Difference between revisions of "Great Lakes" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[image:Great Lakes from space.jpg|thumb|400px|right|The Great Lakes from space]]
 
[[image:Great Lakes from space.jpg|thumb|400px|right|The Great Lakes from space]]
  
The Laurentian '''Great Lakes''' are a group of five large [[lake]]s in [[North America]] on or near the [[Canada]]-[[United States]] border. They are the largest group of [[fresh water]] lakes on Earth. The Great Lakes-[[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence]] system is the largest fresh-water system in the world. They are sometimes referred to as [[inland sea]]s.  
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The '''Great Lakes''' of the Laurentian Shield are a group of five large [[lake]]s in [[North America]] on or near the [[Canada]]-[[United States]] border. They are the largest group of [[fresh water]] lakes on Earth. The Great Lakes-[[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence]] system is the largest fresh-water system in the world, totaling over 94,000 square miles. Sometimes referred to as [[inland sea]]s, it is estimated that they hold six quadrillion gallons of [[water]]; 90 percent of the U.S. supply and 20 percent of the world's supply. In addition to these lakes in themselves, there is a great and vital system of channels connecting them.  
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{{toc}}
 
==Lakes==
 
==Lakes==
<gallery>
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The five Great Lakes of [[North America]] are:
Image:Great Lakes Lake Superior.png|[[Lake Superior]]
 
Image:Great Lakes Lake Michigan.png|[[Lake Michigan]]
 
Image:Great Lakes Lake Huron.png  |[[Lake Huron]]
 
Image:Great Lakes Lake Erie.png  |[[Lake Erie]]
 
Image:Great Lakes Lake Ontario.png|[[Lake Ontario]]
 
 
 
</gallery>
 
<br style="clear: left"/>
 
 
 
The Great Lakes are:
 
 
*[[Lake Superior]] (the largest by volume, area, and depth; larger than [[Scotland]] or [[South Carolina]])
 
*[[Lake Superior]] (the largest by volume, area, and depth; larger than [[Scotland]] or [[South Carolina]])
 
*[[Lake Michigan]] (the second-largest by volume and third-largest by area; the only one entirely in the U.S.)
 
*[[Lake Michigan]] (the second-largest by volume and third-largest by area; the only one entirely in the U.S.)
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Lakes Michigan and Huron, being hydrologically intertwined, are sometimes considered to be one entity: [[Lake Michigan-Huron]]. Considered together, Michigan-Huron would be larger in surface area than Lake Superior, but smaller in total water volume.
 
Lakes Michigan and Huron, being hydrologically intertwined, are sometimes considered to be one entity: [[Lake Michigan-Huron]]. Considered together, Michigan-Huron would be larger in surface area than Lake Superior, but smaller in total water volume.
  
[[Lake Saint Clair (North America)|Lake St. Clair]], a much smaller lake, is part of the Great Lakes system between Lake Huron and Lake Erie, but is not considered one of the "Great Lakes." [[Lake Nipigon]] is another large lake that is part of the same hydrological system, but not part of the Great Lakes proper. Other lakes of notable mention that are not considered part of the "Great Lakes", but are part of their hydrological system are [[Lake Nipissing]], [[Lake Simcoe]], [[Lake Winnebago]], [[Oneida Lake]], the [[Finger Lakes]] of [[Upstate New York]], and [[Lake Champlain]]. The system also includes the rivers that connect the lakes: [[St. Marys River (Michigan-Ontario)|St. Marys River]] between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, the [[St. Clair River]] between Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair, the [[Detroit River]] between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie, and the [[Niagara River]] and [[Niagara Falls]], between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. (Lake Michigan is connected to Lake Huron through the [[Straits of Mackinac]].Large islands and [[Bruce Peninsula|a peninsula]] divide Lake Huron into the lake proper and [[Georgian Bay]].
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[[Lake St. Clair]], a much smaller lake, is part of the Great Lakes system between Lake Huron and Lake Erie, but is not considered one of the "Great Lakes." [[Lake Nipigon]] is another large lake that is part of the same hydrological system, but not part of the Great Lakes proper. Other lakes of notable mention that are not considered part of the "Great Lakes," but are part of their hydrological system are  
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*[[Lake Nipissing]]
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*[[Lake Simcoe]]
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*[[Lake Winnebago]]
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*[[Oneida Lake]]
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*[[Finger Lakes]] of [[Upstate New York]], and  
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*[[Lake Champlain]].  
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{{readout||right|250px|Four of the five "Great Lakes" of North America straddle the U.S.-Canada border; [[Lake Michigan]] is entirely within the [[United States]]}}
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The system also includes the rivers that connect the lakes: [[Saint Marys River (Michigan-Ontario)|St. Marys River]] between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, the [[Saint Clair River]] between Lake Huron and Lake Saint Clair, the [[Detroit River]] between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie, and the [[Niagara River]] and [[Niagara Falls]], between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Lake Michigan is connected to Lake Huron through the [[Straits of Mackinac]]. Large islands and a peninsula divide Lake Huron into the lake proper and [[Georgian Bay]].
  
The lakes are bounded by [[Ontario]] (all of the lakes except Michigan), [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Michigan]] (all but Lake Ontario), [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[New York]]. Four of the five lakes straddle the U.S.-Canada border; the fifth, Lake Michigan, is entirely within the [[United States]]. The [[Saint Lawrence River]], which marks the same international border for a portion of its course, is a primary outlet of these interconnected lakes, and flows through [[Quebec]] and past the [[Gaspé Peninsula]] to the northern [[Atlantic Ocean]].
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The lakes are bounded by [[Ontario]] (all of the lakes except Michigan), [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Michigan]] (all but Lake Ontario), [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[New York]]. Four of the five lakes straddle the U.S.-Canada border; the fifth, Lake Michigan, is entirely within the [[United States]]. The [[Saint Lawrence River]], the international border for part of its course, is a primary outlet of these interconnected lakes, and flows through [[Quebec]] and past the [[Gaspé Peninsula]] to the northern [[Atlantic Ocean]].
  
 
[[Image:North_America_satellite_orthographic.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Great Lakes are clearly visible in this satellite image of North America]]
 
[[Image:North_America_satellite_orthographic.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Great Lakes are clearly visible in this satellite image of North America]]
  
Sprinkled throughout the lakes are the approximately 35,000 [[Islands of the Great Lakes|Great Lakes islands]], including [[Manitoulin Island]] in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water (also home to the world's largest lake within a lake: [[Lake Manitou]]), and [[Isle Royale]] in Lake Superior, the largest island in the largest lake (each island large enough to itself contain multiple lakes).
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Sprinkled throughout the lakes are the approximately 35,000 Great Lakes islands, including [[Manitoulin Island]] in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water (also home to the world's largest lake within a lake: [[Lake Manitou]]), and [[Isle Royale]] in Lake Superior, the largest island in the largest lake (each island large enough to itself contain multiple lakes).
 
 
Today, 20 percent of the world’s fresh surface water is contained in the five great lakes: 5,472 cubic miles (22,812&nbsp;km³), or 6 quadrillion U.S.&nbsp;gallons (22.81 quadrillion litres) in all. It is enough water to cover the contiguous 48 states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9&nbsp;m). The combined [[surface area]] of the lakes is 94,250 square miles (244,100&nbsp;km²) &mdash; larger than the states of [[New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Connecticut]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Vermont]] and [[New Hampshire]] combined or the provinces of [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] combined.
 
 
 
The Great Lakes coast measures 10,900 miles (17,549&nbsp;km) (including islands and connecting channels), nearly as long as the total US ocean coastline (19,928 km, or 12,383 mi), including Alaska.
 
 
 
The [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] and [[Great Lakes Waterway]] opened the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels. However the move to wider ocean-going container ships — which do not fit through the [[canal lock|lock]]s on these routes — has limited shipping on the lakes. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter, and most shipping stops during that season. Some [[icebreaker]]s operate on the lakes.
 
 
 
The lakes have an effect on weather in the region, known as [[lake effect snow|lake effect]]. In winter, the moisture picked up by the prevailing winds from the west can produce very heavy snowfall, especially along lakeshores to the east such as Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ontario, and New York. It is not uncommon for heavy snow to occur during completely clear skies because of this phenomenon. The lakes also moderate seasonal temperatures somewhat, by absorbing heat and cooling the air in summer, then slowly radiating that heat in autumn. This temperature buffering produces areas known as "fruit belts", where fruit typically grown farther south can be produced in commercial quantities. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie are home to many wineries as a result of this, as is the [[Niagara Peninsula]] between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.  A similar phenomenon occurs in the [[Finger Lakes]] region of New York. Related to lake effect, is the occurance of [[fog]] over medium-sized areas, particularly along the shorelines of the lakes. This is most noticible along Lake Superior's shores, due to its [[maritime climate]].
 
 
 
The Great Lakes have also been observed to help strengthen storms, such as [[Hurricane Hazel]] in 1954, and a [[Tornadoes of 2007#May 15|frontal system in 2007]] that spawned a few tornadoes in [[Michigan]] and [[Ontario]], picking up the warmth and energy from the lakes to fuel them. Also observed in 1996, was a rare [[subtropical cyclone]] forming in [[Lake Huron]], dubbed the [[1996 Lake Huron cyclone]].
 
