Meredith, George

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| imagesize  = 200px
 
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| caption    = George Meredith in 1893 by [[George Frederic Watts]].
 
| caption    = George Meredith in 1893 by [[George Frederic Watts]].
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1828|2|12|mf=y}}
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| birth_date  = Feb. 12, 1828
 
| birth_place = [[Portsmouth]], [[England]]
 
| birth_place = [[Portsmouth]], [[England]]
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1909|5|18|1828|2|12|mf=y}}
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| death_date  = May 18, 1909
| death_place = [[Box Hill, Surrey|Box Hill]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
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| death_place = Box Hill, Surrey, [[Surrey]], [[England]]
 
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'''George Meredith''', [[Order of Merit|OM]] ([[February 12]], [[1828]] – [[May 18]], [[1909]]) was an [[England|English]] [[novelist]] and [[poet]].
+
'''George Meredith''', [[Order of Merit|OM]] (February 12, 1828 – May 18, 1909) was an [[England|English]] [[Victorian Literature|Victorian]] [[novel|novelist]] and [[poetry|poet]]. His novels are noted for their sparkling wit and dialogue. He was also one of the early pioneers of what would later become the psychological novel, especially his utilization of interior monologue, which became widely used and developed in the twentieth century novel. His novels were very popular in his day, but are not as widely read today.
 
+
{{toc}}
 
==Life==
 
==Life==
Meredith was born in [[Portsmouth]], [[England]], a son and grandson of naval outfitters.<ref name="egoist-intro">{{cite book|first=George|last=Meredith|title=The Egoist|publisher=The New American Library of World Literature (Signet Classics)|year=1963|pages=Introduction (first page)}}</ref> His mother died when he was five. At the age of 14 he was sent to a [[Moravian School]] in [[Neuwied]], [[Germany]], where he remained for two years. He studied law and was credentialed as a [[solicitor]], but abandoned that profession for [[journalism]] and [[poetry]] shortly after marrying [[Mary Ellen Nicolls]], a widowed daughter of [[Thomas Love Peacock]], in [[1849]]. He was twenty-one years old; she was thirty.<ref name="egoist-intro" />   
+
Meredith was born in [[Portsmouth]], [[England]], a son and grandson of naval outfitters.<ref>George Meredith. ''The Egoist.'' (The New American Library of World Literature, (Signet Classics), 1963. Introduction) </ref> His mother died when he was five. At the age of 14 he was sent to a [[Moravian School]] in [[Neuwied]], [[Germany]], where he remained for two years. He studied law and was apprenticed to a [[London]] solicitor, but abandoned that profession for [[journalism]] and [[poetry]] shortly after marrying [[Mary Ellen Nicolls]], a widowed daughter of [[Thomas Love Peacock]], in 1849. He was 21 years old; she was 30.<ref>Ibid.</ref>   
  
He collected his early writings, first published in periodicals, into ''Poems'', which was published to some acclaim in [[1851]]. His wife left him and their five-year old son in [[1858]]; she died three years later. Her departure was the inspiration for ''The Ordeal of Richard Feverel'', his first "major novel."<ref name="egoist-intro" />
+
He collected his early writings, first published in periodicals, into ''Poems,'' which he managed to publish to some acclaim in 1851. However, poetry did not generate an income and he later turned to prose. His wife left him and their five-year-old son in 1858; she died three years later. Her departure was the inspiration for ''The Ordeal of Richard Feverel,'' his first "major novel."<ref>Ibid.</ref>
  
He married [[Marie Vulliamy]] in [[1864]] and settled in [[Surrey]]. He continued writing novels, and later in life he returned to writing poetry, often inspired by nature. [[Oscar Wilde]], in his dialogue [[The Decay Of Lying]], implied that Meredith, along with [[Honore de Balzac]], was his favorite novelist, saying "Ah, Meredith! Who can define him? His style is chaos illumined by flashes of lightning".
+
He married [[Marie Vulliamy]] in 1864 and settled in [[Surrey]], where he continued writing novels and later in life returned to writing poetry, often inspired by nature. [[Oscar Wilde]], in his dialogue [[The Decay Of Lying]], implied that Meredith, along with [[Honore de Balzac]], was his favorite novelists, saying "Ah, Meredith! Who can define him? His style is chaos illumined by flashes of lightning."  
  
