Difference between revisions of "Hermeticism" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{otheruses4|the magical and religious movement stemming from the teachings of Hermes Trismegistus|other uses of the term "Hermetic"|Hermetic}}  
  
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[[Image:HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg|right|thumb|Hermes Trismegistus depicted in a medieval rendering.]]
 
 
[[Image:HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg|right|175px|thumb|Hermes Trismegistus depicted in a medieval rendering.]]
 
  
 
'''Hermeticism''' is a set of [[philosophy|philosophical]] and [[Religion|religious]] beliefs<ref>(Churton p. 5)</ref> based primarily upon the writings attributed to [[Hermes Trismegistus]], who is put forth as a wise sage and [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[priest]], and who is commonly seen as synonymous with the Egyptian god [[Thoth]].<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 415)</ref> These beliefs have influenced Western [[Ceremonial magic|magic traditions]].
 
'''Hermeticism''' is a set of [[philosophy|philosophical]] and [[Religion|religious]] beliefs<ref>(Churton p. 5)</ref> based primarily upon the writings attributed to [[Hermes Trismegistus]], who is put forth as a wise sage and [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[priest]], and who is commonly seen as synonymous with the Egyptian god [[Thoth]].<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 415)</ref> These beliefs have influenced Western [[Ceremonial magic|magic traditions]].
  
In Islam, the Hermetic cult was accepted as being the [[Sabians]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]] in 830 C.E.. <ref>(Churton pp. 26-7)</ref>
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In Islam, the Hermetic cult was accepted in [[830]] CE as being the [[Sabians]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]].<ref>(Churton pp. 26-7)</ref>
  
 
== History ==
 
== History ==
'''Hermes Trismegistus''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{polytonic|Ἑρμῆς ὁ Τρισμέγιστος}}, "thrice-great Hermes"; [[Latin language|Latin]]: ''Mercurius ter Maximus'') is the [[syncretism]] of the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] god [[Hermes]] and the [[Egypt]]ian god [[Thoth]].<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 415)</ref> In [[Hellenistic]] Egypt, the god [[Hermes]] was given as [[epithet]] the Greek name of Thoth. He has also been identified with [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]]{{Fact|date=June 2007}}. Other similar syncretized gods include [[Serapis]] and [[Hermanubis]]{{Fact|date=June 2007}}.
 
 
Hermes Trismegistus might also be explained in [[Euhemerus|Euhemerist]] fashion as a man who was the son of the god, and in the [[Kabbalah|Kabbalistic tradition]] that was inherited by the [[Renaissance]], it could be imagined that such a personage had been contemporary with [[Moses]], communicating to a line of adepts a parallel wisdom, from [[Zoroaster]] to [[Plato]]. A historian, however, would leave such speculation to the history of [[alchemy]] and the nineteenth-century history of [[occultism]].
 
[[Image:Siena.Duomo.floor01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hermes Trismegistus, floor mosaic in the [[Duomo di Siena|Cathedral of Siena]] ]]
 
 
==Origin==
 
Both [[Thoth]] and Hermes were gods of [[writing]] and of [[magic and religion|magic]] in their respective cultures. Thus, the Greek god of interpretive communication was combined with the Egyptian god of wisdom as a patron of [[astrology]] and alchemy. In addition, both gods were [[psychopomp]]s; guiding souls to the afterlife.
 
 
The majority of [[Greeks]], and later Romans, did not accept Hermes Trismegistus in the place of Hermes. The two gods remained distinct from one another. Cicero noted several individuals referred to as "Hermes" ''(De natura deorum III, Ch. 56)'':
 
:''the fifth, who is worshipped by the people of Pheneus [in [[Arcadia]]?], is said to have killed [[Argus]], and for this reason to have fled to Egypt, and to have given the [[Egyptians]] their laws and alphabet: he it is whom the Egyptians call Theyn [Thoth].''
 
 
The Hermetic literature added to the Egyptian concerns with conjuring spirits and animating statues that inform the oldest texts, Hellenistic writings of Greco-[[Babylon]]ian astrology and the newly developed practice of alchemy (Fowden 1993: pp65&ndash;68). In a parallel tradition, [[Hermetic philosophy]] rationalized and systematized religious [[Cult|cult practices]] and offered the adept a method of personal [[ascension]] from the constraints of physical being, which has led to confusion of Hermeticism with [[Gnosticism]], which was developing contemporaneously [http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/Merkur.html]
 
 
As a divine fountain of writing, Hermes Trismegistus was credited with tens of thousands of writings of high standing, reputed to be of immense antiquity. [[Plato]]'s ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' and ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'' state that in the temple of [[Neith]] at [[Sais]], there were secret halls containing historical records which had been kept for 9,000 years. [[Clement of Alexandria]] was under the impression that the Egyptians had forty-two sacred writings by Hermes, encapsulating all the training of Egyptian priests. Siegfried Morenz has suggested (''Egyptian Religion'') "The reference to Thoth's authorship...is based on ancient tradition; the figure forty-two probably stems from the number of Egyptian [[Nome (Egypt)|nomes]], and thus conveys the notion of completeness." The [[neoplatonism|Neo-Platonic]] writers took up Clement's "forty-two essential texts".
 
 
The so-called "Hermetic literature", the ''[[Hermetica]]'', is a category of [[papyrus|papyri]] containing spells and induction procedures. In the dialogue called the ''[[Asclepius dialogue|Asclepius]]'' (after the Greek god of healing) the art of imprisoning the souls of demons or of angels in statues with the help of herbs, gems and odors, is described, such that the statue could speak and prophesy. In other papyri, there are other recipes for constructing such images and animating them, such as when images are to be fashioned hollow so as to enclose a [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] name inscribed on gold leaf.
 
 
===Hermetic revival===
 
:''For the main article, see [[Hermeticism]].  For the career of the Corpus Hermeticum, see [[Hermetica]]''.
 
During the [[Middle Ages]] and the Renaissance, the writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus known as ''[[Hermetica]]'' enjoyed great credit and were popular among alchemists. The "hermetic tradition" therefore refers to alchemy, magic, astrology and related subjects. The texts are usually distinguished in two categories the "philosophical" and "technical" hermetica. The former deals mainly with issues of [[philosophy]], and the latter with magic, potions and alchemy. Among other things there are spells to magically protect objects; hence the origin of the term "[[Hermetically sealed]]".
 
 
The classical scholar [[Isaac Casaubon]] in ''De Rebus sacris et ecclesiaticis exercitiones XVI'' (1614) showed, by the character of the Greek, the texts that were traditionally written at the dawn of time, to be more recent: most of the "philosophical" ''[[Corpus Hermeticum]]'' can be dated to around AD 300.  However, flaws in this identification were uncovered by the [[17th century]] scholar [[Ralph Cudworth]], who argued that Casaubon's allegation of forgery could only be applied to three of the seventeen treatises contained within the ''Corpus Hermeticum''.  Moreover, Cudworth noted Casaubon's failure to acknowledge the codification of these treatises as a late formulation of a pre-existing (possibly oral) tradition.  According to Cudworth, the text must be viewed as a ''terminus ad quem'' and not ''a quo''.
 