 
 
{| border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=0 width=600 style="font-size:smaller; clear:both;"
 
|+ style="font-size:larger;"| '''Relative elevations, average depths, maximum depths, and volumes of the Great Lakes.'''
 
|-
 
|colspan=2|
 
<timeline>
 
ImageSize  = width:595 height:250
 
PlotArea  = width:525 height:200 left:50 bottom:15
 
AlignBars = justify
 
 
 
Period    = from:-1000 till:600
 
TimeAxis  = orientation:vertical
 
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:500 start:-1000
 
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:100 start:-1000
 
 
 
Colors =
 
  id:blue1 value:rgb(0.0,0.0,0.75)
 
  id:blue2 value:rgb(0.1,0.1,0.8)
 
  id:blue3 value:rgb(0.2,0.2,0.85)
 
  id:blue4 value:rgb(0.3,0.3,0.9)
 
  id:blue5 value:rgb(0.4,0.4,0.95)
 
  id:textinbar value:yelloworange
 
  id:textoutsidebar value:redorange
 
 
 
Define $elevation = shift:(0,15) mark:(line,textoutsidebar) textcolor:textoutsidebar
 
Define $avgdepth = mark:(line,textinbar) textcolor:textinbar
 
Define $maxdepth = shift:(0,-11) mark:(line,textoutsidebar) textcolor:textoutsidebar
 
 
 
PlotData=
 
  align:center
 
 
 
  bar:Superior from:-732 till:600 width:194 color:blue1
 
    $elevation at:600 text:"600 ft (183 m)"
 
    $avgdepth at:117 shift:(0,1) text:"483 ft (147 m)"
 
    $maxdepth at:-732 text:"1,332 ft (406 m)"
 
  
  bar:Michigan from:-348 till:577 width:113 color:blue5
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Today, 20 percent of the world’s fresh surface water is contained in the five great lakes: 5,472 cubic miles (22,812 km³), or six quadrillion U.S. gallons (22.81 quadrillion liters) in all. It is enough water to cover the contiguous 48 states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9 m). The combined surface area of the lakes is 94,250 square miles (244,100 km²)—larger than the states of [[New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Connecticut]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Vermont]] and [[New Hampshire]] combined or the provinces of [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] combined.
    $elevation at:577 text:"577 ft (176 m)"
 
    $avgdepth at:298 shift:(0,2) text:"279 ft (85 m)"
 
    $maxdepth at:-348 text:"925 ft (282 m)"
 
  
  bar:Huron from:-173 till:577 width:101 color:blue3
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The Great Lakes' coast measures 10,900 miles (17,549 km) (including islands and connecting channels), nearly as long as the total US [[ocean]] coastline (12,383 miles or 19,928 km), including [[Alaska]].
    $elevation at:577 text:"577 ft (176 m)"
 
    $avgdepth at:382 shift:(0,1) text:"195 ft (59 m)"
 
    $maxdepth at:-173 text:"750 ft (229 m)"
 
  
  bar:Erie from:359 till:569 width:49 color:blue2
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The [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] and Great Lakes Waterway connect the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels. However, the trend to wider ocean-going container ships—which do not fit through the [[canal lock|lock]]s on these routes—has limited shipping on the lakes. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter, and most shipping halts during that season. Some icebreakers operate on the lakes.
    $elevation at:569 text:"569 ft (173 m)"
 
    $avgdepth at:507 align:left shift:(30,2) textcolor:textoutsidebar text:"62 feet (19 m)"
 
    $maxdepth at:359 text:"64 m (210 ft)"
 
  
  bar:Ontario from:-559 till:243 width:44 color:blue4
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The lakes affect weather in the region, a phenomenon known as [[lake effect snow|lake effect]]. In [[winter]], the moisture picked up by the prevailing winds from the west can produce very heavy snowfall, especially along eastern lakeshores in Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ontario, and New York. It is not uncommon for heavy snow to occur during completely clear skies because of this phenomenon. The lakes also moderate seasonal [[temperature]]s somewhat, by absorbing heat and cooling the air in [[summer]], then slowly radiating that heat in autumn. This temperature buffering produces areas known as "fruit belts," where fruit typically grown farther south can be produced in commercial quantities. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie are home to many wineries also as a result of this, as is the [[Niagara Peninsula]] between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.  A similar phenomenon occurs in the [[Finger Lakes]] region of New York in the form of fog, particularly along the shorelines of those lakes. This is most noticeable along Lake Superior's shores, due to its [[maritime climate]].
    $elevation at:243 text:"243 ft (74 m)"
 
    $avgdepth at:-40 shift:(0,2) text:"283 ft (86 m)"
 
    $maxdepth at:-559 text:"802 ft (244 m)"
 
  
  align:left shift:(35,0) textcolor:green
+
The Great Lakes have been known to strengthen storms, such as Hurricane Hazel in 1954, and a frontal system in 2007 that spawned a few tornadoes in [[Michigan]] and [[Ontario]], picking up the warmth and energy from the lakes to fuel them. In 1996, a rare [[subtropical cyclone]] formed in [[Lake Huron]], dubbed the 1996 Lake Huron cyclone.
    at:243 text:"surface~elevation"
 
    at:-40 text:"average~depth"
 
    at:-559 text:"maximum~depth"
 
</timeline>
 
|- valign=top
 
!align=right| Notes:
 
| The area of each rectangle is proportionate to the volume of each lake. All measurements at Low Water Datum.
 
|- valign=top
 
!align=right| Source:
 
| [[Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]'s [http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/gl-fact1.html Great Lakes Atlas: Factsheet #1].
 
|}
 
  
 
==Geological pre-history==
 
==Geological pre-history==
The Great Lakes were formed at the end of the last [[ice age]] about 10,000 years ago, when the [[Laurentide ice sheet]] receded. When this happened, the glaciers left behind a large amount of meltwater (see [[Lake Agassiz]]) which filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved, thus creating the Great Lakes as we know them today. Because of the uneven nature of glacier [[erosion]], some higher hills became [[Islands of the Great Lakes|Great Lakes islands]]. The ''[[Niagara Escarpment]]'' follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and Wisconsin &ndash; [[Herbert Simon]] called this escarpment ''the spinal cord of my native land''.
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The Great Lakes were formed at the end of the last [[ice age]] about 10,000 years ago, when the [[Laurentide ice sheet]] receded. When this happened, the glaciers left behind a large amount of meltwater which filled up the basins that the [[glacier]]s had carved, thus creating the Great Lakes as we know them today. Because of the uneven nature of glacier [[erosion]], some higher hills became Great Lakes islands. The [[Niagara Escarpment]] follows the contour of the Great Lakes between [[New York]] and [[Wisconsin]] – [[Herbert Simon]] called this escarpment "the spinal cord of my native land."
  
 
==Economy==
 
==Economy==
The lakes are extensively used for [[transport]], though [[cargo]] traffic has decreased considerably in recent years. The [[Great Lakes Waterway]] makes each of the lakes accessible.
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The lakes are extensively used for [[transport]], though [[cargo]] traffic has decreased considerably in recent years. The [[Great Lakes Waterway]] makes each of the lakes accessible.
 
 
During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight. Anything and everything floated on the lakes. Some ended up on the bottom because of storms, fires, collisions and underwater hazards. (See ''[[SS Edmund Fitzgerald|Edmund Fitzgerald]]'' and ''[[Le Griffon]]''.)  [[Barge]]s from middle [[North America]] were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the [[Erie Canal]] opened in 1825.  By 1848, with the opening of the [[Illinois and Michigan Canal]] at [[Chicago]], direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes.  With these two canals an all-inland water route was provided between New York City and New Orleans.
 
  
The main business of many of the passenger lines in the 1800s was transporting [[immigration|immigrants]]. Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their position on the lakes as a freight destination as well as for being a magnet for immigrants. After railroads and surface roads developed the freight and passenger businesses dwindled and, excepting ferries and a few foreign cruise ships, now has vanished.
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During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight. Anything and everything floated on the lakes. Some ended up on the bottom because of storms, fires, collisions and underwater hazards. [[Barge]]s from middle [[North America]] were able to reach the [[Atlantic Ocean]] from the Great Lakes when the [[Erie Canal]] opened in 1825. By 1848, with the opening of the [[Illinois and Michigan Canal]] at [[Chicago]], direct access to the [[Mississippi River]] was possible from the lakes. With these two canals an all-inland water route was created between [[New York City]] and [[New Orleans]].
  
Yet, the immigration routes still have an effect today. Immigrants often formed their own communities and some areas have a pronounced ethnicity, such as Dutch, German, Polish, Finnish, and many others. Since many immigrants settled for a time in New England before moving westward, many areas  on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes also have a New England feel, especially in home styles and accent.
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The main business of many of the passenger lines in the 1800s was transporting [[immigration|immigrants]]. Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their positions on the lakes as a freight destination as well as for being a magnet for immigrants.
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These immigration routes still have an effect today. Immigrants often formed their own communities and some areas have a pronounced ethnicity, predominantly Dutch, German, Polish, Finnish, among others.
  
Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks, domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes, such as [[iron ore]] and its derivatives, [[coal]] and [[limestone]] for the [[steel]] industry. The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines. It was more economical to transport the ingredients for steel to centralized plants rather than try to make steel on the spot. Ingredients for steel, however, are not the only bulk shipments made. Grain exports are also a major shipping commodity on the lakes.
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Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks, domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes, like [[iron ore]] and its derivatives, [[coal]], and [[limestone]] for the [[steel]] industry. The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines. It was more economical to transport the raw materials for steel to centralized plants rather than forge steel at the mine sites. Components for steel, however, are not the only bulk shipments; [[grain]] exports are also a major shipping commodity on the lakes.
  
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, iron and other ores such as copper were shipped south on (downbound ships) and supplies, food staples, and coal were shipped north (upbound). Because of the location of the coal fields in [[Pennsylvania]] and [[West Virginia]], and the general northeast track of the [[Appalachian Mountains]], railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went due north to ports such as [[Erie, Pennsylvania]] and [[Ashtabula, Ohio]].
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In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, [[iron]] and other ores such as [[copper]] were shipped south on (downbound ships) and supplies, food staples, and coal were shipped north (upbound). Because of the location of the coal fields in [[Pennsylvania]] and [[West Virginia]], and the general northeast track of the [[Appalachian Mountains]], railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went due north to ports such as [[Erie, Pennsylvania]] and [[Ashtabula, Ohio]].
  
Because the lake maritime community largely developed independently, it has its own language. Ships, no matter the size, are referred to as ''boats''. When the sailing ships gave way to steamships, they were called ''steamboats''&mdash;the same term used on the Mississippi. The ships also have a distinctive design. Ships that primarily trade on the lakes are known as ''[[Lake freighter|lakers]]''. Foreign boats are known as ''salties''.
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Because the lake maritime community developed largely independently, it has its own language. Ships, no matter the size, are referred to as ''boats.'' When the sailing ships gave way to steamships, they were called ''steamboats''—the same term used on the Mississippi. The ships also have a distinctive design. Ships that primarily trade on the lakes are known as ''[[Lake freighter|lakers]].'' Ocean-going vessels are known as ''salties.''
  
One of the more common sights on the lakes is the 1,000 by 305-foot (105&nbsp;by&nbsp;32-m), 60,000 U.S. [[long ton]]s (61,000 [[tonne|metric tonnes]]) self-unloader. This is a laker with a huge conveyor belt system that can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side. Today, the Great Lakes fleet is much smaller in numbers than it once was because of the increased use of overland freight and the use of larger ships replacing the need for many smaller ships.
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One of the more common sights on the lakes is the 1,000 by 305 foot (105 by 32 meter), 60,000 US [[long ton]]s (61,000 [[tonne|metric metric tons]]) self-unloader. This is a laker with a huge conveyor belt system that can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side. Today, the Great Lakes fleet is much smaller in numbers than it once was because of the increased use of overland freight and the use of larger ships replacing the need for many smaller ships.
  
