Difference between revisions of "Georgetown University" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Category:Politics and social sciences]]
 
[[Category:Politics and social sciences]]
 
[[Category:Education]]
 
[[Category:Education]]
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[[Category:Universities and Colleges]]
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{{infobox University-Jen
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| name              = Georgetown University
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| image            = [[Image:Georgetown Key.jpg|185 px]]
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| image_size        = 172px
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| motto            = ''Utraque Unum''<br/>("Both into One")<ref>From the [[Epistle to the Ephesians]] 2:14. See [http://traditions.georgetown.edu/seal/ official explanation]. [http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=%20Ephesians&verse=2:14&src=! Other translations available].</ref>
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| established      = January 23, 1789
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| type              = [[Private school|Private]]
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| affiliation      = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]])
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| endowment        = $1 billion
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| president        = [[John J. DeGioia]]
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| vice-president    = Spiros Dimolitsas
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| provost          = [[James J. O'Donnell]]
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| chairman          = Edmond D. Villani
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| address          = 37th and O Streets, NW
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| city              = [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]
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| state            = [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]], 20057
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| country          = [[United States|USA]]<br/>
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| coor= [http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?params=38_54_26_N_77_4_22_W_type:landmark 38°54'26"N, 77°4'22"W]
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| students          = 14,148
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| undergrad        = 6,853
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| postgrad          = 7,295
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| faculty          = 1,653
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| campus            = [[Urban area|Urban]], 104 acres
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| colors            = [[Georgetown Hoyas#Georgetown Crew History|Blue and Gray]]
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<span style="background-color:#001e4c;width:50px;border:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<span style="background-color:#9c918b;width:50px;border:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>
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| nickname          = [[Georgetown Hoyas|Hoyas]]
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| mascot            =
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| sports            = [[Big East Conference|Big East]]; [[Patriot League]] ([[American Football|football]]); [[Eastern College Athletic Conference|ECAC]] ([[lacrosse|men's lacrosse]]); [[Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|EARC]]
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| affiliations      = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|Association of Jesuit Colleges]]
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| fightsong        = "[[There Goes Old Georgetown]]"
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| website          = [http://www.georgetown.edu/ www.georgetown.edu]
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| telephone        = (202) 687-0100
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| logo              =
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| free              = ''Hoya Saxa! ''("What rocks!")
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| free_label        = [[Cheering|Cheer]]
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}}
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'''Georgetown University''' is a [[private university|private]], [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]], research [[university]], located in [[Washington, DC]]'s [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]] neighborhood. Father [[John Carroll (bishop)|John Carroll]] founded the school in 1789, though its roots extend back to 1634. While the school struggled financially in its early years, Georgetown expanded into a branched university after the [[American Civil War|U.S. Civil War]] under the leadership of [[List of Presidents of Georgetown University|university president]] [[Patrick Francis Healy]]. Georgetown is both the oldest [[Roman Catholic]] and oldest Jesuit university in the United States. Its religious heritage is defining for Georgetown's identity, but has at times been controversial.
  
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Georgetown's three urban campuses feature traditional collegiate [[architecture]] and layout, but prize their green spaces and environmental commitment. The main campus is known for [[Healy Hall]], designated a [[National Historic Landmark]]. Academically, Georgetown is divided into four [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] schools and four [[Postgraduate education|graduate]] schools, with nationally recognized programs and faculty in [[international relations]], [[law]], and [[medicine]].
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{{toc}}
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The student body is noted for its pluralism and political activism, as well as its sizable international contingent. Campus groups include the nation's oldest student dramatic society and the largest student corporation. The Georgetown athletics teams are nicknamed "[[Georgetown Hoyas|the Hoyas]]," made famous by their men's [[basketball]] team, which leads the [[Big East Conference]] with seven tournament championships. Georgetown's most notable alumni, such as former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Bill Clinton]], served in various levels of government in the United States and abroad.
  
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==Mission and reputation==
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[[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] settlers from [[England]] founded the [[Province of Maryland]] in 1634. However, the 1646 defeat of the Royalists in the [[English Civil War]] led to stringent laws against Catholic education and the extradition of known Jesuits from the colony. During the greater part of the Maryland colonial period, Jesuits continued to conduct Catholic schools clandestinely.<ref>William Coleman Nevils. ''Miniatures of Georgetown: Tercentennial Causeries.'' (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1934) </ref> It was not until after the [[American Revolution]] in 1776 that long-term plans to establish a permanent Catholic institution for education in America were realized.<ref> E.I. Devitt [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06458a.htm] Georgetown University [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] 1909. Robert Appleton Company. accessdate 2007-07-10</ref>
  
 
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Following the revolution, [[Pope Pius VI]] appointed [[John Carroll (bishop)|John Carroll]], a Maryland Jesuit, as the first head of the Catholic Church in America, although the suppression of the Jesuit order was still in effect. Carroll saw the need for education among America's Catholic citizens and accordingly sought to establish a university to meet this need.
'''Georgetown University''' is a [[private university|private]], [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]], research [[university]], located in [[Washington, D.C.]]'s [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]] neighborhood. Father [[John Carroll (bishop)|John Carroll]] founded the school in 1789, though its roots extend back to 1634. While the school struggled financially in its early years, Georgetown expanded into a branched university after the [[American Civil War|U.S. Civil War]] under the leadership of [[List of Presidents of Georgetown University|university president]] [[Patrick Francis Healy]]. Georgetown is both the oldest [[Roman Catholic universities and colleges in the United States|Roman Catholic]] and oldest [[List of Jesuit universities in the United States|Jesuit university in the United States]]. Its religious heritage is defining for Georgetown's identity, but has at times been controversial.
 
 
 
Georgetown's three urban campuses feature traditional collegiate architecture and layout, but prize their green spaces and environmental commitment. The main campus is known for [[Healy Hall]], designated a [[National Historic Landmark]]. Academically, Georgetown is divided into four [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] schools and four [[Postgraduate education|graduate]] schools, with nationally recognized programs and faculty in [[international relations]], [[law]], and [[medicine]].
 
 
 
The student body is noted for its pluralism and political activism, as well as its sizable international contingent. Campus groups include the nation's oldest student dramatic society and the largest student corporation. Georgetown's most notable alumni, such as former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Bill Clinton]], served in various levels of government in the United States and abroad. The Georgetown athletics teams are nicknamed "[[Georgetown Hoyas|the Hoyas]]," made famous by their [[Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball|men's basketball team]], which leads the [[Big East Conference]] with seven [[Big East Men's Basketball Tournament|tournament championships]].
 
  
 
==History==  
 
==History==  
{{main|History of Georgetown University}}
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[[Image:White Gravenor doorway.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Above the door of White-Gravenor Hall are the two dates. Further up are the five seals, which mark the three prior incarnations of Jesuit schools in Maryland, the year John Carrol attended the Bohemia Manor school, and the present school at Georgetown Heights]]
{{seealso|List of Presidents of Georgetown University}}
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The founding of Georgetown University took place on two main dates, 1634 and 1789.  Until 1851, the school used 1788, the start of construction on the Old South building, as its founding date. In that year a copy-edit in the college catalog began mis-labeling the construction as beginning in 1789. This was discovered in preparation for the centennial celebration in 1889, at which point rather than correct the annual, the date of Georgetown's "foundation" was fixed to the date 1789-01-23.<ref>Paul R. O'Neill and Paul K. Williams. ''Georgetown University.'' (Arcadia, 2003. ISBN 0738515094)</ref>
  
 
===Founding===
 
===Founding===
[[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] settlers from England founded the [[Province of Maryland]] in 1634. However, the 1646 defeat of the Royalists in the [[English Civil War]] led to stringent laws against Catholic education and the extradition of known Jesuits from the colony. During the greater part of the Maryland colonial period, Jesuits continued to conduct Catholic schools clandestinely.<ref name=Nevils/> It was not until after the [[American Revolution]] in 1776 that long-term plans to establish a permanent Catholic institution for education in America were realized.<ref name=ce>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06458a.htm |title= Georgetown University |encyclopedia= [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] |date= 1909 |publisher= Robert Appleton Company |first= E.I. |last= Devitt |accessdate= 2007-07-10}}</ref>
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Carroll orchestrated the early development of a new university, and on January 23, 1789 obtained the property on Dahlgren Quadrangle was built.<ref> [http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide3.html The first University building] accessdate  2007-02-26 [http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown]</ref> Instruction at the school began on November 22, 1791 with future Congressman [[William Gaston]] as its first student.<ref> [http://library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/case5.htm William Gaston and Georgetown] [http://library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/bicmain.htm Bicentennial Exhibit] Georgetown University. November 11, 2000. accessdate 2007-07-03</ref>
  
Following the revolution, [[Pope Pius VI]] appointed [[John Carroll (bishop)|John Carroll]], a Maryland Jesuit, as the first [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|head of the Catholic Church in America]], although the [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|suppression of the Jesuit order]] was still in effect. Carroll orchestrated the early development of a new university, and on [[January 23]], [[1789]] obtained the property on Dahlgren Quadrangle was built.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide3.html |title= The first University building |accessdate = 2007-02-26 |work= [http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown]}}</ref> Instruction at the school began on [[November 22]], [[1791]] with future Congressman [[William Gaston]] as its first student.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/case5.htm |title= William Gaston and Georgetown |work= [http://library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/bicmain.htm Bicentennial Exhibit] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= [[November 11]], [[2000]] |accessdate= 2007-07-03}}</ref>
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[[Image:Georgetown 1828.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The college as it appeared in 1828]]
 
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In its early years, Georgetown College suffered from considerable financial strain, relying on private sources of funding and the limited profits from local Jesuit-owned lands.<ref> O'Neill and Williams</ref> The Maryland Society of Jesus was restored in 1805 and given supervision of the school, which bolstered confidence in the college.<ref>Robert Emmett Curran [http://www12.georgetown.edu/undergrad/bulletin/guhistory.html Georgetown: A Brief History] [http://www12.georgetown.edu/undergrad/bulletin/index.html Undergraduate Bulletin] Georgetown University. July 7, 2007 accessdate 2007-08-27</ref> The [[United States Congress]] issued Georgetown the first federal [[university charter]] in 1815, which allowed it to confer degrees. The college's first two graduates were awarded the degree of [[Bachelor of Arts|bachelor of arts]] two years later in 1817.<ref>[http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide5.html The Federal Charter[http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown] accessdate 2007-03-06</ref> In 1844, the school received a [[Corporation|corporate]] charter, under the name "The President and Directors of Georgetown College," affording the growing school additional legal rights.<ref>O'Neill and Williams, 7 </ref> In response to the demand for a local option for Catholic students, the [[Georgetown University School of Medicine|Medical School]] was founded in 1851.
In its early years, Georgetown College suffered from considerable financial strain, relying on private sources of funding and the limited profits from local Jesuit-owned lands.<ref>{{cite book |last= O'Neill |first= Paul R. |coauthors= Paul K. Williams |title= Georgetown University |publisher = Arcadia |year= 2003 |pages= 12 |isbn= 0-7385-1509-4}}</ref> The Maryland Society of Jesus was restored in 1805 and given supervision of the school, which bolstered confidence in the college.<ref name=bulletin>{{cite web |url= http://www12.georgetown.edu/undergrad/bulletin/guhistory.html |title=Georgetown: A Brief History |first= Robert Emmett |last= Curran |work= [http://www12.georgetown.edu/undergrad/bulletin/index.html Undergraduate Bulletin] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= [[July 7]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-08-27}}</ref> The [[United States Congress]] issued Georgetown the first federal [[university charter]] in 1815, which allowed it to confer degrees. The college's first two graduates were awarded the degree of [[Bachelor of Arts|bachelor of arts]] two years later in 1817.<ref name=charter>{{cite web |url= http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide5.html |title= The Federal Charter |work= [http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown] |accessdate= 2007-03-06}}</ref> In 1844, the school received a [[Corporation|corporate]] charter, under the name "The President and Directors of Georgetown College," affording the growing school additional legal rights.<ref>{{cite book |last= O'Neill |first= Paul R. |coauthors= Paul K. Williams |title= Georgetown University |publisher = Arcadia |year= 2003 |pages= 30 |isbn= 0-7385-1509-4}}</ref> In response to the demand for a local option for Catholic students, the [[Georgetown University School of Medicine|Medical School]] was founded in 1851.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide7.html |title= The Medical School |accessdate=2007-03-04 |work= [http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown]}}</ref>
 
  
 
===Civil War===
 
===Civil War===
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[[Image:Georgetown 1861.jpg|thumb|left|250 px|Union soldiers across the Potomac River from Georgetown University]]
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The [[American Civil War|U.S. Civil War]] greatly affected Georgetown as {{nowrap|1,141 students}} and alumni enlisted and the [[Union Army]] commandeered university buildings. By the time of President [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s May 1861 visit to campus, {{nowrap|1,400 troops}} were stationed in temporary quarters there.<ref>Ibid., 36</ref> Due to the number of lives lost, enrollment levels remained low until well after the war was over. Only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 in the prior decade.<ref>Ibid., 39</ref>
  
The [[American Civil War|U.S. Civil War]] greatly affected Georgetown as {{nowrap|1,141 students}} and alumni enlisted and the [[Union Army]] commandeered university buildings.<ref name=ce/> By the time of President [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s May 1861 visit to campus, {{nowrap|1,400 troops}} were stationed in temporary quarters there.<ref>{{cite book |last= O'Neill |first= Paul R. |coauthors= Paul K. Williams |title= Georgetown University |publisher = Arcadia |year= 2003 |pages= 36 |isbn= 0-7385-1509-4}}</ref> Due to the number of lives lost, enrollment levels remained low until well after the war was over. Only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 in the prior decade.<ref>{{cite book |last= O'Neill |first= Paul R. |coauthors= Paul K. Williams |title= Georgetown University |publisher = Arcadia |year= 2003 |pages= 39 |isbn= 0-7385-1509-4}}</ref>
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At its founding in 1876, the Georgetown College Boat Club, the school's [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] team, adopted blue, used for Union uniforms, and gray, used for [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] uniforms, as its colors to signify the peaceful unity among students. Subsequently, the school adopted blue and gray as its official colors.<ref> [http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide6.html][http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown] The Civil War. accessdate 2007-04-26</ref>  
  
At its founding in 1876, the Georgetown College Boat Club, the school's [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] team, adopted blue, used for Union uniforms, and gray, used for [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] uniforms, as its colors to signify the peaceful unity among students.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hoyasaxa.com/sports/colors.htm |title= Georgetown Traditions: The Blue & Gray |work= [http://www.hoyasaxa.com HoyaSaxa.com] |accessdate= 2007-04-26 |date= [[August 17]], [[2005]]}}</ref> Subsequently, the school adopted blue and gray as its official colors.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide6.html |work= [http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown] |title= The Civil War |accessdate= 2007-04-26}}</ref>
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Enrollment did not recover from the war until the presidency of the [[Patrick Francis Healy]] (1873–1881). The first acknowledged head of an American university of [[African American|African descent]], Healy is credited with reforming the undergraduate curriculum, lengthening the medical and law programs, and creating the [[Alumni association|Alumni Association]].
 