 
===Hermes Trismegistus in Islamic tradition===
 
 
Antoine Faivre, in ''The Eternal Hermes'' (1995) has pointed out that Hermes Trismegistus has a place in the [[Islam]]ic tradition, though the name ''Hermes'' does not appear in the [[Qur'an]]. [[Hagiographer]]s and chroniclers of the first centuries of the Islamic [[Hijra (Islam)|Hegira]] quickly identified Hermes Trismegistus with [[Idris (prophet)|Idris]], the ''nabi'' of [[sura]]hs 19.57; 21.85,  whom the [[Arabs]] also identify with [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]] (cf. Genesis 5.18-24). Idris/Hermes is called "Thrice Wise"—Hermes Trismegistus—because he was threefold: the first of the name, comparable to [[Thoth]], was a "civilizing hero," an initiator into the mysteries of the divine science and wisdom that animate the world; he carved the principles of this sacred science in [[Egyptian hieroglyph|hieroglyphs]].  The second Hermes, in [[Babylon]], was the initiator of [[Pythagoras]]. The third Hermes was the first teacher of [[Alchemy]]. "A faceless prophet," writes the Islamicist Pierre Lory, "Hermes possesses no concrete or salient characteristics, differing in this regard from most of the major figures of the Bible and the Quran." (Faivre 1995 pp.19-20)
 
 
 
=== The Corpus Hermeticum ===
 
=== The Corpus Hermeticum ===
  
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== Hermeticism as a religion ==
 
== Hermeticism as a religion ==
Not all Hermeticists consider their beliefs a religion. Many alloy the beliefs of their own [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Judaism]], [[Paganism]], or [[Islam]] with their mystical ideas. Others hold that all great religions have a few mystical truths at their core, and all religions point to the esoteric tenets of Hermeticism.  
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Not all Hermeticists take a religious approach, some consider it to be a philosophical system only.
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In Hermetic religion the supreme Deity, or Principle, is referred to variously as 'God', 'The All', or 'The One'. Many Hermeticists also align their beliefs and mystical ideas with other religions, [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Judaism]], mainstream [[Paganism]], or [[Islam]]. Many hold that all great religions have equivalent mystical truths at their core, and that all religions share an understanding of esoteric tenets with Hermeticism.  
  
 
Tobias Churton, scholar of obscure religious movements, states that "the Hermetic tradition was both moderate and flexible, offering a tolerant philosophical religion, a religion of the (omnipresent) mind, a purified perception of God, the cosmos, and the self, and much positive encouragement for the spiritual seeker, all of which the student could take anywhere."<ref>(Churton p. 5)</ref>
 
Tobias Churton, scholar of obscure religious movements, states that "the Hermetic tradition was both moderate and flexible, offering a tolerant philosophical religion, a religion of the (omnipresent) mind, a purified perception of God, the cosmos, and the self, and much positive encouragement for the spiritual seeker, all of which the student could take anywhere."<ref>(Churton p. 5)</ref>
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'''[[Kybalion|The Kybalion]]''': Hermetic Philosophy, is a book published in 1912 C.E. anonymously by three people calling themselves the "Three Initiates".  Many of the Hermetic principles are explained in the book.  
 
'''[[Kybalion|The Kybalion]]''': Hermetic Philosophy, is a book published in 1912 C.E. anonymously by three people calling themselves the "Three Initiates".  Many of the Hermetic principles are explained in the book.  
  
[[Image:Thothwilkinson.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Thoth]], the [[ibis]]-headed god of Knowledge, closely related, if not equivalent, to Hermes Trismegistus.]] In addition, there is '''[[The Book of Thoth]]''', written by Hermes Trismegistus.
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[[Image:Thothwilkinson.jpg|right|thumb|[[Thoth]], the [[ibis]]-headed god of Knowledge, closely related, if not equivalent, to Hermes Trismegistus.]] In addition, there is '''[[The Book of Thoth]]''', written by Hermes Trismegistus.
  
 
=== The three parts of the wisdom of the whole universe ===
 
=== The three parts of the wisdom of the whole universe ===
Hermes Trismegistus is accredited with the name Trismegistus, meaning the "Thrice Great" or "Thrice Greatest" because, as he claims in ''The [[Emerald Tablet|Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus]]'', he knows the three parts of the wisdom of the whole universe.<ref>(Scully p. 322)</ref> The three parts of the wisdom are [[alchemy]], [[astrology]], and [[theurgy]].
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One account of how Hermes Trismegistus received the name "Trismegistus," meaning "Thrice Great," is because, as he claims in ''[[Emerald Tablet|The Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus]]'', he knows the three parts of the wisdom of the whole universe.<ref>(Scully p. 322)</ref> The three parts of the wisdom are [[alchemy]], [[astrology]], and [[theurgy]]. Marsilio Ficino's opinion was that "they called him Trismegistos because he was the greatest philosopher and the greatest priest and the greatest king."<ref>Copenhaver, Hermetica, p. xlviii</ref> Another explanation, in the Suda (10th century), is that "He was called Trismegistos on account of his praise of the trinity, saying there is one divine nature in the trinity."<ref>Copenhaver, Hermetica, p. xli</ref> This last is an example of how Hermes Trismegistus was adopted by Christianity to serve its own particular purposes.
  
'''[[Alchemy]]''' - The Operation of the [[Sun]] - For Hermeticism, Alchemy is not the changing of physical [[lead]] into physical [[gold]].<ref>(Hall ''The Hermetic Marriage'' p. 227)<br></ref> Rather, one attempts to turn themselves from a base person (symbolized by lead) into an adept master (symbolized by gold). The various stages of chemical [[distillation]] and [[fermentation (food)|fermentation]], among them, are [[metaphoric]]al for the [[Magnum Opus]] (Latin for Great Work) performed on the soul.<ref>(Scully p. 11)</ref>
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'''[[Alchemy]]''' - The Operation of the [[Sun]] - is not simply the changing of physical [[lead]] into physical [[gold]].<ref>(Hall ''The Hermetic Marriage'' p. 227)</ref> It is an investigation into the spiritual constitution, or life of matter and material existence through an application of the mysteries of birth, death and resurrection.<ref>Eliade ''The Forge and the Crucible'' p. 149 and p. 155-157</ref> The various stages of chemical [[distillation]] and [[fermentation (food)|fermentation]], among them, are aspects of these mysteries, that, when applied quicken Nature's processes in order to bring a natural body to perfection.<ref>Geber ''Summa Perfectionis''</ref> This perfection is the accomplishment of the [[Magnum Opus]] (Latin for Great Work).
  
 
'''[[Astrology]]''' -  The Operation of the [[Moon]] - Hermes claims that [[Zoroaster]] discovered this part of the wisdom of the whole universe, astrology, and taught it to man.<ref>(Powell pp. 19-20)</ref> In Hermetic thought, it is likely that the movements of the planets have meaning beyond the laws of physics and actually holding metaphorical value as symbols in the mind of [[The All]], or God. Astrology has influences upon the Earth, but does not dictate our actions, and wisdom is gained when we know what these influences are and how to deal with them.
 
'''[[Astrology]]''' -  The Operation of the [[Moon]] - Hermes claims that [[Zoroaster]] discovered this part of the wisdom of the whole universe, astrology, and taught it to man.<ref>(Powell pp. 19-20)</ref> In Hermetic thought, it is likely that the movements of the planets have meaning beyond the laws of physics and actually holding metaphorical value as symbols in the mind of [[The All]], or God. Astrology has influences upon the Earth, but does not dictate our actions, and wisdom is gained when we know what these influences are and how to deal with them.
  