In [[1909]] he died at home in [[Box Hill, Surrey]].<ref name="egoist-intro" />
+
In 1909 George Meredith died at his home in [[Box Hill, Surrey]].
  
== Works ==
+
==Literature==
'''''The Egoist''''', one of Meredith's finest novels, was a [[tragicomedy]] published in [[1879]].
+
While Meredith continued to write and publish poetry throughout his life, he is best known for his novels, especially the early novel ''The Ordeal of Richard Feverel'' (1859) and the two later ones, ''The Egoist'' (1879) and ''Diana of the Crossways'' (1885).
  
''The Egoist'' dramatizes the difficulty for women in Victorian society, when women's bodies and minds are trafficked between fathers and husbands to cement male bonds.
+
''The Egoist,'' perhaps Meredith's best known novel, was a [[tragicomedy]]. It recounts the story of self-absorbed Sir Willoughby Patterne and his attempts at [[marriage]]; jilted by his first bride-to-be, he vacillates between the sentimental Laetitia Dale and the strong-willed Clara Middleton. More importantly, the novel follows Clara's attempts to escape from her engagement to Sir Willoughby, who desires women to serve as a mirror for him and consequently cannot understand why she would not want to marry him.
 
 
The novel recounts the story of self-absorbed Sir Willoughby Patterne and his attempts at [[marriage]]; jilted by his first bride-to-be, he vacillates between the sentimental Laetitia Dale and the strong-willed Clara Middleton. More importantly, the novel follows Clara's attempts to escape from her engagement to Sir Willoughby, who desires women to serve as a mirror for him and consequently cannot understand why she would not want to marry him.
 
 
   
 
   
 
===Criticism===
 
===Criticism===
20th century British novelist and short story writer, [[Angus Wilson]], called ''The Egoist'' "the turning point in George Meredith's career." Wilson saw Meredith as "the first great art novelist." He considered the book an adaptation of a stage [[comedy]], an achievement he arrogates to few English authors, who, he suggests, present only "[[farce]] or [[satire]]." (Wilson 501-3) He compliments Meredith most when he is detached from his characters, as "it is then that our laughter is most thoughtful" (Wilson 503). Wilson is most taken by "the absolute truth of much of the dialogue." "The way Sir Willoughby continues to speak through the answers of other characters, returning to notice their replies only when his own vein of thought is exhausted" is a "wonderful observation of human speech." (Wilson 508).
+
Twentieth century British novelist and short story writer, [[Angus Wilson]], called ''The Egoist'' "the turning point in George Meredith's career." Wilson saw Meredith as "the first great art novelist." He considered the book an adaptation of a stage [[comedy]], an achievement he arrogates to few English authors, who more characteristically, he suggests, present only "[[farce]] or [[satire]]." He compliments Meredith most when he is detached from his characters, as "it is then that our laughter is most thoughtful." Wilson is most taken by "the absolute truth of much of the dialogue." "The way Sir Willoughby continues to speak through the answers of other characters, returning to notice their replies only when his own vein of thought is exhausted" is a "wonderful observation of human speech." <ref>Ibid., 508</ref>
  
 
In his essay "Books Which Have Influenced Me," [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] reports the following story:
 