 
Enrollment did not recover from the war until the presidency of the [[Patrick Francis Healy]] (1873–1881).<ref name=pfh>{{cite web |url= http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul31.html |title= Patrick Francis Healy Inaugurated |work= [[Library of Congress]] [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html American Memory] |date= [[July 31]], [[2006]] |accessdate= 2007-07-09}}</ref> The first acknowledged head of an American university of [[African American|African descent]], Healy is credited with reforming the undergraduate curriculum, lengthening the medical and law programs, and creating the [[Alumni association|Alumni Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide9.html |work= [http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown] |title= Fr. Patrick Healy |accessdate= 2007-04-26}}</ref>
 
  
 
===Expansion===
 
===Expansion===
After the founding of the Law Department in 1870, Healy and his successors sought to bind the professional schools into a university, and focus on [[higher education]].<ref name=bulletin/> The School of Medicine added a dental school in 1901 and the undergraduate [[School of Nursing and Health Studies|School of Nursing]] in 1903.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=2938 |title= Georgetown University School of Nursing and Health Studies Appoints New Director of Development |date= [[July 30]], [[2003]] |accessdate= 2007-04-26 |first= Lindsey |last= Spindle |publisher= Georgetown University |work= [http://gumc.georgetown.edu/communications Office of Communications]}}</ref> [[Georgetown Preparatory School]] relocated from campus in 1919 and fully separated from the University in 1927.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://contentdm.lndlibrary.org/u?/gtown,13 |title= Third Grammar Class, Second Section, on the steps of Healy Hall at Georgetown University |work=  [http://www.lndlibrary.org Loyola Notre Dame Library] |accessdate= 2007-09-06}}</ref> The [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]] (SFS) was founded in 1919 by [[Edmund A. Walsh]], to prepare students for leadership in foreign commerce and diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide12.html |work= [http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown] |title= The School of Foreign Service |accessdate= 2007-04-26}}</ref><ref name= bulletin/> The School of Business Administration was created out of the SFS in 1957, and in 1999 was renamed the [[McDonough School of Business]] in honor of alumnus Robert E. McDonough.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide16.html |work= [http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown] |title= McDonough School of Business |accessdate= 2007-04-26}}</ref> These news schools have called for new construction, and since completion of [[Healy Hall]] in 1879, Georgetown has added 54 buildings on their main campus.
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After the founding of the Law Department in 1870, Healy and his successors sought to bind the professional schools into a university, and focus on [[higher education]]. The School of Medicine added a dental school in 1901 and the undergraduate [[School of Nursing and Health Studies|School of Nursing]] in 1903. [[Georgetown Preparatory School]] relocated from campus in 1919 and fully separated from the University in 1927. The [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]] (SFS) was founded in 1919 by [[Edmund A. Walsh]], to prepare students for leadership in foreign commerce and diplomacy.<ref> [http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide12.html[http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown] The School of Foreign Service accessdate 2007-04-26</ref> The School of Business Administration was created out of the SFS in 1957, and in 1999 was renamed the [[McDonough School of Business]] in honor of alumnus Robert E. McDonough. These news schools have called for new construction, and since completion of [[Healy Hall]] in 1879, Georgetown has added 54 buildings on their main campus.
 
 
Besides expansion of the University, Georgetown also aimed to expand their student body. The School of Nursing has admitted female students since its founding, and most of the university was made available on a limited basis by 1952.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide17.html |work= [http://www.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown] |title= Georgetown University history: Co-Ed |accessdate= 2007-07-17}}</ref> With the College of Arts and Sciences welcoming its first female students in the 1969–1970 [[academic year]], Georgetown became fully [[coeducation]]al.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/040103/news6.cfm |title= Areen Outlines Women's Role |date= [[April 1]], [[2003]] |accessdate= 2007-07-17 |work= [[The Hoya]] |first= Nick |last= Timiraos}}</ref> Georgetown ended its bicentennial year of 1989 by electing [[Leo J. O'Donovan]] as president. He subsequently launched the Third Century Campaign to build the school's endowment.<ref name=degioia>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/021601/news1.htm |title= DeGioia Named Next GU President |first= Tim |last= Sullivan |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[February 16]], [[2001]] |accessdate= 2007-07-17}}</ref> In December 2003, Georgetown completed the campaign, joining only a handful of universities worldwide to raise at least {{nowrap|$1 billion}} for financial aid, academic chair endowment, and new capital projects.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/091203/news2.cfm |title= Capital Campaign Close to $1 Billion |first= Nick |last= Timiraos |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[September 12]], [[2003]] |accessdate= 2007-04-26}}</ref> [[John J. DeGioia]], Georgetown's first non-Jesuit president, has led the school since 2001, and has continued its financial modernization and sought to "expand opportunities for intercultural and interreligious dialogue."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://president.georgetown.edu/biography.html |title= Biography |work= [http://president.georgetown.edu Office of the President] |date= February 2005 |publisher= Georgetown University |accessdate= 2007-07-17}}</ref>
 
 
 
===Jesuit tradition===
 
[[Image:Georgetown Jesuit Residence.jpg|right|thumb|Students studying outside Wolfington Hall Jesuit Residence]]
 
Georgetown University was founded by the Society of Jesus in the tradition of [[Ignatius of Loyola]].<ref name=loyola>{{cite web |url= http://missionandministry.georgetown.edu/spirit/index.html |title= Office of Mission and Ministry: The Spirit of Georgetown |date= [[May 3]], [[2007]] |publisher= Georgetown University |accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref> Although [[List of Presidents of Georgetown University|president]] [[John J. DeGioia]] is not a Jesuit, five of the other 40 members of Georgetown's Board of Directors are.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://president.georgetown.edu/board/board.html |title= Board of Directors |date= 2007–2008 |work= [http://president.georgetown.edu Office of the President] |publisher= Georgetown University|accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref> The institution is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]], and home to 58 members of the [[Society of Jesus]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://jesuits.georgetown.edu/JCListing.cfm |title= Jesuit Community Members |work= [http://jesuits.georgetown.edu/index.html Jesuit Community] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref> Most live in the Wolfington Hall Jesuit Residence on the main campus, though some serve as [[chaplain]]s-in-residence, and most are employed by Georgetown as professors or administrators.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www3.georgetown.edu/omm/campusministry/programs/chaplains |title= Chaplains-In-Residence |work= [http://www3.georgetown.edu/omm/campusministry Campus Ministry] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref>  Jesuit Heritage Week has been held every year since 2001 to celebrate the contributions of Jesuits to the Georgetown tradition.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/020403/news4.cfm |title= Jesuit Tradition Celebrated With Week of Speeches, Events |first= Victor |last= Calderon |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[February 4]], [[2003]] |accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref>
 
 
 
The role that Georgetown's Jesuit Catholic heritage has played in its policies has been controversial at times.<ref name=wildes>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/viewpoint/021304/view2.cfm |title= Shades of Gray Define Catholic Complexities |author= [[Kevin Wildes|Wildes, Kevin]] |date= [[February 13]], [[2004]] |work= [[The Hoya]] |accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref> For instance, stores in University-owned buildings are not allowed to sell or distribute [[birth control]] products.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://media.www.thegeorgetownindependent.com/media/storage/paper136/news/2001/11/21/News/Georgetown.Lacks.Sti.Records-151281-page2.shtml |title= Georgetown lacks STI records |first= Anna |last= Sedney |date= [[November 21]], [[2001]] |work= [http://www.thegeorgetownindependent.com The Georgetown Independent] |accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref> [[Georgetown University Hospital]] operates under the ''Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Services'', which prohibits abortions from being performed on the premises.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/022500/news1.htm |title= University, MedStar Agree to Hospital Sale |first= Tim |last= Haggerty |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[February 25]], [[2000]] |accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref> The hospital does perform research using [[stem cell]]s from aborted fetuses.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61643-2004Jan29 |title= GU to Continue Controversial Research |author= Argetsinger, Amy and Avram Goldstein |work= [[The Washington Post]] |date= January 30, 2004 |accessdate= 2007-08-16}}</ref> In 2007, [[Georgetown University Law Center]] students protested the University's decision to cease funding for a student's internship at [[Planned Parenthood]]'s litigation department despite funding it the previous year.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/041307/news1.cfm |title= Law Center Divided Over Denial Of Funds for Abortion Rights |first= Sam |last= Harbourt |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[April 13]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-08-16}}</ref>
 
 
 
Between 1996 and 1999, [[crucifix]]es were hung in many classrooms, attracting national attention.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/100899/news3.htm |title= The Catholic Question |work= [[The Hoya]] |first= Heather |last= Burke |date= [[October 8]], [[1999]] |accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref> Before 1996, crucifixes had hung only in hospital rooms and historic classrooms.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://nytimes.com//2004/06/12/national/12religion.html?position=&ei=5007&en=166226dc34e42c02&ex=1402459200&adxnnl=1 |title= At One Catholic College, Crucifixes Make a Comeback |first= Marek |last= Fuchs |work= [[The New York Times]] |date= [[June 12]], [[2004]] |accessdate= 2007-08-19}}</ref> Some of these crucifixes are historic works of art, and are noted as such.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/editorials/042399/edit2.htm |title= Crucifix Leaders Angry at University |work= [[The Hoya]] |author= Fiore, Liz, Jim Rowan, and Jon Soucy |date= [[April 20]], [[1999]] |accessdate= 2007-08-19}}</ref> Pressure to remove the crucifixes comes, however, from within the Catholic community, while campus leaders of other faiths have defended their placement.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://ncronline.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2004b/051404/051404n.php |title= Muslim chaplain sees value in crucifixes |first= John L |last= Allen Jr. |work= [[National Catholic Reporter]] |date= [[May 14]], [[2004]] |accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref> The Intercultural Center is an exception to this controversy, rotating displays of various faith symbols in the lobby.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://explore.georgetown.edu/documents/?DocumentID=736 |title= Crucifixes and Religious Symbolism |work= Georgetown's Catholic and Jesuit Identity |publisher= Georgetown University |date= [[June 16]], [[2005]] |accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref>
 
  
==Academics==
+
Besides expansion of the University, Georgetown also aimed to expand their student body. The School of Nursing has admitted female students since its founding, and most of the university was made available on a limited basis by 1952. With the College of Arts and Sciences welcoming its first female students in the 1969–1970 [[academic year]], Georgetown became fully [[coeducation]]al. Georgetown ended its bicentennial year of 1989 by electing [[Leo J. O'Donovan]] as president. He subsequently launched the Third Century Campaign to build the school's endowment. In December 2003, Georgetown completed the campaign, joining only a handful of universities worldwide to raise at least {{nowrap|$1 billion}} for financial aid, academic chair endowment, and new capital projects.
[[Image:Healy Pink.jpg|thumb|left|Healy Hall is the school's most iconic building.]]
 
===Profile===
 
As of 2007, the University has {{nowrap|6,853 undergraduate}} students, {{nowrap|4,490 graduate}} students on the main campus, {{nowrap|2,017 students}} at the [[Georgetown University Law Center|Law Center]], and {{nowrap|788 students}} in the [[Georgetown University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]].<ref name=factsheet/> [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's]] programs are offered through [[Georgetown College]], the [[School of Nursing and Health Studies]], the [[McDonough School of Business|Robert Emmett McDonough School of Business]], and the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]], which includes the [[Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar|Qatar campus]]. Qatar has three classes totaling 114 students.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/viewpoint/011207/view3.cfm |title=  Unasked Questions at SFS-Q Deserve Answers Here at Home |first= Moises D. |last= Mendoza |date= [[January 12]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-19 |work= [[The Hoya]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=169499&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16 |title= Georgetown University welcomes new students |work= [[Gulf Times]] |date= [[August 29]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-08-30}}</ref><!-- 114 is what I get from adding the 65 total from the 2009 and 2010 classes from the first article with the 49 in the class of 2011 from the second. These references should be replaced ASAP with a single one with the whole school—> Some high school students from [[Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School|Georgetown Visitation]] are permitted to attend classes as [[Advanced Placement Program|Advanced Placement]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.visi.org/admissions/applicationcheckli.aspx |title= Application Checklist |publisher= [[Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School]] |work= Admissions |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-10-07}}</ref>
 
  
Georgetown University offers undergraduate degrees in 48 [[Academic major|majors]] in the four undergraduate schools, as well as the opportunity for students to design their own individualized courses of study.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www12.georgetown.edu/undergrad/bulletin |title= Undergraduate Bulletin |publisher= Georgetown University |date= 2006–2007 |accessdate= 2007-07-03}}</ref> All majors in the College are open as minors to students in the College, the School of Nursing and Health Studies, and the School of Business. Students in the School of Foreign Service cannot receive minors, but can complete certificates instead. Georgetown offers many opportunities to [[study abroad]], and 58.7 percent of the undergraduate student body spends time at an overseas school.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/022307/news1.cfm |title= Yearlong Study Abroad Enrollment Declines |first= Laura |last= Brienza |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[February 23]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-08}}</ref>
+
==Facilities==
 
 
[[Master's degree|Master's]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctoral]] programs are offered through the [[Georgetown University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], the [[Georgetown University Law Center|Law Center]], the [[Georgetown University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]], the [[Georgetown Public Policy Institute|Public Policy Institute]], and the [[Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies|School of Continuing Studies]]. The McDonough School of Business and the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service both offer masters programs. Masters students also share some advanced [[seminar]]s with undergraduates, and most undergraduate schools offer abbreviated bachelors and masters programs following completion of the undergraduate degree. Each graduate school offers at least one [[double degree]] with another graduate school.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://grad.georgetown.edu/pages/joint_degree_programs_of.cfm |title= Listing of Joint / Dual Degrees Offered |work= [[Georgetown University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-09-20}}</ref> Additionally, the Law Center offers a joint degree with the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/120100/news5.htm |title= Joint Public Health Center Launched |first= Jenny |last= Castronuovo |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[December 1]], [[2000]] |accessdate= 2007-09-20}}</ref> The School of Continuing Studies includes the Center for Continuing and Professional Education, and operates four types of degree programs, over 30 professional certificates and non-degree courses, undergraduate and [[Master of Arts in Liberal Studies|graduate degrees in Liberal Studies]], as well as summer courses for graduates, undergraduates, and high school students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.georgetown.edu/scs/about.html |title= About SCS |work= [http://scs.georgetown.edu The School of Continuing Studies] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= [[June 11]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref>
 
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;"
 
|colspan="14" style="text-align:center;|'''Schools of Georgetown University'''
 
|-
 
!'''Undergraduate'''
 
|colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0px"|[[Georgetown College]]<br/>1789
 
|[[School of Nursing and Health Studies]]<br/>1903
 
|rowspan="2" style="border-right:0px"|[[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|Walsh School of Foreign Service]]</br>1919
 
|style="border-left:1px dashed grey"|[[Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar|School of Foreign Service in Qatar]]<br/>2005
 
|rowspan="2"|[[McDonough School of Business]]<br/>1957
 
|rowspan="2"|[[Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies|School of Continuing Studies]]<br/>1974
 
|-
 
!'''Graduate'''
 
|style="border-top:1px dashed grey"|[[Georgetown Public Policy Institute]]<br/>1980
 
|[[Georgetown University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]]<br/>1820
 
|[[Georgetown University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]]<br/>1850
 
|[[Georgetown University Law Center|Law Center]]<br/>1870
 
|}
 
 
 
===Faculty===
 
:''For a list of notable faculty members, see the [[:Category:Georgetown University faculty|Georgetown University faculty category]]''
 
As of 2007, Georgetown University employs approximately {{nowrap|1,202 full-time}} and {{nowrap|451 part-time}} faculty members across its three campuses.<ref name=factsheet/> The faculty comprises leading academics and notable political and business leaders. The current faculty includes scholars such as President of the [[American Philological Association]] [[James J. O'Donnell]], [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin|Teilhard]] scholar [[Thomas M. King]], theologian [[John Haught]], and social activist Sam Marullo.<ref name=faculty>{{cite web |url= http://experts.georgetown.edu/index.cfm?Action=List |title= List all faculty experts |work= [http://experts.georgetown.edu Faculty Experts] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-07-14}}</ref> Many politicians choose to teach at Georgetown, including [[United States Agency for International Development|U.S. Agency for International Development]] administrator [[Andrew Natsios]], National Security Advisor [[Anthony Lake]], U.S. Senator and Senate Democratic Leader [[Tom Daschle]], Under Secretary of Defense for Policy [[Douglas Feith]], and CIA director [[George Tenet]]. Internationally, the school attracts numerous former [[ambassador]]s and [[Head of state|heads of state]], such as Secretary of State [[Madeleine Albright]], Ambassador-at-Large [[Robert Gallucci]], President of the Government of Spain [[José María Aznar]], and President of Poland [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]]. Politically, Georgetown's faculty members give more support to liberal candidates, and their donation patterns are consistent with those of other American university faculties.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/092104/news1.cfm |title= Faculty Funds Favor Kerry |first= Robert |last= Heberle |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[September 21]], [[2004]] |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref>
 
 
 
===Research===
 
[[Image:Lauinger Library.jpg|right|thumb|Lauinger Library, Georgetown's main library]]
 
Georgetown University is a self described "student-centered research university"<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www3.georgetown.edu/president/mission_statement.html |title= University Mission Statement |work= [http://president.georgetown.edu/index.html Office of the President] |publisher= Georgetown University |accessdate= 2007-07-24}}</ref> considered by the [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education]] to have "very high research activity."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/sub.asp?key=748&subkey=13798&start=782 |title= Georgetown University |work= [http://carnegiefoundation.org The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching] |date= 2006 |accessdate= 2007-07-13}}</ref>  As of 2007, Georgetown's libraries hold {{nowrap|2,435,298 items}} in seven buildings, with most in [[Lauinger Library]].<ref name=nces>{{cite web |url= http://nces.ed.gov/globallocator/col_info_popup.asp?ID=131496 |title= Georgetown University Characteristics |work= [http://nces.ed.gov National Center for Education Statistics] |date= 2004 |accessdate= 2007-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/index.htm |title= Georgetown Libraries |work= [http://www.library.georgetown.edu Library Homepage] |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-07-11}}</ref> Additionally, the Law School campus includes the nation's fifth largest [[Georgetown University Law Library|law library]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/staff/resident |title= Library Resident Program |work= [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu Georgetown Law Library] |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-07-09}}</ref> Georgetown faculty conduct research in hundreds of subjects, but have priorities in the fields of religion, ethics, science, public policy, and cancer medicine.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://explore.georgetown.edu/sites/index.cfm?Action=Index&Mode=Research&Letter=A |title= Research centers, institutes and programs |work= [http://www.georgetown.edu/home/research.html Research & Scholarship] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-07-13}}</ref> In 2006, researchers at Georgetown's Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center developed the breakthrough [[HPV vaccine]] for cervical cancer.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/06/060608225351.htm |title= Georgetown Research Leads To First Cancer Vaccine |date= [[June 9]], [[2006]] |work= [[Science Daily]] |accessdate= 2007-08-18}}</ref> Regular publications include the ''[[Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy]]'', the ''[[Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal]]'', the ''[[Georgetown Law Journal]]'', the ''[[Georgetown Law Weekly]]'', the ''[[Georgetown Journal of International Affairs]]'', and the ''[[Georgetown Public Policy Review]]''.
 