'''[[Theurgy]]''' - The Operation of the [[Star]]s - There are two different types of magic, according to [[Giovanni Pico della Mirandola]]'s ''Apology'', completely opposite of one another. The first is γοητεια, [[Goetia|Goëtia]], black magic reliant upon an alliance with evil spirits (i.e. demons). The second is Theurgy, [[divine magic]] reliant upon an alliance with divine spirits (i.e. angels, archangels, Gods).<ref>(Garstin p. v)</ref>
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'''[[Theurgy]]''' - The Operation of the [[Star]]s - There are two different types of magic, according to [[Giovanni Pico della Mirandola]]'s ''Apology'', completely opposite of one another. The first is γοητεια, [[Goetia|Goëtia]], black magic reliant upon an alliance with evil spirits (i.e. demons). The second is Theurgy, [[divine magic]] reliant upon an alliance with divine spirits (i.e. angels, archangels, gods).<ref>Garstin p. v</ref>
  
Theurgy translates to "The Science or art of Divine Works" and is the practical aspect of the Hermetic art of alchemy.<ref>(Garstin p. 6)</ref> Furthermore, alchemy is seen as the "key" to theurgy,<ref>(Garstin p. vi)</ref> the ultimate goal of which is to become united with higher counterparts, leading to the attainment of Divine Consciousness.<ref>(Garstin p. 6)</ref>
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Theurgy translates to "The Science or art of Divine Works" and is the practical aspect of the Hermetic art of alchemy.<ref>Garstin p. 6</ref> Furthermore, alchemy is seen as the "key" to theurgy,<ref>Garstin p. vi</ref> the ultimate goal of which is to become united with higher counterparts, leading to the attainment of Divine Consciousness.<ref>Garstin p. 6</ref>
  
 
=== Hermetic beliefs ===
 
=== Hermetic beliefs ===
Hermeticism encompasses both [[panentheism]] and [[Monistic-polytheism]] within its belief system, which teaches that there is [[The All]], or one "Cause", of which we, and the entire [[universe]], are all a part. These beliefs are claimed{{Who|date=July 2007}} to have come from [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and have strong philosophical ties to that land.  Also it subscribes to the notion that other beings such as [[gods]] and [[angel]]s, [[ascended master]]s and [[elemental]]s exist in the [[Universe]].
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Hermeticism encompasses both [[panentheism]] and [[Monistic-polytheism]] within its belief system, which teaches that there is [[The All]], or one "Cause", of which we, and the entire [[universe]], are all a part. Also it subscribes to the notion that other beings such as [[gods]] and [[angel]]s, [[ascended master]]s and [[elemental]]s exist in the [[Universe]].
  
[[Manly P. Hall]], an occult and Hermetic scholar, however, claims that Hermeticism has foremost inspired three movements, the [[Illuminati]], [[Freemasonry]], and the [[Rosicrucians]].<ref>(Hall ''The Hermetic Marriage'' p. 226)</ref>  
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[[Manly P. Hall]], an occult and Hermetic scholar, however, claimed that Hermeticism has foremost inspired three movements, the [[Illuminati]], [[Freemasonry]], and the [[Rosicrucians]].<ref>(Hall ''The Hermetic Marriage'' p. 226)</ref>  
  
==== God and reality ====
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==== The All and reality ====
In the Hermetic view, all is in the mind of [[The All]].  Hermeticism acknowledges  that there exist many gods, but that these deities, along with all other beings, exist within, and are created by, The ALL. As expressed in the ''[[Kybalion]]'': "We have given you the Hermetic Teaching in regarding the Mental Nature of the Universe - the truth that 'the  Universe is Mental - held in the Mind of THE ALL.'"<ref>(Three Initiates p. 96)</ref>
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In the Hermetic belief system, all is in the mind of [[The All]].  Hermeticism acknowledges  that there exist many gods, but that these deities, along with all other beings, exist within, and are created by, The ALL. As expressed in the ''[[Kybalion]]'': "We have given you the Hermetic Teaching in regarding the Mental Nature of the Universe - the truth that 'the  Universe is Mental - held in the Mind of THE ALL.'"<ref>(Three Initiates p. 96)</ref>
  
 
Everybody and Everything in the [[universe]] is part of this entity.  As everything is mental, it is also a vibration.<ref>(Three Initiates p. 137)</ref>  All vibrations vibrate from the densest of physical particles, through mental states, to the highest spiritual vibrations.  In Hermeticism, the only difference between different states of physical matter, mentality, and spirituality is the frequency of their vibration.  The higher the vibration, the further it is from base matter.<ref>(Three Initiates pp. 138-47)</ref>
 
Everybody and Everything in the [[universe]] is part of this entity.  As everything is mental, it is also a vibration.<ref>(Three Initiates p. 137)</ref>  All vibrations vibrate from the densest of physical particles, through mental states, to the highest spiritual vibrations.  In Hermeticism, the only difference between different states of physical matter, mentality, and spirituality is the frequency of their vibration.  The higher the vibration, the further it is from base matter.<ref>(Three Initiates pp. 138-47)</ref>
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==== As above, so below ====<!-- This section is linked from [[Pazuzu]] —>
 
==== As above, so below ====<!-- This section is linked from [[Pazuzu]] —>
[[Image:RWS-01-Magician.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[The Magician (Tarot)|The Magician]] displaying the Hermetic concept of "[[As Above, So Below|as above, so below]]."  It is thought that the modern Tarot may be based on ''[[The Book of Thoth]]''.]]
 
  
These words circulate throughout occult and magical circles, and they come from Hermetic texts.  The concept was first laid out in ''The Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus'', in the words "That which is Below corresponds to that which is Above, and that which is Above, corresponds to that which is Below, to accomplish the miracles of the One Thing."<ref>(Scully p. 321)</ref>
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[[Image:RWS-01-Magician.jpg|right|thumb|[[The Magician (Tarot)|The Magician]] displaying the Hermetic concept of "[[As Above, So Below|as above, so below]]."  It is thought that the modern Tarot may be based on ''[[The Book of Thoth]]''.]]
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These words circulate throughout occult and magical circles, and they come from Hermetic texts.  The concept was first laid out in ''The [[Emerald Tablet]] of Hermes Trismegistus'', in the words "That which is Below corresponds to that which is Above, and that which is Above, corresponds to that which is Below, to accomplish the miracles of the One Thing."<ref>(Scully p. 321)</ref>
  
 
In accordance with the various levels of reality: physical, mental, and spiritual, this relates that what happens on any level happens on every other.  This is however more often used in the sense of the [[Microcosm and Macrocosm|microcosm and the macrocosm]].  The microcosm is oneself, and the macrocosm is the universe.  The macrocosm is as the microcosm, and vice versa; within each lies the other, and through understanding one (usually the microcosm) you can understand the other.<ref>(Garstin p. 35)</ref>
 
In accordance with the various levels of reality: physical, mental, and spiritual, this relates that what happens on any level happens on every other.  This is however more often used in the sense of the [[Microcosm and Macrocosm|microcosm and the macrocosm]].  The microcosm is oneself, and the macrocosm is the universe.  The macrocosm is as the microcosm, and vice versa; within each lies the other, and through understanding one (usually the microcosm) you can understand the other.<ref>(Garstin p. 35)</ref>
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The phrase has been referenced in many rock songs by various artists: [[Neurosis]], [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]], [[Klaxons]], [[Tom_Tom_Club|Tom Tom Club]], [[Mr Bungle]], [[Billy Bragg]], [[Tool_(band)|Tool]], [[Probot]], [[Watain]], [[Scar Symmetry]], and [[Bruce Dickinson]].
  
 
==== Reincarnation ====
 
==== Reincarnation ====
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The Word then leaps forth from the materializing elements, which made them unintelligent.  Nous then made the governors spin, and from their matter sprang forth creatures without speech.  Earth then was separated from Water and the animals (other than Man) were brought forth from the Earth.
 
