Beecher, Henry Ward

From New World Encyclopedia
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{{epname|Beecher, Henry Ward}}
: ''This is an article about Henry Beecher, the American clergyman. For the medical doctor, see [[Henry K. Beecher]].''
 
 
{{Infobox Person
 
{{Infobox Person
 
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| name  = Henry Ward Beecher
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'''Henry Ward Beecher''' ([[June 24]], [[1813]] – [[March 8]], [[1887]]) was a prominent, theologically liberal American [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] clergyman, social reformer, abolitionist, and speaker in the mid to late 19th Century.  
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'''Henry Ward Beecher''' (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was a prominent, theologically liberal American [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] clergyman, social reformer, abolitionist, and speaker in the mid to late 19th Century.  
  
An 1875 adultery trial in which he was accused of having an affair with a married woman was one of the most famous American trials of the Nineteenth century.<ref name=kazthegosp>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/16/books/review/16kazin.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print]Kazin, Michael, "The Gospel of Love" a review of ''The Most Famous Man in America,''  by Debby Applegate, The New York Times Book Review, [[July 16]], [[2006]], page 1</ref>
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An 1875 adultery trial in which he was accused of having an affair with a married woman was one of the most famous American trials of the Nineteenth century.<ref name=kazthegosp>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/16/books/review/16kazin.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print]Kazin, Michael, "The Gospel of Love" a review of ''The Most Famous Man in America,''  by Debby Applegate, The New York Times Book Review, July 16, 2006, page 1</ref>
 
   
 
   
 
==Biography==
 
==Biography==
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"Henry, bashful and mumbling as a child, began his oratorical training at Mt. Pleasant Institution, a boarding school in Amherst, Massachusetts."<ref name=henryplymouth/>
 
"Henry, bashful and mumbling as a child, began his oratorical training at Mt. Pleasant Institution, a boarding school in Amherst, Massachusetts."<ref name=henryplymouth/>
  
Beecher also attended [[Boston Latin School]], graduated from [[Amherst College]] in [[1834]] and in [[1837]] received a degree from [[Lane Theological Seminary]] outside [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], which his father then headed. First becoming a minister in Lawrenceburg (1837-39) he was then pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] (1839-47).   
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Beecher also attended [[Boston Latin School]], graduated from [[Amherst College]] in 1834 and in 1837 received a degree from [[Lane Theological Seminary]] outside [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], which his father then headed. First becoming a minister in Lawrenceburg (1837-39) he was then pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] (1839-47).   
  
In [[1847]], he was appointed the first minister of the new [[Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims|Plymouth Congregational Church]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]]. That fall, Beecher and his wife, the former Eunice Bullard, and their three surviving children moved to Brooklyn.
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In 1847, he was appointed the first minister of the new [[Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims|Plymouth Congregational Church]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]]. That fall, Beecher and his wife, the former Eunice Bullard, and their three surviving children moved to Brooklyn.
  
 
Beecher's fame on the lecture circuit led to his becoming editor of several religious magazines, and he received large advances for a novel and for a biography of Jesus.<ref name=kazthegosp/>
 
Beecher's fame on the lecture circuit led to his becoming editor of several religious magazines, and he received large advances for a novel and for a biography of Jesus.<ref name=kazthegosp/>
  
 
=== Beecher-Tilton Scandal ===
 
=== Beecher-Tilton Scandal ===
[[Image:Henry-Ward-Beecher.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Henry Ward Beecher in [[Columbus Park]], [[Brooklyn, New York]]]]"His career took place during what one scholar has called the Protestant Century," according to Kazin, "when an eloquent preacher could be a sexy celebrity, the leader of one or more reform movements and a popular philosopher — all at the same time."<ref name=kazthegosp/>
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[[Image:Henry-Ward-Beecher.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Henry Ward Beecher in [[Columbus Park]], [[Brooklyn, New York]]]]"His career took place during what one scholar has called the Protestant Century," according to Kazin, "when an eloquent preacher could be a sexy celebrity, the leader of one or more reform movements and a popular philosopher—all at the same time."<ref name=kazthegosp/>
  
 
Muscular and long-haired, the preacher was close to a series of attractive young women, but his wife, Eunice, the mother of his 10 children, was "unloved."<ref name=kazthegosp/>
 
Muscular and long-haired, the preacher was close to a series of attractive young women, but his wife, Eunice, the mother of his 10 children, was "unloved."<ref name=kazthegosp/>
  