In his essay "Books Which Have Influenced Me," [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] reports the following story:
"A young friend of Mr. Meredith's (as I have the story) came to him in agony. 'This is too bad of you,' he cried. 'Willoughby is me!' 'No, my dear fellow,' said the author; 'he is all of us.'" (Stevenson 115).
+
:"A young friend of Mr. Meredith's (as I have the story) came to him in agony. 'This is too bad of you,' he cried. 'Willoughby is me!' 'No, my dear fellow,' said the author; 'he is all of us.'" <ref>Robert Lewis Stevenson. ''R.L. Stevenson on Fiction.'' (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 115</ref>
  
[[E. M. Forster]] discussed the book in his lecture series ''[[Aspects of the Novel]]'', using it as an example of a "highly organized" [[Plot (narrative)|plot]] (Forster p87). Much of his discussion, however, focuses on Meredith and his popularity as an author.
+
[[E. M. Forster]] discussed the book in his lecture series ''[[Aspects of the Novel]],'' using it as an example of a "highly organized" [[Plot (narrative)|plot]] <ref>E. M. Forester ''Aspects of the Novel.'' (Harvest Books. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1954), 87</ref> Much of his discussion, however, focuses on Meredith and his popularity as an author.
  
More materially, Forster compliments Meredith on not revealing Laetitia Dale's changed feelings for Willoughby until she rejects him in their midnight meeting; "[i]t would have spoiled his high comedy if we had been kept in touch throughout ... in fact it would be boorish. ... Meredith with his unerring good sense here lets the plot triumph" rather than explaining Dale's character more fully (Forster p92).
+
More materially, Forster compliments Meredith on not revealing Laetitia Dale's changed feelings for Willoughby until she rejects him in their midnight meeting; "[i]t would have spoiled his high comedy if we had been kept in touch throughout in fact it would be boorish. Meredith with his unerring good sense here lets the plot triumph" rather than explaining Dale's character more fully. <ref>Ibid., 92</ref>
  
Forster further compares Meredith with [[Thomas Hardy]], complimenting Hardy on his pastoral sensibilities and Meredith on his powerful plots, "[knowing] what [his] novel[s] could stand." (Forster p94)
+
Forster further compares Meredith with [[Thomas Hardy]], complimenting Hardy on his pastoral sensibilities and Meredith on his powerful plots, "[knowing] what [his] novel[s] could stand." <ref>Ibid., 94</ref>
 +
 
 +
More recently, feminist critics has argued that the novel dramatizes, among other things, the difficulty that women faced in Victorian society. Meredith's novel depicts a world in which women's bodies and minds were trafficked between fathers and husbands to cement male bonds.
  
 
==Legacy==
 
==Legacy==
As an advisor to publishers, Meredith is credited with helping [[Thomas Hardy]] start his literary career.  
+
As an adviser to publishers, Meredith is credited with helping [[Thomas Hardy]] start his literary career.  
  
Before his death, Meredith was honored from many quarters: he succeeded [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Lord Tennyson]] as president of the [[Society of Authors]]; in [[1905]] he was appointed to the [[Order of Merit]] by [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]].<ref name="egoist-intro" />
+
Before his death, Meredith was honored from many quarters: he succeeded [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Lord Tennyson]] as president of the [[Society of Authors]]; in 1905 he was appointed to the [[Order of Merit]] by [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]].<ref>Meredith (1963)</ref>
  