The Word then leaps forth from the materializing elements, which made them unintelligent.  Nous then made the governors spin, and from their matter sprang forth creatures without speech.  Earth then was separated from Water and the animals (other than Man) were brought forth from the Earth.
  
The Supreme Nous then created Man, [[hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]], in his own image and handed over his creation.  Man carefully observed the creation of his brother, the lesser Nous, and received his and his Father's authority over it all.  Man then rose up above the spheres' paths to better view the creation, and then showed the form of the ALL to Nature.  Nature fell in love with it, and Man, seeing a similar form to his own reflecting in the water fell in love with Nature and wished to dwell in it.  Immediately Man became one with Nature and became a slave to its limitations such as [[gender]] and sleep.  Man thus became speechless (for it lost the Word) and became double, being mortal in body but immortal in [[spirit]], having authority of all but subject to [[destiny]].
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The Supreme Nous then created Man, [[androgenous]], in his own image and handed over his creation.  Man carefully observed the creation of his brother, the lesser Nous, and received his and his Father's authority over it all.  Man then rose up above the spheres' paths to better view the creation, and then showed the form of the ALL to Nature.  Nature fell in love with it, and Man, seeing a similar form to his own reflecting in the water fell in love with Nature and wished to dwell in it.  Immediately Man became one with Nature and became a slave to its limitations such as [[gender]] and sleep.  Man thus became speechless (for it lost the Word) and became double, being mortal in body but immortal in [[spirit]], having authority of all but subject to [[destiny]].
  
 
The tale does not specifically contradict the theory of [[evolution]], other than for Man, but most Hermeticists fully accept evolutionary theory as a solid grounding for the creation of everything from base matter to Man.<ref>(''Way of Hermes'' pp. 18-20)</ref>
 
The tale does not specifically contradict the theory of [[evolution]], other than for Man, but most Hermeticists fully accept evolutionary theory as a solid grounding for the creation of everything from base matter to Man.<ref>(''Way of Hermes'' pp. 18-20)</ref>
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Hermeticism, being opposed by the Church, became a part of the occult underworld, intermingling with other occult movements and practices.  The infusion of Hermeticism into occultism has given it great influence in Western magical traditions.  Hermeticism's spiritual practices were found very useful in magical work, especially in Theurgic (divine) practices as opposed to Goëtic (profane) practices, due to the religious context from which Hermeticism sprang forth.
 
Hermeticism, being opposed by the Church, became a part of the occult underworld, intermingling with other occult movements and practices.  The infusion of Hermeticism into occultism has given it great influence in Western magical traditions.  Hermeticism's spiritual practices were found very useful in magical work, especially in Theurgic (divine) practices as opposed to Goëtic (profane) practices, due to the religious context from which Hermeticism sprang forth.
  
Using the teachings and imagery of the Jewish Kabbalah and Christian Mysticism, Hermetic Theurgy was used effectively and in a context more easily understood by Europeans in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
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Using the teachings and imagery of the Jewish [[Kabbalah]] and [[Christian mysticism]], Hermetic Theurgy was used effectively and in a context more easily understood by Europeans in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
  
 
A few primarily Hermetic occult orders were founded in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance.  Hermetic magic underwent a [[19th century]] revival in Western Europe,<ref>(Regardie p. 17)</ref> where it was practiced by people such as the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]], Aurum Solis, Ragon, Kenneth M. Mackenzie, [[Eliphas Levi|Eliphas Lévi]], Frederick Hockley, [[William Butler Yeats]], and [[Arthur Machen]].<ref>(Regardie pp. 15-6)</ref> An example of a society existing as recently as the 1960s would be the [[Sacred Fraternity of the Cross]].
 
A few primarily Hermetic occult orders were founded in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance.  Hermetic magic underwent a [[19th century]] revival in Western Europe,<ref>(Regardie p. 17)</ref> where it was practiced by people such as the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]], Aurum Solis, Ragon, Kenneth M. Mackenzie, [[Eliphas Levi|Eliphas Lévi]], Frederick Hockley, [[William Butler Yeats]], and [[Arthur Machen]].<ref>(Regardie pp. 15-6)</ref> An example of a society existing as recently as the 1960s would be the [[Sacred Fraternity of the Cross]].
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=== Rosicrucianism ===
 
=== Rosicrucianism ===
 
{{main|Rosicrucian}}
 
{{main|Rosicrucian}}
Rosicrucianism was a Hermetic/[[Christianity|Christian]] movement dating back to the [[15th century]].  It is believed to have ceased to  exist sometime during the [[19th century]], though some claim{{Who|date=July 2007}}it merely fell into complete secrecy.  It consisted of a secretive inner body, and a more public outer body under the direction of the inner body.
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Rosicrucianism was a Hermetic/[[Christianity|Christian]] movement dating back to the [[15th century]].  It is believed to have ceased to  exist sometime during the [[19th century]], though [http://www.rosicrucian.org/about/mastery/mastery08history.html some claim] it merely fell into complete secrecy.  It consisted of a secretive inner body, and a more public outer body under the direction of the inner body.
  
 
This movement was symbolized by the rose (the soul) and the cross (the body of 4 elements).  In other words, the human soul crucified on the cross of the material plane.  This may be similar to the Egyptian use of the [[ankh]].
 
This movement was symbolized by the rose (the soul) and the cross (the body of 4 elements).  In other words, the human soul crucified on the cross of the material plane.  This may be similar to the Egyptian use of the [[ankh]].
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There were three steps to their spiritual path: [[philosophy]], [[kabbalah|qabbalah]], and [[divine magic]].  In turn, there were three goals to the order: 1) the abolition of [[monarchy]] and the institution of rule by a philosophical elect, 2) reformation of science, philosophy, and ethics, and 3) discovery of the [[Panacea]].
 
There were three steps to their spiritual path: [[philosophy]], [[kabbalah|qabbalah]], and [[divine magic]].  In turn, there were three goals to the order: 1) the abolition of [[monarchy]] and the institution of rule by a philosophical elect, 2) reformation of science, philosophy, and ethics, and 3) discovery of the [[Panacea]].
  
The only source dating the existence of the Rosicrucians as far back as the 17th century are a pair of German pamphlets: the ''[[Fama Fraternitatis|Fama]]'' and the ''[[Confessio Fraternitatis]]''.  Many scholars {{Who|date=August 2007}}believe these to be hoaxes, and that antedating Rosicrucian organisations are the first appearance of any real Rosicrucian fraternity.
+
The only source dating the existence of the Rosicrucians as far back as the 17th century are three German pamphlets: the ''[[Fama Fraternitatis|Fama]]'', the ''[[Confessio Fraternitatis]]'', and ''[[Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz]]''.  Some [http://users.panola.com/lindgren/rosecross.html scholars believe] these to be hoaxes, and that antedating Rosicrucian organizations are the first appearance of any real Rosicrucian fraternity.
  
 
=== Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn ===
 
=== Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn ===
 
{{main|Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn}}
 
{{main|Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn}}
  
The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn claims descent from the Rosicrucians, officially instituted in 1887 C.E.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Unlike the [[Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia]], the Golden Dawn was open to both sexes, and treated both as equal. The order was a specifically Hermetic society, teaching the arts of alchemy, qabbalah, and the magic of Hermes along with the principles of occult science.  [[Israel Regardie]] claims that there are many orders, who know what they do of magic from what has been leaked out of the Golden Dawn, by what he deems "renegade members."
+
Unlike the [[Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia]], the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was open to both sexes, and treated both as equal. The order was a specifically Hermetic society, teaching the arts of alchemy, qabbalah, and the magic of Hermes along with the principles of occult science.  [[Israel Regardie]] claims that there are many orders, who know what they do of magic from what has been leaked out of the Golden Dawn, by what he deems "renegade members."
  
