Difference between revisions of "Glaciology" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:glacier.zermatt.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lateral moraine on a glacier joining the Gorner Glacier, Zermatt, Switzerland. The moraine is the high bank of debris in the top left hand quarter of the picture. For more explanation, click on the picture.]]
 
[[Image:glacier.zermatt.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lateral moraine on a glacier joining the Gorner Glacier, Zermatt, Switzerland. The moraine is the high bank of debris in the top left hand quarter of the picture. For more explanation, click on the picture.]]
  
'''Glaciology''' (from Middle French dialect (Franco-Provençal): ''glace'', "ice"; or Latin: ''glacies'', "frost, ice"; and Greek: λόγος, ''[[logos]]'', "speech" lit. "to talk about ice") is the study of [[glacier]]s, or more generally  [[ice]] and natural phenomena that involve ice.  
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'''Glaciology''' (from Middle French dialect (Franco-Provençal): ''glace'', "ice"; or Latin: ''glacies'', "frost, ice"; and Greek: λόγος, ''[[logos]]'', "speech" lit. "to talk about ice") is the study of [[glacier]]s, or more generally  [[ice]] and natural phenomena involving ice. It is one of the key areas of polar research.
  
Glaciology is an interdisciplinary [[earth science]] that integrates [[geophysics]], [[geology]], [[physical geography]], [[geomorphology]], [[climatology]], [[meteorology]], [[hydrology]], [[biology]], and [[ecology]]. The impact of glaciers on humans adds the fields of [[human geography]] and [[anthropology]]. The presence of ice on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]] and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] brings in an extraterrestrial component to the field.  
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As an interdisciplinary [[earth science]], glaciology integrates [[geophysics]], [[geology]], [[physical geography]], [[geomorphology]], [[climatology]], [[meteorology]], [[hydrology]], [[biology]], and [[ecology]]. The impact of glaciers on humans adds the fields of [[human geography]] and [[anthropology]]. Glaciology also includes glacial history and the reconstruction of past glaciation. The presence of ice on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]] and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] brings in an extraterrestrial component to the field. A person who studies glaciers is called a ''glaciologist''.
  
==Overview==
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==Types==
Areas of study within glaciology include glacial history and the reconstruction of past glaciation. A glaciologist is a person who studies glaciers. Glaciology is one of the key areas of polar research.
 
  
==Types==
 
 
There are two general categories of glaciation which glaciologists distinguish: ''alpine glaciation'', accumulations or "rivers of ice" confined to valleys; and ''continental glaciation'', unrestricted accumulations which once covered much of the northern continents.
 
There are two general categories of glaciation which glaciologists distinguish: ''alpine glaciation'', accumulations or "rivers of ice" confined to valleys; and ''continental glaciation'', unrestricted accumulations which once covered much of the northern continents.
  
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==Glacial deposits==
 
==Glacial deposits==
 
===Stratified===
 
===Stratified===
; Outwash sand/gravel : from front of glaciers, found on a plain
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; Outwash sand/gravel: from front of glaciers, found on a plain
; [[Kettle (geology)|Kettles]] : block of stagnant ice leaves a depression or pit
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; [[Kettle (geology)|Kettles]]: block of stagnant ice leaves a depression or pit
; [[Esker]]s : steep sided ridges of gravel/sand, possibly caused by streams running under stagnant ice
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; [[Esker]]s: steep sided ridges of gravel/sand, possibly caused by streams running under stagnant ice
; [[Kame]]s : stratified drift builds up low steep hills
+
; [[Kame]]s: stratified drift builds up low steep hills
; [[Varve]]s : alternating thin sedimentary beds (coarse and fine) of a [[proglacial lake]]. Summer conditions deposit more and coarser material and those of the winter, less and finer.
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; [[Varve]]s: alternating thin sedimentary beds (coarse and fine) of a [[proglacial lake]]. Summer conditions deposit more and coarser material and those of the winter, less and finer.
  
 
===Unstratified===
 
===Unstratified===
; [[Till]]-unsorted : (glacial flour to boulders) deposited by receding/advancing glaciers, forming moraines, and drumlins
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; [[Till]]-unsorted: (glacial flour to boulders) deposited by receding/advancing glaciers, forming moraines, and drumlins
; [[Moraine]]s : (Terminal) material deposited at the end; (Ground) material deposited as glacier melts; (lateral) material deposited along the sides.
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; [[Moraine]]s: (Terminal) material deposited at the end; (Ground) material deposited as glacier melts; (lateral) material deposited along the sides.
; [[Drumlin]]s : smooth elongated hills composed of till.
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; [[Drumlin]]s: smooth, elongated hills composed of till.
; [[Ribbed moraine]]s : large subglacial elongated hills transverse to former ice flow.
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; [[Ribbed moraine]]s: large subglacial elongated hills, transverse to former ice flow.
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==

Revision as of 20:16, 6 August 2008

Lateral moraine on a glacier joining the Gorner Glacier, Zermatt, Switzerland. The moraine is the high bank of debris in the top left hand quarter of the picture. For more explanation, click on the picture.

