Guizhou

贵州省 Guìzhōu Shěng
Abbreviations: 黔 or 贵/貴 (Pinyin: Qián or Guì)
Origin of name	贵 guì - Gui Mountains 州 zhōu - zhou (prefecture)
Administration type	Province
Capital (and largest city)	Guiyang
CPC Ctte Secretary	Shi Zongyuan
Governor	Zhao Kezhi
Area	176100 km² (16th)
Population (2010)  - Density	34,746,468 (19th) 198/km² (18th)
GDP (2011)  - per capita	CNY 570.1 billion US$ 90.5 billion (26th) CNY 13,119 US$ 1,938 (31st)
HDI (2008)	0.690 (medium) (30th)
Major nationalities	Han - 62% Miao - 12% Buyei - 8% Dong - 5% Tujia - 4% Yi - 2% Undistinguished - 2% Gelao - 2% Sui - 1%
Prefecture-level	9 divisions
County-level	88 divisions
Township-level†	1539 divisions
ISO 3166-2	CN-52
Official website http://www.gzgov.gov.cn (Simplified Chinese)
Source for population and GDP data: 《中国统计年鉴—2005》 China Statistical Yearbook 2005 ISBN 7503747382 Source for nationalities data: 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 Tabulation on nationalities of 2000 population census of China ISBN 7105054255 † As at December 31, 2004

(Simplified Chinese: 贵州; Traditional Chinese: 貴州; pinyin: Gùizhōu; Wade-Giles: Kuei-chou; also spelled Kweichow) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country. Guizhou borders Sichuan province and Chongqing municipality to the north, Yunnan province to the west, Guangxi province to the south and Hunan province to the east. Its provincial capital city is Guiyang.

Guizhou sat on the fringe of the Chinese empire until the Ming dynasty. Ming's incorporation of Guizho into the Ming dynasty led to a flood of Han Chinese into Guizhou, setting the stamp on the region as an ethically diverse province. Although suffering from a lack of adequate education, and sitting landlocked with much of the country mountainous, Guizhou has natural resources of water and oil plus other minerals in abundance. The province is shaking off the mantle of communism wore during the era of communism in China and beginning to develop.

History

Guizhou was well known by the Chinese for thousands of years, but it was not until the Ming dynasty that it came under Chinese domination, during which it was made into a province. This prompted mass migration of Han Chinese from the neighboring provinces of Sichuan, Hunan and other provinces into Guizhou.

Buyi minority Shitou village, west Guizhou (near Longgong caves), China.

Countless rebellions by the province's native Miao people occurred throughout the Qing dynasty. It was said that under the Qing dynasty every thirty years there would be minor revolts, while every sixty years there would be major rebellions. All the revolts were violently suppressed by the government.

In 1935, Mao Zedong became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party at a conference in Zunyi, which is located in the north of the province. The Japanese invasion during the years of 1937-1945 forced the nationalist Kuomintang government to retreat to the southwest, bringing Guizhou into prominence and promoting its development under the communists.

Geography

Guizhou is a mountainous province, however most of the hilly areas are concentrated in the west, while the eastern and southern portions are relatively flat. The western part of the province forms part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.

The total area of the province is 170,000 square kilometers. Amidst the towering mountains and deep valleys, there are over 300 basins which are wide in the middle and narrow at both ends. Most of these basins measure over 160 hectares.

Guizhou has a subtropical humid climate. There are few seasonal changes. Its annual average temperature is roughly 10 to 20°C, with January temperatures ranging from 1 to 10°C and July temperatures ranging from 17 to 28°C.