 
===Modern economy===
 
===Modern economy===
The Great Lakes are used as a major [[mode of transport]] for bulk goods. The brigantine ''[[Le Griffon]]'', which was commissioned by [[René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]], was built at Cayuga Creek, near the southern end of the [[Niagara River]], to become the first sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes on [[August 7]], [[1679]].
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[[Image:Carlb-lake-ontario-02.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Wolfe Islander III, Kingston, Ontario]]
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The Great Lakes have been used as a major [[mode of transport]] for bulk goods starting in 1697 with the brigantine ''[[Le Griffon]].'' Commissioned by [[René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]], the ship was built at Cayuga Creek, near the southern end of the [[Niagara River]] and became the first sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes.
  
In 2002, 162 million net [[ton]]s of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, coal, stone, grain, salt, cement, and potash. The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo but most container ships cannot pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because they are too wide. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years.
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In 2002, 162 million net [[ton]]s of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: [[iron ore]], [[coal]], [[stone]], [[grain]], [[salt]], [[cement]], and [[potash]]. The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo but most container ships are too wide to pass through the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years.
  
[[Image:Carlb-lake-ontario-02.jpg|right|thumb|Wolfe Islander III, Kingston, Ontario]]
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Recreational boating and [[tourism]] are major industries on the Great Lakes. A few small cruise ships operate on the Lakes including several [[sailing|sailing ships]]. Sport fishing, commercial fishing, and [[Native American]] fishing represent a US$4 billion a year industry with [[salmon]], [[Coregonus|whitefish]], [[smelt]], [[lake trout]], and [[walleye]] being major catches.
Recreational boating and tourism are major industries on the Great Lakes. A few small cruise ships operate on the Great Lakes including a couple of [[sailing|sailing ships]]. Sport fishing, commercial fishing, and Native American fishing represent a US$4 billion a year industry with [[salmon]], [[Coregonus|whitefish]], [[smelt]], [[lake trout]], and [[walleye]] being major catches.
 
  
The Great Lakes are used to supply drinking water to tens of millions of people in bordering areas. This valuable resource is collectively administered by the state and provincial governments adjacent to the lakes.
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The Great Lakes are used to supply drinking water to tens of millions of people in bordering areas. This valuable resource is collectively administered by the state and provincial governments bordering the lakes.
  
 
===Passenger traffic===
 
===Passenger traffic===
Several ferries operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, including [[Isle Royale]], [[Pelee, Ontario|Pelee Island]], [[Mackinac Island]], [[Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)|Beaver Island]], both [[Bois Blanc Island]]s, [[Kelleys Island, Ohio|Kelleys Island]], [[South Bass Island]], [[North Manitou Island]], [[South Manitou Island]], [[Harsens Island]], [[Manitoulin Island]], and the [[Toronto Islands]]. [[2007|As of 2007]], two car ferry services cross the Great Lakes, both on Lake Michigan: a steamer from [[Ludington, Michigan]] to [[Manitowoc, Wisconsin]] and a high speed catamaran from [[Milwaukee]] to [[Muskegon, Michigan]]. [[Spirit of Ontario I|An international ferry]] across Lake Ontario from [[Rochester, New York]] to [[Toronto]] ran during 2004 and 2005, but is no longer in operation.
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Several ferries operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, including [[Isle Royale]], [[Pelee, Ontario|Pelee Island]], [[Mackinac Island]], [[Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)|Beaver Island]], both [[Bois Blanc Island]]s, [[Kelleys Island, Ohio|Kelleys Island]], [[South Bass Island]], [[North Manitou Island]], [[South Manitou Island]], [[Harsens Island]], [[Manitoulin Island]], and the [[Toronto Islands]]. As of 2007, two car ferry services cross the Great Lakes, both on [[Lake Michigan]]: a steamer from Ludington, Michigan to Manitowoc, [[Wisconsin]] and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan. An international ferry crossing [[Lake Ontario]] from Rochester, New York to [[Toronto]] ran during 2004 and 2005, but is no longer in operation.
  
 
===Shipwrecks===
 
===Shipwrecks===
Travel on the Lakes has not been without risks. There are parts where no land is visible because of the immense size of the Lakes: thus they are sometimes referred to as ''inland seas''.
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Travel on the Lakes has been risky. Because of the immense size of the Lakes, there are vast stretches of open water without sight of land. The Lakes are sometimes referred to as ''inland seas.''
 
 
[[Storm]]s and [[reef]]s are a common threat, and many thousands of [[ship]]s have sunk in these waters. It is estimated that between 6,000 and 10,000 ships have sunk or been stranded since the early 1800s, many with partial or total loss of crew. This area is prone to sudden and severe storms, particularly in the autumn from late October until early December.  The [[Great Lakes Storm of 1913]] became the worst Great Lakes storm on record: at least 12 ships sank, and 31 more were stranded on rocks and beaches. At least 248 sailors lost their lives over that weekend.  The [[SS Edmund Fitzgerald|SS ''Edmund Fitzgerald'']], which sank [[November 10]], [[1975]], was famously the last major freighter lost on the lakes.  She sank almost 20 miles offshore from [[Whitefish Point]] in [[Lake Superior]]. For many years in the late 1700s and early 1800s, wars were fought over the control of the Lakes and many warships were built for the inland seas, ranging from small and swift sloops-of-war to three-deckers capable of standing in any [[line of battle]].  [[USS Freedom (LCS-1)]] is the newest warship to be built on the Great Lakes.  The [[Rush-Bagot Treaty|Rush-Bagot Agreement]] of 1817 limits the number of armed vessels permitted on the Great Lakes.
 
 
 
The greatest concentration of these wrecks lies near [[Thunder Bay (Michigan)]], beneath Lake Huron, near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge.  Today there is a U.S. [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] Marine Archeology Research Station located in the [[Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary]].  Here divers can explore more than 200 shipwrecks that form one of the most concentrated and best preserved [[maritime archaeology]] sites in the world.
 
 
 
===Invasive species===
 
The Great Lakes have suffered from the introduction of many non-native species.  Since the 1800s, more than 160 [[invasive species]] have invaded the Great Lakes ecosystem from around the world, causing severe economic and ecological impacts.  Other terms used to describe invasive species include nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species (ANS) and aquatic pests.
 
 
 
"Over 160 invasive species threaten the ecological balance of the Lakes. They deprive fish of food, cause blooms of toxic algae, and foul boats, spawning areas and drinking water intakes. On average one new invasive enters the Great Lakes every eight months."  [http://http://www.greatlakeseducation.org/about_isea/?id=204]
 
 
 
[[Zebra mussel]] infestations in the Great Lakes and inland waters illustrate the severity of the problems stemming from invasive species introduction and spread. This nonindigenous [[mollusk]] is an efficient filter feeder that competes with native [[mussels]] and impacts fish populations by reducing food and available spawning habitat. The utility and manufacturing industries around the region, depending on Great Lakes water for production, are expending substantial time and money cleaning intake and discharge pipes clogged by the zebra mussel. The [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] estimates the economic impact to these industries to be $5 billion dollars over the next decade. [http://www.glc.org/ans/]
 
  
Approximately 10 percent of nonindigenous aquatic species introduced into the Great Lakes have had significant impacts, both economic and ecological. The remaining 90 percent have potentially harmful impacts but are insufficiently researched and understood. Besides the zebra mussel, several other species have been particularly harmful. The invasion of the [[sea lamprey]], a parasite that attaches to large fishes with a sucker mouth armed with teeth that consume flesh and fluid from its prey, has resulted in substantial economic losses to recreational and commercial fisheries. Protection of the Great Lakes fishery (both native and nonindigenous species) from sea lamprey predation has required annual expenditures of millions of dollars to finance chemical control programs.
+
Many thousands of ships have sunk in these waters. Storms and unseen reefs are a frequent threat. An estimated 6,000 to 10,000 vessels have sunk or been stranded since the early 1800s, many with partial or total loss of crew. The Lakes are prone to sudden and severe storms, particularly in the autumn, from late October until early December. The [[Great Lakes Storm of 1913]] is the worst storm on these waters on record: at least 12 ships sank, and 31 more were stranded on rocks and beaches. At least 248 sailors lost their lives over that weekend. The SS ''Edmund Fitzgerald,'' which sank November 10, 1975, was the last major freighter lost on the lakes, sinking almost 20 miles off Whitefish Point in [[Lake Superior]] with all 29 crew members lost.  
  
[[Alewife]], introduced through the canal systems built in the Great Lakes, littered beaches each spring and altered food webs, causing increased water turbidity. These impacts subsided with the intentional introduction of salmonids that were stocked as predators to keep alewife populations under control. The [[ruffe]], a small [[percid]] fish, became the most abundant fish species in Lake Superior's [[St. Louis River]] within five years of its detection in 1986. Its range, which has expanded to Lake Huron, poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery. Five years after first being observed in the [[St. Clair River]], the [[round goby]] can now be found in all of the Great Lakes. The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons: It preys upon bottom-feeding fishes, overruns optimal habitat, spawns multiple times a season, and can survive poor water quality conditions. [http://www.glc.org/ans/pdf/briefpapercomplete.pdf]
+
The greatest concentration of these wrecks lies near [[Thunder Bay (Michigan)]], in [[Lake Huron]], near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge. Today there is a U.S. [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] Marine Archeology Research Station located in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Here divers can explore more than 200 shipwrecks that form one of the most concentrated and best preserved [[maritime archaeology]] sites in the world.
  
An electric fence has been set up across the mouth of the Great Lakes across the [[Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal]] in order to keep several invasive species of [[Asian carp]] out of the area.  Having voracious appetites, these fish feed upon native fish species to grow to 90 pounds and nearly four feet long. [http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/in/031704_great_lakes.htm]
+
For many years in the late 1700s and early 1800s, wars were fought over the control of the Lakes and many warships were built for the inland seas, ranging from small and swift sloops-of-war to three-deckers capable of standing in any [[line of battle]]. The [[Rush-Bagot Treaty|Rush-Bagot Agreement]] of 1817 limits the number of armed vessels permitted on the Great Lakes.
  