 
 
===Admissions===
 
With {{nowrap|16,171 applications}} and {{nowrap|3,305 admitted}} for the class of 2011, Georgetown has an overall undergraduate acceptance rate of 20.4 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www12.georgetown.edu/undergrad/admissions/applying_firstyear_sdprofile.cfm |title= First Year Accepted Students' Profile  |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-07-15 |work= Georgetown University}}</ref>  As ''The Fiske Guide to Colleges 2007'' states, "only [[Stanford University|Stanford]] and a handful of [[Ivy League]] schools are tougher to get into than Georgetown."<ref>{{cite book |title= Fiske Guide to Colleges 2007 (Fiske Guide to Colleges) |first= Edward |last=Fiske |date= 2007 |publisher= Sourcebooks, Inc. |pages= Georgetown University |isbn= 1402206607}}</ref> A [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] study on revealed preference of U.S. colleges showed that Georgetown is the 16th most-preferred choice.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/papers/1287.pdf |title= A Revealed Preference Ranking of U.S. Colleges and Universities |last= Avery |first= Christopher, Glickman, Mark E., Hoxby, Caroline Minter and Metrick, Andrew |date= December 2005 |accessdate= 2007-05-14}}</ref> Eighty-four percent of accepted applicants were in the top ten percent of their graduating class, and about 35 percent of accepted applicants were first, second, or third in their class in terms of [[class rank]].<ref name=Viewbook>{{Citation | author=Georgetown University | title = Georgetown University: Undergraduate Prospectus | publisher = Thinkframe |date= 2007}}</ref> The middle 50 percent of accepted students had [[SAT]] scores ranging from 680–760 in Critical Reading, and 670–760 in Math.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www12.georgetown.edu/undergrad/admissions/applying_firstyear_sdprofile.cfm |title= First Year Accepted Students' Profile  |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-07-15 |work= Georgetown University}}</ref> Georgetown does not consider the essay/writing portion of the SAT in admissions. The undergraduate schools maintain a nonrestrictive [[Early Action]] admissions program.<ref name=CollegeBoard>{{cite web |url= http://apps.collegeboard.com/search/CollegeDetail.jsp?collegeId=3736&profileId=0 |title= College Search Georgetown University |work= [http://www.collegeboard.com College Board] |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-03-13}}</ref> Fifty-five percent of undergraduates receive financial aid, and the university meets 100 percent of demonstrated need, with an average financial aid package of ${{nowrap|27,330}} and about 70 percent of aid distributed in the forms of grants or scholarships.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://explore.georgetown.edu/documents/?DocumentID=749&PageTemplateID=52 |title= Undergraduate Financial Aid |publisher= Georgetown University |date= [[December 12]], [[2006]] |accessdate= 2007-07-18 |work= [http://communications.georgetown.edu/facts.html Georgetown Facts]}}</ref>
 
 
 
The School of Medicine's acceptance rate for the entering class of 2006 was 4.3 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.georgetown.edu/som/admissions/prospectus/information.html |title= Admission Information |date= 2006 |accessdate= 2007-03-13 |work= [http://gumc.georgetown.edu Georgetown University Medical Center]}}</ref><!-- It would be nice to find the 2007 acceptance rate —> In 2007, 10,643 applicants applied and {{nowrap|1,228 were}} interviewed for 190 available spots. Students who enrolled had a mean [[MCAT]] score of 10.4, and a mean science GPA of 3.6. Of those admitted, 57 percent majored in a [[biology|biological science]].<ref>{{cite web |url=  http://www3.georgetown.edu/som/admissions/prospectus/information.html |title= School of Medicine: Admission Information |accessdate=2007-07-28 |publisher= Georgetown University |work= [http://www3.georgetown.edu/som/admissions/prospectus/index.html School of Medicine Prospectus]}}</ref> Graduate students accepted into the Georgetown University Law Center in [[2006]] had a median [[LSAT]] score of 169, and a median GPA of 3.71.<ref name=LawProfile>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.georgetown.edu/admissions/faq.html |title= Georgetown Law - Frequently Asked Questions (Admissions) |date= [[July 3]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-28 |work= [http://www.law.georgetown.edu/ Georgetown University Law Center]}}</ref> Forty-one percent of applicants to the McDonough School of Business MBA program were admitted in 2006. They have a median age of 28 and [[GMAT]] scores between 620 and 720.<ref name=GMAT>{{cite web |url= http://www.businessweek.com/@@Hrm9kocQgVl5Th0A/bschools/06/full_time_profiles/georgetown6.htm |title= Full-Time MBA Profile |work= [[BusinessWeek]] |date= 2006 |accessdate= 2007-08-02}}</ref>
 
 
 
==Campuses==
 
 
[[Image:Georgetown Riverview.jpg|thumb|right|Georgetown University's main campus is built on a rise above the Potomac River.]]
 
[[Image:Georgetown Riverview.jpg|thumb|right|Georgetown University's main campus is built on a rise above the Potomac River.]]
{{main|Campuses of Georgetown University}}
+
Georgetown University has three campuses in [[Washington, D.C.]]: the undergraduate campus, the [[Georgetown University Medical Center|Medical Center]], and the Law Center. The undergraduate campus and Medical Center together form the main campus. Georgetown also operates a facility in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]], and villas in [[Alanya]], [[Turkey]], and [[Fiesole]], [[Italy]].<ref>John Fedynsky and Taylor Kushner [http://media.www.thegeorgetownindependent.com/media/storage/paper136/news/2000/09/25/News/Oip-Provides.Study.Abroad.Options-3548.shtmlOIP provides study abroad options. September 25, 2000. accessdate 2007-07-08 [http://www.thegeorgetownindependent.com The Georgetown Independent]</ref> In their campus layout, Georgetown's administrators consistently used the traditional [[Quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]] design.  
{{seealso|List of Georgetown University buildings}}
 
Georgetown University has three campuses in [[Washington, D.C.]]: the undergraduate campus, the [[Georgetown University Medical Center|Medical Center]], and the Law Center. The undergraduate campus and Medical Center together form the main campus. Georgetown also operates a facility in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]], and villas in [[Alanya]], [[Turkey]] and [[Fiesole]], [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://media.www.thegeorgetownindependent.com/media/storage/paper136/news/2000/09/25/News/Oip-Provides.Study.Abroad.Options-3548.shtml |title= OIP provides study abroad options |author= Fedynsky, John and Taylor Kushner |date= [[September 25]], [[2000]] |accessdate= 2007-07-08 |work = [http://www.thegeorgetownindependent.com The Georgetown Independent]}}</ref> In their campus layout, Georgetown's administrators consistently used the traditional [[Quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]] design.<ref name=oldplan>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/050107/news3.cfm |title= Years After Blueprint Ditched, Some Lament Missed Chance |first= Jessica |last= Bachman |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[May 1]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-03}}</ref>
 
  
 
===Main campus===
 
===Main campus===
Georgetown University's undergraduate campus and medical school campus are situated on an elevated site above the [[Potomac River]], overlooking [[northern Virginia]]. The main gates, known as the Healy Gates, are located at the intersection of 37th and O Streets, NW. The medical school is on a property adjacent to the northwestern part of the undergraduate campus on Reservoir Road, and is integrated with [[Georgetown University Hospital]]. [[Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School|Georgetown Visitation]], a private Roman Catholic [[Secondary education in the United States|high school]], is on land adjoining the main campus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visi.org/aboutvisitation/mapdirections.asp |title= About Visitation: Map & Directions| work= [http://www.visi.org Georgetown Visitation] |accessdate= 2007-03-28}}</ref>
+
Georgetown University's undergraduate campus and medical school campus are situated on an elevated site above the [[Potomac River]], overlooking [[northern Virginia]]. The main gates, known as the Healy Gates, are located at the intersection of 37th and O Streets, NW. The medical school is on a property adjacent to the northwestern part of the undergraduate campus on Reservoir Road, and is integrated with [[Georgetown University Hospital]]. [[Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School|Georgetown Visitation]], a private Roman Catholic [[high school]], is on land adjoining the main campus. Most buildings employ [[collegiate Gothic]] architecture and [[Georgian architecture|Georgian brick architecture]]. Campus green areas include fountains, a cemetery, large clusters of flowers, groves of trees, and open quadrangles. The main campus has traditionally centered on Dahlgren Quadrangle, although Red Square has replaced it as the focus of student life. [[Healy Hall]], built in [[Romanesque architecture|Flemish Romanesque]] style from 1877 to 1879, is the architectural gem of Georgetown's campus, and is a [[National Historic Landmark]]. Both Healy Hall and the Georgetown University Astronomical Observatory, built in 1844, are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places.
 
+
In late 2003, the school completed the Southwest Quadrangle Project, and brought a new {{nowrap|907-bed}} student dorm, an expansive dining hall, an underground parking facility, and new Jesuit Residence to the campus. The school's first [[performing arts center]], named for [[Royden B. Davis]], was completed in November 2005, while longer-term projects include a self-contained business school campus, construction of a unified sciences center, and expanded athletic facilities.
The main campus is just over 100 [[acre]]s (0.4 [[Square kilometre|km²]]) in area, and includes 58 buildings, student residences capable of accommodating 80 percent of undergraduates, and various athletic facilities.<ref name=factsheet/> Most buildings employ [[collegiate Gothic]] architecture and [[Georgian architecture|Georgian brick architecture]]. Campus green areas include fountains, a cemetery, large clusters of flowers, groves of trees, and open quadrangles.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=25425 |title= Georgetown Goes Greener |date= [[July 5]], [[2007]] |work= Blue & Gray |accessdate= 2007-07-18}}</ref> The main campus has traditionally centered on Dahlgren Quadrangle, although Red Square has replaced it as the focus of student life.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehoya.com/eg/campus/locations/redsquare.cfm |title= Red Square |work= [[The Hoya]] |accessdate= 2007-07-24 |first= Bernadette |last= Simpao}}</ref> [[Healy Hall]], built in [[Romanesque architecture|Flemish Romanesque]] style from 1877 to 1879, is the architectural gem of Georgetown's campus, and is a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-9808(197210)31%3A3%3C208%3AGUHB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 |title= Georgetown University's Healy Building |first= Hardy |last= George |journal= The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume= 31 |issue= 3 |month= October |year= 1972 |pages= 208 |accessdate= 2007-08-16}}</ref> Both Healy Hall and the Georgetown University Astronomical Observatory, built in 1844, are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name=nhl>{{cite web |url= http://planning.dc.gov/planning/frames.asp?doc=/planning/lib/planning/New_Inventory_Sep_2004.pdf |format= PDF| title= District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites |date= [[June 17]], [[2005]] |publisher= District of Columbia: Office of Planning |accessdate= 2007-08-31}}</ref>
 
 
 
In late 2003, the school completed the Southwest Quadrangle Project, and brought a new {{nowrap|907-bed}} student dorm, an expansive dining hall, an underground parking facility, and new Jesuit Residence to the campus.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/082203/news1.cfm |title= From Hole to Home, Southwest Quad Completed |work= [[The Hoya]] |first= Nick |last= Timiraos |date= [[August 22]], [[2003]] |accessdate= 2007-05-07}}</ref> The school's first [[performing arts center]], named for [[Royden B. Davis]], was completed in November 2005, while longer-term projects include a self-contained business school campus, construction of a unified sciences center, and expanded athletic facilities.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/viewpoint/101405/view6.cfm |title= Building The Hilltop's Future |first= Nick |last= Timiraos |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[October 14]], [[2005]] |accessdate= 2007-07-18}}</ref>
 
  
 
===Law Center campus===
 
===Law Center campus===
 
[[Image:GULC south quad.jpg|thumb|left|The Hotung International Law Center and the GULC fitness center]]
 
[[Image:GULC south quad.jpg|thumb|left|The Hotung International Law Center and the GULC fitness center]]
 
{{main|Georgetown University Law Center#Campus|l1=Georgetown University Law Center campus}}
 
{{main|Georgetown University Law Center#Campus|l1=Georgetown University Law Center campus}}
The [[Georgetown University Law Center#Campus|Law Center campus]] is located in the [[Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.|Capitol Hill neighborhood]] on New Jersey Avenue, near [[Union Station (Washington, DC)|Union Station]]. First-year students at the Law Center can live in the single on-campus dormitory, the Gewirz Student Center.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.law.georgetown.edu/reslife/oncampus/faq.html#3 |title= Frequently Asked Questions |work= [http://www.law.georgetown.edu/reslife/oncampus/ On-Campus Housing] |publisher= [[Georgetown University Law Center]] |date= [[January 10]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-08-02}}</ref> Most second- and third-year students, as well as some first-year students, live off-campus. As there is little housing near the Law Center, most are spread throughout the Washington metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.law.georgetown.edu/reslife/offcampus/Washington.htm |title= Washington Neighborhoods |work= [http://www.law.georgetown.edu/reslife Office of Housing and Residential Life] |date= [[May 3]], [[2007]] |publisher= Georgetown University |accessdate= 2007-08-02}}</ref> The "Campus Completion Project," finished in 2005, saw the addition of the Hotung International Building and the Sport and Fitness Center. G Street and F Street are closed off between 1st and 2nd streets to create open lawns flanking McDonough Hall, the main building on the campus.<ref name=ccp>{{cite web |url= http://www.law.georgetown.edu/ccp/notes.html |title= Construction Notes |first= Wally |last= Mlyniec |work= [http://www.law.georgetown.edu/ccp Campus Completion Project] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= [[October 26]], [[2004]] |accessdate= 2007-07-08}}</ref>
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The Law Center campus is located in the [[Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.|Capitol Hill neighborhood]] on New Jersey Avenue, near [[Union Station (Washington, DC)|Union Station]]. Most second- and third-year students, as well as some first-year students, live off-campus. The "Campus Completion Project," finished in 2005, saw the addition of the Hotung International Building and the Sport and Fitness Center.  
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===Research===
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[[Image:Lauinger Library.jpg|right|thumb|Lauinger Library, Georgetown's main library]]
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Georgetown University is a self described "student-centered research university" considered by the [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education]] to have "very high research activity." As of 2007, Georgetown's libraries hold {{nowrap|2,435,298 items}} in seven buildings, with most in [[Lauinger Library]]. Additionally, the Law School campus includes the nation's fifth largest [[Georgetown University Law Library|law library]].<ref> [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/staff/resident Library Resident Program]. ''www.ll.georgetown.edu''. 2007. accessdate 2007-07-09</ref> Georgetown faculty conduct research in hundreds of subjects, but have priorities in the fields of religion, ethics, science, public policy, and cancer medicine. In 2006, researchers at Georgetown's Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center developed the breakthrough [[HPV vaccine]] for cervical cancer.
  