 +
 +
==Works==
  
 
=== Novels ===
 
=== Novels ===
*''[[The Shaving of Shagpat]]'' ([[1856]])
+
*''[[The Shaving of Shagpat]]'' (1856)
*''[[Farina (novel)|Farina]]'' ([[1857]])
+
*''[[Farina (novel)|Farina]]'' (1857)
*''[[The Ordeal of Richard Feverel]]'' ([[1859]])
+
*''[[The Ordeal of Richard Feverel]]'' (1859)
*''[[Evan Harrington]]'' ([[1861]])
+
*''[[Evan Harrington]]'' (1861)
*''[[Emilia in England]]'' ([[1864]]), republished as ''[[Sandra Belloni]]'' in [[1887]]
+
*''[[Emilia in England]]'' (1864), republished as ''[[Sandra Belloni]]'' (1887)
*''[[Rhoda Fleming]]'' ([[1865]])
+
*''[[Rhoda Fleming]]'' (1865)
*[[Vittoria (novel)|''Vittoria'']] ([[1867]])
+
*[[Vittoria (novel)|''Vittoria'']] (1867)
*''[[The Adventures of Harry Richmond]]'' ([[1871]])
+
*''[[The Adventures of Harry Richmond]]'' (1871)
*''[[Beauchamp's Career]]'' ([[1875]])
+
*''[[Beauchamp's Career]]'' (1875)
*''[[The House on the Beach]]'' ([[1877]])
+
*''[[The House on the Beach]]'' (1877)
*''[[The Case of General Ople and Lady Camper]]'' ([[1877]])
+
*''[[The Case of General Ople and Lady Camper]]'' (1877)
*''[[The Tale of Chloe]]'' ([[1879]])
+
*''[[The Tale of Chloe]]'' (1879)
*''[[The Egoist (novel)|The Egoist]]'' ([[1879]])
+
*''[[The Egoist (novel)|The Egoist]]'' (1879)
*''[[The Tragic Comedians]]'' ([[1880]])
+
*''[[The Tragic Comedians]]'' (1880)
*''[[Diana of the Crossways]]'' ([[1885]])
+
*''[[Diana of the Crossways]]'' (1885)
*''[[One of our Conquerors]]'' ([[1891]])
+
*''[[One of our Conquerors]]'' (1891)
*''[[Lord Ormont and his Aminta]]'' ([[1894]])
+
*''[[Lord Ormont and his Aminta]]'' (1894)
*''[[The Amazing Marriage]]'' ([[1895]])
+
*''[[The Amazing Marriage]]'' (1895)
*''[[Celt and Saxon]]'' ([[1910]])
+
*''[[Celt and Saxon]]'' (1910)
  
 
=== Poetry ===
 
=== Poetry ===
*''Poems'' ([[1851]])
+
*''Poems'' (1851)
*''[[Modern Love (poetry collection)|Modern Love]]'' ([[1862]])
+
*''[[Modern Love (poetry collection)|Modern Love]]'' (1862)
*''Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth'' ([[1883]])
+
*''Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth'' (1883)
*''A Faith on Trial'' ([[1885]])
+
*''A Faith on Trial'' (1885)
*''Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life'' ([[1887]])
+
*''Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life'' (1887)
*''A Reading of Earth'' ([[1888]])
+
*''A Reading of Earth'' (1888)
*''The Empty Purse'' ([[1892]])
+
*''The Empty Purse'' (1892)
*''Odes in Contribution to the Song of French History''([[1898]])
+
*''Odes in Contribution to the Song of French History'' (1898)
*''A Reading of Life'' ([[1901]])
+
*''A Reading of Life'' (1901)
*''Last Poems'' ([[1909]])
+
*''Last Poems'' (1909)
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
Line 94: Line 96:
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
* {{cite book|first=E. M.|last=Forster|title=Aspects of the Novel|publisher=Harvest Books (Harcourt, Brace & World)|year=1954}}
+
* Forster, E. M. ''Aspects of the Novel.'' Harcourt, Brace & World, 1954.
* {{cite book|first=George|last=Meredith|coauthors=afterword by Angus Wilson|title=The Egoist|publisher=The New American Library of World Literature (Signet Books)|year=1963|pages=501-508}}
+
* Meredith, George, and Angus Wilson (afterword). ''The Egoist, ''501-508. The New American Library of World Literature (Signet Books), 1963.
* {{cite book|first=Robert Louis|last=Stevenson|title=R.L. Stevenson on Fiction|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=1999}}
+
* Stevenson, Robert Louis.'' R.L. Stevenson on Fiction.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
+
All links retrieved June 15, 2017.
{{wikisource author}}
 
{{commonscat|George Meredith}}
 
 
*{{gutenberg author|id=George_Meredith|name=George Meredith}}
 
*{{gutenberg author|id=George_Meredith|name=George Meredith}}
 
* [http://fierychariot.blogspot.com/2007/06/j-m-barrie-and-george-meredith.html J. M. Barrie and George Meredith] Article by Robert Greenham about J. M. Barrie's friendship with George Meredith.
 