 
==Political issues==
 
==Political issues==
 
=== Great Lakes water use and diversions ===
 
=== Great Lakes water use and diversions ===
The [[International Joint Commission]] was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters, and to advise Canada and the United States on questions related to water resources. Concerns over diversion of Lake water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians. Some water is diverted through the [[Chicago River]] to operate the [[Illinois Waterway]] but the flow is limited by treaty. Possible schemes for bottled water plants and diversion to dry regions of the continent raise concerns. Under the U.S. "Water Resources Development Act"[http://www.ohiodnr.com/water/planing/greatlksgov/fedstatut.htm], diversion of water from the Great Lakes basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors, which rarely occurs. International treaties regulate large diversions. In 1998, the Canadian company [[Nova Group]] won approval from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 US [[gallon]]s (600,000&nbsp;m³) of Lake Superior water annually to ship by tanker to Asian countries. Public outcry forced the company to abandon the plan before it began. Since that time, the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec have negotiated the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement [http://www.cglg.org/projects/water/docs/12-13-05/Great_Lakes-St_Lawrence_River_Basin_Sustainable_Water_Resources_Agreement.pdf] and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact [http://www.cglg.org/projects/water/docs/12-13-05/Great_Lakes-St_Lawrence_River_Basin_Water_Resources_Compact.pdf] that would prevent most future diversion proposals and all long-distance ones. The agreements also strengthen protection against abusive water withdrawal practices within the Great Lakes basin. On December 13, 2005, The Governors and Premiers signed these two agreements: the first is between all ten jurisdictions. It is somewhat more detailed and protective, but cannot be enforced in court because enforcement arrangements can be made only between the federal governments. The second is just between the U.S. states, which, if approved by all eight state legislatures which border the Great Lakes and the U.S. Congress, could be enforced in U.S. federal court.
+
The [[International Joint Commission]] was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters, and to advise [[Canada]] and the [[United States]] on questions related to water resources. Concerns over diversion of Great Lakes' water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians. Some water is diverted through the [[Chicago River]] to operate the [[Illinois Waterway]] but the flow is limited by treaty. Possible schemes for bottled water plants and diversion to dry regions of the continent raise concerns. Diversion of water from the Great Lakes basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors, which rarely occurs. International treaties regulate large diversions. In 1998, the Canadian company Nova Group won approval from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 US gallons (600,000 m³) of Lake Superior water annually to ship by tanker to [[Asia]]n countries. Public outcry forced the company to abandon the plan before it began. Since that time, the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and [[Quebec]] have negotiated the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement<ref>[http://www.cglg.org/projects/water/docs/12-13-05/Great_Lakes-St_Lawrence_River_Basin_Sustainable_Water_Resources_Agreement.pdf Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement] December 13, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2020.</ref> and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact<ref>[http://www.cglg.org/projects/water/docs/12-13-05/Great_Lakes-St_Lawrence_River_Basin_Water_Resources_Compact.pdf Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact] December 13, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2020.</ref> that would prevent most future diversion proposals and all long-distance ones. The agreements also strengthen protection against abusive water withdrawal practices within the Great Lakes basin. On December 13, 2005, the Governors and Premiers signed these two agreements: the first is between all ten jurisdictions. It is somewhat more detailed and protective, but cannot be enforced in court because enforcement arrangements can be made only between the federal governments. The second is exclusively among the U.S. states, which, if approved by all eight state legislatures that border the Great Lakes and the U.S. Congress, could be enforced in U.S. federal court.
  
 
===Coast Guard live fire exercises on the Great Lakes===
 
===Coast Guard live fire exercises on the Great Lakes===
In August of 2006 the [[United States Coast Guard]] published a notice in the [[Federal Register]] that they intended to designate 34 areas in U.S. portions of the Great Lakes including 14 in Lake Michigan, at least five miles offshore as permanent safety zones for live fire machine gun practice. The USCG reserved the right to hold target practice whenever the weather allowed with a two hour notice. These firing ranges would be open to the public when not in use.[http://www.buffalonews.com/editorial/20061026/1050342.asp] In response to requests from the public, the Coast Guard held a series of public meetings in nine U.S. cities to solicit comment. During these meetings many people voiced concerns about the plan and its impact on the environment.[http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=529028]
+
In August of 2006 the [[United States Coast Guard]] published a notice in the [[Federal Register]] that they intended to designate 34 areas in U.S. portions of the Great Lakes including 14 in Lake Michigan, at least five miles offshore as permanent safety zones for live–fire machine–gun practice. The USCG reserved the right to hold target practice whenever the weather allowed, with a two-hour notice. These firing ranges would be open to the public when not in use.  
 
 
<p>A preliminary health risk assessment stated that the “proposed training will result in no elevated risks for a freshwater system such as the Great Lakes… or generic marine environments using ‘realistic worst case’ assumptions, and further investigation is not recommended.  If typical rather than worst case assumptions were used the predicted risk would be even less.” This assessment is based on lead levels after 5 years which are only 1/3 of those allowed by the US EPA.  After 15 years, one could infer, that lead levels could meet or exceed EPA safe levels for lead. [http://dmses.dot.gov/docimages/pdf97/413051_web.pdf] The Coast Guard established an information page about their proposal.[http://www.uscgd9safetyzones.com]
 
  
<p>On December 18, 2006 the Coast Guard announced its decision to withdraw the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to establish 34 safety zones for live-fire training on the Great Lakes. Officials said they will look into alternative ammunition, modifying the proposed zones, and have more public dialogue before proposing a new plan. [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06358/748661-358.stm]
+
On December 18, 2006 the Coast Guard announced its decision to withdraw the "Notice of Proposed Rulemaking" to establish 34 safety zones for live-fire training on the Great Lakes. Officials said they would look into alternative ammunition, modifying the proposed zones, and have more public dialogue before proposing a new plan.<ref>Deborah Weisberg, [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06358/748661-358.stm Fishing: Coast Guard reloads on firing range], ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', December 24, 2006. Retrieved January 27, 2020.</ref>
  
 
=== Restoration ===
 
=== Restoration ===
In the U.S. Congress, the [[Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Act]] [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:h5100ih.txt.pdf] puts into practice priority recommendations of a $20 billion Great Lakes clean-up plan released in December as part of the [[Great Lakes Regional Collaboration]] [http://www.glrc.us], a planning process established by President Bush in 2004. A bipartisan group of U.S. legislators introduced the bill, including U.S. Sens. Mike DeWine (R-Ohio) and Carl Levin (D-Michigan) and Reps. Vern Ehlers (R-Grand Rapids) and Rahm Emanuel (D-Chicago). The Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Act would:
+
In the U.S., the Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Act establishes priority recommendations of a US$20 billion Great Lakes clean-up plan released in December as part of the [http://www.glrc.us Great Lakes Regional Collaboration], created by President Bush in 2004. A bipartisan group of US legislators introduced the bill, including U.S. Senators Mike DeWine (R-Ohio) and Carl Levin (D-Michigan) and Reps. Vern Ehlers (R-Grand Rapids) and Rahm Emanuel (D-Chicago). The Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Act would:
  
 
*Stop the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species by enacting a comprehensive national program.
 
*Stop the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species by enacting a comprehensive national program.
*Prevent the Asian carp from entering the Great Lakes by authorizing the Corps of Engineers to maintain and operate the dispersal barrier on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and prohibit the importation and sale of Asian carp.
+
*Prevent the Asian [[carp]] from entering the Great Lakes by authorizing the Corps of Engineers to maintain and operate the dispersal barrier on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and prohibit the importation and sale of Asian carp.
 
*Restore fish and wildlife habitat by reauthorizing the Great Lakes Fish & Wildlife Restoration Act at $20 million.
 
*Restore fish and wildlife habitat by reauthorizing the Great Lakes Fish & Wildlife Restoration Act at $20 million.
 
*Prevent sewage contamination by reauthorizing the State Revolving Loan Fund and provide $20 billion over five years to assist communities nationally with improving their wastewater infrastructure.
 
*Prevent sewage contamination by reauthorizing the State Revolving Loan Fund and provide $20 billion over five years to assist communities nationally with improving their wastewater infrastructure.
 
*Clean up contaminated sediment under the Great Lakes Legacy Act by authorizing $150 million per year.
 
*Clean up contaminated sediment under the Great Lakes Legacy Act by authorizing $150 million per year.
*Phase out mercury in products by establishing a new grant program and improving existing research programs.
+
*Phase out [[mercury]] in products by establishing a new grant program and improving existing research programs.
 
*Coordinate and improve Great Lakes programs by establishing the Great Lakes Interagency Task Force and the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration process.
 
*Coordinate and improve Great Lakes programs by establishing the Great Lakes Interagency Task Force and the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration process.
  
The ''Healing Our Waters(R) - Great Lakes Coalition'' [http://www.restorethelakes.org] has formed to help groups and citizens across the United States advocate for restoring the health of the Great Lakes.
+
The [http://www.restorethelakes.org Healing Our Waters - Great Lakes Coalition] has formed to help groups and citizens across the United States advocate for restoring the health of the Great Lakes.
  
 
=== Additions to the five Great Lakes ===
 
=== Additions to the five Great Lakes ===
[[Lake Champlain]], on the border between upstate [[New York]] and northwestern [[Vermont]], briefly became labeled by the U.S. government as the sixth "Great Lake of the [[United States]]" on [[March 6]], [[1998]] when [[Bill Clinton|President Clinton]] signed Senate Bill 927.  This bill, which reauthorized the [[National Sea Grant Program]], contained a line penned by Senator [[Patrick Leahy]] (D-VT) declaring [[Lake Champlain]] to be a Great Lake.  Not coincidentally, this status allows neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources.  The claim was viewed with some amusement by other countries, particularly in the [[Media in Canada|Canadian media]], and the lake is small compared to other Canadian lakes (such as [[Great Bear Lake]] which has over 27 times more surface area). Following a small uproar (and several ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' articles), the Great Lake status was rescinded on [[March 24]] (although [[Vermont]] universities continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake).
 
  
Similarly, there has been interest in making [[Lake Saint Clair (North America)|Lake St. Clair]] a Great Lake. In October, 2002, backers planned to present such a proposal at the [[Great Lakes Commission]] annual meeting, but ultimately withheld it as it appeared to them to have too little support.
+
[[Lake Champlain]], on the border between upstate [[New York]] and northwestern [[Vermont]], briefly became labeled by the U.S. government as the sixth "Great Lake of the United States" on March 6, 1998 when [[Bill Clinton|President Clinton]] signed Senate Bill 927. This bill, which reauthorized the [[National Sea Grant Program]], contained a line by Senator [[Patrick Leahy]] (D-VT) declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake. Not coincidentally, this status allows neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources. The claim was viewed with some amusement by other countries, particularly in the Canadian media; the lake is small compared to other Canadian lakes (such as [[Great Bear Lake]] with over 27 times more surface area). Following a small uproar (and several [[New York Times]] articles), the Great Lake status was rescinded on soon afterwards, although Vermont universities continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake.
  