Glaciology (from Middle French dialect (Franco-Provençal): glace, "ice"; or Latin: glacies, "frost, ice"; and Greek: λόγος, logos, "speech" lit. "to talk about ice") is the study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena involving ice. It is one of the key areas of polar research.

As an interdisciplinary earth science, glaciology integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, climatology, meteorology, hydrology, biology, and ecology. The impact of glaciers on humans adds the fields of human geography and anthropology. Glaciology also includes glacial history and the reconstruction of past glaciation. The presence of ice on Mars and Europa brings in an extraterrestrial component to the field. A person who studies glaciers is called a glaciologist.

Types

There are two general categories of glaciation which glaciologists distinguish: alpine glaciation, accumulations or "rivers of ice" confined to valleys; and continental glaciation, unrestricted accumulations which once covered much of the northern continents.

  • Alpine - ice flows down the valleys of mountainous areas and forms a tongue of ice moving towards the plains below. Alpine glaciers tend to make the topography more rugged.
  • Continental - an ice sheet found today, only in high latitudes (Greenland/Antarctica), thousands of square kilometers wide and thousands of meters thick. These tend to smooth out the landscape.

Zones of glaciers

  • Accumulation, where the formation of ice is faster than its removal.
  • Wastage or Ablation, where the sum of melting and evaporation (sublimation) is greater than the amount of snow added each year.

Movement

Ablation
wastage of the glacier through sublimation, ice melting and iceberg calving.
Arête
an acute ridge of rock where two cirques abut.
Bergshrund
crevasse formed near the head of a glacier, where the mass of ice has rotated, sheared and torn itself apart in the manner of a geological fault.
Cirque, corrie or cwm
bowl shaped depression excavated by the source of a glacier.
Creep
adjustment to stress at a molecular level.
Flow
movement (of ice) in a constant direction.
Fracture
brittle failure (breaking of ice) under the stress raised when movement is too rapid to be accommodated by creep. It happens for example, as the central part of a glacier movinges faster than the edges.
Horn
spire of rock formed by the headward erosion of a ring of cirques around a single mountain. It is an extreme case of an arête.
Plucking/Quarrying
where the adhesion of the ice to the rock is stronger than the cohesion of the rock, part of the rock leaves with the flowing ice.
Tarn
a lake formed in the bottom of a cirque when its glacier has melted.
Tunnel valley
The tunnel is that formed by hydraulic erosion of ice and rock below an ice sheet margin. The tunnel valley is what remains of it in the underlying rock when the ice sheet has melted.

Glacial deposits

Stratified

Outwash sand/gravel
from front of glaciers, found on a plain
Kettles
block of stagnant ice leaves a depression or pit
Eskers
steep sided ridges of gravel/sand, possibly caused by streams running under stagnant ice
Kames
stratified drift builds up low steep hills
Varves
alternating thin sedimentary beds (coarse and fine) of a proglacial lake. Summer conditions deposit more and coarser material and those of the winter, less and finer.

Unstratified

Till-unsorted
(glacial flour to boulders) deposited by receding/advancing glaciers, forming moraines, and drumlins
Moraines
(Terminal) material deposited at the end; (Ground) material deposited as glacier melts; (lateral) material deposited along the sides.
Drumlins
smooth, elongated hills composed of till.
Ribbed moraines
large subglacial elongated hills, transverse to former ice flow.

See also

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Benn, Douglas I., and David J. A. Evans. 1998. Glaciers & Glaciation. London: Arnold. ISBN 0340584319.
  • Bennett, Matthew, and Neil F. Glasser. 1996. Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 0471963453.
  • Hambrey, M. J., and Jürg Alean. 2004. Glaciers. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521828086.
  • Hooke, Roger LeB. 2005. Principles of Glacier Mechanics. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521836098.
  • Knight, Peter. 1999. Glaciers. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes. ISBN 0748740007.

External links

General subfields within the earth sciences
Atmospheric sciences | Geodesy | Geology | Geophysics | Glaciology
Hydrology | Oceanography | Soil science


 Physical geography
Land ocean ice cloud 1024.jpg Biogeography · Climatology & paleoclimatology · Coastal/Marine studies · Geodesy · Geomorphology · Glaciology · Hydrology & Hydrography · Landscape ecology · Limnology · Oceanography · Palaeogeography · Pedology · Quaternary Studies

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