* [http://fierychariot.blogspot.com/2007/06/j-m-barrie-and-george-meredith.html J. M. Barrie and George Meredith] Article by Robert Greenham about J. M. Barrie's friendship with George Meredith.
  
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] —>
 
  
{{Persondata
 
|NAME=Meredith, George
 
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
 
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Writer and poet
 
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[February 12]], [[1828]]
 
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Portsmouth]], [[England]]
 
|DATE OF DEATH=[[May 18]], [[1909]]
 
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Box Hill, Surrey|Box Hill]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
 
}}
 
  
 
[[category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 
[[category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 +
[[category:Writers and poets]]
 +
[[category:Biography]]
 
{{credits|George_Meredith|156455763|The_Egoist|136543274}}
 
{{credits|George_Meredith|156455763|The_Egoist|136543274}}

Latest revision as of 15:24, 11 November 2022


George Meredith
George Meredith.1893.jpg
George Meredith in 1893 by George Frederic Watts.
Born: Feb. 12, 1828
Portsmouth, England
Died: May 18, 1909
Box Hill, Surrey, Surrey, England
Nationality: Flag of England England

George Meredith, OM (February 12, 1828 – May 18, 1909) was an English Victorian novelist and poet. His novels are noted for their sparkling wit and dialogue. He was also one of the early pioneers of what would later become the psychological novel, especially his utilization of interior monologue, which became widely used and developed in the twentieth century novel. His novels were very popular in his day, but are not as widely read today.

Life

Meredith was born in Portsmouth, England, a son and grandson of naval outfitters.[1] His mother died when he was five. At the age of 14 he was sent to a Moravian School in Neuwied, Germany, where he remained for two years. He studied law and was apprenticed to a London solicitor, but abandoned that profession for journalism and poetry shortly after marrying Mary Ellen Nicolls, a widowed daughter of Thomas Love Peacock, in 1849. He was 21 years old; she was 30.[2]

He collected his early writings, first published in periodicals, into Poems, which he managed to publish to some acclaim in 1851. However, poetry did not generate an income and he later turned to prose. His wife left him and their five-year-old son in 1858; she died three years later. Her departure was the inspiration for The Ordeal of Richard Feverel, his first "major novel."[3]

He married Marie Vulliamy in 1864 and settled in Surrey, where he continued writing novels and later in life returned to writing poetry, often inspired by nature. Oscar Wilde, in his dialogue The Decay Of Lying, implied that Meredith, along with Honore de Balzac, was his favorite novelists, saying "Ah, Meredith! Who can define him? His style is chaos illumined by flashes of lightning."

In 1909 George Meredith died at his home in Box Hill, Surrey.

Literature

While Meredith continued to write and publish poetry throughout his life, he is best known for his novels, especially the early novel The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859) and the two later ones, The Egoist (1879) and Diana of the Crossways (1885).

The Egoist, perhaps Meredith's best known novel, was a tragicomedy. It recounts the story of self-absorbed Sir Willoughby Patterne and his attempts at marriage; jilted by his first bride-to-be, he vacillates between the sentimental Laetitia Dale and the strong-willed Clara Middleton. More importantly, the novel follows Clara's attempts to escape from her engagement to Sir Willoughby, who desires women to serve as a mirror for him and consequently cannot understand why she would not want to marry him.