===Ecological challenges===
+
Similarly, there has been interest in making [[Lake Saint Clair (North America)|Lake St. Clair]] a Great Lake. In October, 2002, backers planned to present such a proposal at the Great Lakes Commission annual meeting, but ultimately withheld it as it appeared to have little support.
Before the arrival of Europeans, the lakes provided fish to the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|native]] groups who lived near them. Early European settlers were astounded by both the variety and quantity of fish. Historically, fish populations were the early indicator of the condition of the Lakes, and have remained one of the key indicators even in our technological era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments.  According to the bi-national (U.S. and Canadian) resource book, ''The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book'', "the largest Great Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 tonnes (147 million pounds)," though the beginning of environmental impacts on the fish can be traced back nearly a century prior to those years.
 
  
By 1801, New York legislators found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. In the early nineteenth century, Upper Canada’s government found it necessary to introduce similar legislation prohibiting the use of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario’s tributaries. Other protective legislation was passed as well, but enforcement remained difficult and often quite spotty.
+
== Concerns ==
 +
===Invasive species===
 +
The Great Lakes have suffered from the introduction of many non-native species. Since the 1800s, more than 300 invasive or non-native species have invaded the Great Lakes [[ecosystem]] from around the world, causing severe economic and ecological impacts. "Over 160 invasive species threaten the ecological balance of the Lakes. They deprive fish of food, cause blooms of toxic algae, and foul boats, spawning areas and drinking water intakes. On average one new invasive enters the Great Lakes every eight months." <ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/invasive-species-threaten-great-lakes-report-1.648573 Invasive species threaten Great Lakes: report] ''CBC News'', June 11, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2020.</ref>
  
On both sides of the U.S.-Canada border, the proliferation of dams and impoundments multiplied, necessitating more regulatory efforts.  The decline in fish populations was unmistakable by the middle of the nineteenth century. The decline in [[salmon]] was recognized by Canadian officials and reported as virtually a complete absence by the end of the 1860s. The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25 percent in general fish harvests by 1875. These dams prevent sturgeon spawning, too. Many Michigan rivers sport multiple dams that range from mere relics to those with serious loss of life potential. The State's dam removal budget has been frozen in recent years. In the 1990s the state was removing 1 dam per year.
+
Zebra mussel infestations in the Great Lakes and inland waters illustrate the severity of the problems stemming from invasive species introduction and spread. This non-indigenous [[mollusk]] is an efficient filter feeder that competes with native [[mussel]]s and impacts [[fish]] populations by reducing food and available spawning habitat. The utility and manufacturing industries around the region, depending on Great Lakes water for production, expend substantial time and money cleaning intake and discharge pipes clogged by the zebra mussel. The [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] estimates the economic impact to these industries to be US$5 billion dollars over the next decade. <ref>[http://www.glc.org/ans/ Great Lakes Aquatic Nuisance Species] ''Great Lakes Commission'', March 27, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2020.</ref> 
  
Overfishing was cited as responsible for the decline of the population of various [[whitefish]], important because of their culinary desirability and, hence, economic consequence. Moreover, between 1879 and 1899, reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds (11 million kg) to just over 9 million pounds (4 million&nbsp;kg).  Recorded sturgeon catches fell from 7.8 million pounds (1.5 million&nbsp;kg) in 1879 to 1.7 million pounds (770,000&nbsp;kg) in 1899. Giant Fresh water mussels were wiped out for buttons by early Great Lakes entrepreneurs.
+
Approximately ten percent of non-indigenous aquatic species introduced into the Great Lakes have had significant economic and ecological impacts. The remaining 90 percent have potentially harmful impacts but are insufficiently researched and understood. Besides the zebra mussel, several other species have been particularly harmful. The invasion of the [[sea lamprey]], a [[parasite]] that attaches to large fish with a sucker mouth armed with teeth consumes flesh and fluid from its prey, resulting in substantial economic losses to recreational and commercial fisheries. Control of sea lamprey predation requires annual expenditures of millions of dollars.
  
There were, however, other factors in the declines besides overfishing and the problems posed by dams and other obstructions. [[Logging]] in the region removed tree cover near stream channels which provide spawning grounds, and this affected necessary shade and temperature-moderating conditions. Removal of tree cover also destabilized soil, allowing soil to be carried in greater quantity into the streambeds, and even brought about more frequent flooding. Running cut logs down the Lakes’ tributary rivers also stirred bottom sediments. In 1884, the New York Fish Commission determined that the dumping of sawmill waste (chips and sawdust) was impacting fish populations.
+
[[Alewife]], introduced through Great Lakes canal systems, litter beaches each spring and alter food webs, causing increased water turbidity. These impacts have subsided with the introduction of salmonids that were stocked as predators to keep alewife populations under control. The [[ruffe]], a small [[percid]] fish, became the most abundant fish species in Lake Superior's [[St. Louis River]] within five years of its detection in 1986. Its range, which has expanded to Lake Huron, poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery. Five years after first being observed in the [[Saint Clair River]], the [[round goby]] can now be found in all of the Great Lakes. The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons: It preys upon bottom-feeding fishes, overruns optimal habitat, spawns multiple times a season, and can survive poor water quality conditions. <ref>[https://www.regions.noaa.gov/great-lakes/index.php/great_lakes-restoration-initiative/invasive-species/ Invasive Species] Great Lakes Region, ''NOAA''. Retrieved January 27, 2020.</ref> 
  
The Great Lakes are international, and in situations that require regulation, a lack of cooperation between the U.S. and Canada might be predicted to have disastrous consequences.  In the development of ecological problems in the Great Lakes, it was the influx of parasitic [[lamprey]] populations after the development of the [[Erie Canal]] and the much later [[Welland Canal]] that led to the two federal governments attempting to work together – which proved a very complicated and troubled road.
+
A more recent threat to Lake Michigan fisheries is viral hemorrhagic septicemia, an introduced pathogen that can survive up to 14 days in lake water, infecting any fish that come in contact with it.
  
Nevertheless, despite the ever more sophisticated efforts to eliminate or minimize the lamprey, by the mid 1950s Lakes Michigan's and Huron’s lake trout populations were reduced by about 99%, with the lamprey deemed largely to blameA result was the bi-national Great Lakes Fishery Commission.
+
An electric fence has been set up across the mouth of the [[Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal]] in order to keep several invasive species of [[Asian carp]] out of Lake Michigan. The carp have voracious appetites and feed upon native fish species. They can grow to 90 pounds (kg) and nearly four feet (12 m) long. <ref>  
 +
[http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/in/031704_great_lakes.html Corps of Engineers is going fishing] ''Northwest Indiana Times'', March 17, 2004. Retrieved January 27, 2020.</ref> The barrier is not in use at this time as issues of controlling the electric current in the canal are not yet resolved.
  
Other ecological problems in the Lakes and their surroundings have stemmed from urban sprawl, sewage disposal, and toxic industrial effluent. These, of course, also affect aquatic food chains and fish populations. Some of these glaring problem areas are what attracted the high-level publicity of Great Lakes ecological troubles in the 1960s and 1970s.  Evidence of chemical pollution in the Lakes and their tributaries now stretches back for decades.  In the late 1960s, the recurrent phenomenon of the surface of river stretches (see Ohio’s [[Cuyahoga River]]) catching fire from a combination of oil, chemicals, and combustible materials floating on the water’s surface, came to the attention of a public growing more environmentally aware.  Another aspect that caught popular attention was the “toxic blobs” (expanses of lake bed covered by various combinations of such substances as solvents, wood preservatives, coal tar, and metals) found in Lake Superior, the St. Clair River, and other portions of the Great Lakes region.
+
At least 30 percent of all invasive species were introduced into the Great Lakes in ballast water of cargo and other ships. The U.S. Coast Guard has instituted rules requiring the exchange of ballast water or sealing of ballast tanks on all ship traffic in the Lakes. Federal and state efforts to regulate ballast water have made progress in slowing the introduction of new species to the Great Lakes.<ref>[https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/27/great-lakes-freighters-may-have-to-treat-ballast-water-to-curb-invasive-species Great Lakes freighters may have to treat ballast water to curb invasive species] ''MPR News'', August 27, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2020.</ref>
  
According to the authoritative bi-national source ''The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book'', "Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery."
+
===Ecological challenges===
 +
Before the arrival of [[Europe]]ans, the lakes provided [[fish]] to the [[Native American|native]] groups who lived near them. Early European settlers were astounded by both the variety and quantity of fish. Historically, fish populations were the early indicator of the condition of the Lakes, and have remained one of the key indicators even in our technological era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments. According to the bi-national (U.S. and Canadian) resource book, ''The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book,'' "the largest Great Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 metric tons (147 million pounds)," though environmental impacts on the fish can be traced back nearly a century prior to those years.
  
The annual [http://www.glbconference.org/ Great Lakes Bioneers Conference]  held in [[Traverse City]], [[Michigan]] addresses many of these problems with local speakers, workshops and tools. The conference is a satellite conference of the [[Bioneers]] Conference in San Rafael, California. The Traverse City site focuses on durable ecological and socially just solutions to a diverse set of issues in the Great Lakes [[bioregion]].
+
For example, by 1801, New York legislators found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic [[salmon]] from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. In the early nineteenth century, Upper Canada’s government found it necessary to introduce similar legislation prohibiting the use of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario’s tributaries. Other protective legislation was passed as well, but enforcement remained difficult.
  
==Important cities along the lakes==
+
On both sides of the US-Canada border, the proliferation of dams and impoundments multiplied, necessitating more regulatory efforts. There was a marked decline in fish populations by the middle of the nineteenth century. The decline in salmon was recognized by Canadian officials and was reported as to have virtually disappeared by the end of the 1860s. The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25 percent in general fish harvests by 1875. Dams were preventing sturgeon spawning as well. Many Michigan rivers sport multiple dams that range from mere relics to those that seriously impact fish. The State's dam removal budget has been frozen in recent years. In the 1990s the state was removing one dam per year.
Cities with a population greater than 100,000 are in bold.
 
  
{{listdev}}
+
Overfishing was cited as responsible for the decline of the population of various [[whitefish]], an important food source with economic consequences. Between 1879 and 1899, reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds (11 million kg) to just over nine million pounds (four million kg). Recorded sturgeon catches fell from 7.8 million pounds (1.5 million kg) in 1879 to 1.7 million pounds (770,000 kg) in 1899. Giant fresh water mussels were wiped out by early Great Lakes entrepreneurs.
  