 
===Facilities abroad===
 
===Facilities abroad===
 
[[Image:McGhee Center.jpg|thumb|upright|The McGhee Center in Alanya]]
 
[[Image:McGhee Center.jpg|thumb|upright|The McGhee Center in Alanya]]
In December 1979, the [[Margaret Rockefeller Strong de Larraín, Marquesa de Cuevas|Marquesa Margaret Rockefeller de Larrain]], granddaughter of [[John D. Rockefeller]], gifted the [[Villa Le Balze]] to Georgetown University.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www11.georgetown.edu/oip/os/villalebalze/about.htm |title= About the Villa |date= [[January 9]], [[2007]] |work= [http://www11.georgetown.edu/oip/os/villalebalze Villa le Balze] |publisher= Georgetown University |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref> The Villa is in [[Fiesole]], [[Italy]], on a hill above the city of [[Florence]]. The Villa is used year-round for study abroad programs focused on specialized interdisciplinary study of [[Culture of Italy|Italian culture]] and civilization.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www11.georgetown.edu/oip/os/villalebalze/sem.htm#schedule |title= Academics |date= [[June 26]], [[2007]] |work= [http://www11.georgetown.edu/oip/os/villalebalze Villa le Balze] |publisher= Georgetown University |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref> The main facility for the [[McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies]] was donated to Georgetown in 1989 by alumnus and former [[United States Ambassador to Turkey]] [[George C. McGhee]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www11.georgetown.edu/oip/os/sites/mideast/McGhee/McGheeCenter.html |title= About |work= [http://www11.georgetown.edu/oip/os/sites/mideast/McGhee McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= [[May 31]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref> The school is in the town of [[Alanya]], [[Turkey]] within the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuq]]-era [[Alanya Castle]], on the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The Center operates study-abroad programs each spring semester, concentrating on [[Turkish language]], [[architectural history]], and [[Islamic studies]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www11.georgetown.edu/oip/os/sites/mideast/McGhee/ThisYear.html |title= Courses Offered in Spring 2008 |publisher= Georgetown University |work= [http://www11.georgetown.edu/oip/os/sites/mideast/McGhee McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies] |date= [[June 7]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref> In 2002, the [[Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development]] presented the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]] with the resources and space to open a facility in the new [[Education City]] in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/052005/news2.cfm |title= SFS to Establish Qatar Campus |first= Robert |last= Heberle |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[May 20]], [[2005]] |accessdate= 2007-08-04}}</ref> [[Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar|SFS-Qatar]] opened in 2005 as a liberal arts and international affairs undergraduate school for regional students.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www3.georgetown.edu/sfs/qatar/academics |title= Studying International Affairs |work= [http://www3.georgetown.edu/sfs/qatar Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar] |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref>
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In December 1979, the [[Margaret Rockefeller Strong de Larraín, Marquesa de Cuevas|Marquesa Margaret Rockefeller de Larrain]], granddaughter of [[John D. Rockefeller]], gifted the [[Villa Le Balze]] to Georgetown University. The Villa is in [[Fiesole]], [[Italy]], on a hill above the city of [[Florence]]. The Villa is used year-round for study abroad programs focused on specialized interdisciplinary study of [[Culture of Italy|Italian culture]] and civilization. The main facility for the [[McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies]] was donated to Georgetown in 1989 by alumnus and former [[United States Ambassador to Turkey]] [[George C. McGhee]]. The school is in the town of [[Alanya]], [[Turkey]] within the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuq]]-era [[Alanya Castle]], on the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The Center operates study-abroad programs each spring semester, concentrating on [[Turkish language]], [[architectural history]], and [[Islamic studies]].<ref>[http://www11.georgetown.edu/oip/os/sites/mideast/McGhee/ThisYear.html Courses Offered in Spring 2008] Georgetown University. [http://www11.georgetown.edu/oip/os/sites/mideast/McGhee McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies]. June 7, 2007. accessdate 2007-07-26</ref> In 2002, the [[Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development]] presented the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]] with the resources and space to open a facility in the new [[Education City]] in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]].<ref>Robert Heberle  [http://www.thehoya.com/news/052005/news2.cfm |title= SFS to Establish Qatar Campus]. ''The Hoya'' May 20, 2005. accessdate 2007-08-04</ref> [[Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar|SFS-Qatar]] opened in 2005 as a liberal arts and international affairs undergraduate school for regional students.<ref> [http://www3.georgetown.edu/sfs/qatar/academics Studying International Affairs][http://www3.georgetown.edu/sfs/qatar Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar] accessdate 2007-07-26 </ref>
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==Academics==
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[[Image:Healy Pink.jpg|thumb|left|Healy Hall is the school's most iconic building.]]
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Georgetown University offers undergraduate degrees in 48 [[Academic major|majors]] in the four undergraduate schools, as well as the opportunity for students to design their own individualized courses of study. All majors in the College are open as minors to students in the College, the School of Nursing and Health Studies, and the School of Business. Students in the School of Foreign Service cannot receive minors, but can complete certificates instead. Georgetown offers many opportunities to [[study abroad]], and 58.7 percent of the undergraduate student body spends time at an overseas school.
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[[Master's degree|Master's]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctoral]] programs are offered through the [[Georgetown University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], the [[Georgetown University Law Center|Law Center]], the [[Georgetown University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]], the [[Georgetown Public Policy Institute|Public Policy Institute]], and the [[Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies|School of Continuing Studies]]. The McDonough School of Business and the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service both offer masters programs.
  
 
==Student life==
 
==Student life==
 
[[Image:Money Matters at TMA.jpg|thumb|left|Students volunteer at a D.C. inner-city school]]
 
[[Image:Money Matters at TMA.jpg|thumb|left|Students volunteer at a D.C. inner-city school]]
The Georgetown undergraduate student body is composed primarily of students from outside the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], with one-third from [[Mid-Atlantic States]].<ref name=CollegeBoard/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://uadmissions.georgetown.edu/applying_firstyear_sdprofile.cfm |title= First Year Accepted Students' Profile |work= [http://uadmissions.georgetown.edu/index.html Office of Undergraduate Admissions] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= 2006–2007 |accessdate= 2007-08-27}}</ref> As of 2007, the racial diversity of the undergraduate student body was 64.9 percent [[White people|white]], 9.1 percent [[Asian people|Asian]], 6.7 percent [[Black people|black]], and 5.8 percent [[Hispanic]]. Of these students, 53.9 percent are female.<ref name=nces>{{cite web |url= http://nces.ed.gov/globallocator/col_info_popup.asp?ID=131496 |title= Characteristics |work= [http://nces.ed.gov National Center for Education Statistics] |date= 2004 |accessdate= 2007-07-11}}</ref> The largest minority, 12 percent of the student body, is [[international]], representing 120 countries.<ref name=InternationalStudents>{{cite web |url= http://explore.georgetown.edu/documents/?DocumentID=745&PageTemplateID=52 |title= International Exchanges |date= [[February 12]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-11 |publisher= Georgetown University |work= [http://communications.georgetown.edu Office of Communications]}}</ref> Although it is a Jesuit university, only 58 percent of the student body is Catholic.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://chronicle.com/weekly/v46/i21/21a03801.htm |title= Georgetown's Growing Pains: Eager Applicants, Troubled Finances |first= Martin |last= Van Der Werf |date= [[January 28]], [[2000]] |work= [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |accessdate= 2007-07-24}}</ref> Georgetown hosts a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] clergyman and a full-time [[rabbi]], as 12 to 15 percent of undergraduates are [[Jew]]ish.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www3.georgetown.edu/omm/campusministry/traditions/other/30049.html |title= Georgetown Buddhist Sangha: Student Community |work= [http://www3.georgetown.edu/omm/campusministry Campus Ministry] |publisher= Georgetown University |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www12.georgetown.edu/students/organizations/jsa/bejewish.html#Q1 |title= How many Jewish students are there on campus? |work= [http://www12.georgetown.edu/students/organizations/jsa/index.html Jewish Students Association] |date= [[March 26]], [[2006]] |accessdate= 2007-07-24}}</ref> It was the first U.S. college to have a full-time [[imam]], to serve the over 400 [[Muslim]]s on campus.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN0538697520070709 |title= U.S. imam questions if "American" Islam exists |first= Tom |last= Heneghan |work= [[Reuters]] |date= [[July 9]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-24}}</ref> The student body is generally religious and volunteer minded, and more than 400 [[First year|freshmen]] and transfer students attend a nonreligious [[Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola|Ignatian]] [[Retreat (spiritual)|retreat]] annually.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://explore.georgetown.edu/documents/?DocumentID=738&PageTemplateID=52 |title= Volunteerism and Service at Georgetown |work= [http://communications.georgetown.edu/facts.html Georgetown Facts] |date= [[June 16]], [[2005]] |accessdate= 2007-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www1.georgetown.edu/explore/news/?DocumentID=13138 |title= Georgetown's Great Escape |work= [http://www.georgetown.edu/publications/gumag Georgetown Magazine] |date= [[February 27]], [[2006]] |accessdate= 2007-07-24}}</ref> A survey of the student body also suggests that the campus is 62.8 percent sexually active.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.georgetownvoice.com/2007-04-26/feature/suggestive-figures-grading-on-curves-georgetown-gets-down |title= Suggestive figures, Grading on curves, Georgetown gets down |first= Chris |last= Norton |work= [http://www.georgetownvoice.com The Georgetown Voice] |date= [[April 26]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-24}}</ref>
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Almost all undergraduates attend full-timewith 72 percent, living on-campus in several dormitories and apartment complexes. The remainder live off-campus, mostly in the [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]], [[Burleith]], and [[Foxhall, Washington, D.C.|Foxhall]] neighborhoods. All students in the Medical School live off-campus, most in the surrounding neighborhoods, with some in [[Dupont Circle]] and elsewhere through the region.  
 
 
Almost all undergraduates attend full-time.<ref name=nces2>{{cite web |url= http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cool/screen.aspx?unitid=131496 |title= COOL: College Opportunities Online Locator |date= 2005 |accessdate= 2007-07-11 |work= [http://nces.ed.gov National Center for Education Statistics]}}</ref> A majority of undergraduates, 72 percent, live on-campus in several dormitories and apartment complexes.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://apps.collegeboard.com/search/CollegeDetail.jsp?collegeId=3736&profileId=8 |title= Housing & Campus Life |work= [http://www.collegeboard.com College Board] |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-07-24}}</ref> The remainder live off-campus, mostly in the [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]], [[Burleith]], and [[Foxhall, Washington, D.C.|Foxhall]] neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://offcampus.georgetown.edu/reachingout.html |title= A Commitment to On-Campus Housing |work= [http://offcampus.georgetown.edu Off Campus Student Life] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= [[November 27]], [[2006]] |accessdate= 2007-07-11}}</ref> On-campus housing is not available for graduate students, although many of the University's hall directors and area coordinators attend graduate level courses.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://grad.georgetown.edu/pages/2frequently_asked_questio.cfm |title= Frequently Asked Questions |work= [http://grad.georgetown.edu/pages/prospective_students.cfm Prospective Students] |publisher= Georgetown University |accessdate= 2007-07-25}}</ref> All students in the Medical School live off-campus, most in the surrounding neighborhoods, with some in [[Dupont Circle]] and elsewhere through the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgetown.edu/users/avramenr/apartment.html |title= Finding an Apartment |first= Mira |last= Sucharov |date= [[July 1]], [[2005]] |publisher= R.G. Avramenko |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051107014216/http://www.georgetown.edu/users/avramenr/apartment.html |archivedate= 2005-11-07}}</ref>
 
  
 
===Student groups===
 
===Student groups===
:''For a list of current student groups of note, see the [[:Category:Georgetown University student organizations|Georgetown University student organizations category]]''
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Georgetown University has {{nowrap|172 registered}} student organizations that cover a variety of interests: student government, club sports, media and publications, performing arts, religion, and volunteer and service. <ref> Extracurriculars America's Best Colleges 2008 ''US News & World Report'' 2007</ref> <ref> [http://www.georgetown.edu/home/student_organizations.html Student Organizations] accessdate 2007-04-19. [http://explore.georgetown.edu explore.georgetown.edu].</ref> The [[GUSA|Georgetown University Student Association]] is the student government organization for undergraduates. There are also student representatives within the schools, to the Board of Directors, and, since 1996, to the Georgetown [[Advisory Neighborhood Commission]].<ref>Adam Giblin [http://www.thehoya.com/viewpoint/100102/view1.cfm Support Your Neighborhood, Vote in D.C.]. ''The Hoya'' October 1, 2002. 2007-07-03</ref> New Student Orientation is the sponsored student organization responsible for planning and executing the annual pre-orientation and orientation of freshmen and transfer students. Georgetown's [[United States Army|Army]] [[Reserve Officer Training Corps|ROTC]] unit, the Hoya Battalion, is the oldest military unit native to the District of Columbia.<ref>[http://www12.georgetown.edu/students/organizations/rotc/bnhistory.html HOYA Battalion and the Washington Consortium ] [http://www12.georgetown.edu/students/organizations/rotc The HOYA Battalion]. 2005. accessdate 2007-03-02</ref>
Georgetown University has {{nowrap|172 registered}} student organizations that cover a variety of interests: student government, club sports, media and publications, performing arts, religion, and volunteer and service.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drextras_1445_brief.php |title= Extracurriculars |work= [http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/rankindex_brief.php America's Best Colleges 2008] |publisher= [[US News & World Report]] |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-07-11}}</ref><ref name=so>{{cite web |url= http://www.georgetown.edu/home/student_organizations.html |title= Student Organizations |accessdate= 2007-04-19 |date= 2007 |work= [http://explore.georgetown.edu explore.georgetown.edu]}}</ref> Students often find their interests at the Student Activities Commission Club Fair, where both official and unofficial organizations set up tables.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/092199/news6.htm |title= SAC Fair Is Opportunity for Most, Exclusion for Some |first= Ian |last= Palko |date= [[September 21]], [[1999]] |accessdate= 2007-07-27 |work= [[The Hoya]]}}</ref> The [[GUSA|Georgetown University Student Association]] is the student government organization for undergraduates. There are also student representatives within the schools, to the Board of Directors, and, since 1996, to the Georgetown [[Advisory Neighborhood Commission]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/viewpoint/100102/view1.cfm |title= Support Your Neighborhood, Vote in D.C. |first= Adam |last= Giblin |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[October 1]], [[2002]] |accessdate= 2007-07-03}}</ref> New Student Orientation is the sponsored student organization responsible for planning and executing the annual pre-orientation and orientation of freshmen and transfer students.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nso.georgetown.edu/AboutNSO.html |title= About NSO |date= [[March 1]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-04-23 |publisher= Georgetown University |work= [http://nso.georgetown.edu New Student Orientation]}}</ref> Georgetown's [[United States Army|Army]] [[Reserve Officer Training Corps|ROTC]] unit, the Hoya Battalion, is the oldest military unit native to the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www12.georgetown.edu/students/organizations/rotc/bnhistory.html |title= HOYA Battalion and the Washington Consortium |work= [http://www12.georgetown.edu/students/organizations/rotc The HOYA Battalion] |date= 2005 |accessdate= 2007-03-02}}</ref>
 
 
[[Image:Georgetown folliage.jpg|right|thumb|The lawn outside Copley Hall is popular for recreation.]]
 