File:HuangguoshuFall.jpg

Huangguoshu Falls

Major Cities:

• Guiyang
• Anshun
• Kaili
• Zunyi
• Duyun
• Liupanshui
• Qingzhen

Major Rivers and Lakes:

• Nanpan River
• Hongshui River
• Wujiang River
• Wuyang River
• Chishui River
• Zhangjing River
• Caohai Lake
• Red Maple Lake

Administrative divisions

Guizhou is divided into nine prefecture-level divisions, consisting of four prefecture-level cities, two prefectures, and three autonomous prefectures:

• Guiyang City (贵阳市 Guìyáng Shì)
• Liupanshui City (六盘水市 Liùpánshuǐ Shì)
• Zunyi City (遵义市 Zūnyì Shì)
• Anshun City (安顺市 Ānshùn Shì)
• Bijie Prefecture (毕节地区 Bìjié Dìqū)
• Tongren Prefecture (铜仁地区 Tóngrén Dìqū)
• Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture (黔东南苗族侗族自治州 Qiándōngnán Miáozú Dòngzú Zìzhìzhōu)
• Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (黔南布依族苗族自治州 Qiánnán Bùyīzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu)
• Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (黔西南布依族苗族自治州 Qiánxīnán Bùyīzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu)

The nine prefecture-level divisions of Guizhou are subdivided into 88 county-level divisions (9 county-level cities, 56 counties, 11 autonomous counties, 10 districts, and 2 special districts). Those are further divided into 1543 township-level divisions (691 towns, 506 townships, 252 ethnic townships, and 94 subdistricts).

Economy

The long-horn tribe, one of the small branches of Miao living in the twelve villages near Zhijing (织金) County, Guizhou Province. The wooden horns remain daily attire for most women.

Guizhou is a relatively poor and undeveloped province. It also has a small economy compared to the other coastal provinces, which are much more affluent. Its nominal GDP for 2004 was 159.2 billion yuan (19.75 billion USD). Its per capita GDP of 3568 RMB (470 USD) ranks last in all of the PRC Guizhou's natural industry includes timber and forestry. Other important industries in the province include energy (electricity generation) and mining, especially in coal, limestone, arsenic, gypsum, and oil shale. year. [1]

Guizhou enjoys ample precipitation and has a complete water system. Rivers flow through its steep terrain, resulting in drastic fall of the waters which gives rise to a hydro-power generating resource of 18.74 million kw, putting the province at sixth place in the country. For each square kilometer, hydro-power resources amount to 106,000 kw, which is the third largest total in the nation. The province is also rich in gas stored in coal reserves. With a reserve of 241.9 billion tons of coal, Guizhou has been known as the "home of coal" in south China. Guizhou's total output of coal was 110 million tons in 2005, a 12 percent growth from the previous year. The combination of abundant water and coal reserves allows for the development of water and coal energy at the same time, which makes Guizhou an important province for the People's Republic of China, despite its struggling economy.

As one of the great reserves of minerals in China, Guizhou boasts more than 110 kinds of minerals. The province is particularly strong in its reserves of phosphorus, mercury, aluminum, manganese, antimony, gold, barite, raw materials for cement and bricks, as well as dolomite, sandstone and limestone. Its phosphorus reserve accounts to 44 percent of the national total while the mercury reserve, after long years of tapping, still makes up 38 percent of the total amount in the country. The newly discovered gold reserve of 150 tons offers the country another gold production base.

While Guizhou has plentiful reserves of raw materials, it has been faced with several problems which have set back its economic development and prevented it from reaching the higher economic status of the other coastal provinces of China. Its uneven topography, landlocked situation, difficult traffic access, and the late development of its economy, combined with the big size of the population, (especially the large proportion of poor within the population) all serve as important constraining factors to the social and economic development of the province.