{{col-start}}
+
There were other factors contributing to the declines besides overfishing and the problems posed by dams and other obstructions. [[Logging]] in the region removed tree cover near stream channels which provide spawning grounds, and this affected necessary shade and temperature-moderating conditions. Removal of tree cover also destabilized [[soil]], allowing it to be carried in greater quantity into the streambeds, and brought about more frequent flooding. Running cut logs down the Lakes’ tributary rivers stirred bottom sediments. In 1884, the New York Fish Commission determined that the dumping of sawmill waste (chips and sawdust) was impacting fish populations. According to the authoritative bi-national source ''The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book,'' "Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery."
{{col-3}}
 
'''Lake Erie'''
 
*[[Ashtabula, Ohio]]
 
*'''[[Buffalo, New York]]'''
 
*'''[[Chatham-Kent, Ontario]]'''
 
*'''[[Cleveland, Ohio]]'''
 
*[[Conneaut, Ohio]]
 
*'''[[Erie, Pennsylvania]]'''
 
*[[Fort Erie, Ontario]]
 
*[[Kingsville, Ontario]]
 
*[[Leamington, Ontario]]
 
*[[Lorain, Ohio]]
 
*[[Monroe, Michigan]]
 
*[[Nanticoke, Ontario]]
 
*[[Port Colborne, Ontario]]
 
*[[Port Dover, Ontario]]
 
*[[Sandusky, Ohio]]
 
*'''[[Toledo, Ohio]]'''
 
*[[Turkey Point, Ontario]]
 
{{col-3}}
 
'''Lake Huron'''
 
*[[Alpena, Michigan]]
 
*[[Bay City, Michigan]]
 
*[[Blind River, Ontario]]
 
*[[Collingwood, Ontario]]
 
*[[Goderich, Ontario]]
 
*[[Owen Sound, Ontario]]
 
*[[Midland, Ontario]]
 
*[[Mackinac Island, Michigan]]
 
*[[Mackinaw City, Michigan]]
 
*[[Parry Sound, Ontario]]
 
*[[Port Huron, Michigan]]
 
*[[Port Sanilac, Michigan]]
 
*[[Sarnia, Ontario]]
 
*[[Thessalon, Ontario]]
 
*[[Tobermory, Ontario]]
 
{{col-3}}
 
'''Lake Michigan'''
 
*[[Benton Harbor, Michigan]]
 
*'''[[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]]'''
 
*[[Escanaba, Michigan]]
 
*'''[[Gary, Indiana]]'''
 
*'''[[Green Bay, Wisconsin]]'''
 
*[[Holland, Michigan]]
 
*[[Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
 
*[[Mackinaw City, Michigan]]
 
*[[Manitowoc, Wisconsin]]
 
*[[Michigan City, Indiana]]
 
*'''[[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]'''
 
*[[Muskegon, Michigan]]
 
*[[Norton Shores, Michigan]]
 
*[[Racine, Wisconsin]]
 
*[[Saint Joseph, Michigan]]
 
*[[Sheboygan, Wisconsin]]
 
*[[Traverse City, Michigan]]
 
{{col-end}}
 
  
{{col-start}}
+
The influx of parasitic [[lamprey]] populations, after the development of the [[Erie Canal]] and the much later [[Welland Canal]], led to the U.S. and Canadian governments attempting to work together – which proved a very complicated and troubled road. Unfortunately, despite the ever more sophisticated efforts to eliminate or minimize the lamprey populations, by the mid 1950s the lake trout populations of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron were reduced by about 99 percent, largely due to the lamprey's predation. The Great Lakes Fishery Commission was an outgrowth of the efforts to control the lamprey.
{{col-3}}
 
'''Lake Ontario'''
 
*[[Ajax, Ontario]]
 
*'''[[Burlington, Ontario]]'''
 
*[[Clarington, Ontario]]
 
*[[Cornwall, Ontario]]
 
*[[Gananoque, Ontario]]
 
*[[Grimsby, Ontario]]
 
*'''[[Hamilton, Ontario]]'''
 
*'''[[Kingston, Ontario]]'''
 
*[[Lincoln, Ontario]]
 
*'''[[Mississauga, Ontario]]'''
 
*[[Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario]]
 
*'''[[Oakville, Ontario]]'''
 
*'''[[Oshawa, Ontario]]'''
 
*[[Oswego, New York]]
 
*'''[[Pickering, Ontario]]'''
 
*[[Picton, Ontario]]
 
*[[Port Hope, Ontario]]
 
*'''[[Rochester, New York]]'''
 
*'''[[St. Catharines, Ontario]]'''
 
*'''[[Toronto, Ontario]]'''
 
*'''[[Whitby, Ontario]]'''
 
{{col-3}}
 
'''Lake Superior'''
 
*[[Ashland, Wisconsin]]
 
*[[Duluth, Minnesota]]
 
*[[Houghton, Michigan]]
 
*[[Marquette, Michigan]]
 
*[[Marathon, Ontario]]
 
*[[Nipigon, Ontario]]
 
*[[Paradise, Michigan]]
 
*[[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan]]
 
*[[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario]]
 
*[[Superior, Wisconsin]]
 
*'''[[Thunder Bay, Ontario]]'''
 
*[[Wawa, Ontario]]
 
{{col-3}}
 
'''Detroit River''''
 
*'''[[Detroit, Michigan]]'''
 
*'''[[Windsor, Ontario]]'''
 
{{col-end}}
 
  
==Trivia==
+
Other ecological problems in the Lakes and their surroundings have stemmed from urban sprawl, sewage disposal, and toxic industrial effluent. These also affect aquatic food chains and fish populations. Some of these glaring problem areas attracted high-level publicity of Great Lakes' ecological troubles in the 1960s and 1970s. Evidence of chemical pollution in the Lakes and their tributaries now stretches back for decades. In the late 1960s, the recurrent phenomenon of stretches of the [[Cuyahoga River]] in [[Ohio]] catching fire from a combination of oil, [[chemical]]s, and combustible materials floating on the water’s surface caught the attention of a more environmentally aware public. Another aspect that caught popular attention was the “toxic blobs” (expanses of lake bed covered by various combinations of solvents, wood preservatives, coal tar, and metals) found in Lake Superior, the Saint Clair River, and other areas of the Great Lakes region.
*The names of the five Great Lakes are often remembered with the [[mnemonic]] HOMES, from the first letter of the name of each lake. Additionally, the phrase '''S'''uper '''M'''an '''H'''elps '''E'''very '''O'''ne is sometimes used to remember the lakes in west-to-east order.
 
*[[Ontario]] is the only [[province]] in [[Canada]] that borders any of the Great Lakes.  Ontario borders [[Lake Huron|Huron]], [[Lake Ontario|Ontario]], [[Lake Erie|Erie]], and [[Lake Superior|Superior]].
 
*Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake that lies entirely in the United States.
 
  
==See also==
+
== Notes==
{{wiktionary}}
+
<references/>
*[[Detroit River]]
 
*[[Edmund Fitzgerald]]
 
*[[Great Lakes Commission]]
 
*[[Great Lakes Areas of Concern]]
 
*[[International Boundary Waters Treaty]]
 
*[[Lake Saint Clair (North America)]]
 
*[[Lake surfing]]
 
*[[List of cities along the Great Lakes]]
 
*[[Michigan Underwater Preserves]]
 
*[[Muskellunge]]
 
*[[Northern Pike]]
 
*[[Sixty Years' War]] for control of the Great Lakes
 
  
==Foot Notes==
+
==References==
<!-- ----------------------------------------------------------
+
* Dempsey, Dave. ''On the brink: the Great Lakes in the 21st century.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004.  ISBN 978-0870137051
  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a
+
* Rodgers, Bradley A. ''Guardian of the Great Lakes: The U.S. Paddle Frigate Michigan''. University of Michigan Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0472096077
  discussion of different citation methods and how to generate
+
* Shear, Harvey, Kent Fuller, and Jennifer Wittig. ''The Great Lakes: An environmental atlas and resource book.'' Toronto: Govt. of Canada, 1995. ISBN 978-0662234418
  footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags
 
----------------------------------------------------------- —>
 
<div class="references-small">
 
<references />
 
  
==Sources and Further Reading==
+
==External links==
* Shear, Harvey, Kent Fuller, and Jennifer Wittig. 1995. ''The Great Lakes: an environmental atlas and resource book''. Toronto: Govt. of Canada. ISBN 0662234413 and ISBN 9780662234418
+
All links retrieved January 24, 2020.
* Dempsey, Dave. 2004. ''On the brink: the Great Lakes in the 21st century''. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0870137050 and ISBN 9780870137051
 
</div>
 
{{Citations missing|date=December 2006}}
 
  
== External Links ==
+
* [https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes The Great Lakes]. ''United States Environmental Protection Agency''.  
{{External links}}
+
* [https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/priority-landscapes/great-lakes/?vu=r.v_greatlakes Great Lakes]. ''The Nature Conservancy''.  
{{commonscat}}
+
* [https://greatlakes.org/ Alliance for the Great Lakes]
* [http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. ''Peace Palace Library''. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
 
* [http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/ Great Lakes]. ''United States Enviornmental Protection Agency''. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
 
* [http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/index.html The Great Lakes An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book]. ''United States Enviornmental Protection Agency''. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
 
* [http://www.nature.org/greatlakes Great Lakes]. ''The Nature Conservancy''. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
 
* [http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/greatlakes/default.asp?lang=En&n=7E5E6AF1-1 Our Great Lakes]. ''Canada''. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
 
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-1390/science_technology/great_lakes_pollution/  Troubled Waters: Pollution in the Great Lakes]. ''Canadian Broadcasting Corporation''. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
 
  
 
{{greatlakes}}
 
{{greatlakes}}
{{Canadian topics}}
 
  
{{coor title d|45|N|84|W|region:CA_type:waterbody}}
+
{{credit|133288761}}
  
[[Category:Great Lakes|*]]
+
[[Category:Geography]]
 
+
[[Category:North America]]
{{credit|133288761}}
+
[[Category:Bodies of water]]

Latest revision as of 02:10, 21 January 2023


The Great Lakes from space

The Great Lakes of the Laurentian Shield are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. They are the largest group of fresh water lakes on Earth. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence system is the largest fresh-water system in the world, totaling over 94,000 square miles. Sometimes referred to as inland seas, it is estimated that they hold six quadrillion gallons of water; 90 percent of the U.S. supply and 20 percent of the world's supply. In addition to these lakes in themselves, there is a great and vital system of channels connecting them.