 
The order maintained the tightest of secrecy by severe penalties for loose lips.  Overall, the general public was left oblivious to the actions and even existence of the Golden Dawn, making the policies a success.<ref>(Regardie pp. 15-7)</ref>  This secrecy was broken first by [[Aleister Crowley]], in A.D. 1905, and later by Israel Regardie himself in 1940 C.E., giving a detailed account of the order's teachings to the general public.<ref>(Regardie p. ix)</ref>
 
The order maintained the tightest of secrecy by severe penalties for loose lips.  Overall, the general public was left oblivious to the actions and even existence of the Golden Dawn, making the policies a success.<ref>(Regardie pp. 15-7)</ref>  This secrecy was broken first by [[Aleister Crowley]], in A.D. 1905, and later by Israel Regardie himself in 1940 C.E., giving a detailed account of the order's teachings to the general public.<ref>(Regardie p. ix)</ref>
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
Among the treasures of the [[Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica]] in Amsterdam are books on the [[Gnosis]] and the [[Corpus Hermeticum]] as published in Florence in 1471 C.E.
 
 
* [[List of religions]]
 
 
 
{{multicol}}
 
{{multicol}}
;Texts and concepts
+
* [[Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica]]
* [[Alchemy]]
 
* [[Astrology]]
 
* [[Corpus Hermeticum]]
 
 
* [[Gnosticism]]
 
* [[Gnosticism]]
* [[Kabbalah]]
 
* [[Kybalion]]
 
* [[Poemandres]]
 
* [[The All]]
 
* [[Theurgy]]
 
 
{{multicol-break}}
 
{{multicol-break}}
;Famous Hermeticists
+
;Some Hermeticists
* [[Aleister Crowley]]
 
 
* [[Franz Bardon]]
 
* [[Franz Bardon]]
* [[Comte de Saint-Germain]]
 
 
* [[Giordano Bruno]]
 
* [[Giordano Bruno]]
* [[Herbert Silberer]]
 
* [[Hermes Trismegistus]]
 
* [[Isaac Newton]]
 
 
* [[John Dee]]
 
* [[John Dee]]
* [[Manly P. Hall]]
+
* [[Sir Francis Bacon]]
 
* [[Robert Fludd]]
 
* [[Robert Fludd]]
* [[Thoth]]
+
* [[Isaac Newton]]
*[[William Butler Yeats]]
+
* [[Count of St Germain]]
{{multicol-break}}
+
* [[Herbert Silberer]]
;Hermetic organizations
 
* [[Freemasonry]]
 
*[[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]]
 
* [[Illuminati]]
 
* [[Rosicrucians]]
 
 
{{multicol-end}}
 
{{multicol-end}}
  
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*{{cite book | author=Budge, E. A. Wallis | authorlink=E. A. Wallis Budge | title=The Egyptian Book of the Dead: (The Papyrus of Ani) Egyptian Text Transliteration and Translation | location=New York | publisher=Dover Publications | year=1895 | id= }}
 
*{{cite book | author=Budge, E. A. Wallis | authorlink=E. A. Wallis Budge | title=The Egyptian Book of the Dead: (The Papyrus of Ani) Egyptian Text Transliteration and Translation | location=New York | publisher=Dover Publications | year=1895 | id= }}
 
*Churton, Tobias.  ''The Golden Builders: Alchemists, Rosicrucians, and the First Freemasons''.  New York: Barnes and Noble, 2002.
 
*Churton, Tobias.  ''The Golden Builders: Alchemists, Rosicrucians, and the First Freemasons''.  New York: Barnes and Noble, 2002.
 +
*Copenhaver, B.P. Hermetica, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.
 
*{{cite book | author=Garstin, E.J. Langford | title=Theurgy ''or'' The Hermetic Practice | location=Berwick | publisher=Ibis Press | year=2004 | id= }} ''Published Posthumously''
 
*{{cite book | author=Garstin, E.J. Langford | title=Theurgy ''or'' The Hermetic Practice | location=Berwick | publisher=Ibis Press | year=2004 | id= }} ''Published Posthumously''
 
*{{cite book | author=Hall, Manly P. | authorlink=Manly Palmer Hall | title=The Hermetic Marriage | publisher=Kessinger Publishing | year=date unknown | id= }}
 
*{{cite book | author=Hall, Manly P. | authorlink=Manly Palmer Hall | title=The Hermetic Marriage | publisher=Kessinger Publishing | year=date unknown | id= }}
Line 214: Line 168:
 
*{{cite book | author=Scully, Nicki | authorlink=Nicki Scully | title=Alchemical Healing: A Guide to Spiritual, Physical, and Transformational Medicine | location=Rochester | publisher=Bear & Company | year=2003 | id= }}
 
*{{cite book | author=Scully, Nicki | authorlink=Nicki Scully | title=Alchemical Healing: A Guide to Spiritual, Physical, and Transformational Medicine | location=Rochester | publisher=Bear & Company | year=2003 | id= }}
 
*{{cite book | author=Three Initiates | title=The Kybalion | location=Chicago | publisher=The Yogi Publication Society/Masonic Temple | year=1912 | id= }}
 
*{{cite book | author=Three Initiates | title=The Kybalion | location=Chicago | publisher=The Yogi Publication Society/Masonic Temple | year=1912 | id= }}
*Festugière, A.-J.,''La révélation d'Hermès Trismégiste''. 2e éd., 3 vol., Paris 1981.
 
*Fowden, Garth, 1986. ''The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Princeton University Press, 1993): deals with Thoth (Hermes) from his most primitive known conception to his later evolution into Hermes Trismegistus, as well as the many books and scripts attributed to him.)
 
*Merkel, Ingrid and Allen G Debus, 1988. ''Hermeticism and the Renaissance: intellectual history and the occult in early modern Europe'' Folger Shakespeare Library ISBN 0-918016-85-1
 
*CACIORGNA, Marilena e GUERRINI, Roberto: ''Il pavimento del duomo di Siena''. L'arte della tarsia marmorea dal XIV al XIX secolo fonti e simologia. Siena 2004.
 
*CACIORGNA, Marilena: ''Studi interdisciplinari sul pavimento del duomo di Siena''. Atti el convegno internazionale di studi chiesa della SS. Annunziata 27 e 28 settembre 2002. Siena 2005.
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
 +
* [http://www.levity.com/alchemy/corpherm.html Online Version of the ''Corpus Hermeticum'', version translated by John Everard in 1650 C.E. from Latin version]
 +
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/vow/index.htm Online Version of ''The Virgin of the World of Hermes Trismegistus'', version translated by Anna Kingsford and Edward Maitland in 1885 C.E.]
 +
* [http://www.gnostic.org/kybalionhtm/kybalion.htm Online version of ''The Kybalion'' (1912)]
 +
*[http://www.sacred-magick.com/v/SM-Kybalion.pdf The Kybalion PDF Download]
 +
* [http://www.kybalion.org The Kybalion Resource Page]
 +
* [http://www.galilean-library.org/hermeticism.html An introduction to Hermeticism by Paul Newall (2004)]
 
* [http://altreligion.about.com/library/texts/bl_differentdvc.htm A Different Da Vinci Code] The missing pieces of Leonardo's puzzle point to plain and simple Hermeticism (altreligion.about.com article).
 