Demographics

Ethnic Dong women and man in holiday dresses, Liping County, Guizhou Province, China

Guizhou is a province that contains a variety of different minority groups. These minority groups account for more than 37 percent of the total population and they include the Yao, Miao, Yi, Qiang, Dong, Zhuang, Buyi, Bai, Tujia, Gelao and Shui people. The population concentration of these minority groups is so high that 55.5 percent of the province area is designated as an autonomous region for them. In total, there are 49 different ethnic groups in Guizhou. In addition to its ethnic diversity, Guizhou is also the province with the highest total fertility rate, measuring 2.19. (In the urban areas it is 1.31, while in the rural areas it is 2.42. [2]

Education

Guizhou's education level is unfortunately on par with its relatively low economic status. As of 2000, there were 24 higher education institutions with 75,493 students and 7,240 teachers, 2,315 medium education institutions with 1,771,953 students and 93,152 teachers, and 17,985 primary schools with 5,002,082 pupils and 174,822 teachers. The general feature of change in terms of education for the Guizhou population is that the percentage of the educated population at different levels has increased year by year while that of the illiterate and semi-literate population has declined. The enrollment rate of school-age children is 98.5 percent, and there has only been limited development in adult education.

Colleges and universities

• Guizhou University (Guiyang)
• Guizhou Normal University (Guiyang)
• Zunyi Medical College (Zunyi)
• Guiyang Medical University (Guiyang)
• Guizhou University for Nationalities (Guiyang)
• Guizhou College of Finace and Economics (Guiyang)
• Commercial College of Guizhou (Guiyang)
• Bijie University
• Anshun Vocational and Technology College (Anshun)

Tourism

File:Huangguoshudapubu.JPG

Huangguoshu Waterfall, the largest in China.

Drum tower in the Dong village of Zhaoxing, southern Guizhou.

Guizhou province is unfamiliar to many travelers and tourists, but the natural scenery, remarkable national customs, brilliant history, culture and the pleasant climate combine to form a unique landscape which is attracting more and more tourists, both domestic and international, every year. Maolan Karst Forest Natural Conservation, which contains mountains, water, forests and caves all in the same location is a major tourist site, as is Huangguoshu Waterfall. Huangguoshu is the biggest waterfall in China, measuring measuring 74 meters tall and 81 meters wide, and it is one of the most famous waterfalls in the world.

In addition to this, the province is well-known for its many covered bridges, called Wind and Rain Bridges. These bridges were built by the Dong minority people, whose unique minority culture provides an interesting experience in the southeeastern corner of the province.

Culture

Guizhou is the home of the Moutai Distillery, the distillers of Maotai liquor which is China's most famous alcoholic beverage. The Chinese name of the distillery is Zhongguo Guizhou Maotai Jiuchang.

The rich population of minorities in Guizhou allow for a variety of ethnic festivals throughout the lunar calendar, and the synthesis of their various practices provides Guizhou with an interesting and unique culture compared to other parts of China. During the first lunar month (usually February), the early festival in Kaili (east of Guiyang) celebrates local culture with acts of bullfighting, horse racing, pipe playing, and comedy. In total, there are over 100 festivals celebrated by Guizhou's minority ethnic groups, and some of the more notable ones include:

• March - Miao Flower Festival
• April - Dujuan Flower Festival
• May - Anshun Batik Art Festival
• June - Taijang Dragon Boat Festival
• July - Bouyei Chabai Musical Festival
• August - Tongren Miao Culture Festival
• October - Zunyi Liquor Expo.
• November - Kaili Lusheng Musical Festival
• December - Caohai Bird-Watching Day

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Corrigan, Gina. 2002. Guizhou. Hong Kong: Odyssey. ISBN 9789622176744
• Corrigan, Gina. 2001. Miao textiles from China. Fabric folios. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 9780714127422
• Deal, David Michael, and Laura Hostetler. 2006. The art of ethnography: a Chinese "Miao album." (Studies on ethnic groups in China.) Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295985435
• Goodman, David S. G. 1986. Centre and province in the People's Republic of China: Sichuan and Guizhou, 1955-1965. Contemporary China Institute publications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521325301
• Herman, John E. 2007. Amid the clouds and mist: China's colonization of Guizhou, 1200-1700. (Harvard East Asian monographs.) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 9780674025912

External links

All links retrieved July 18, 2017.

• Guizhou's Provincial Government (Chinese)
• Guizhou Travel Guide
• People's Daily
• Overview of Guizhou

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