Criticism

Twentieth century British novelist and short story writer, Angus Wilson, called The Egoist "the turning point in George Meredith's career." Wilson saw Meredith as "the first great art novelist." He considered the book an adaptation of a stage comedy, an achievement he arrogates to few English authors, who more characteristically, he suggests, present only "farce or satire." He compliments Meredith most when he is detached from his characters, as "it is then that our laughter is most thoughtful." Wilson is most taken by "the absolute truth of much of the dialogue." "The way Sir Willoughby continues to speak through the answers of other characters, returning to notice their replies only when his own vein of thought is exhausted" is a "wonderful observation of human speech." [4]

In his essay "Books Which Have Influenced Me," Robert Louis Stevenson reports the following story:

"A young friend of Mr. Meredith's (as I have the story) came to him in agony. 'This is too bad of you,' he cried. 'Willoughby is me!' 'No, my dear fellow,' said the author; 'he is all of us.'" [5]

E. M. Forster discussed the book in his lecture series Aspects of the Novel, using it as an example of a "highly organized" plot [6] Much of his discussion, however, focuses on Meredith and his popularity as an author.

More materially, Forster compliments Meredith on not revealing Laetitia Dale's changed feelings for Willoughby until she rejects him in their midnight meeting; "[i]t would have spoiled his high comedy if we had been kept in touch throughout … in fact it would be boorish. … Meredith with his unerring good sense here lets the plot triumph" rather than explaining Dale's character more fully. [7]

Forster further compares Meredith with Thomas Hardy, complimenting Hardy on his pastoral sensibilities and Meredith on his powerful plots, "[knowing] what [his] novel[s] could stand." [8]

More recently, feminist critics has argued that the novel dramatizes, among other things, the difficulty that women faced in Victorian society. Meredith's novel depicts a world in which women's bodies and minds were trafficked between fathers and husbands to cement male bonds.

Legacy

As an adviser to publishers, Meredith is credited with helping Thomas Hardy start his literary career.

Before his death, Meredith was honored from many quarters: he succeeded Lord Tennyson as president of the Society of Authors; in 1905 he was appointed to the Order of Merit by King Edward VII.[9]


Works

Novels

  • The Shaving of Shagpat (1856)
  • Farina (1857)
  • The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859)
  • Evan Harrington (1861)
  • Emilia in England (1864), republished as Sandra Belloni (1887)
  • Rhoda Fleming (1865)
  • Vittoria (1867)
  • The Adventures of Harry Richmond (1871)
  • Beauchamp's Career (1875)
  • The House on the Beach (1877)
  • The Case of General Ople and Lady Camper (1877)
  • The Tale of Chloe (1879)
  • The Egoist (1879)
  • The Tragic Comedians (1880)
  • Diana of the Crossways (1885)
  • One of our Conquerors (1891)
  • Lord Ormont and his Aminta (1894)
  • The Amazing Marriage (1895)
  • Celt and Saxon (1910)

Poetry

  • Poems (1851)
  • Modern Love (1862)
  • Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth (1883)
  • A Faith on Trial (1885)
  • Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life (1887)
  • A Reading of Earth (1888)
  • The Empty Purse (1892)
  • Odes in Contribution to the Song of French History (1898)
  • A Reading of Life (1901)
  • Last Poems (1909)

Notes

  1. George Meredith. The Egoist. (The New American Library of World Literature, (Signet Classics), 1963. Introduction)
  2. Ibid.
  3. Ibid.
  4. Ibid., 508
  5. Robert Lewis Stevenson. R.L. Stevenson on Fiction. (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 115
  6. E. M. Forester Aspects of the Novel. (Harvest Books. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1954), 87
  7. Ibid., 92
  8. Ibid., 94
  9. Meredith (1963)

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Forster, E. M. Aspects of the Novel. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1954.
  • Meredith, George, and Angus Wilson (afterword). The Egoist, 501-508. The New American Library of World Literature (Signet Books), 1963.
  • Stevenson, Robert Louis. R.L. Stevenson on Fiction. Edinburgh University Press, 1999.

External links

All links retrieved June 15, 2017.

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