* [http://altreligion.about.com/library/texts/bl_differentdvc.htm A Different Da Vinci Code] The missing pieces of Leonardo's puzzle point to plain and simple Hermeticism (altreligion.about.com article).
* [http://altreligion.about.com/library/graphics/bl_trismegistus.htm Hermes Trismegistus Gallery]
+
* [http://www.hermetics.org Hermetics Resource Site] Many Hermetics texts
* [http://andras-nagy.com/Virgin.html The Virgin of the World by Hermes Trismegistus]
 
* [http://www.aussagenlogik.org/asclepius-mercurii-trismegisti-dialogus/ Asclepius] - Latin text of the edition Paris: Henricus Stephanus 1505.
 
* [http://www.aussagenlogik.org/mercurii-trismegisti-liber-de-potestate-dei-i-ix/ Pimander] - Latin translation by Marsilio Ficino, Milano: Damianus de Mediolano 1493.
 
* [http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/Merkur.html Dan Merkur, "Stages of Ascension in Hermetic Rebirth"]
 
* [http://www.galilean-library.org/hermeticism.html An introduction to Hermeticism by Paul Newall (2004)]
 
* [http://www.gnostic.org/kybalionhtm/kybalion.htm Online version of ''The Kybalion'' (1912)]
 
 
* [http://www.hermetic.com The Hermetic Library] A collection of texts and sites relating to Hermeticism
 
* [http://www.hermetic.com The Hermetic Library] A collection of texts and sites relating to Hermeticism
* [http://www.hermetics.org  Hermetics Resource Site.] Many Hermetics texts
 
* [http://www.hermeticresearch.org Hermetic Research] is a Portal on Hermetic study and discussion.
 
* [http://www.kybalion.org The Kybalion Resource Page]
 
* [http://www.levity.com/alchemy/corpherm.html Online Version of the ''Corpus Hermeticum'', version translated by John Everard in 1650 C.E. from Latin version]
 
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/vow/index.htm Online Version of ''The Virgin of the World of Hermes Trismegistus'', version translated by Anna Kingsford and Edward Maitland in 1885 C.E.]
 
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/pym/index.htm THE DIVINE PYMANDER of Hermes Mercurius Trismegistus in English]
 
* [http://www.sacred-magick.com/v/SM-Kybalion.pdf The Kybalion PDF Download]
 
  
 
[[Category:Hermeticism| ]]
 
[[Category:Hermeticism| ]]
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[[Category:Mysticism]]
 
[[Category:Mysticism]]
 
[[Category:Occult]]
 
[[Category:Occult]]
[[Category:Philosophy and religion]]
 
[[Category:Religion]]
 
  
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Revision as of 17:27, 18 December 2007

This article is about the magical and religious movement stemming from the teachings of Hermes Trismegistus. For other uses of the term "Hermetic", see Hermetic.
Hermes Trismegistus depicted in a medieval rendering.

Hermeticism is a set of philosophical and religious beliefs[1] based primarily upon the writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, who is put forth as a wise sage and Egyptian priest, and who is commonly seen as synonymous with the Egyptian god Thoth.[2] These beliefs have influenced Western magic traditions.

In Islam, the Hermetic cult was accepted in 830 C.E. as being the Sabians mentioned in the Qur'an.[3]

History

The Corpus Hermeticum

After centuries of falling out of favor, Hermeticism was reintroduced to the West when, in 1460 C.E., a man named Leonardo[4] brought the Corpus Hermeticum to Pistoia. He was one of many agents sent out by Pistoia's ruler, Cosimo de'Medici, to scour European monasteries for lost ancient writings.[5]

In 1614 C.E. Isaac Casaubon, a Swiss philologist, analyzed the Hermetic texts for linguistic style and claimed that the Hermetic writings attributed to Trismegistus were not the work of an ancient Egyptian priest but in fact dated to the Christian Era.[6][7] Walter Scott places their date shortly after 200 C.E., while Sir W. Flinders Petrie places them between 200 and 500 B.C.E.[8] Plutarch's mention of Hermes Trismegistus dates back to the first century CE, and Tertullian, Iamblichus, and Porphyry are all familiar with Hermetic writings.[9]

In 1945 C.E., Hermetic writings were among those found near Nag Hammadi, in the form of one of the conversations between Hermes and Asclepius from the Corpus Hermeticum, and a text about the Hermetic mystery schools, On the Ogdoad and Ennead, written in the Coptic language, the last form in which the Egyptian language was written.[10]

Hermeticism as a religion

Not all Hermeticists take a religious approach, some consider it to be a philosophical system only. In Hermetic religion the supreme Deity, or Principle, is referred to variously as 'God', 'The All', or 'The One'. Many Hermeticists also align their beliefs and mystical ideas with other religions, Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism, mainstream Paganism, or Islam. Many hold that all great religions have equivalent mystical truths at their core, and that all religions share an understanding of esoteric tenets with Hermeticism.

Tobias Churton, scholar of obscure religious movements, states that "the Hermetic tradition was both moderate and flexible, offering a tolerant philosophical religion, a religion of the (omnipresent) mind, a purified perception of God, the cosmos, and the self, and much positive encouragement for the spiritual seeker, all of which the student could take anywhere."[11]

Religious and philosophical texts

Though many more have been falsely attributed to the work of Hermes Trismegistus, Hermeticists commonly accept there to have been forty two books to his credit. However, most of these books are reported to have been destroyed when the Great Library of Alexandria was razed. There is some debate as to who destroyed the library. See Great Library of Alexandria for more information.

There are three major works which are widely known texts for Hermetic beliefs:

The Corpus Hermeticum is the body of work most widely known and is the aforementioned Greek texts. These sixteen books are set up as dialogues between Hermes and a series of others. The first book involves a discussion between Poimandres (also known as Nous and God) and Hermes, supposedly resulting from a meditative state, and is the first time that Hermes is in contact with God. Poimandres teaches the secrets of the Universe to Hermes, and later books are generally of Hermes teaching others such as Asclepius and his son Tat.

The Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus is a short work which coins the well known term in occult circles "As above, so below." The actual text of that maxim, as translated by Dennis W. Hauck is "That which is Below corresponds to that which is Above, and that which is Above corresponds to that which is Below, to accomplish the miracle of the One Thing."[12] The tablet also references the three parts of the wisdom of the whole universe, to which Hermes claims his knowledge of these three parts is why he received the name Trismegistus (thrice great, or Ao-Ao-Ao meaning "greatest").

As the story is told, this tablet was found by Alexander the Great at Hebron supposedly in the tomb of Hermes.[13] Such a story assumes a mortal Hermes, whether or not the name is correct.

The Kybalion: Hermetic Philosophy, is a book published in 1912 C.E. anonymously by three people calling themselves the "Three Initiates". Many of the Hermetic principles are explained in the book.

File:Thothwilkinson.jpg
Thoth, the ibis-headed god of Knowledge, closely related, if not equivalent, to Hermes Trismegistus.

In addition, there is The Book of Thoth, written by Hermes Trismegistus.