In the highly publicized scandal known as the ''Beecher-Tilton Affair'' he was tried on charges that he had committed adultery with a friend's wife, Elizabeth Tilton. In [[1870]], Elizabeth had confessed to her husband, [[Theodore Tilton]], that she had had a relationship with Henry Ward Beecher. Tilton was then fired from his job at the ''Independent'' because of his editor's fears of adverse publicity. Theodore and Henry both pressured Elizabeth to recant her story, which she did, in writing.  She subsequently retracted her recantation.
+
In the highly publicized scandal known as the ''Beecher-Tilton Affair'' he was tried on charges that he had committed adultery with a friend's wife, Elizabeth Tilton. In 1870, Elizabeth had confessed to her husband, [[Theodore Tilton]], that she had had a relationship with Henry Ward Beecher. Tilton was then fired from his job at the ''Independent'' because of his editor's fears of adverse publicity. Theodore and Henry both pressured Elizabeth to recant her story, which she did, in writing.  She subsequently retracted her recantation.
  
 
The charges became public when Theodore Tilton told [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] that his wife, Elizabeth, had confessed to a "[[free love]]" relationship with Henry Ward Beecher. Stanton repeated the story to [[Victoria Woodhull]] and [[Isabella Beecher Hooker]].
 
The charges became public when Theodore Tilton told [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] that his wife, Elizabeth, had confessed to a "[[free love]]" relationship with Henry Ward Beecher. Stanton repeated the story to [[Victoria Woodhull]] and [[Isabella Beecher Hooker]].
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An advocate of women's [[suffrage]], [[Temperance movement|temperance]] and [[Charles Darwin|Darwin's]] theory of [[evolution]], and a foe of [[slavery]], Beecher held that Christianity should adapt itself to the changing culture of the times.  He was also passionately [[anti-Catholic]] and was contemptuous towards [[Irish-Americans]] in an age that was anti-Irish Catholic due to the waves of Irish [[immigrants]] coming to America because of the [[potato famine]].  
 
An advocate of women's [[suffrage]], [[Temperance movement|temperance]] and [[Charles Darwin|Darwin's]] theory of [[evolution]], and a foe of [[slavery]], Beecher held that Christianity should adapt itself to the changing culture of the times.  He was also passionately [[anti-Catholic]] and was contemptuous towards [[Irish-Americans]] in an age that was anti-Irish Catholic due to the waves of Irish [[immigrants]] coming to America because of the [[potato famine]].  
  
He raised funds to buy weapons for those willing to oppose slavery in Kansas and Nebraska, and the rifles bought with this money became known as "[[Beecher's Bibles]]". Politically active, he supported first the [[United States Free Soil Party|Free Soil Party]] and later the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]].
+
He raised funds to buy weapons for those willing to oppose slavery in Kansas and Nebraska, and the rifles bought with this money became known as "[[Beecher's Bibles]]." Politically active, he supported first the [[United States Free Soil Party|Free Soil Party]] and later the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]].
  
During the [[American Civil War]], his church raised and equipped a volunteer [[infantry]] [[regiment]]. Early in the war, Beecher pressed [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]] to emancipate the slaves through a proclamation. The preacher later went on a speaking tour in [[England]] to undermine support for the South by explaining the North's war aims. Near the end of the war, when the Stars and Stripes were again raised at [[Fort Sumter]] in [[South Carolina]], Beecher was the main speaker.<ref name=henryplymouth>[http://www.plymouthchurch.org/about.php] "About Our Church" web page at the web site of the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn Heights, New York City. Accessed on [[July 17]], [[2006]]</ref>
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During the [[American Civil War]], his church raised and equipped a volunteer [[infantry]] [[regiment]]. Early in the war, Beecher pressed [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]] to emancipate the slaves through a proclamation. The preacher later went on a speaking tour in [[England]] to undermine support for the South by explaining the North's war aims. Near the end of the war, when the Stars and Stripes were again raised at [[Fort Sumter]] in [[South Carolina]], Beecher was the main speaker.<ref name=henryplymouth>[http://www.plymouthchurch.org/about.php] "About Our Church" web page at the web site of the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn Heights, New York City. Accessed on July 17, 2006</ref>
  
 
==Preaching style==
 
==Preaching style==
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Beecher himself had this to say of his preaching style:
 
