Difference between revisions of "Gneiss" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:Gneiss.jpg|thumb|Gneiss]]
 
[[Image:Gneiss.jpg|thumb|Gneiss]]
  
'''Gneiss''' is a common and widely distributed type of [[Rock (geology)|rock]] formed by high-grade regional [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] processes from preexisting formations that were originally either [[igneous rock|igneous]] or [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] rocks. Gneissic rocks are usually medium to coarse [[Foliation (geology)|foliated]] (aligned by directed pressure) and largely [[Recrystallization|recrystallized]] but do not carry large quantities of [[mica]]s, [[Chlorite group|chlorite]] or other platy [[mineral]]s.
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'''Gneiss''' is a widely distributed type of [[metamorphic rock]]. It is coarser than [[schist]] and has a distinct pattern of bands. Its mineral content is mainly [[feldspar]]. [[Quartz]], [[mica]]s (such as [[muscovite]] and [[biotite]]), and [[hornblende]] are also often present. The term ''gneissose'' is used to describe rocks with properties similar to gneiss.
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The study of gneiss has helped scientists understand the [[geology|geological]] processes by which this metamorphic rock can be formed. Also, using a [[radiometric dating]] technique, researchers have identified the ''Acasta Gneiss'' (in [[Northwest Territories]], [[Canada]]) as the oldest known crustal [[Rock (geology)|rock]] [[outcrop]] in the world.
  
Gneisses that are metamorphosed igneous rocks or their equivalent are termed [[granite]] gneisses, [[diorite]] gneisses, and so forth. Depending on their [[composition]], they may also be called [[garnet]] gneiss, [[biotite]] gneiss, [[albite]] gneiss, and so forth. ''Orthogneiss'' designates a gneiss derived from an igneous rock, and ''paragneiss'' is one from a sedimentary rock. ''Gneissose'' is used to describe rocks with properties similar to gneiss.
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== Etymology ==
 
 
Gneiss resembles granite, except that the minerals are arranged into bands. Sometimes it is difficult to tell the difference between gneiss and a schist because some gneiss appears to have more mica than it really does. This is especially true with mica-rich parting planes. If a rock shows minerals occurring in distinct bands, it is probably gneiss.
 
  
 
The word "gneiss" is from an old [[Saxony|Saxon]] mining term that seems to have meant decayed, rotten, or possibly worthless material.
 
The word "gneiss" is from an old [[Saxony|Saxon]] mining term that seems to have meant decayed, rotten, or possibly worthless material.
  
===Augen gneiss===
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== Formation ==
[[Image:Augen-gneiss-2.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Augen gneiss from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.]]
 
  
Augen gneiss is a coarse-grained gneiss, interpreted as resulting from metamorphism of granite, which contains characteristic elliptic or lenticular shear bound feldspar [[porphyroclast]]s, normally [[microcline]], within the layering of the quartz, biotite and magnetite bands.  
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Gneiss is formed by high-grade regional [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] processes from formations that were formerly either [[igneous rock|igneous]] or [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] rocks. Gneissic rocks usually have medium to coarse [[Foliation (geology)|foliation]] (aligned by directed pressure) and are largely [[Recrystallization|recrystallized]]. They do not, however, carry large quantities of platy [[mineral]]s such as [[mica]]s or [[Chlorite group|chlorites]].
  
Etymology: from the German ''augen'', meaning "eyes".
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== Composition and classification ==
  
== Acasta Gneiss ==
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Gneisses that are formed by metamorphism of igneous rocks such as [[granite]] or [[diorite]] are termed granite gneisses, diorite gneisses, and so forth. Depending on their [[composition]], they may also be called [[garnet]] gneiss, [[biotite]] gneiss, [[albite]] gneiss, and so forth. ''Orthogneiss'' designates a gneiss derived from an igneous rock, and ''paragneiss'' is one from a sedimentary rock.
  
The '''Acasta Gneiss''' is the oldest known crustal [[Rock (geology)|rock]] [[outcrop]] in the world. It is an [[Archaean]] [[tonalite]] gneiss in the [[Slave craton]] in [[Northwest Territories]], [[Canada]].
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Gneiss resembles granite, except that the minerals are arranged into bands. Sometimes it is difficult to tell the difference between gneiss and a schist because some gneiss appears to have more mica than it really does. This is especially true with mica-rich parting planes. If a rock shows minerals occurring in distinct bands, it is probably gneiss.  
  