[[Image:Georgetown folliage.jpg|right|thumb|The lawn outside Copley Hall is popular for recreation.]]
Georgetown's student organizations include one of the nation's oldest debating clubs, the [[Philodemic Society]], and the oldest running dramatic society, the Mask & Bauble Society.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://philodemic.georgetown.edu/Information.html |title= General Information |work= [http://philodemic.georgetown.edu Philodemic Society] |date= [[March 19]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehoya.com/eg/campus/theatre/maskandbauble.cfm |title= Mask & Bauble Dramatic Society |work= [[The Hoya]] |first= Erin |last= Brown |date= Spring 2004 |accessdate= 2007-07-19}}</ref> [[The Georgetown Chimes]], founded in 1946, is the University's oldest and only all-male singing group.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.georgetownchimes.org/history.php |title= Chimes History 101 |accessdate= 2007-05-05 |work= [http://www.georgetownchimes.org Georgetown Chimes]}}</ref> Other ''[[a cappella]]'' groups on campus include the coed Phantoms, the coed Superfood, the all-female GraceNotes, the all-female international group Harmony, and the service-focused Georgetown Saxatones.<ref name=so/> The [[D.C. A cappella Festival]] has been held on Georgetown's campus since its inception in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://media.www.thegeorgetownindependent.com/media/storage/paper136/news/2003/11/05/ArtsAndEntertainment/A.Capella.Abounds.At.Dcaf-548840.shtml |title= A capella abounds at DCAF |first= Michael |last= Bayer |work= [http://www.thegeorgetownindependent.com The Georgetown Independent] |date= [[November 5]], [[2003]] |accessdate= 2007-08-19}}</ref>
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Georgetown's student organizations include one of the nation's oldest debating clubs, the [[Philodemic Society]], and the oldest running dramatic society, the Mask & Bauble Society. [[The Georgetown Chimes]], founded in 1946, is the University's oldest and only all-male singing group. Other ''[[a cappella]]'' groups on campus include the coed Phantoms, the coed Superfood, the all-female GraceNotes, the all-female international group Harmony, and the service-focused Georgetown Saxatones. The [[D.C. A cappella Festival]] has been held on Georgetown's campus since its inception in 1990. <ref>Michael Bayer [http://media.www.thegeorgetownindependent.com/media/storage/paper136/news/2003/11/05/ArtsAndEntertainment/A.Capella.Abounds.At.Dcaf-548840.shtml A capella abounds at DCAF ]. [http://www.thegeorgetownindependent.com The Georgetown Independent]. November 5, 2003. accessdate 2007-08-19</ref>
  
In addition to student organizations and clubs, Georgetown University is home to the nation’s largest entirely student-owned and&nbsp;-operated corporation, [[Students of Georgetown, Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thecorp.org/f_about_history.htm |title= History of The Corp |date= 2005 |accessdate= 2007-03-10 |work= [http://www.thecorp.org The Corp]}}</ref> Known as "The Corp," the business sees gross revenues of roughly $3.3 million a year.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/011907/news3.cfm |title= Corp Surplus Falls Far Short of Previous Year’s |first= Emily |last= Solis-Cohen |date= [[January 19]], [[2007]] |work= [[The Hoya]] |accessdate= 2007-07-09}}</ref> Founded in 1972, The Corp operates three [[Coffeehouse|coffee shops]], two [[grocery store]]s, and a [[DVD]] [[Rental shop|rental service]]. It also runs biannual book sales, box storage, and airport shuttles for students.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thecorp.org/f_about.htm |title= About The Corp |work= [http://www.thecorp.org The Corp] |date= [[April 29]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-09}}</ref> The [[GUSIF|Georgetown University Student Investment Fund]] is one of a few undergraduate-run [[investment fund]]s in the United States, and hosted CNBC's [[Jim Cramer]] to tape ''[[Mad Money]]'' in September 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/100306/news3.cfm |title= GU Goes 'Mad' for Financial Advice |first= John |last= Swan |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[October 3]], [[2006]] |accessdate= 2007-04-09}}</ref>
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In addition to student organizations and clubs, Georgetown University is home to the nation’s largest entirely student-owned and&nbsp;-operated corporation, [[Students of Georgetown, Inc.]]<ref> [http://www.thecorp.org/f_about_history.htm History of The Corp] 2005. accessdate 2007-03-10. [http://www.thecorp.org The Corp]</ref> Known as "The Corp," the business sees gross revenues of roughly $3.3 million a year.<ref>Emily Solis-Cohen[http://www.thehoya.com/news/011907/news3.cfm Corp Surplus Falls Far Short of Previous Year’s]. January 19, 2007 ''The Hoya'' accessdate 2007-07-09</ref> Founded in 1972, The Corp operates three [[Coffeehouse|coffee shops]], two [[grocery store]]s, and a [[DVD]] [[Rental shop|rental service]]. It also runs biannual book sales, box storage, and airport shuttles for students. The [[GUSIF|Georgetown University Student Investment Fund]] is one of a few undergraduate-run [[investment fund]]s in the United States, and hosted CNBC's [[Jim Cramer]] to tape ''[[Mad Money]]'' in September 2006
  
 
===Media===
 
===Media===
Georgetown University has several student-run newspapers. ''[[The Hoya]]'' is the University's oldest newspaper. It has been in print since 1920, and, since 1987, is published twice weekly.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://digital.georgetown.edu/hoya |title= The Hoya: A Brief History |work= [http://digital.georgetown.edu Digital Georgetown] |accessdate= 2007-07-09}}</ref> ''The Georgetown Voice'', known for its weekly cover stories, is a [[newsmagazine]] that split from ''The Hoya'' to focus more attention on citywide and national issues.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/011405/news11.cfm |title= How Georgetown Found a Different Voice |first= Josh |last= Zumbrun |work= [[The Hoya]] |accessdate= 2007-07-03 |date= [[January 14]], [[2005]]}}</ref> ''The Georgetown Independent'' is a monthly "journal of news, commentary and the arts."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thegeorgetownindependent.com |title= The Georgetown Independent |date= [[April 18]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-04-19}}</ref> ''The Georgetown Academy'' targets more [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] readers on campus and the ''Georgetown Federalist'', founded in 2006, purports to bring a "conservative and [[libertarianism|libertarian]]" viewpoint to campus.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/110706/news3.cfm |title= The Right's Fight to Write |first= Stephen |last= Santulli |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[November 7]], [[2006]] |accessdate= 2007-05-02}}</ref> ''[[The Georgetown Heckler]]'' is a humor magazine founded on the Internet in 2003 by Georgetown students, releasing its first print issue in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.georgetownheckler.com |title= The Georgetown Heckler |accessdate= 2007-04-19 |date= [[January 23]], [[2007]]}}</ref>
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Georgetown University has several student-run newspapers. ''The Hoya'' is the University's oldest newspaper. It has been in print since 1920, and, since 1987, is published twice weekly. ''The Georgetown Voice,'' known for its weekly cover stories, is a [[newsmagazine]] that split from ''The Hoya'' to focus more attention on citywide and national issues.<ref>Josh Zumbrun [http://www.thehoya.com/news/011405/news11.cfm How Georgetown Found a Different Voice]. ''The Hoya'' accessdate 2007-07-03. January 14, 2005</ref> ''The Georgetown Independent'' is a monthly "journal of news, commentary and the arts." ''The Georgetown Academy'' targets more [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] readers on campus and the ''Georgetown Federalist,'' founded in 2006, purports to bring a "conservative and [[libertarianism|libertarian]]" viewpoint to campus.<ref>Stephen Santulli [http://www.thehoya.com/news/110706/news3.cfm The Right's Fight to Write]. ''The Hoya'' November 7, 2006. accessdate 2007-05-02 </ref> ''[[The Georgetown Heckler]]'' is a humor magazine founded on the Internet in 2003 by Georgetown students, releasing its first print issue in 2007.
  
The University has a campus-wide television station, [[GUTV]], which began broadcasting in 1999. The station hosts an annual student [[film festival]] in April for campus filmmakers.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/guide/031706/guide1.cfm |title=  Giving Your Vision A Voice |first= Alicia |last= Chen |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[March 17]], [[2006]] |accessdate= 2007-08-19}}</ref> [[WGTB]], Georgetown's radio station, is available as a [[webcast]] and on 92.3 FM in certain dormitories. The station was founded in 1946, and broadcast on 90.1 FM from 1960 to 1979, when president [[Timothy S. Healy]] gave away the frequency to the [[University of the District of Columbia]] because of WGTB's [[far left]] political orientation.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.georgetownvoice.com/2002-10-17/feature/finding-a-place-for-campus-radio |title= Finding a Place for Campus Radio |first= Liam |last= Dillon |work= [http://www.georgetownvoice.com The Georgetown Voice] |date= [[October 17]], [[2002]] |accessdate= 2007-08-19}}</ref>
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The University has a campus-wide television station, [[GUTV]], which began broadcasting in 1999. The station hosts an annual student [[film festival]] in April for campus filmmakers. <ref> Alicia Chen [http://www.thehoya.com/guide/031706/guide1.cfm Giving Your Vision A Voice] ''The Hoya'' March 17, 2006. accessdate= 2007-08-19</ref> [[WGTB]], Georgetown's radio station, is available as a [[webcast]] and on 92.3 FM in certain dormitories. The station was founded in 1946, and broadcast on 90.1 FM from 1960 to 1979, when president [[Timothy S. Healy]] gave away the frequency to the [[University of the District of Columbia]] because of WGTB's [[far left]] political orientation.<ref>Liam Dillon [http://www.georgetownvoice.com/2002-10-17/feature/finding-a-place-for-campus-radio Finding a Place for Campus Radio]. ''www.georgetownvoice.com''. October 17, 2002 accessdate 2007-08-19</ref>
  
 
===Activism===
 
===Activism===
 
[[Image:Intercultural Center.jpg|left|thumb|Red Square is used most for campus activism.]]
 
[[Image:Intercultural Center.jpg|left|thumb|Red Square is used most for campus activism.]]
Georgetown University student organizations include a diverse array of groups focused on social justice issues, including organizations run through both Student Affairs and the Center for Social Justice. Oriented against gender violence, [[Take Back the Night]] coordinates an annual rally and march to protest against rape and other forms of violence against women.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.georgetownvoice.com/2001-11-08/news/events-educate-gu-on-violence-against-women |title= Events educate GU on violence against women |first= Leslie |last= Baldwin |date= [[November 8]], [[2001]] |work= [http://www.georgetownvoice.com The Georgetown Voice] |accessdate= 2007-07-10}}</ref> [[Georgetown Solidarity Committee]] is a workers' rights organization whose successes include ending use of sweatshops in producing Georgetown-logoed apparel, and garnering pay raises for both university cleaning staff and police.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/020999/news1.htm |title= Compromise Reached |first= Andy |last= Amend |date= [[February 9]], [[1999]] |accessdate= 2007-03-04 |work= [[The Hoya]]}}</ref>  Georgetown Students for [[Fair trade|Fair Trade]] successfully advocated for all coffee in campus cafeterias to be [[Fairtrade certification|Fair Trade Certified]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.georgetownvoice.com/2003-03-06/news/cafeterias-to-offer-only-fair-trade-coffee |title= Cafeterias to offer only Fair Trade coffee |first= Bailey |last= Somers |date= [[March 6]], [[2003]] |work= [http://www.georgetownvoice.com The Georgetown Voice] |accessdate= 2007-07-10}}</ref>
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Georgetown University student organizations include a diverse array of groups focused on social justice issues, including organizations run through both Student Affairs and the Center for Social Justice. Oriented against gender violence, [[Take Back the Night]] coordinates an annual rally and march to protest against rape and other forms of violence against women. [[Georgetown Solidarity Committee]] is a workers' rights organization whose successes include ending use of sweatshops in producing Georgetown-logoed apparel, and garnering pay raises for both university cleaning staff and police. Georgetown has many additional groups representing national, ethnic, and linguistic interests. In 2006, [[MEChA]] de Georgetown, which works to improve Chicano recruitment and involvement, brought together a broad coalition of groups as "GU Students United Against Racism" to protest the perceived racism during a paid speaking event by [[Chris Simcox]], leader of the [[Minutemen Civil Defense Corps]].<ref>Keenan Steiner [http://www.georgetownvoice.com/2006-11-02/news/students-protest-minutemen-leader Students protest ‘Minutemen’ leader[http://www.georgetownvoice.com The Georgetown Voice] November 2, 2006. accessdate 2007-03-04</ref> Georgetown's student body is particularly active in politics; groups based on local, national, and international issues are popular, and free speech is generally respected. The [[reproductive rights]] organization H*yas for Choice is not officially recognized by the University, prompting the asterisk in "hoyas." <ref>Anne K. Walters  [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:dmZf9YM9Q_MJ:chronicle.com/weekly/v52/i36/36a00602.htm] [http://www.chronicle.com/weekly/v52/i36/36a00602.htm Gimme an 'O'!] ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'' May 12, 2006. archivedate 2007-08-25</ref> While not financially supported by the school (its positions on [[abortion]] are in opposition to University policy), the organization is permitted to meet and table in university spaces. The issue contributes to Georgetown's 'red light' status on free speech under the [[Foundation for Individual Rights in Education]] rating system.
 
 
Georgetown has many additional groups representing national, ethnic, and linguistic interests. In 2006, [[MEChA]] de Georgetown, which works to improve Chicano recruitment and involvement, brought together a broad coalition of groups as "GU Students United Against Racism" to protest the perceived racism during a paid speaking event by [[Chris Simcox]], leader of the [[Minutemen Civil Defense Corps]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.georgetownvoice.com/2006-11-02/news/students-protest-minutemen-leader |title= Students protest ‘Minutemen’ leader |first= Keenan |last= Steiner |work= [http://www.georgetownvoice.com The Georgetown Voice] |date= [[November 2]], [[2006]] |accessdate= 2007-03-04}}</ref> Georgetown's student body is particularly active in politics; groups based on local, national, and international issues are popular, and free speech is generally respected.<ref name=rankings>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/043004/news21.cfm |title= In the News ... Rankings |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[April 30]], [[2004]] |accessdate= 2007-04-23}}</ref> The [[reproductive rights]] organization H*yas for Choice is not officially recognized by the University, prompting the asterisk in "hoyas."<ref>{{cite news |archiveurl= http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:dmZf9YM9Q_MJ:chronicle.com/weekly/v52/i36/36a00602.htm |url= http://www.chronicle.com/weekly/v52/i36/36a00602.htm |first= Anne K. |last= Walters |title= Gimme an 'O'! |work= [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date= [[May 12]], [[2006]] |archivedate= 2007-08-25}}</ref> While not financially supported by the school (its positions on [[abortion]] are in opposition to University policy), the organization is permitted to meet and table in university spaces.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.marquettetribune.org/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory_id=7fc82c17-8089-418a-b08a-0e884051551f |title= Jesuit colleges lack pro-choice groups |date= [[November 6]], [[2003]] |first= Andrew |last= Johnson |work= [http://www.marquettetribune.org/home/ Marquette Tribune] |accessdate= 2007-04-25}}</ref> The issue contributes to Georgetown's 'red light' status on free speech under the [[Foundation for Individual Rights in Education]] rating system.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.georgetownvoice.com/2002-11-14/news/fire-group-gives-gu-red-light |title= FIRE group gives GU ‘red light’ |first= Kevin |last= Rosier |date= [[September 14]], [[2002]] |work= [http://www.georgetownvoice.com The Georgetown Voice] |accessdate= 2007-07-17}}</ref>
 
  
 
===Greek life===
 
===Greek life===
 
[[Image:DPE House.jpg|thumb|upright|3401 Prospect St, home to ΔΦΕ, is used by other Greek societies.]]
 
[[Image:DPE House.jpg|thumb|upright|3401 Prospect St, home to ΔΦΕ, is used by other Greek societies.]]
Although Jesuit schools are not obliged to disassociate from Greek systems, Georgetown University does not officially recognize or fund [[Fraternities and sororities|fraternities, sororities]], or [[Secret society|secret societies]] among the student body.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/042106/news4.cfm |title= Weakly Greek |first= Vanessa |last= Washington |date= [[April 21]], [[2006]] |work= [[The Hoya]] |accessdate= 2007-07-19}}</ref> Despite this, Greek organizations persist on campus.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/features/091900/features2.htm |title= Greek Life: Alive and Well At Georgetown |first= Suma |last= Singh |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[September 19]], [[2000]] |accessdate= 2007-03-10}}</ref> Additionally, Georgetown University students are affiliated, in some cases, with fraternities at other nearby universities and colleges.
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Although Jesuit schools are not obliged to disassociate from Greek systems, Georgetown University does not officially recognize or fund [[fraternity|fraternities]], [[sorority|sororities]], or [[Secret society|secret societies]] among the student body.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/042106/news4.cfm |title= Weakly Greek |first= Vanessa |last= Washington |date= April 21, 2006 |work= The Hoya |accessdate= 2007-07-19}}</ref> Despite this, Greek organizations persist on campus.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/features/091900/features2.htm |title= Greek Life: Alive and Well At Georgetown |first= Suma |last= Singh |work= The Hoya |date= September 19, 2000 |accessdate= 2007-03-10}}</ref> Additionally, Georgetown University students are affiliated, in some cases, with fraternities at other nearby universities and colleges.
  