Beecher himself had this to say of his preaching style:
"From the beginning, I educated myself to speak along the line and in the current of my moral convictions; and though, in later days, it has carried me through places where there were some batterings and bruisings, yet I have been supremely grateful that I was led to adopt this course. I would rather speak the truth to ten men than blandishments and lying to a million. Try it, ye who think there is nothing in it! try what it is to speak with God behind you,—to speak so as to be only the arrow in the bow which the Almighty draws." (Beecher, pp. 138-139)
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"From the beginning, I educated myself to speak along the line and in the current of my moral convictions; and though, in later days, it has carried me through places where there were some batterings and bruisings, yet I have been supremely grateful that I was led to adopt this course. I would rather speak the truth to ten men than blandishments and lying to a million. Try it, ye who think there is nothing in it! try what it is to speak with God behind you,—to speak so as to be only the arrow in the bow which the Almighty draws." (Beecher, pp. 138-139)
  
 
"He obtained the chains with which John Brown had been bound, trampling them in the pulpit, and he also held mock 'auctions' at which the congregation purchased the freedom of real slaves," according to the Web site of the still-existing Plymouth Church. The most famous of these former slaves was a young girl named Pinky, auctioned during a regular Sunday worship service at Plymouth on February 5, 1860. A collection taken up that day raised $900 to buy Pinky from her owner. A gold ring was also placed in the collection plate, and Beecher presented it to the girl to commemorate her day of liberation. Pinky returned to Plymouth in 1927 at the time of the Church's 80th Anniversary to give the ring back to the Church with her thanks. Today, Pinky's ring and bill of sale can still be viewed at Plymouth."<ref name=henryplymouth/>
 
"He obtained the chains with which John Brown had been bound, trampling them in the pulpit, and he also held mock 'auctions' at which the congregation purchased the freedom of real slaves," according to the Web site of the still-existing Plymouth Church. The most famous of these former slaves was a young girl named Pinky, auctioned during a regular Sunday worship service at Plymouth on February 5, 1860. A collection taken up that day raised $900 to buy Pinky from her owner. A gold ring was also placed in the collection plate, and Beecher presented it to the girl to commemorate her day of liberation. Pinky returned to Plymouth in 1927 at the time of the Church's 80th Anniversary to give the ring back to the Church with her thanks. Today, Pinky's ring and bill of sale can still be viewed at Plymouth."<ref name=henryplymouth/>
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"For (Henry) Beecher, sinfulness was a temporary malady, which the love of God could burn away as a fierce noonday sun dries up a noxious mold," according to Kazin.<ref name=kazthegosp/>
 
"For (Henry) Beecher, sinfulness was a temporary malady, which the love of God could burn away as a fierce noonday sun dries up a noxious mold," according to Kazin.<ref name=kazthegosp/>
  
==Trivia==
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{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}
 
*"He developed a passion for jewels, which he carried, unset, in his pockets, taking them out for comfort when he was tired or in low spirits." &mdash; biographer Debby Applegate, in her book, ''The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher''<ref name=kazthegosp/>
 
*[[Beecher, Illinois]], is his namesake, although he declined to come to the town's dedication in 1871.
 
*[[Gutzon Borglum]] who created the Mount Rushmore memorial, sculpted a statue of Beecher that stands in the garden of Plymouth Church in Brooklyn Heights.
 
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]] wrote a limerick in which he puns on Beecher's name:
 
<br />''The Reverend Henry Ward Beecher''<br />
 
''called a hen a most elegant creature.''<br />
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;''The hen, pleased with that,''<br />
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;''laid an egg in his hat,''<br />
 
''and thus did the hen reward Beecher.''
 
  
 
==Published works==  
 
==Published works==  

Revision as of 23:28, 25 September 2007

Henry Ward Beecher
RevHWBeech.jpg
Henry Ward Beecher
BornJune 24 1813(1813-06-24)
Litchfield, Connecticut, U.S.
DiedMarch 8 1887 (aged 73)
OccupationProtestant Clergyman, Abolitionist
Spouse(s)Eunice White Beecher
ParentsLyman and Roxana Beecher

Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was a prominent, theologically liberal American Congregationalist clergyman, social reformer, abolitionist, and speaker in the mid to late 19th Century.

An 1875 adultery trial in which he was accused of having an affair with a married woman was one of the most famous American trials of the Nineteenth century.[1]

Biography

Early life

Born in Litchfield, Connecticut, he was the son of Lyman Beecher, an abolitionist Congregationalist preacher from Boston, and Roxana Foote. Roxana died when Henry was three. He was the brother of Harriet Beecher Stowe the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin and Catharine Beecher a noted educator. He had two other prominent and activist siblings, a brother, Charles Beecher, and a sister, Isabella Beecher Hooker.