The Acasta Gneiss is named for the nearby [[Acasta River]] east of [[Great Slave Lake]] some 350 km north of [[Yellowknife, Northwest Territories|Yellowknife]]. The rock exposed in the outcrop formed just over four billion (4 x 10<sup>9</sup>) years ago; an age based on [[radiometric dating]] of [[zircon]] crystals (4.03 Ga orthogneisses (Bowring & Williams, 1999), which are the oldest rocks in the world so far).
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===Augen gneiss===
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[[Image:Augen-gneiss-2.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Augen gneiss from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.]]
  
In 2003 a team from the [[Smithsonian Institute]] collected a four-tonne boulder of Acasta Gneiss for display outside the [[National Museum of the American Indian]] in [[Washington, D.C]].  
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Augen gneiss (from the [[germany|German]] ''augen'', meaning "eyes") is a coarse-grained gneiss, interpreted as resulting from metamorphism of granite. It contains characteristic elliptic or lenticular shear-bound feldspar [[porphyroclast]]s within the layering of bands of quartz, biotite, and magnetite.
  
The Acasta outcrop is found in a remote area of the [[Tlicho]] land settlement.
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== Acasta Gneiss ==
 +
 
 +
The Acasta Gneiss is named for the nearby [[Acasta River]] east of [[Great Slave Lake]] some 350 kilometers (km) north of [[Yellowknife, Northwest Territories]], Canada. It lies in a remote area of the [[Tlicho]] land settlement. The rock exposed in the outcrop formed just over four billion (4 x 10<sup>9</sup>) years ago&mdash;an age calculated by [[radiometric dating]] of [[zircon]] crystals (Bowring and Williams, 1999). Based on this estimate, it is the oldest known rock in the world. In geological terms, it is an [[Archaean]] [[tonalite]] gneiss.
  
According to some timings of the geological periods, it was formed in the [[Basin Groups]] unofficial period of the [[Hadean]] eon, which came before the Archean: see [[Timetable of the Precambrian]].
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In 2003, a team from the [[Smithsonian Institute]] collected a four-tonne boulder of Acasta Gneiss for display outside the [[National Museum of the American Indian]] in [[Washington, DC]].
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
Line 35: Line 37:
 
* [[Schist]]
 
* [[Schist]]
 
* [[Zircon]]
 
* [[Zircon]]
* [[Age of the Earth]]
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
  
* Blatt, Harvey, and Robert J. Tracy. 1995. ''Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic'', 2nd ed. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0716724383.
+
* Blatt, Harvey, and Robert J. Tracy. ''Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic''. 2nd ed. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1995. ISBN 0716724383.
 
+
* Bowring, S.A., and I.S. Williams. Priscoan (4.00-4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada. ''Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology''. 134:3-16. 1999.
* Farndon, John. 2006. ''The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens, with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks''. London: Lorenz Books. ISBN 0754815412.
+
* Farndon, John. ''The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens, with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks''. London: Lorenz Books, 2006. ISBN 0754815412.
 
+
* Pellant, Chris. ''Rocks and Minerals''. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2002. ISBN 0789491060.
* Pellant, Chris. 2002. ''Rocks and Minerals''. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0789491060.
+
* Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman. ''Rocks, Gems and Minerals''. Rev. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001. ISBN 1582381321.
 
+
* Stern, R.A., and W. Bleeker. Age of the world's oldest rocks refined using Canada's SHRIMP. The Acasta gneiss complex, Northwest Territories, Canada. ''Geoscience Canada''. 25:27-31, 1998.
* Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman. 2001. ''Rocks, Gems and Minerals''. Rev. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1582381321.
 
 
 
*Bowring, S.A., and Williams, I.S., 1999. Priscoan (4.00-4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 134, 3-16.
 