Active fraternities at Georgetown include [[Delta Phi Epsilon (professional)|Delta Phi Epsilon]], a professional foreign service fraternity; [[Alpha Kappa Psi]], a professional business fraternity; [[Alpha Phi Omega]], a national community service fraternity; [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]]; and [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]]. Delta Phi Epsilon was founded at Georgetown in 1920, and members of their Alpha Chapter include Jesuits and several deans of the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.deltaphiepsilon.net/Questions.html |title= Frequently Asked Questions |work= [http://www.deltaphiepsilon.net Delta Phi Epsilon] |date= [[November 22]], [[2006]] |accessdate= 2007-08-16}}</ref> The Delta Phi Epsilon foreign service sorority, founded in 1973, is the only sorority active at Georgetown.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.deltaphiepsilon.net/Sorority.html |title= Sorority |work= [http://www.deltaphiepsilon.net Delta Phi Epsilon] |date= [[April 16]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-08-16}}</ref> Georgetown's chapter of Alpha Epsilon Pi, affiliated with the [[Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life|campus Hillel]], was established in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/viewpoint/102902/view4.cfm |title= AEPi Fosters Greek and Jewish Life |first= Michael |last= Glick |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[October 29]], [[2002]] |accessdate= 2007-04-27}}</ref> Sigma Phi Epsilon chartered its chapter as a general social fraternity in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/042707/news3.cfm |title= SigEp Receives National Charter |accessdate= 2007-04-27 |date= [[April 27]], [[2007]] |first= Erica |last= Haviland |work= [[The Hoya]]}}</ref>
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Active fraternities at Georgetown include [[Delta Phi Epsilon (professional)|Delta Phi Epsilon]], a professional foreign service fraternity; [[Alpha Kappa Psi]], a professional business fraternity; [[Alpha Phi Omega]], a national community service fraternity; [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]]; and [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]]. Delta Phi Epsilon was founded at Georgetown in 1920, and members of their Alpha Chapter include Jesuits and several deans of the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.deltaphiepsilon.net/Questions.html |title= Frequently Asked Questions |work= [http://www.deltaphiepsilon.net Delta Phi Epsilon] |date= November 22, 2006 |accessdate= 2007-08-16}}</ref> The Delta Phi Epsilon foreign service sorority, founded in 1973, is the only sorority active at Georgetown.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.deltaphiepsilon.net/Sorority.html |title= Sorority |work= [http://www.deltaphiepsilon.net Delta Phi Epsilon] |date= April 16, 2007 |accessdate= 2007-08-16}}</ref> Georgetown's chapter of Alpha Epsilon Pi, affiliated with the [[Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life|campus Hillel]], was established in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/viewpoint/102902/view4.cfm |title= AEPi Fosters Greek and Jewish Life |first= Michael |last= Glick |work= The Hoya |date= October 29, 2002 |accessdate= 2007-04-27}}</ref> Sigma Phi Epsilon chartered its chapter as a general social fraternity in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/042707/news3.cfm |title= SigEp Receives National Charter |accessdate= 2007-04-27 |date= April 27, 2007 |first= Erica |last= Haviland |work= The Hoya}}</ref>
  
 
===Events===
 
===Events===
Annual events on campus celebrate Georgetown traditions, culture, alumni, sports, and politics. In late April, Georgetown University celebrates ''Georgetown Day''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www3.georgetown.edu/admin/provost/GeorgetownDay/about.html |title= 
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Annual events on campus celebrate Georgetown traditions, culture, alumni, sports, and politics. In late April, Georgetown University celebrates ''Georgetown Day''.<ref> [http://www3.georgetown.edu/admin/provost/GeorgetownDay/about.html  
About Georgetown Day |work= [http://guday.georgetown.edu Georgetown Day] |accessdate= 2007-07-27}}</ref> Besides the full-day carnival, the day rewards the best professor of the year with the Dorothy Brown Award, as voted by students. Every year since 2002, ''Traditions Day'' has focused attention in early November on the two centuries of Georgetown history.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www8.georgetown.edu/admin/publicaffairs/communications/traditions |title= Traditions Day |work= [http://www8.georgetown.edu/admin/publicaffairs/communications/ Office of Communications] |date= [[July 19]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-27}}</ref> Clubs can compete in a "Best Traditions" contest, with students voting for their favorites. [[Halloween]] is celebrated with viewings of alumnus [[William Peter Blatty]]'s film ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/editorials/102803/edit2.cfm |title=  Celebrating Halloween Hilltop-Style |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[October 28]], [[2003]] |accessdate= 2007-08-19}}</ref>
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About Georgetown Day. accessdate 2007-07-27</ref> Besides the full-day carnival, the day rewards the best professor of the year with the Dorothy Brown Award, as voted by students. Every year since 2002, ''Traditions Day'' has focused attention in early November on the two centuries of Georgetown history. [[Image:Gaston hall.JPG|thumb|left|Gaston Hall is a venue for many events.]]
[[Image:Gaston hall.JPG|thumb|left|Gaston Hall is a venue for many events.]]
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[[Homecoming]] coincides with a home football game, and festivities such as tailgating and a formal dance are sponsored by the Alumni Association to draw past graduates back to campus. The largest planned sports related celebration is the first basketball practice of the season. Dubbed ''Midnight Madness'', this event introduces the men's and women's basketball teams shortly after midnight on the first day the teams are allowed by NCAA rules to formally practice together. In 2008, Georgetown will again play host to a first round division of the [[2008 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament]].
[[Homecoming]] coincides with a home football game, and festivities such as tailgating and a formal dance are sponsored by the Alumni Association to draw past graduates back to campus.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/102505/news7.cfm |title= Parties, Pageantry Mark Homecoming |first= Sarah |last= Mellott |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[October 25]], [[2005]] |accessdate= 2007-07-29}}</ref> The largest planned sports related celebration is the first basketball practice of the season. Dubbed ''Midnight Madness'', this event introduces the men's and women's basketball teams shortly after midnight on the first day the teams are allowed by NCAA rules to formally practice together.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.georgetownvoice.com/2004-10-21/sports/clock-strikes-midnight-basketball-stars-come-out |title= Clock strikes midnight, basketball stars come out |first= George |last= Tarnow |work= [http://www.georgetownvoice.com The Georgetown Voice] |date= [[October 21]], [[2004]] |accessdate= 2007-07-27}}</ref> In 2008, Georgetown will again play host to a first round division of the [[2008 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament]].
 
  
Georgetown University hosts notable speakers each year, largely because of the success of the Georgetown Lecture Fund and the Office of Communications.<ref name=lecturefund>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/viewpoint/050305/view3.cfm |title= Lecture Fund Brings Diversity to Georgetown |first= Gerard P. |last= Alolod |date= [[2005-05-03]] |work= [[The Hoya]] |accessdate= 2007-07-18}}</ref> These are frequently important [[Head of state|heads of state]] who visit Georgetown while in the capital, as well as scholars, authors, U.S. politicians, and religious leaders. The Office of the President hosts numerous symposia on religious topics, such as [[Nostra Aetate|Nostra Ætate]] and the Building Bridges Seminar.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://president.georgetown.edu/na |title= Nostra Ætate |work= [http://president.georgetown.edu Office of the President] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-04-09}}</ref>
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Georgetown University hosts notable speakers each year, largely because of the success of the Georgetown Lecture Fund and the Office of Communications. These are frequently important [[Head of state|heads of state]] who visit Georgetown while in the capital, as well as scholars, authors, U.S. politicians, and religious leaders. The Office of the President hosts numerous symposia on religious topics, such as [[Nostra Aetate|Nostra Ætate]] and the Building Bridges Seminar. <ref> Nostra Ætate [http://president.georgetown.edu Office of the President]. Georgetown University 2007 accessdate 2007-04-09 </ref>
  
==Athletics==
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===Athletics===
{{main|Georgetown Hoyas}}
 
{{seealso|Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball}}
 
 
[[Image:Hoyas painted chests.jpg|thumb|right|Students cheering for Georgetown's men's basketball team]]
 
[[Image:Hoyas painted chests.jpg|thumb|right|Students cheering for Georgetown's men's basketball team]]
Georgetown fields 27 varsity teams and 20 club teams.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://clubsports.georgetown.edu/teams.htm |title= Teams |work= [http://clubsports.georgetown.edu Club Sports] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= [[April 30]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-07-17}}</ref> The varsity teams participate in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s [[Division I]]. The school generally competes in the [[Big East Conference]], although the [[American football|football]] team competes in the [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|Division I FCS]] [[Patriot League]], the men's lacrosse team in [[Eastern College Athletic Conference]], and the rowing teams in the [[College rowing (United States)#Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges]]. Georgetown University graduates over 90 percent of its student athletes.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/inst2006/251.pdf |format=PDF|title= Freshman-Cohort Graduation Rates |date= 2000 |accessdate= 2007-07-26 |work= [http://www.ncaa.org/grad_rates 2006 NCAA Report on the Federal Graduation-Rates Data]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/111406/news6.cfm |title= Athlete Graduation Rates Outpace National Average in NCAA Study |first= Ji-Hye |last= Park |date= [[November 14]], [[2006]] |work= [[The Hoya]] |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref> [[U.S. News and World Report]] listed Georgetown's athletics program among the 20 best in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/020318/archive_020363.htm |title= Why they're not just about winning and losing anymore |author= Witkin, Gordon and Jodi Schneider |work= [[U.S. News and World Report]] |date= [[March 10]], [[2002]] |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref>
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Georgetown fields 27 varsity teams and 20 club teams.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://clubsports.georgetown.edu/teams.htm |title= Teams |work= [http://clubsports.georgetown.edu Club Sports] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= April 30, 2007 |accessdate= 2007-07-17}}</ref> The varsity teams participate in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s [[Division I]]. The school generally competes in the [[Big East Conference]], although the [[American football|football]] team competes in the [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|Division I FCS]] [[Patriot League]], the men's lacrosse team in [[Eastern College Athletic Conference]], and the rowing teams in the [[College rowing (United States)#Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges]]. Georgetown University graduates over 90 percent of its student athletes.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/inst2006/251.pdf |format=PDF|title= Freshman-Cohort Graduation Rates |date= 2000 |accessdate= 2007-07-26 |work= [http://www.ncaa.org/grad_rates 2006 NCAA Report on the Federal Graduation-Rates Data]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/news/111406/news6.cfm |title= Athlete Graduation Rates Outpace National Average in NCAA Study |first= Ji-Hye |last= Park |date= November 14, 2006 |work= The Hoya |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref> [[U.S. News and World Report]] listed Georgetown's athletics program among the 20 best in the nation.<ref>{{cite web|title= Why they're not just about winning and losing anymore |author= Witkin, Gordon and Jodi Schneider |work= [[U.S. News and World Report]] |date= March 10, 2002}}</ref>
  
The school's teams are called "Hoyas," a name whose origin is uncertain. Sometime after 1866, students well versed in classical languages invented the mixed [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]] chant of "hoya saxa," translating roughly as "what (or such) rocks." The [[baseball]] team was founded 1870, and [[American football|football]] in 1874, and the chant likely refers to one of these teams.<ref>{{cite book |last= O'Neill |first= Paul R. |coauthors= Paul K. Williams |title= Georgetown University |publisher = Arcadia |year= 2003 |pages= 54, 62 |isbn= 0-7385-1509-4}}</ref> Shortly after its founding in 1920, students requested that Georgetown's newspaper take the name ''The Hoya'' rather than ''The Hilltopper''. By 1928, campus sports writers began to refer to teams as the "Hoyas" rather than as the "Hilltoppers."<ref name=hoia/> The name was picked up in the [[Washington, D.C.#Newspapers|local publications]], and became official shortly after. The mascot of Georgetown athletics programs is [[Georgetown Hoyas#Mascot|Jack the Bulldog]] and the school [[fight song]] is ''[[There Goes Old Georgetown]]''.
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The school's teams are called "Hoyas," a name whose origin is uncertain. Sometime after 1866, students well versed in classical languages invented the mixed [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]] chant of "hoya saxa," translating roughly as "what (or such) rocks." The [[baseball]] team was founded 1870, and [[American football|football]] in 1874, and the chant likely refers to one of these teams.<ref>{{cite book |last= O'Neill |first= Paul R. |coauthors= Paul K. Williams |title= Georgetown University |publisher = Arcadia |year= 2003 |pages= 54, 62 |isbn= 0-7385-1509-4}}</ref> Shortly after its founding in 1920, students requested that Georgetown's newspaper take the name ''The Hoya'' rather than ''The Hilltopper''. By 1928, campus sports writers began to refer to teams as the "Hoyas" rather than as the "Hilltoppers."<ref name=hoia>{{cite web
 +
                        |url= http://www.hoyasaxa.com/sports/hoia.htm
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                        |title= What's A Hoya?
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                        |work= [http://www.hoyasaxa.com HoyaSaxa.com]
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                        |date= August 17, 2005
 +
                        |accessdate= 2007-04-30}}</ref> The name was picked up in the [[Washington, D.C.#Newspapers|local publications]], and became official shortly after. The mascot of Georgetown athletics programs is Jack the Bulldog and the school [[fight song]] is ''[[There Goes Old Georgetown]]''.
  
The [[Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball|men's basketball]] team is particularly noteworthy as it won the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA championship]] in [[1984 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1984]] under coach [[John Thompson (basketball)|John Thompson]] and continues to be a perennial favorite in the NCAA tournament. The current coach is his son, [[John Thompson III]], who coached the team to the [[NCAA Men's Division I Final Four appearances by school|Final Four]] in the [[2007 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2007 NCAA tournament]]. The team leads the Big East with seven [[Big East Men's Basketball Tournament|conference tournament]] titles, and has made 24 [[NCAA Men's Division I Tournament Bids By School|NCAA tournament appearances]].<ref name=espn>{{cite news |url= http://scores.espn.go.com/ncb/recap?gameId=270690046 |title= Hoyas claim their 1st Big East tourney title since 1989 |author= [[Associated Press]] |work= [[ESPN News]] |accessdate= 2007-07-10}}</ref> Well-known team alumni include [[Patrick Ewing]], [[Dikembe Mutombo]], [[Alonzo Mourning]], [[Allen Iverson]], and [[Jeff Green (basketball)|Jeff Green]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/sports/021307/sports19.cfm |title= Former Greats Celebrate Hoops at 100 Years Gala |author= Goode, Harlan and Brenna McGee |date= [[February 13]], [[2007]] |work= [[The Hoya]] |accessdate= 2007-07-11}}</ref> Besides [[basketball]], Georgetown is nationally successful in [[Georgetown University Rugby Football Club|rugby]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[sailing]], [[lacrosse]], and [[Athletics (track and field)|track and field]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/sports/052005/sports9.cfm |title= Experience, Leadership and Vision Propel Hoya Crew to National Prominence |first= Moises |last= Mendoza |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[May 20]], [[2005]] |accessdate= 2007-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/sports/082401/sports2.cfm |title= Coed Sailing Captures National Championship |first= Julie |last= Wood |work= [[The Hoya]] |date= [[August 24]], [[2001]] |accessdate= 2007-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://guhoyas.cstv.com/sports/m-lacros/spec-rel/042407aaa.html |title= Georgetown Men's Lacrosse Moves Up to No. 4 in National Rankings |work= [http://guhoyas.com Georgetown University Official Athletic Site] |date= [[April 24]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/sports/112304/sports2.cfm |title= Georgetown's Track Program Quietly Dominates |first= Nicolas |last= Jammet |date= [[November 23]], [[2004]] |work= [[The Hoya]] |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref>
+
The [[Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball|men's basketball]] team is particularly noteworthy as it won the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA championship]] in [[1984 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1984]] under coach [[John Thompson (basketball)|John Thompson]] and continues to be a perennial favorite in the NCAA tournament. Besides [[basketball]], Georgetown is nationally successful in [[rugby]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[sailing]], [[lacrosse]], and [[Athletics (track and field)|track and field]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/sports/052005/sports9.cfm |title= Experience, Leadership and Vision Propel Hoya Crew to National Prominence |first= Moises |last= Mendoza |work= The Hoya |date= May 20, 2005 |accessdate= 2007-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/sports/082401/sports2.cfm |title= Coed Sailing Captures National Championship |first= Julie |last= Wood |work= The Hoya |date= August 24, 2001 |accessdate= 2007-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://guhoyas.cstv.com/sports/m-lacros/spec-rel/042407aaa.html |title= Georgetown Men's Lacrosse Moves Up to No. 4 in National Rankings |work= [http://guhoyas.com Georgetown University Official Athletic Site] |date= April 24, 2007 |accessdate= 2007-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/sports/112304/sports2.cfm |title= Georgetown's Track Program Quietly Dominates |first= Nicolas |last= Jammet |date= November 23, 2004 |work= The Hoya |accessdate= 2007-07-26}}</ref>
  