The Beecher household was exemplary of the orthodox ministry that Lyman Beecher preached. His family not only prayed at the beginning and end of each day but also sang hymns and prepared for other rigorous church obligations. The family members were expected to participate in prayer meetings, attend lectures and other church functions. "Undue frivolty was discouraged, so they did not celebrate Christmas or birthdays. Dancing, theater, and all but the most high-toned fiction were forbidden." (Applegate, p. 28)

Henry was especially close to his sister Harriet, two years his senior, according to the web site of the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn Heights, New York City. "This friendship with Harriet continued throughout their lives, and she was still listed on the membership rolls of Plymouth Church when she died in 1896."[2]

"Henry, bashful and mumbling as a child, began his oratorical training at Mt. Pleasant Institution, a boarding school in Amherst, Massachusetts."[2]

Beecher also attended Boston Latin School, graduated from Amherst College in 1834 and in 1837 received a degree from Lane Theological Seminary outside Cincinnati, Ohio, which his father then headed. First becoming a minister in Lawrenceburg (1837-39) he was then pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church in Indianapolis, Indiana (1839-47).

In 1847, he was appointed the first minister of the new Plymouth Congregational Church in Brooklyn, New York. That fall, Beecher and his wife, the former Eunice Bullard, and their three surviving children moved to Brooklyn.

Beecher's fame on the lecture circuit led to his becoming editor of several religious magazines, and he received large advances for a novel and for a biography of Jesus.[1]

Beecher-Tilton Scandal

Statue of Henry Ward Beecher in Columbus Park, Brooklyn, New York

"His career took place during what one scholar has called the Protestant Century," according to Kazin, "when an eloquent preacher could be a sexy celebrity, the leader of one or more reform movements and a popular philosopher—all at the same time."[1]

Muscular and long-haired, the preacher was close to a series of attractive young women, but his wife, Eunice, the mother of his 10 children, was "unloved."[1]

In the highly publicized scandal known as the Beecher-Tilton Affair he was tried on charges that he had committed adultery with a friend's wife, Elizabeth Tilton. In 1870, Elizabeth had confessed to her husband, Theodore Tilton, that she had had a relationship with Henry Ward Beecher. Tilton was then fired from his job at the Independent because of his editor's fears of adverse publicity. Theodore and Henry both pressured Elizabeth to recant her story, which she did, in writing. She subsequently retracted her recantation.

The charges became public when Theodore Tilton told Elizabeth Cady Stanton that his wife, Elizabeth, had confessed to a "free love" relationship with Henry Ward Beecher. Stanton repeated the story to Victoria Woodhull and Isabella Beecher Hooker.

Victoria became angry, as Henry Ward Beecher had publicly denounced her advocacy of free love. She published a story in her paper (Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly) on November 2, 1872, claiming that America's most renowned clergyman was secretly practicing the free-love doctrines which he denounced from the pulpit. The story created a national sensation. As a result, Victoria was arrested in New York City and imprisoned for sending obscene material through the mail. The Plymouth Church held a board of inquiry and exonerated Beecher, but excommunicated Mr. Tilton in 1873.

Tilton then sued Beecher: the trial began in January 1875, and ended in July when the jurors deliberated for six days but were unable to reach a verdict. His wife loyally supported him throughout the ordeal.[1]

A second board of enquiry was held at Plymouth Church and this body also exonerated Beecher. Two years later, Elizabeth Tilton once again confessed to the affair and the church excommunicated her. Despite this Beecher continued to be a popular national figure. However, the debacle split his family. While most of his siblings supported him, one of his sisters, the nationally known women's rights leader Isabella Beecher Hooker, openly supported one of his accusers.

Death

Grave at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York.

Henry Ward Beecher died of a cerebral hemorrhage in March 1887. The city of Brooklyn where he lived declared a day of mourning upon, and the New York State Legislature went into recess to honor him. He was buried on March 11, 1887 in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery.

"Brooklyn, still an independent city, declared a day of mourning. The state legislature recessed, and telegrams of condolence were sent by national figures, including President Cleveland. His funeral procession to Plymouth Church - led by a Black commander of the William Lloyd Garrison Post in Massachusetts and a Virginia Confederate general and former slaveholder, marching arm in arm - paid tribute to what Beecher helped accomplish. Henry Ward Beecher was laid to rest in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery on March 11, 1887, survived by his wife Eunice, and four of the nine children born to them: Harriet, Henry, William and Herbert.[2]

Social and political views

An advocate of women's suffrage, temperance and Darwin's theory of evolution, and a foe of slavery, Beecher held that Christianity should adapt itself to the changing culture of the times. He was also passionately anti-Catholic and was contemptuous towards Irish-Americans in an age that was anti-Irish Catholic due to the waves of Irish immigrants coming to America because of the potato famine.