 
 
*Stern, R.A., Bleeker, W., 1998. Age of the world's oldest rocks refined using Canada's SHRIMP. the Acasta gneiss complex, Northwest Territories, Canada. Geoscience Canada, v. 25, p. 27-31
 
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
 +
All links retrieved June 23, 2017.
  
*[http://north.cbc.ca/regional/servlet/View?filename=sep29acastarock29092003 Ancient rock begins pilgrimage to museum]
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* [http://www.rocks-rock.com/gneiss.html Metamorphic Rocks - Gneiss.]  
*[http://www.carlzimmer.com/articles/1999/articles_1999_1.html ANCIENT CONTINENT OPENS WINDOW ON THE EARLY EARTH Science, December 17,1999]
 
* [http://homepage.mac.com/yuee/H/research3.html Yuichiro Ueno research homepage]
 
  
 
[[Category:Physical sciences]]
 
[[Category:Physical sciences]]

Latest revision as of 20:26, 23 June 2017

Gneiss

Gneiss is a widely distributed type of metamorphic rock. It is coarser than schist and has a distinct pattern of bands. Its mineral content is mainly feldspar. Quartz, micas (such as muscovite and biotite), and hornblende are also often present. The term gneissose is used to describe rocks with properties similar to gneiss.

The study of gneiss has helped scientists understand the geological processes by which this metamorphic rock can be formed. Also, using a radiometric dating technique, researchers have identified the Acasta Gneiss (in Northwest Territories, Canada) as the oldest known crustal rock outcrop in the world.

Etymology

The word "gneiss" is from an old Saxon mining term that seems to have meant decayed, rotten, or possibly worthless material.

Formation

Gneiss is formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from formations that were formerly either igneous or sedimentary rocks. Gneissic rocks usually have medium to coarse foliation (aligned by directed pressure) and are largely recrystallized. They do not, however, carry large quantities of platy minerals such as micas or chlorites.

Composition and classification

Gneisses that are formed by metamorphism of igneous rocks such as granite or diorite are termed granite gneisses, diorite gneisses, and so forth. Depending on their composition, they may also be called garnet gneiss, biotite gneiss, albite gneiss, and so forth. Orthogneiss designates a gneiss derived from an igneous rock, and paragneiss is one from a sedimentary rock.

Gneiss resembles granite, except that the minerals are arranged into bands. Sometimes it is difficult to tell the difference between gneiss and a schist because some gneiss appears to have more mica than it really does. This is especially true with mica-rich parting planes. If a rock shows minerals occurring in distinct bands, it is probably gneiss.

Augen gneiss

Augen gneiss from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Augen gneiss (from the German augen, meaning "eyes") is a coarse-grained gneiss, interpreted as resulting from metamorphism of granite. It contains characteristic elliptic or lenticular shear-bound feldspar porphyroclasts within the layering of bands of quartz, biotite, and magnetite.

Acasta Gneiss

The Acasta Gneiss is named for the nearby Acasta River east of Great Slave Lake some 350 kilometers (km) north of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. It lies in a remote area of the Tlicho land settlement. The rock exposed in the outcrop formed just over four billion (4 x 109) years ago—an age calculated by radiometric dating of zircon crystals (Bowring and Williams, 1999). Based on this estimate, it is the oldest known rock in the world. In geological terms, it is an Archaean tonalite gneiss.

In 2003, a team from the Smithsonian Institute collected a four-tonne boulder of Acasta Gneiss for display outside the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, DC.

See also

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Blatt, Harvey, and Robert J. Tracy. Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic. 2nd ed. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1995. ISBN 0716724383.
  • Bowring, S.A., and I.S. Williams. Priscoan (4.00-4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 134:3-16. 1999.
  • Farndon, John. The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens, with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks. London: Lorenz Books, 2006. ISBN 0754815412.
  • Pellant, Chris. Rocks and Minerals. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2002. ISBN 0789491060.
  • Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman. Rocks, Gems and Minerals. Rev. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001. ISBN 1582381321.
  • Stern, R.A., and W. Bleeker. Age of the world's oldest rocks refined using Canada's SHRIMP. The Acasta gneiss complex, Northwest Territories, Canada. Geoscience Canada. 25:27-31, 1998.

External links

All links retrieved June 23, 2017.

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