Lakes

The five Great Lakes of North America are:

  • Lake Superior (the largest by volume, area, and depth; larger than Scotland or South Carolina)
  • Lake Michigan (the second-largest by volume and third-largest by area; the only one entirely in the U.S.)
  • Lake Huron (the third-largest by volume; the second largest in area)
  • Lake Erie (the smallest by volume and most shallow of all the great lakes)
  • Lake Ontario (the second-smallest in volume and smallest in area, much lower elevation than the rest)
Map of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Watershed

Lakes Michigan and Huron, being hydrologically intertwined, are sometimes considered to be one entity: Lake Michigan-Huron. Considered together, Michigan-Huron would be larger in surface area than Lake Superior, but smaller in total water volume.

Lake St. Clair, a much smaller lake, is part of the Great Lakes system between Lake Huron and Lake Erie, but is not considered one of the "Great Lakes." Lake Nipigon is another large lake that is part of the same hydrological system, but not part of the Great Lakes proper. Other lakes of notable mention that are not considered part of the "Great Lakes," but are part of their hydrological system are

  • Lake Nipissing
  • Lake Simcoe
  • Lake Winnebago
  • Oneida Lake
  • Finger Lakes of Upstate New York, and
  • Lake Champlain.
Did you know?
Four of the five "Great Lakes" of North America straddle the U.S.-Canada border; Lake Michigan is entirely within the United States

The system also includes the rivers that connect the lakes: St. Marys River between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, the Saint Clair River between Lake Huron and Lake Saint Clair, the Detroit River between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie, and the Niagara River and Niagara Falls, between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Lake Michigan is connected to Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac. Large islands and a peninsula divide Lake Huron into the lake proper and Georgian Bay.

The lakes are bounded by Ontario (all of the lakes except Michigan), Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan (all but Lake Ontario), Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Four of the five lakes straddle the U.S.-Canada border; the fifth, Lake Michigan, is entirely within the United States. The Saint Lawrence River, the international border for part of its course, is a primary outlet of these interconnected lakes, and flows through Quebec and past the Gaspé Peninsula to the northern Atlantic Ocean.

The Great Lakes are clearly visible in this satellite image of North America

Sprinkled throughout the lakes are the approximately 35,000 Great Lakes islands, including Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water (also home to the world's largest lake within a lake: Lake Manitou), and Isle Royale in Lake Superior, the largest island in the largest lake (each island large enough to itself contain multiple lakes).

Today, 20 percent of the world’s fresh surface water is contained in the five great lakes: 5,472 cubic miles (22,812 km³), or six quadrillion U.S. gallons (22.81 quadrillion liters) in all. It is enough water to cover the contiguous 48 states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9 m). The combined surface area of the lakes is 94,250 square miles (244,100 km²)—larger than the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hampshire combined or the provinces of Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador combined.

The Great Lakes' coast measures 10,900 miles (17,549 km) (including islands and connecting channels), nearly as long as the total US ocean coastline (12,383 miles or 19,928 km), including Alaska.

The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway connect the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels. However, the trend to wider ocean-going container ships—which do not fit through the locks on these routes—has limited shipping on the lakes. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter, and most shipping halts during that season. Some icebreakers operate on the lakes.

The lakes affect weather in the region, a phenomenon known as lake effect. In winter, the moisture picked up by the prevailing winds from the west can produce very heavy snowfall, especially along eastern lakeshores in Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ontario, and New York. It is not uncommon for heavy snow to occur during completely clear skies because of this phenomenon. The lakes also moderate seasonal temperatures somewhat, by absorbing heat and cooling the air in summer, then slowly radiating that heat in autumn. This temperature buffering produces areas known as "fruit belts," where fruit typically grown farther south can be produced in commercial quantities. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie are home to many wineries also as a result of this, as is the Niagara Peninsula between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. A similar phenomenon occurs in the Finger Lakes region of New York in the form of fog, particularly along the shorelines of those lakes. This is most noticeable along Lake Superior's shores, due to its maritime climate.

The Great Lakes have been known to strengthen storms, such as Hurricane Hazel in 1954, and a frontal system in 2007 that spawned a few tornadoes in Michigan and Ontario, picking up the warmth and energy from the lakes to fuel them. In 1996, a rare subtropical cyclone formed in Lake Huron, dubbed the 1996 Lake Huron cyclone.

Geological pre-history

The Great Lakes were formed at the end of the last ice age about 10,000 years ago, when the Laurentide ice sheet receded. When this happened, the glaciers left behind a large amount of meltwater which filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved, thus creating the Great Lakes as we know them today. Because of the uneven nature of glacier erosion, some higher hills became Great Lakes islands. The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and WisconsinHerbert Simon called this escarpment "the spinal cord of my native land."

Economy

The lakes are extensively used for transport, though cargo traffic has decreased considerably in recent years. The Great Lakes Waterway makes each of the lakes accessible.

During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight. Anything and everything floated on the lakes. Some ended up on the bottom because of storms, fires, collisions and underwater hazards. Barges from middle North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the Erie Canal opened in 1825. By 1848, with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chicago, direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes. With these two canals an all-inland water route was created between New York City and New Orleans.

The main business of many of the passenger lines in the 1800s was transporting immigrants. Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their positions on the lakes as a freight destination as well as for being a magnet for immigrants. These immigration routes still have an effect today. Immigrants often formed their own communities and some areas have a pronounced ethnicity, predominantly Dutch, German, Polish, Finnish, among others.

Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks, domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes, like iron ore and its derivatives, coal, and limestone for the steel industry. The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines. It was more economical to transport the raw materials for steel to centralized plants rather than forge steel at the mine sites. Components for steel, however, are not the only bulk shipments; grain exports are also a major shipping commodity on the lakes.

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, iron and other ores such as copper were shipped south on (downbound ships) and supplies, food staples, and coal were shipped north (upbound). Because of the location of the coal fields in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and the general northeast track of the Appalachian Mountains, railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went due north to ports such as Erie, Pennsylvania and Ashtabula, Ohio.

Because the lake maritime community developed largely independently, it has its own language. Ships, no matter the size, are referred to as boats. When the sailing ships gave way to steamships, they were called steamboats—the same term used on the Mississippi. The ships also have a distinctive design. Ships that primarily trade on the lakes are known as lakers. Ocean-going vessels are known as salties.

One of the more common sights on the lakes is the 1,000 by 305 foot (105 by 32 meter), 60,000 US long tons (61,000 metric metric tons) self-unloader. This is a laker with a huge conveyor belt system that can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side. Today, the Great Lakes fleet is much smaller in numbers than it once was because of the increased use of overland freight and the use of larger ships replacing the need for many smaller ships.

Modern economy

Wolfe Islander III, Kingston, Ontario

The Great Lakes have been used as a major mode of transport for bulk goods starting in 1697 with the brigantine Le Griffon. Commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, the ship was built at Cayuga Creek, near the southern end of the Niagara River and became the first sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes.

In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, coal, stone, grain, salt, cement, and potash. The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo but most container ships are too wide to pass through the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years.

Recreational boating and tourism are major industries on the Great Lakes. A few small cruise ships operate on the Lakes including several sailing ships. Sport fishing, commercial fishing, and Native American fishing represent a US$4 billion a year industry with salmon, whitefish, smelt, lake trout, and walleye being major catches.

The Great Lakes are used to supply drinking water to tens of millions of people in bordering areas. This valuable resource is collectively administered by the state and provincial governments bordering the lakes.

Passenger traffic

Several ferries operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, including Isle Royale, Pelee Island, Mackinac Island, Beaver Island, both Bois Blanc Islands, Kelleys Island, South Bass Island, North Manitou Island, South Manitou Island, Harsens Island, Manitoulin Island, and the Toronto Islands. As of 2007, two car ferry services cross the Great Lakes, both on Lake Michigan: a steamer from Ludington, Michigan to Manitowoc, Wisconsin and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan. An international ferry crossing Lake Ontario from Rochester, New York to Toronto ran during 2004 and 2005, but is no longer in operation.

Shipwrecks

Travel on the Lakes has been risky. Because of the immense size of the Lakes, there are vast stretches of open water without sight of land. The Lakes are sometimes referred to as inland seas.

Many thousands of ships have sunk in these waters. Storms and unseen reefs are a frequent threat. An estimated 6,000 to 10,000 vessels have sunk or been stranded since the early 1800s, many with partial or total loss of crew. The Lakes are prone to sudden and severe storms, particularly in the autumn, from late October until early December. The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 is the worst storm on these waters on record: at least 12 ships sank, and 31 more were stranded on rocks and beaches. At least 248 sailors lost their lives over that weekend. The SS Edmund Fitzgerald, which sank November 10, 1975, was the last major freighter lost on the lakes, sinking almost 20 miles off Whitefish Point in Lake Superior with all 29 crew members lost.

The greatest concentration of these wrecks lies near Thunder Bay (Michigan), in Lake Huron, near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge. Today there is a U.S. NOAA Marine Archeology Research Station located in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Here divers can explore more than 200 shipwrecks that form one of the most concentrated and best preserved maritime archaeology sites in the world.

For many years in the late 1700s and early 1800s, wars were fought over the control of the Lakes and many warships were built for the inland seas, ranging from small and swift sloops-of-war to three-deckers capable of standing in any line of battle. The Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817 limits the number of armed vessels permitted on the Great Lakes.

Political issues

Great Lakes water use and diversions

The International Joint Commission was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters, and to advise Canada and the United States on questions related to water resources. Concerns over diversion of Great Lakes' water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians. Some water is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway but the flow is limited by treaty. Possible schemes for bottled water plants and diversion to dry regions of the continent raise concerns. Diversion of water from the Great Lakes basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors, which rarely occurs. International treaties regulate large diversions. In 1998, the Canadian company Nova Group won approval from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 US gallons (600,000 m³) of Lake Superior water annually to ship by tanker to Asian countries. Public outcry forced the company to abandon the plan before it began. Since that time, the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec have negotiated the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement[1] and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact[2] that would prevent most future diversion proposals and all long-distance ones. The agreements also strengthen protection against abusive water withdrawal practices within the Great Lakes basin. On December 13, 2005, the Governors and Premiers signed these two agreements: the first is between all ten jurisdictions. It is somewhat more detailed and protective, but cannot be enforced in court because enforcement arrangements can be made only between the federal governments. The second is exclusively among the U.S. states, which, if approved by all eight state legislatures that border the Great Lakes and the U.S. Congress, could be enforced in U.S. federal court.