The three parts of the wisdom of the whole universe

One account of how Hermes Trismegistus received the name "Trismegistus," meaning "Thrice Great," is because, as he claims in The Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus, he knows the three parts of the wisdom of the whole universe.[14] The three parts of the wisdom are alchemy, astrology, and theurgy. Marsilio Ficino's opinion was that "they called him Trismegistos because he was the greatest philosopher and the greatest priest and the greatest king."[15] Another explanation, in the Suda (10th century), is that "He was called Trismegistos on account of his praise of the trinity, saying there is one divine nature in the trinity."[16] This last is an example of how Hermes Trismegistus was adopted by Christianity to serve its own particular purposes.

Alchemy - The Operation of the Sun - is not simply the changing of physical lead into physical gold.[17] It is an investigation into the spiritual constitution, or life of matter and material existence through an application of the mysteries of birth, death and resurrection.[18] The various stages of chemical distillation and fermentation, among them, are aspects of these mysteries, that, when applied quicken Nature's processes in order to bring a natural body to perfection.[19] This perfection is the accomplishment of the Magnum Opus (Latin for Great Work).

Astrology - The Operation of the Moon - Hermes claims that Zoroaster discovered this part of the wisdom of the whole universe, astrology, and taught it to man.[20] In Hermetic thought, it is likely that the movements of the planets have meaning beyond the laws of physics and actually holding metaphorical value as symbols in the mind of The All, or God. Astrology has influences upon the Earth, but does not dictate our actions, and wisdom is gained when we know what these influences are and how to deal with them.

Theurgy - The Operation of the Stars - There are two different types of magic, according to Giovanni Pico della Mirandola's Apology, completely opposite of one another. The first is γοητεια, Goëtia, black magic reliant upon an alliance with evil spirits (i.e. demons). The second is Theurgy, divine magic reliant upon an alliance with divine spirits (i.e. angels, archangels, gods).[21]

Theurgy translates to "The Science or art of Divine Works" and is the practical aspect of the Hermetic art of alchemy.[22] Furthermore, alchemy is seen as the "key" to theurgy,[23] the ultimate goal of which is to become united with higher counterparts, leading to the attainment of Divine Consciousness.[24]

Hermetic beliefs

Hermeticism encompasses both panentheism and Monistic-polytheism within its belief system, which teaches that there is The All, or one "Cause", of which we, and the entire universe, are all a part. Also it subscribes to the notion that other beings such as gods and angels, ascended masters and elementals exist in the Universe.

Manly P. Hall, an occult and Hermetic scholar, however, claimed that Hermeticism has foremost inspired three movements, the Illuminati, Freemasonry, and the Rosicrucians.[25]

The All and reality

In the Hermetic belief system, all is in the mind of The All. Hermeticism acknowledges that there exist many gods, but that these deities, along with all other beings, exist within, and are created by, The ALL. As expressed in the Kybalion: "We have given you the Hermetic Teaching in regarding the Mental Nature of the Universe - the truth that 'the Universe is Mental - held in the Mind of THE ALL.'"[26]

Everybody and Everything in the universe is part of this entity. As everything is mental, it is also a vibration.[27] All vibrations vibrate from the densest of physical particles, through mental states, to the highest spiritual vibrations. In Hermeticism, the only difference between different states of physical matter, mentality, and spirituality is the frequency of their vibration. The higher the vibration, the further it is from base matter.[28]

Classical elements

The four classical elements of earth, water, air, and fire are used often in alchemy, and are alluded to several times in the Corpus Hermeticum.

As above, so below

File:RWS-01-Magician.jpg
The Magician displaying the Hermetic concept of "as above, so below." It is thought that the modern Tarot may be based on The Book of Thoth.

These words circulate throughout occult and magical circles, and they come from Hermetic texts. The concept was first laid out in The Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus, in the words "That which is Below corresponds to that which is Above, and that which is Above, corresponds to that which is Below, to accomplish the miracles of the One Thing."[29]

In accordance with the various levels of reality: physical, mental, and spiritual, this relates that what happens on any level happens on every other. This is however more often used in the sense of the microcosm and the macrocosm. The microcosm is oneself, and the macrocosm is the universe. The macrocosm is as the microcosm, and vice versa; within each lies the other, and through understanding one (usually the microcosm) you can understand the other.[30]

The phrase has been referenced in many rock songs by various artists: Neurosis, Behemoth, Klaxons, Tom Tom Club, Mr Bungle, Billy Bragg, Tool, Probot, Watain, Scar Symmetry, and Bruce Dickinson.

Reincarnation

There are mentions in Hermeticism about reincarnation. As Hermes states:

"O son, how many bodies we have to pass through, how many bands of demons, through how many series of repetitions and cycles of the stars, before we hasten to the One alone?"[31]

Manly P. Hall also claims that there is a general acceptance among Hermeticists for constant reincarnation between both sexes, as in some way integral, but not absolutely vital, within Hermeticism.[32]

Causation

One tenet of Hermeticism, which may be the sole work of The Kybalion is the tenet of causation. Causation is in a simplified form, simply cause and effect. Each cause has its effect and each effect has its cause. However, when brought up to Kybalion levels, this principle states that there is no such thing as chance, but rather that chance is undiscovered law, organization in the chaos.[33]

The argument The Kybalion makes on this issue, is that The All is the Law, and as nothing can be outside of The All, nothing can be outside of the Law. The idea of something happening by chance would be, in their opinion, outside of the Law.[34]

Morality, good and evil

Hermes explains in Book 9 of the Corpus Hermeticum that Nous brings forth both good and evil, depending on if he receives input from God or from the demons. God brings good, while the demons bring evil. Among those things brought by demons are:

"adultery, murder, violence to one's father, sacrilege, ungodliness, strangling, suicide from a cliff and all such other demonic actions."[35]

This provides a clearcut view that Hermeticism does indeed include a sense of morality. However, the word good is used very strictly, to be restricted to use to the Supreme Good, God.[36] It is only God (in the sense of the Supreme Good, not The All) who is completely free of evil to be considered good. Men are exempt of having the chance of being good, for they have a body, consumed in the physical nature, ignorant of the Supreme Good.[37]

Among those things which are considered extremely sinful, is the focus on the material life, said to be the only thing that offends God:

"As processions passing in the road cannot achieve anything themselves yet still obstruct others, so these men merely process through the universe, led by the pleasures of the body."[38]

It is troublesome to oneself to have no "children". This is a symbolic description, not to mean physical, biological children, but rather creations. Immediately before this claim, it is explained that God is "the Father" because it has authored all things, it creates. Whether father or mother, one must create, do something positive in their life, as the Supreme Good is a "generative power". The curse for not having "children" is to be imprisoned to a body, neither male (active) nor female (thoughtful), leaving that person with a type of sterility, that of being unable to accomplish anything.[39]

Creation legend

The tale is given in the first book of the Corpus Hermeticum by God's Nous to Hermes Trismegistus after much meditation. It begins as the ALL creates the elements after seeing the Cosmos and creating one just like it (our Cosmos) from its own constituent elements and souls. From there, the ALL, being both male (Divine Father) and female (Universal Mother), holding the Word (the logos), gave birth to a second Nous, creator of the world. This second Nous created seven powers, or deities, (often seen as Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and the Moon) to travel in circles and govern destiny.

The Word then leaps forth from the materializing elements, which made them unintelligent. Nous then made the governors spin, and from their matter sprang forth creatures without speech. Earth then was separated from Water and the animals (other than Man) were brought forth from the Earth.

The Supreme Nous then created Man, androgenous, in his own image and handed over his creation. Man carefully observed the creation of his brother, the lesser Nous, and received his and his Father's authority over it all. Man then rose up above the spheres' paths to better view the creation, and then showed the form of the ALL to Nature. Nature fell in love with it, and Man, seeing a similar form to his own reflecting in the water fell in love with Nature and wished to dwell in it. Immediately Man became one with Nature and became a slave to its limitations such as gender and sleep. Man thus became speechless (for it lost the Word) and became double, being mortal in body but immortal in spirit, having authority of all but subject to destiny.