 
==Alumni==
 
==Alumni==
 
[[Image:Bill Clinton.jpg|upright|thumb|Bill Clinton, class of 1968]]
 
[[Image:Bill Clinton.jpg|upright|thumb|Bill Clinton, class of 1968]]
{{main|List of notable Georgetown University alumni}}
+
Georgetown's alumni include numerous public figures, of whom many have served in the [[United States Senate]] and [[House of Representatives]].<ref> [http://explore.georgetown.edu/documents/?DocumentID=740&PageTemplateID=52 Well-known Georgetown Alumni] Georgetown University. [http://communications.georgetown.edu/facts.html Georgetown Facts]. February 1, 2006. accessdate= 2007-07-18</ref> Besides numerous members of the senior diplomatic corps, ten heads of state are alumni, including former U.S. president [[Bill Clinton]].<ref> [http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide20.html Georgetown University alumni] [http://guide.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown] 2007. accessdate 2007-07-24</ref> In the legal profession, alumni include a current Associate Justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]], [[Antonin Scalia]], and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court [[Edward Douglass White]].<ref> [http://www.thehoya.com/about About The Hoya]. ''The Hoya'' accessdate 2007-08-27</ref><ref> [http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_chiefs/009.html Edward Douglass White]. ''www.supremecourthistory.org'' June 16, 2004. accessdate 2007-07-18</ref> Of schools with less than {{nowrap|15,000 graduates}} annually, Georgetown produces more [[Peace Corps]] volunteers than any other private university. Georgetown graduates have served at the head of diverse institutions, both in the public and private sector, and have headed military organizations on both the national and international level.<ref>Jon Shoup-Mendizabal [http://www.thehoya.com/features/012304/features3.cfm Glory Days]. ''The Hoya'' January 23, 2004. accessdate 2007-08-27</ref>
Of Georgetown's {{nowrap|97,384 living}} alumni, just over three percent are listed in [[Marquis Who's Who]], the 14th highest percentage among American universities.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1077-3711(199924%2F200024)26%3C33%3ARBCATT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4 |year= 1999/2000 |month= Winter |title= Ranking Black Colleges According to Their Alumni Listings in Who's Who |journal= The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |pages= 33 |accessdate= 2007-07-18}}</ref>
 
Five alumni serve in the [[Current members of the United States Congress#Senate|United States Senate]], and 16 in the [[Current members of the United States Congress#House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref name=alumni>{{cite web |url= http://explore.georgetown.edu/documents/?DocumentID=740&PageTemplateID=52 |title= Well-known Georgetown Alumni |publisher= Georgetown University |work= [http://communications.georgetown.edu/facts.html Georgetown Facts] |date= [[February 1]], [[2006]] |accessdate= 2007-07-18}}</ref> Besides numerous members of the senior diplomatic corps, ten heads of state are alumni, including former U.S. president [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide20.html |title= Georgetown University alumni |work= [http://guide.georgetown.edu/home/about.html About Georgetown] |date= 2007 |accessdate= 2007-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/tours/whysfs/slide05.html |title= Why should I choose SFS? |work= [http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/about.html About SFS] |publisher= Georgetown University |date= [[May 23]], [[2007]] |accessdate= 2007-08-27}}</ref> In the legal profession, alumni include a current Associate Justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]], [[Antonin Scalia]], and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court [[Edward Douglass White]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehoya.com/about |title= About The Hoya |work= [[The Hoya]] |accessdate= 2007-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_chiefs/009.html |title= Edward Douglass White |work= [http://www.supremecourthistory.org The Supreme Court Historical Society] |date= [[June 16]], [[2004]] |accessdate= 2007-07-18}}</ref> Of schools with less than {{nowrap|15,000 graduates}} annually, Georgetown produces more [[Peace Corps]] volunteers than any other private university.<ref name=peacecorp>{{cite web |url= http://www.peacecorps.gov/news/resources/stats/pdf/schools2006.pdf |format=PDF|title= Top-Producing Colleges and Universities |date= 2006 |work= [http://www.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?shell=resources.media.press Peace Corps News Releases] |accessdate= 2007-08-13}}</ref> Georgetown graduates have served at the head of diverse institutions, both in the public and private sector, and have headed military organizations on both the national and international level.<ref name=alumni/><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehoya.com/features/012304/features3.cfm |title= Glory Days |work= [[The Hoya]] |first= Jon |last= Shoup-Mendizabal |date= [[January 23]], [[2004]] |accessdate= 2007-08-27}}</ref>
 
 
 
==External links==
 
{{commonscat|Georgetown University}}
 
*[http://www.georgetown.edu Georgetown University official site]
 
*[http://www.guhoyas.com Official Athletics website]
 
*''[http://www.thehoya.com The Hoya]''
 
*''[http://www.georgetownvoice.com The Georgetown Voice]''
 
*[http://explore.georgetown.edu/maps Campus Map]
 
{{coor title dms|38|54|26|N|77|4|22|W|type:landmark}}
 
{{Geolinks-US-streetscale-no-title|38.907222|-77.072778}}
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
 
{{reflist|2}}
 
{{reflist|2}}
  
 +
==References==
 +
 +
* Carrier, Thomas. ''Historic Georgetown: A Walking Tour.'' Arcadia Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0738502391
 +
* Curran, Robert. ''The Bicentennial History of Georgetown University: From Academy to University 1789-1889.'' Georgetown University Press, 1993. ISBN 0878404856
 +
* McFadden, William C. ''Georgetown at Two Hundred: Faculty Reflections on the University's Future.'' Georgetown University Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0878405039
 +
* Nevils, William C. ''Miniatures of Georgetown: Tercentennial Causeries.'' 1–25. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1934.
 +
* O'Neill, Paul. ''Georgetown University.'' Arcadia Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0738515094
 +
* Richmond, Derek, et. al. ''Georgetown University DC 2007.'' College Prowler, 2006. ISBN 1427400660
 +
* ''The First 125 Years: An Illustrated History of the Georgetown University Law Center.'' Georgetown University Law Center, 1995. ISBN 096491820X
  
 +
==Gallery==
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:Georgetown University Observatory.jpg|Georgetown's observatory in winter
 +
Image:450px-Hoya mascot.jpg|Geogetown's mascot: The Hoya
 +
Image:800px-John Carroll statue.jpg|A statue of John Carroll, Georgetown's founder
 +
Image:498px-JohnCarrollPeale.jpg|Portrait of America's first Bishop and Archbishop, John Carroll. Painted by Rembrandt Peale, 1811.
 +
</gallery>
  
 +
==External links==
 +
All links retrieved June 19, 2017.
 +
* [http://www.georgetown.edu Georgetown University official site]
 +
* [http://www.guhoyas.com Official Athletics website]
 +
* ''[http://www.thehoya.com The Hoya]''
 +
* ''[http://www.georgetownvoice.com The Georgetown Voice]''
 +
* [http://explore.georgetown.edu/maps Campus Map]
  
 
{{Credits|Georgetown_University|162989634|}}
 
{{Credits|Georgetown_University|162989634|}}

Latest revision as of 08:22, 23 January 2023

Georgetown University
Georgetown Key.jpg
Motto Utraque Unum
("Both into One")[1]
Established January 23, 1789
Type Private
Location Washington, D.C., 20057 USA
Website www.georgetown.edu

Georgetown University is a private, Jesuit, research university, located in Washington, DC's Georgetown neighborhood. Father John Carroll founded the school in 1789, though its roots extend back to 1634. While the school struggled financially in its early years, Georgetown expanded into a branched university after the U.S. Civil War under the leadership of university president Patrick Francis Healy. Georgetown is both the oldest Roman Catholic and oldest Jesuit university in the United States. Its religious heritage is defining for Georgetown's identity, but has at times been controversial.

Georgetown's three urban campuses feature traditional collegiate architecture and layout, but prize their green spaces and environmental commitment. The main campus is known for Healy Hall, designated a National Historic Landmark. Academically, Georgetown is divided into four undergraduate schools and four graduate schools, with nationally recognized programs and faculty in international relations, law, and medicine.

The student body is noted for its pluralism and political activism, as well as its sizable international contingent. Campus groups include the nation's oldest student dramatic society and the largest student corporation. The Georgetown athletics teams are nicknamed "the Hoyas," made famous by their men's basketball team, which leads the Big East Conference with seven tournament championships. Georgetown's most notable alumni, such as former U.S. President Bill Clinton, served in various levels of government in the United States and abroad.

Mission and reputation

Jesuit settlers from England founded the Province of Maryland in 1634. However, the 1646 defeat of the Royalists in the English Civil War led to stringent laws against Catholic education and the extradition of known Jesuits from the colony. During the greater part of the Maryland colonial period, Jesuits continued to conduct Catholic schools clandestinely.[2] It was not until after the American Revolution in 1776 that long-term plans to establish a permanent Catholic institution for education in America were realized.[3]

Following the revolution, Pope Pius VI appointed John Carroll, a Maryland Jesuit, as the first head of the Catholic Church in America, although the suppression of the Jesuit order was still in effect. Carroll saw the need for education among America's Catholic citizens and accordingly sought to establish a university to meet this need.

History

Above the door of White-Gravenor Hall are the two dates. Further up are the five seals, which mark the three prior incarnations of Jesuit schools in Maryland, the year John Carrol attended the Bohemia Manor school, and the present school at Georgetown Heights

The founding of Georgetown University took place on two main dates, 1634 and 1789. Until 1851, the school used 1788, the start of construction on the Old South building, as its founding date. In that year a copy-edit in the college catalog began mis-labeling the construction as beginning in 1789. This was discovered in preparation for the centennial celebration in 1889, at which point rather than correct the annual, the date of Georgetown's "foundation" was fixed to the date 1789-01-23.[4]

Founding

Carroll orchestrated the early development of a new university, and on January 23, 1789 obtained the property on Dahlgren Quadrangle was built.[5] Instruction at the school began on November 22, 1791 with future Congressman William Gaston as its first student.[6]

The college as it appeared in 1828

In its early years, Georgetown College suffered from considerable financial strain, relying on private sources of funding and the limited profits from local Jesuit-owned lands.[7] The Maryland Society of Jesus was restored in 1805 and given supervision of the school, which bolstered confidence in the college.[8] The United States Congress issued Georgetown the first federal university charter in 1815, which allowed it to confer degrees. The college's first two graduates were awarded the degree of bachelor of arts two years later in 1817.[9] In 1844, the school received a corporate charter, under the name "The President and Directors of Georgetown College," affording the growing school additional legal rights.[10] In response to the demand for a local option for Catholic students, the Medical School was founded in 1851.

Civil War

Union soldiers across the Potomac River from Georgetown University

The U.S. Civil War greatly affected Georgetown as 1,141 students and alumni enlisted and the Union Army commandeered university buildings. By the time of President Abraham Lincoln's May 1861 visit to campus, 1,400 troops were stationed in temporary quarters there.[11] Due to the number of lives lost, enrollment levels remained low until well after the war was over. Only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 in the prior decade.[12]

At its founding in 1876, the Georgetown College Boat Club, the school's rowing team, adopted blue, used for Union uniforms, and gray, used for Confederate uniforms, as its colors to signify the peaceful unity among students. Subsequently, the school adopted blue and gray as its official colors.[13]

Enrollment did not recover from the war until the presidency of the Patrick Francis Healy (1873–1881). The first acknowledged head of an American university of African descent, Healy is credited with reforming the undergraduate curriculum, lengthening the medical and law programs, and creating the Alumni Association.

Expansion

After the founding of the Law Department in 1870, Healy and his successors sought to bind the professional schools into a university, and focus on higher education. The School of Medicine added a dental school in 1901 and the undergraduate School of Nursing in 1903. Georgetown Preparatory School relocated from campus in 1919 and fully separated from the University in 1927. The School of Foreign Service (SFS) was founded in 1919 by Edmund A. Walsh, to prepare students for leadership in foreign commerce and diplomacy.[14] The School of Business Administration was created out of the SFS in 1957, and in 1999 was renamed the McDonough School of Business in honor of alumnus Robert E. McDonough. These news schools have called for new construction, and since completion of Healy Hall in 1879, Georgetown has added 54 buildings on their main campus.

Besides expansion of the University, Georgetown also aimed to expand their student body. The School of Nursing has admitted female students since its founding, and most of the university was made available on a limited basis by 1952. With the College of Arts and Sciences welcoming its first female students in the 1969–1970 academic year, Georgetown became fully coeducational. Georgetown ended its bicentennial year of 1989 by electing Leo J. O'Donovan as president. He subsequently launched the Third Century Campaign to build the school's endowment. In December 2003, Georgetown completed the campaign, joining only a handful of universities worldwide to raise at least $1 billion for financial aid, academic chair endowment, and new capital projects.

Facilities

Georgetown University's main campus is built on a rise above the Potomac River.

Georgetown University has three campuses in Washington, D.C.: the undergraduate campus, the Medical Center, and the Law Center. The undergraduate campus and Medical Center together form the main campus. Georgetown also operates a facility in Doha, Qatar, and villas in Alanya, Turkey, and Fiesole, Italy.[15] In their campus layout, Georgetown's administrators consistently used the traditional quadrangle design.

Main campus

Georgetown University's undergraduate campus and medical school campus are situated on an elevated site above the Potomac River, overlooking northern Virginia. The main gates, known as the Healy Gates, are located at the intersection of 37th and O Streets, NW. The medical school is on a property adjacent to the northwestern part of the undergraduate campus on Reservoir Road, and is integrated with Georgetown University Hospital. Georgetown Visitation, a private Roman Catholic high school, is on land adjoining the main campus. Most buildings employ collegiate Gothic architecture and Georgian brick architecture. Campus green areas include fountains, a cemetery, large clusters of flowers, groves of trees, and open quadrangles. The main campus has traditionally centered on Dahlgren Quadrangle, although Red Square has replaced it as the focus of student life. Healy Hall, built in Flemish Romanesque style from 1877 to 1879, is the architectural gem of Georgetown's campus, and is a National Historic Landmark. Both Healy Hall and the Georgetown University Astronomical Observatory, built in 1844, are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places. In late 2003, the school completed the Southwest Quadrangle Project, and brought a new 907-bed student dorm, an expansive dining hall, an underground parking facility, and new Jesuit Residence to the campus. The school's first performing arts center, named for Royden B. Davis, was completed in November 2005, while longer-term projects include a self-contained business school campus, construction of a unified sciences center, and expanded athletic facilities.

Law Center campus

The Hotung International Law Center and the GULC fitness center

The Law Center campus is located in the Capitol Hill neighborhood on New Jersey Avenue, near Union Station. Most second- and third-year students, as well as some first-year students, live off-campus. The "Campus Completion Project," finished in 2005, saw the addition of the Hotung International Building and the Sport and Fitness Center.

Research

Lauinger Library, Georgetown's main library

Georgetown University is a self described "student-centered research university" considered by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education to have "very high research activity." As of 2007, Georgetown's libraries hold 2,435,298 items in seven buildings, with most in Lauinger Library. Additionally, the Law School campus includes the nation's fifth largest law library.[16] Georgetown faculty conduct research in hundreds of subjects, but have priorities in the fields of religion, ethics, science, public policy, and cancer medicine. In 2006, researchers at Georgetown's Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center developed the breakthrough HPV vaccine for cervical cancer.

Facilities abroad

The McGhee Center in Alanya

In December 1979, the Marquesa Margaret Rockefeller de Larrain, granddaughter of John D. Rockefeller, gifted the Villa Le Balze to Georgetown University. The Villa is in Fiesole, Italy, on a hill above the city of Florence. The Villa is used year-round for study abroad programs focused on specialized interdisciplinary study of Italian culture and civilization. The main facility for the McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies was donated to Georgetown in 1989 by alumnus and former United States Ambassador to Turkey George C. McGhee. The school is in the town of Alanya, Turkey within the Seljuq-era Alanya Castle, on the Mediterranean Sea. The Center operates study-abroad programs each spring semester, concentrating on Turkish language, architectural history, and Islamic studies.[17] In 2002, the Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development presented the School of Foreign Service with the resources and space to open a facility in the new Education City in Doha, Qatar.[18] SFS-Qatar opened in 2005 as a liberal arts and international affairs undergraduate school for regional students.[19]

Academics

Healy Hall is the school's most iconic building.