Coast Guard live fire exercises on the Great Lakes

In August of 2006 the United States Coast Guard published a notice in the Federal Register that they intended to designate 34 areas in U.S. portions of the Great Lakes including 14 in Lake Michigan, at least five miles offshore as permanent safety zones for live–fire machine–gun practice. The USCG reserved the right to hold target practice whenever the weather allowed, with a two-hour notice. These firing ranges would be open to the public when not in use.

On December 18, 2006 the Coast Guard announced its decision to withdraw the "Notice of Proposed Rulemaking" to establish 34 safety zones for live-fire training on the Great Lakes. Officials said they would look into alternative ammunition, modifying the proposed zones, and have more public dialogue before proposing a new plan.[3]

Restoration

In the U.S., the Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Act establishes priority recommendations of a US$20 billion Great Lakes clean-up plan released in December as part of the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration, created by President Bush in 2004. A bipartisan group of US legislators introduced the bill, including U.S. Senators Mike DeWine (R-Ohio) and Carl Levin (D-Michigan) and Reps. Vern Ehlers (R-Grand Rapids) and Rahm Emanuel (D-Chicago). The Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Act would:

  • Stop the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species by enacting a comprehensive national program.
  • Prevent the Asian carp from entering the Great Lakes by authorizing the Corps of Engineers to maintain and operate the dispersal barrier on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and prohibit the importation and sale of Asian carp.
  • Restore fish and wildlife habitat by reauthorizing the Great Lakes Fish & Wildlife Restoration Act at $20 million.
  • Prevent sewage contamination by reauthorizing the State Revolving Loan Fund and provide $20 billion over five years to assist communities nationally with improving their wastewater infrastructure.
  • Clean up contaminated sediment under the Great Lakes Legacy Act by authorizing $150 million per year.
  • Phase out mercury in products by establishing a new grant program and improving existing research programs.
  • Coordinate and improve Great Lakes programs by establishing the Great Lakes Interagency Task Force and the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration process.

The Healing Our Waters - Great Lakes Coalition has formed to help groups and citizens across the United States advocate for restoring the health of the Great Lakes.

Additions to the five Great Lakes

Lake Champlain, on the border between upstate New York and northwestern Vermont, briefly became labeled by the U.S. government as the sixth "Great Lake of the United States" on March 6, 1998 when President Clinton signed Senate Bill 927. This bill, which reauthorized the National Sea Grant Program, contained a line by Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake. Not coincidentally, this status allows neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources. The claim was viewed with some amusement by other countries, particularly in the Canadian media; the lake is small compared to other Canadian lakes (such as Great Bear Lake with over 27 times more surface area). Following a small uproar (and several New York Times articles), the Great Lake status was rescinded on soon afterwards, although Vermont universities continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake.

Similarly, there has been interest in making Lake St. Clair a Great Lake. In October, 2002, backers planned to present such a proposal at the Great Lakes Commission annual meeting, but ultimately withheld it as it appeared to have little support.

Concerns

Invasive species

The Great Lakes have suffered from the introduction of many non-native species. Since the 1800s, more than 300 invasive or non-native species have invaded the Great Lakes ecosystem from around the world, causing severe economic and ecological impacts. "Over 160 invasive species threaten the ecological balance of the Lakes. They deprive fish of food, cause blooms of toxic algae, and foul boats, spawning areas and drinking water intakes. On average one new invasive enters the Great Lakes every eight months." [4]

Zebra mussel infestations in the Great Lakes and inland waters illustrate the severity of the problems stemming from invasive species introduction and spread. This non-indigenous mollusk is an efficient filter feeder that competes with native mussels and impacts fish populations by reducing food and available spawning habitat. The utility and manufacturing industries around the region, depending on Great Lakes water for production, expend substantial time and money cleaning intake and discharge pipes clogged by the zebra mussel. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates the economic impact to these industries to be US$5 billion dollars over the next decade. [5]

Approximately ten percent of non-indigenous aquatic species introduced into the Great Lakes have had significant economic and ecological impacts. The remaining 90 percent have potentially harmful impacts but are insufficiently researched and understood. Besides the zebra mussel, several other species have been particularly harmful. The invasion of the sea lamprey, a parasite that attaches to large fish with a sucker mouth armed with teeth consumes flesh and fluid from its prey, resulting in substantial economic losses to recreational and commercial fisheries. Control of sea lamprey predation requires annual expenditures of millions of dollars.

Alewife, introduced through Great Lakes canal systems, litter beaches each spring and alter food webs, causing increased water turbidity. These impacts have subsided with the introduction of salmonids that were stocked as predators to keep alewife populations under control. The ruffe, a small percid fish, became the most abundant fish species in Lake Superior's St. Louis River within five years of its detection in 1986. Its range, which has expanded to Lake Huron, poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery. Five years after first being observed in the Saint Clair River, the round goby can now be found in all of the Great Lakes. The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons: It preys upon bottom-feeding fishes, overruns optimal habitat, spawns multiple times a season, and can survive poor water quality conditions. [6]

A more recent threat to Lake Michigan fisheries is viral hemorrhagic septicemia, an introduced pathogen that can survive up to 14 days in lake water, infecting any fish that come in contact with it.

An electric fence has been set up across the mouth of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in order to keep several invasive species of Asian carp out of Lake Michigan. The carp have voracious appetites and feed upon native fish species. They can grow to 90 pounds (kg) and nearly four feet (12 m) long. [7] The barrier is not in use at this time as issues of controlling the electric current in the canal are not yet resolved.

At least 30 percent of all invasive species were introduced into the Great Lakes in ballast water of cargo and other ships. The U.S. Coast Guard has instituted rules requiring the exchange of ballast water or sealing of ballast tanks on all ship traffic in the Lakes. Federal and state efforts to regulate ballast water have made progress in slowing the introduction of new species to the Great Lakes.[8]

Ecological challenges

Before the arrival of Europeans, the lakes provided fish to the native groups who lived near them. Early European settlers were astounded by both the variety and quantity of fish. Historically, fish populations were the early indicator of the condition of the Lakes, and have remained one of the key indicators even in our technological era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments. According to the bi-national (U.S. and Canadian) resource book, The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book, "the largest Great Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 metric tons (147 million pounds)," though environmental impacts on the fish can be traced back nearly a century prior to those years.

For example, by 1801, New York legislators found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. In the early nineteenth century, Upper Canada’s government found it necessary to introduce similar legislation prohibiting the use of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario’s tributaries. Other protective legislation was passed as well, but enforcement remained difficult.

On both sides of the US-Canada border, the proliferation of dams and impoundments multiplied, necessitating more regulatory efforts. There was a marked decline in fish populations by the middle of the nineteenth century. The decline in salmon was recognized by Canadian officials and was reported as to have virtually disappeared by the end of the 1860s. The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25 percent in general fish harvests by 1875. Dams were preventing sturgeon spawning as well. Many Michigan rivers sport multiple dams that range from mere relics to those that seriously impact fish. The State's dam removal budget has been frozen in recent years. In the 1990s the state was removing one dam per year.

Overfishing was cited as responsible for the decline of the population of various whitefish, an important food source with economic consequences. Between 1879 and 1899, reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds (11 million kg) to just over nine million pounds (four million kg). Recorded sturgeon catches fell from 7.8 million pounds (1.5 million kg) in 1879 to 1.7 million pounds (770,000 kg) in 1899. Giant fresh water mussels were wiped out by early Great Lakes entrepreneurs.

There were other factors contributing to the declines besides overfishing and the problems posed by dams and other obstructions. Logging in the region removed tree cover near stream channels which provide spawning grounds, and this affected necessary shade and temperature-moderating conditions. Removal of tree cover also destabilized soil, allowing it to be carried in greater quantity into the streambeds, and brought about more frequent flooding. Running cut logs down the Lakes’ tributary rivers stirred bottom sediments. In 1884, the New York Fish Commission determined that the dumping of sawmill waste (chips and sawdust) was impacting fish populations. According to the authoritative bi-national source The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book, "Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery."

The influx of parasitic lamprey populations, after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal, led to the U.S. and Canadian governments attempting to work together – which proved a very complicated and troubled road. Unfortunately, despite the ever more sophisticated efforts to eliminate or minimize the lamprey populations, by the mid 1950s the lake trout populations of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron were reduced by about 99 percent, largely due to the lamprey's predation. The Great Lakes Fishery Commission was an outgrowth of the efforts to control the lamprey.

Other ecological problems in the Lakes and their surroundings have stemmed from urban sprawl, sewage disposal, and toxic industrial effluent. These also affect aquatic food chains and fish populations. Some of these glaring problem areas attracted high-level publicity of Great Lakes' ecological troubles in the 1960s and 1970s. Evidence of chemical pollution in the Lakes and their tributaries now stretches back for decades. In the late 1960s, the recurrent phenomenon of stretches of the Cuyahoga River in Ohio catching fire from a combination of oil, chemicals, and combustible materials floating on the water’s surface caught the attention of a more environmentally aware public. Another aspect that caught popular attention was the “toxic blobs” (expanses of lake bed covered by various combinations of solvents, wood preservatives, coal tar, and metals) found in Lake Superior, the Saint Clair River, and other areas of the Great Lakes region.

Notes

  1. Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement December 13, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  2. Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact December 13, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  3. Deborah Weisberg, Fishing: Coast Guard reloads on firing range, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 24, 2006. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  4. Invasive species threaten Great Lakes: report CBC News, June 11, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  5. Great Lakes Aquatic Nuisance Species Great Lakes Commission, March 27, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  6. Invasive Species Great Lakes Region, NOAA. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  7. Corps of Engineers is going fishing Northwest Indiana Times, March 17, 2004. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  8. Great Lakes freighters may have to treat ballast water to curb invasive species MPR News, August 27, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2020.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Dempsey, Dave. On the brink: the Great Lakes in the 21st century. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0870137051
  • Rodgers, Bradley A. Guardian of the Great Lakes: The U.S. Paddle Frigate Michigan. University of Michigan Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0472096077
  • Shear, Harvey, Kent Fuller, and Jennifer Wittig. The Great Lakes: An environmental atlas and resource book. Toronto: Govt. of Canada, 1995. ISBN 978-0662234418

External links

All links retrieved January 24, 2020.


North American Great Lakes
Lake Superior | Lake Michigan | Lake Huron | Lake Erie | Lake Ontario

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