The tale does not specifically contradict the theory of evolution, other than for Man, but most Hermeticists fully accept evolutionary theory as a solid grounding for the creation of everything from base matter to Man.[40]

Hermetic brotherhoods

Hermeticism, being opposed by the Church, became a part of the occult underworld, intermingling with other occult movements and practices. The infusion of Hermeticism into occultism has given it great influence in Western magical traditions. Hermeticism's spiritual practices were found very useful in magical work, especially in Theurgic (divine) practices as opposed to Goëtic (profane) practices, due to the religious context from which Hermeticism sprang forth.

Using the teachings and imagery of the Jewish Kabbalah and Christian mysticism, Hermetic Theurgy was used effectively and in a context more easily understood by Europeans in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

A few primarily Hermetic occult orders were founded in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. Hermetic magic underwent a 19th century revival in Western Europe,[41] where it was practiced by people such as the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Aurum Solis, Ragon, Kenneth M. Mackenzie, Eliphas Lévi, Frederick Hockley, William Butler Yeats, and Arthur Machen.[42] An example of a society existing as recently as the 1960s would be the Sacred Fraternity of the Cross.

Rosicrucianism

Main article: Rosicrucian

Rosicrucianism was a Hermetic/Christian movement dating back to the 15th century. It is believed to have ceased to exist sometime during the 19th century, though some claim it merely fell into complete secrecy. It consisted of a secretive inner body, and a more public outer body under the direction of the inner body.

This movement was symbolized by the rose (the soul) and the cross (the body of 4 elements). In other words, the human soul crucified on the cross of the material plane. This may be similar to the Egyptian use of the ankh.

The Rosicrucian Order consisted of a graded system (similar to The Order of Freemasons) in which members moved up in rank and gained access to more knowledge, for which there was no fee. Once a member was deemed able to understand the knowledge, they moved on to the next grade.

There were three steps to their spiritual path: philosophy, qabbalah, and divine magic. In turn, there were three goals to the order: 1) the abolition of monarchy and the institution of rule by a philosophical elect, 2) reformation of science, philosophy, and ethics, and 3) discovery of the Panacea.

The only source dating the existence of the Rosicrucians as far back as the 17th century are three German pamphlets: the Fama, the Confessio Fraternitatis, and Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz. Some scholars believe these to be hoaxes, and that antedating Rosicrucian organizations are the first appearance of any real Rosicrucian fraternity.

Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

Unlike the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was open to both sexes, and treated both as equal. The order was a specifically Hermetic society, teaching the arts of alchemy, qabbalah, and the magic of Hermes along with the principles of occult science. Israel Regardie claims that there are many orders, who know what they do of magic from what has been leaked out of the Golden Dawn, by what he deems "renegade members."

The order maintained the tightest of secrecy by severe penalties for loose lips. Overall, the general public was left oblivious to the actions and even existence of the Golden Dawn, making the policies a success.[43] This secrecy was broken first by Aleister Crowley, in A.D. 1905, and later by Israel Regardie himself in 1940 C.E., giving a detailed account of the order's teachings to the general public.[44]

See also

Some Hermeticists

Notes

  1. (Churton p. 5)
  2. (Budge The Gods of the Egyptians Vol. 1 p. 415)
  3. (Churton pp. 26-7)
  4. This Leonardo di Pistoia was a monk[1], not to be confused with the artist Leonardo da Pistoia who was not born until c.1483 C.E.
  5. (The Way of Hermes, p. 9)
  6. (Tambiah Magic, Science, Religion, and the Scope of Rationality pp. 27-28)
  7. (The Way of Hermes, p. 9)
  8. (Abel and Hare p. 7)
  9. (Stephan A. Hoeller, On the Trail of the Winged God - Hermes and Hermeticism Throughout the Age, Gnosis: A Journal of Western Inner Traditions (Vol. 40, Summer 1996))
  10. (Way of Hermes, pp. 9-10)
  11. (Churton p. 5)
  12. (Scully p. 321)
  13. (Abel & Hare p. 12)
  14. (Scully p. 322)
  15. Copenhaver, Hermetica, p. xlviii
  16. Copenhaver, Hermetica, p. xli
  17. (Hall The Hermetic Marriage p. 227)
  18. Eliade The Forge and the Crucible p. 149 and p. 155-157
  19. Geber Summa Perfectionis
  20. (Powell pp. 19-20)
  21. Garstin p. v
  22. Garstin p. 6
  23. Garstin p. vi
  24. Garstin p. 6
  25. (Hall The Hermetic Marriage p. 226)
  26. (Three Initiates p. 96)
  27. (Three Initiates p. 137)
  28. (Three Initiates pp. 138-47)
  29. (Scully p. 321)
  30. (Garstin p. 35)
  31. (Way of Hermes p. 33)
  32. (Hall The Hermetic Marriage p. 234)
  33. (Three Initiates p. 171)
  34. (Three Initiates p. 173)
  35. (Way of Hermes p. 42)
  36. (Way of Hermes p. 28)
  37. (Way of Hermes p. 47)
  38. (Way of Hermes pp. 32-3)
  39. (Way of Hermes p. 29)
  40. (Way of Hermes pp. 18-20)
  41. (Regardie p. 17)
  42. (Regardie pp. 15-6)
  43. (Regardie pp. 15-7)
  44. (Regardie p. ix)

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Abel, Christopher R. and Hare, William O. (1997). Hermes Trismegistus: An Investigation of the Origin of the Hermetic Writings. Sequim: Holmes Publishing Group. 
  • Anonymous (2002). Meditations on the Tarot: A Journey into Christian Hermeticism. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin. 
  • Budge, E. A. Wallis (1895). The Egyptian Book of the Dead: (The Papyrus of Ani) Egyptian Text Transliteration and Translation. New York: Dover Publications. 
  • Churton, Tobias. The Golden Builders: Alchemists, Rosicrucians, and the First Freemasons. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2002.
  • Copenhaver, B.P. Hermetica, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.
  • Garstin, E.J. Langford (2004). Theurgy or The Hermetic Practice. Berwick: Ibis Press.  Published Posthumously
  • Hall, Manly P. (date unknown). The Hermetic Marriage. Kessinger Publishing. 
  • Hall, Manly P. (1928). The Secret Teachings of All Ages. San Francisco: H.S. Crocker Company. 
  • Hoeller, Stephan A. On the Trail of the Winged God: Hermes and Hermeticism Throughout the Ages, Gnosis: A Journal of Western Inner Traditions (Vol. 40, Summer 1996). Also at [2]
  • Powell, Robert A. (1991). Christian Hermetic Astrology: The Star of the Magi and the Life of Christ. Hudson: Anthroposohic Press. 
  • Regardie, Israel (1940). The Golden Dawn. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications. 
  • Salaman, Clement and Van Oyen, Dorine and Wharton, William D. and Mahé, Jean-Pierre (2000). The Way of Hermes: New Translations of The Corpus Heremticum and The Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius. Rochester: Inner Traditions. 
  • Scully, Nicki (2003). Alchemical Healing: A Guide to Spiritual, Physical, and Transformational Medicine. Rochester: Bear & Company. 
  • Three Initiates (1912). The Kybalion. Chicago: The Yogi Publication Society/Masonic Temple. 

External links

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