas who later became a teacher in the church at Antioch.

The pseudepigraphical Gospel of Peter claimed that it was Antipas rather than Pilate who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus. In line with the work's anti-Jewish theme, this work pointedly remarked that Antipas and "the Jews," unlike Pilate, refused to "wash their hands" of responsibility for the death.

In modern times, the Reverend Sun Myung Moon taught that John the Baptist's criticism of Antipas was a fatal error and that it was John's duty to mediate between Jesus and Jewish rulers like Antipas. Antipas has also appeared in a large number of more film representations of the passion of Jesus. Early Hollywood portrayals depicted him as exceedingly lustful in his desire for Herodias' daughter, while the more recent films Jesus Christ Superstar and The Passion of the Christ, portray him as effeminate. He also features in The Secret Magdalene by Ki Longfellow, where he is depicted as rash, ineffective, and willing to do anything to save himself.


House of Herod
Died: after AD 39
Preceded by:
Herod I
Tetrarch of Galilee
4 B.C.E. – AD 39
Succeeded by: Agrippa I

Notes

  1. Josephus, Antiquities 17.20, War. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  2. Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius 299–305. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
  3. Mark 6:17 calls Herodias' former husband Philip; either the author is confusing him with Philip the tetrarch, or both Philip and Herod II shared the name Philip.
  4. Matthew 14:3-4; Mark 6:17-18; Luke 3:19; Josephus, Antiquities 18.118. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  5. Matthew 14:6-11; Mark 6:19-28.
  6. Matthew 14:1-2; Mark 6:14-16; cf. Luke 9:7-9.
  7. Luke 13:31-33.
  8. Luke 23:5-12.
  9. Josephus, Antiquities 18.120–126. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  10. Josephus, Antiquities 18.252 Retrieved January 25, 2009.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Darr, John A. Herod the Fox: Audience Criticism and Lukan Characterization, Journal for the study of the New Testament, 163. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998. ISBN 9781850758839
  • Hoehner, Harold W. Herod Antipas, Cambridge [Eng.]: University Press, 1972. ISBN 9780521081320
  • Kokkinos, Nikos. The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in Society and Eclipse, Journal for the study of the pseudepigrapha, 30. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998. ISBN 9781850756903
  • Jensen, Morten Hørning. Herod Antipas in Galilee: The Literary and Archaeological Sources on the Reign of Herod Antipas and Its Socio-Economic Impact on Galilee, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 215. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006. ISBN 9783161489679

External links

All links retrieved December 22, 2017.

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.