He raised funds to buy weapons for those willing to oppose slavery in Kansas and Nebraska, and the rifles bought with this money became known as "Beecher's Bibles." Politically active, he supported first the Free Soil Party and later the Republican Party.

During the American Civil War, his church raised and equipped a volunteer infantry regiment. Early in the war, Beecher pressed Lincoln to emancipate the slaves through a proclamation. The preacher later went on a speaking tour in England to undermine support for the South by explaining the North's war aims. Near the end of the war, when the Stars and Stripes were again raised at Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Beecher was the main speaker.[2]

Preaching style

Sketch of Henry Ward Beecher

Thousands of worshipers flocked to Beecher's enormous Plymouth Church in Brooklyn. Abraham Lincoln (who said of Beecher that no one in history had "so productive a mind") was in the audience at one point, and Walt Whitman visited. Mark Twain went to see Beecher in the pulpit and described the pastor "sawing his arms in the air, howling sarcasms this way and that, discharging rockets of poetry and exploding mines of eloquence, halting now and then to stamp his foot three times in succession to emphasize a point." (Twain, Letter # 9)

Beecher himself had this to say of his preaching style: "From the beginning, I educated myself to speak along the line and in the current of my moral convictions; and though, in later days, it has carried me through places where there were some batterings and bruisings, yet I have been supremely grateful that I was led to adopt this course. I would rather speak the truth to ten men than blandishments and lying to a million. Try it, ye who think there is nothing in it! try what it is to speak with God behind you,—to speak so as to be only the arrow in the bow which the Almighty draws." (Beecher, pp. 138-139)

"He obtained the chains with which John Brown had been bound, trampling them in the pulpit, and he also held mock 'auctions' at which the congregation purchased the freedom of real slaves," according to the Web site of the still-existing Plymouth Church. The most famous of these former slaves was a young girl named Pinky, auctioned during a regular Sunday worship service at Plymouth on February 5, 1860. A collection taken up that day raised $900 to buy Pinky from her owner. A gold ring was also placed in the collection plate, and Beecher presented it to the girl to commemorate her day of liberation. Pinky returned to Plymouth in 1927 at the time of the Church's 80th Anniversary to give the ring back to the Church with her thanks. Today, Pinky's ring and bill of sale can still be viewed at Plymouth."[2]

Theology

Henry's father preached a form of Calvinist theology that "combined the old belief that 'human fate was preordained by God's plan' with a faith in the capacity of rational men and women to purge society of its sinful ways," according to historian Michael Kazin. [1]

"For (Henry) Beecher, sinfulness was a temporary malady, which the love of God could burn away as a fierce noonday sun dries up a noxious mold," according to Kazin.[1]


Published works

  • Seven Lectures to Young Men (1844) (a pamphlet)
  • The Independent (1861-63) (periodical, as editor)
  • Christian Union (1870-78) (periodical, as editor)
  • Summer in the Soul (1858)
  • Prayers from the Plymouth Pulpit (1867)
  • Norwood, or Village Life in New England (1868) (novel)
  • Life of Jesus Christ (1871)
  • Yale Lectures on Preaching (1872)
  • Evolution and Religion (1885)

Bibliography

  • Debby Applegate, The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher (Doubleday, 2006), winner of the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for biography.
  • Constance Mayfield Rourke; Trumpets of Jubilee: Henry Ward Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lyman Beecher, Horace Greeley, P.T. Barnum (1927).

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 [1]Kazin, Michael, "The Gospel of Love" a review of The Most Famous Man in America, by Debby Applegate, The New York Times Book Review, July 16, 2006, page 1
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 [2] "About Our Church" web page at the web site of the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn Heights, New York City. Accessed on July 17, 2006

  • Hibben, Paxton. Henry Ward Beecher: An American Portrait. New York: The press of the Readers club, 1942. (Foreward by Sinclair Lewis.)
  • Beecher, Henry Ward, and Edna Dean Proctor. Life Thoughts: Gathered from the Extemporaneous Discourses of Henry Ward Beecher. Boston: Phillips, Sampson and company, 1858. googlebooks.com Accessed September 24, 2007
  • Applegate, Debby. The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher. New York: Doubleday, 2006.
  • Twain, Mark. Alta California. Letter no. 9, San Francisco, March 30, 1867. twainquotes.com Accessed September 22, 2007

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