Georgetown University offers undergraduate degrees in 48 majors in the four undergraduate schools, as well as the opportunity for students to design their own individualized courses of study. All majors in the College are open as minors to students in the College, the School of Nursing and Health Studies, and the School of Business. Students in the School of Foreign Service cannot receive minors, but can complete certificates instead. Georgetown offers many opportunities to study abroad, and 58.7 percent of the undergraduate student body spends time at an overseas school.

Master's and doctoral programs are offered through the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Law Center, the School of Medicine, the Public Policy Institute, and the School of Continuing Studies. The McDonough School of Business and the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service both offer masters programs.

Student life

Students volunteer at a D.C. inner-city school

Almost all undergraduates attend full-timewith 72 percent, living on-campus in several dormitories and apartment complexes. The remainder live off-campus, mostly in the Georgetown, Burleith, and Foxhall neighborhoods. All students in the Medical School live off-campus, most in the surrounding neighborhoods, with some in Dupont Circle and elsewhere through the region.

Student groups

Georgetown University has 172 registered student organizations that cover a variety of interests: student government, club sports, media and publications, performing arts, religion, and volunteer and service. [20] [21] The Georgetown University Student Association is the student government organization for undergraduates. There are also student representatives within the schools, to the Board of Directors, and, since 1996, to the Georgetown Advisory Neighborhood Commission.[22] New Student Orientation is the sponsored student organization responsible for planning and executing the annual pre-orientation and orientation of freshmen and transfer students. Georgetown's Army ROTC unit, the Hoya Battalion, is the oldest military unit native to the District of Columbia.[23]

The lawn outside Copley Hall is popular for recreation.

Georgetown's student organizations include one of the nation's oldest debating clubs, the Philodemic Society, and the oldest running dramatic society, the Mask & Bauble Society. The Georgetown Chimes, founded in 1946, is the University's oldest and only all-male singing group. Other a cappella groups on campus include the coed Phantoms, the coed Superfood, the all-female GraceNotes, the all-female international group Harmony, and the service-focused Georgetown Saxatones. The D.C. A cappella Festival has been held on Georgetown's campus since its inception in 1990. [24]

In addition to student organizations and clubs, Georgetown University is home to the nation’s largest entirely student-owned and -operated corporation, Students of Georgetown, Inc.[25] Known as "The Corp," the business sees gross revenues of roughly $3.3 million a year.[26] Founded in 1972, The Corp operates three coffee shops, two grocery stores, and a DVD rental service. It also runs biannual book sales, box storage, and airport shuttles for students. The Georgetown University Student Investment Fund is one of a few undergraduate-run investment funds in the United States, and hosted CNBC's Jim Cramer to tape Mad Money in September 2006

Media

Georgetown University has several student-run newspapers. The Hoya is the University's oldest newspaper. It has been in print since 1920, and, since 1987, is published twice weekly. The Georgetown Voice, known for its weekly cover stories, is a newsmagazine that split from The Hoya to focus more attention on citywide and national issues.[27] The Georgetown Independent is a monthly "journal of news, commentary and the arts." The Georgetown Academy targets more conservative readers on campus and the Georgetown Federalist, founded in 2006, purports to bring a "conservative and libertarian" viewpoint to campus.[28] The Georgetown Heckler is a humor magazine founded on the Internet in 2003 by Georgetown students, releasing its first print issue in 2007.

The University has a campus-wide television station, GUTV, which began broadcasting in 1999. The station hosts an annual student film festival in April for campus filmmakers. [29] WGTB, Georgetown's radio station, is available as a webcast and on 92.3 FM in certain dormitories. The station was founded in 1946, and broadcast on 90.1 FM from 1960 to 1979, when president Timothy S. Healy gave away the frequency to the University of the District of Columbia because of WGTB's far left political orientation.[30]

Activism

Red Square is used most for campus activism.

Georgetown University student organizations include a diverse array of groups focused on social justice issues, including organizations run through both Student Affairs and the Center for Social Justice. Oriented against gender violence, Take Back the Night coordinates an annual rally and march to protest against rape and other forms of violence against women. Georgetown Solidarity Committee is a workers' rights organization whose successes include ending use of sweatshops in producing Georgetown-logoed apparel, and garnering pay raises for both university cleaning staff and police. Georgetown has many additional groups representing national, ethnic, and linguistic interests. In 2006, MEChA de Georgetown, which works to improve Chicano recruitment and involvement, brought together a broad coalition of groups as "GU Students United Against Racism" to protest the perceived racism during a paid speaking event by Chris Simcox, leader of the Minutemen Civil Defense Corps.[31] Georgetown's student body is particularly active in politics; groups based on local, national, and international issues are popular, and free speech is generally respected. The reproductive rights organization H*yas for Choice is not officially recognized by the University, prompting the asterisk in "hoyas." [32] While not financially supported by the school (its positions on abortion are in opposition to University policy), the organization is permitted to meet and table in university spaces. The issue contributes to Georgetown's 'red light' status on free speech under the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education rating system.

Greek life

3401 Prospect St, home to ΔΦΕ, is used by other Greek societies.

Although Jesuit schools are not obliged to disassociate from Greek systems, Georgetown University does not officially recognize or fund fraternities, sororities, or secret societies among the student body.[33] Despite this, Greek organizations persist on campus.[34] Additionally, Georgetown University students are affiliated, in some cases, with fraternities at other nearby universities and colleges.

Active fraternities at Georgetown include Delta Phi Epsilon, a professional foreign service fraternity; Alpha Kappa Psi, a professional business fraternity; Alpha Phi Omega, a national community service fraternity; Alpha Epsilon Pi; and Sigma Phi Epsilon. Delta Phi Epsilon was founded at Georgetown in 1920, and members of their Alpha Chapter include Jesuits and several deans of the School of Foreign Service.[35] The Delta Phi Epsilon foreign service sorority, founded in 1973, is the only sorority active at Georgetown.[36] Georgetown's chapter of Alpha Epsilon Pi, affiliated with the campus Hillel, was established in 2002.[37] Sigma Phi Epsilon chartered its chapter as a general social fraternity in 2007.[38]

Events

Annual events on campus celebrate Georgetown traditions, culture, alumni, sports, and politics. In late April, Georgetown University celebrates Georgetown Day.[39] Besides the full-day carnival, the day rewards the best professor of the year with the Dorothy Brown Award, as voted by students. Every year since 2002, Traditions Day has focused attention in early November on the two centuries of Georgetown history.

Gaston Hall is a venue for many events.

Homecoming coincides with a home football game, and festivities such as tailgating and a formal dance are sponsored by the Alumni Association to draw past graduates back to campus. The largest planned sports related celebration is the first basketball practice of the season. Dubbed Midnight Madness, this event introduces the men's and women's basketball teams shortly after midnight on the first day the teams are allowed by NCAA rules to formally practice together. In 2008, Georgetown will again play host to a first round division of the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament.

Georgetown University hosts notable speakers each year, largely because of the success of the Georgetown Lecture Fund and the Office of Communications. These are frequently important heads of state who visit Georgetown while in the capital, as well as scholars, authors, U.S. politicians, and religious leaders. The Office of the President hosts numerous symposia on religious topics, such as Nostra Ætate and the Building Bridges Seminar. [40]

Athletics

Students cheering for Georgetown's men's basketball team

Georgetown fields 27 varsity teams and 20 club teams.[41] The varsity teams participate in the NCAA's Division I. The school generally competes in the Big East Conference, although the football team competes in the Division I FCS Patriot League, the men's lacrosse team in Eastern College Athletic Conference, and the rowing teams in the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges. Georgetown University graduates over 90 percent of its student athletes.[42][43] U.S. News and World Report listed Georgetown's athletics program among the 20 best in the nation.[44]

The school's teams are called "Hoyas," a name whose origin is uncertain. Sometime after 1866, students well versed in classical languages invented the mixed Greek and Latin chant of "hoya saxa," translating roughly as "what (or such) rocks." The baseball team was founded 1870, and football in 1874, and the chant likely refers to one of these teams.[45] Shortly after its founding in 1920, students requested that Georgetown's newspaper take the name The Hoya rather than The Hilltopper. By 1928, campus sports writers began to refer to teams as the "Hoyas" rather than as the "Hilltoppers."[46] The name was picked up in the local publications, and became official shortly after. The mascot of Georgetown athletics programs is Jack the Bulldog and the school fight song is There Goes Old Georgetown.

The men's basketball team is particularly noteworthy as it won the NCAA championship in 1984 under coach John Thompson and continues to be a perennial favorite in the NCAA tournament. Besides basketball, Georgetown is nationally successful in rugby, rowing, sailing, lacrosse, and track and field.[47][48][49][50]

Alumni

Bill Clinton, class of 1968

Georgetown's alumni include numerous public figures, of whom many have served in the United States Senate and House of Representatives.[51] Besides numerous members of the senior diplomatic corps, ten heads of state are alumni, including former U.S. president Bill Clinton.[52] In the legal profession, alumni include a current Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Antonin Scalia, and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Edward Douglass White.[53][54] Of schools with less than 15,000 graduates annually, Georgetown produces more Peace Corps volunteers than any other private university. Georgetown graduates have served at the head of diverse institutions, both in the public and private sector, and have headed military organizations on both the national and international level.[55]

Notes

  1. From the Epistle to the Ephesians 2:14. See official explanation. Other translations available.
  2. William Coleman Nevils. Miniatures of Georgetown: Tercentennial Causeries. (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1934)
  3. E.I. Devitt [1] Georgetown University Catholic Encyclopedia 1909. Robert Appleton Company. accessdate 2007-07-10
  4. Paul R. O'Neill and Paul K. Williams. Georgetown University. (Arcadia, 2003. ISBN 0738515094)
  5. The first University building accessdate 2007-02-26 About Georgetown
  6. William Gaston and Georgetown Bicentennial Exhibit Georgetown University. November 11, 2000. accessdate 2007-07-03
  7. O'Neill and Williams
  8. Robert Emmett Curran Georgetown: A Brief History Undergraduate Bulletin Georgetown University. July 7, 2007 accessdate 2007-08-27
  9. The Federal Charter About Georgetown accessdate 2007-03-06
  10. O'Neill and Williams, 7
  11. Ibid., 36
  12. Ibid., 39
  13. [2]About Georgetown The Civil War. accessdate 2007-04-26
  14. [3] About Georgetown The School of Foreign Service accessdate 2007-04-26
  15. John Fedynsky and Taylor Kushner [4] OIP provides study abroad options. September 25, 2000. accessdate 2007-07-08 The Georgetown Independent
  16. Library Resident Program. www.ll.georgetown.edu. 2007. accessdate 2007-07-09
  17. Courses Offered in Spring 2008 Georgetown University. McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies. June 7, 2007. accessdate 2007-07-26
  18. Robert Heberle |title= SFS to Establish Qatar Campus. The Hoya May 20, 2005. accessdate 2007-08-04
  19. Studying International AffairsGeorgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar accessdate 2007-07-26
  20. Extracurriculars America's Best Colleges 2008 US News & World Report 2007
  21. Student Organizations accessdate 2007-04-19. explore.georgetown.edu.
  22. Adam Giblin Support Your Neighborhood, Vote in D.C.. The Hoya October 1, 2002. 2007-07-03
  23. HOYA Battalion and the Washington Consortium The HOYA Battalion. 2005. accessdate 2007-03-02
  24. Michael Bayer A capella abounds at DCAF . The Georgetown Independent. November 5, 2003. accessdate 2007-08-19
  25. History of The Corp 2005. accessdate 2007-03-10. The Corp
  26. Emily Solis-CohenCorp Surplus Falls Far Short of Previous Year’s. January 19, 2007 The Hoya accessdate 2007-07-09
  27. Josh Zumbrun How Georgetown Found a Different Voice. The Hoya accessdate 2007-07-03. January 14, 2005
  28. Stephen Santulli The Right's Fight to Write. The Hoya November 7, 2006. accessdate 2007-05-02
  29. Alicia Chen Giving Your Vision A Voice The Hoya March 17, 2006. accessdate= 2007-08-19
  30. Liam Dillon Finding a Place for Campus Radio. www.georgetownvoice.com. October 17, 2002 accessdate 2007-08-19
  31. Keenan Steiner Students protest ‘Minutemen’ leader The Georgetown Voice November 2, 2006. accessdate 2007-03-04
  32. Anne K. Walters [5] Gimme an 'O'! The Chronicle of Higher Education May 12, 2006. archivedate 2007-08-25
  33. Washington, Vanessa, "Weakly Greek", The Hoya, April 21, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
  34. Singh, Suma, "Greek Life: Alive and Well At Georgetown", The Hoya, September 19, 2000. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
  35. Frequently Asked Questions. Delta Phi Epsilon (November 22, 2006). Retrieved 2007-08-16.
  36. Sorority. Delta Phi Epsilon (April 16, 2007). Retrieved 2007-08-16.
  37. Glick, Michael, "AEPi Fosters Greek and Jewish Life", The Hoya, October 29, 2002. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  38. Haviland, Erica, "SigEp Receives National Charter", The Hoya, April 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  39. [http://www3.georgetown.edu/admin/provost/GeorgetownDay/about.html About Georgetown Day. accessdate 2007-07-27
  40. Nostra Ætate Office of the President. Georgetown University 2007 accessdate 2007-04-09
  41. Teams. Club Sports. Georgetown University (April 30, 2007). Retrieved 2007-07-17.
  42. Freshman-Cohort Graduation Rates (PDF). 2006 NCAA Report on the Federal Graduation-Rates Data (2000). Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  43. Park, Ji-Hye, "Athlete Graduation Rates Outpace National Average in NCAA Study", The Hoya, November 14, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  44. Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedWitkin, Gordon and Jodi Schneider (March 10, 2002). . U.S. News and World Report.
  45. O'Neill, Paul R. and Paul K. Williams (2003). Georgetown University. Arcadia, 54, 62. ISBN 0-7385-1509-4. 
  46. What's A Hoya?. HoyaSaxa.com (August 17, 2005). Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  47. Mendoza, Moises, "Experience, Leadership and Vision Propel Hoya Crew to National Prominence", The Hoya, May 20, 2005. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
  48. Wood, Julie, "Coed Sailing Captures National Championship", The Hoya, August 24, 2001. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
  49. Georgetown Men's Lacrosse Moves Up to No. 4 in National Rankings. Georgetown University Official Athletic Site (April 24, 2007). Retrieved 2007-04-26.
  50. Jammet, Nicolas, "Georgetown's Track Program Quietly Dominates", The Hoya, November 23, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  51. Well-known Georgetown Alumni Georgetown University. Georgetown Facts. February 1, 2006. accessdate= 2007-07-18
  52. Georgetown University alumni About Georgetown 2007. accessdate 2007-07-24
  53. About The Hoya. The Hoya accessdate 2007-08-27
  54. Edward Douglass White. www.supremecourthistory.org June 16, 2004. accessdate 2007-07-18
  55. Jon Shoup-Mendizabal Glory Days. The Hoya January 23, 2004. accessdate 2007-08-27

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Carrier, Thomas. Historic Georgetown: A Walking Tour. Arcadia Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0738502391
  • Curran, Robert. The Bicentennial History of Georgetown University: From Academy to University 1789-1889. Georgetown University Press, 1993. ISBN 0878404856
  • McFadden, William C. Georgetown at Two Hundred: Faculty Reflections on the University's Future. Georgetown University Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0878405039
  • Nevils, William C. Miniatures of Georgetown: Tercentennial Causeries. 1–25. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1934.
  • O'Neill, Paul. Georgetown University. Arcadia Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0738515094
  • Richmond, Derek, et. al. Georgetown University DC 2007. College Prowler, 2006. ISBN 1427400660
  • The First 125 Years: An Illustrated History of the Georgetown University Law Center. Georgetown University Law Center, 1995. ISBN 096491820X

Gallery

External links

All links retrieved June 19, 2017.

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