Difference between revisions of "Galena" - New World Encyclopedia
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[[Image:Galena Poland.jpg|thumb|Galena from Poland]] | [[Image:Galena Poland.jpg|thumb|Galena from Poland]] | ||
| − | Galena deposits are found in [[France]], [[Romania]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Scotland]], [[England]], [[Australia]], and [[Mexico]]. Noted deposits include those at [[Freiberg, Saxony]]; [[Cornwall]], [[Derbyshire]], and [[Cumberland]], | + | Galena deposits are found in [[France]], [[Romania]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Scotland]], [[England]], [[Australia]], and [[Mexico]]. Noted deposits include those at [[Freiberg, Saxony]]; [[Cornwall]], [[Derbyshire]], and [[Cumberland]], England; the [[Sullivan mine]] of [[British Columbia]]; and [[Broken Hill]], Australia. Galena also occurs at [[Mount Hermon]] in Northern [[Israel]]. In the [[United States]] it occurs most notably in the [[Mississippi Valley]] type deposits of the [[Lead Belt]] in southeastern [[Missouri]], and in similar environments in [[Illinois]], [[Iowa]] and [[Wisconsin]]. Galena also was a major mineral of the zinc-lead mines of the [[tri-state district]] arpond [[Joplin]] in southwestern Missouri and the adjoining areas of [[Kansas]] and [[Oklahoma]]. Galena is also an important ore mineral in the silver mining regions of [[Colorado]], [[Idaho]], [[Utah]] and [[Montana]]. Of the latter, the [[Coeur d'Alene, Idaho|Coeur d'Alene]] district of northern Idaho was most prominent. |
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| + | Galena is the [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, and gemstones|official state mineral]] of the states of Missouri and Wisconsin. | ||
| − | + | == Characteristics == | |
==Uses== | ==Uses== | ||
[[Image:Fluorite_galena09.jpg|thumb|Dark gray cubes of galena with fluorite (purple) and calcite (white) from Illinois, USA]] | [[Image:Fluorite_galena09.jpg|thumb|Dark gray cubes of galena with fluorite (purple) and calcite (white) from Illinois, USA]] | ||
| − | One of the earliest uses of galena was as [[kohl]], which in [[Ancient Egypt]] was applied around the eyes to reduce the glare of the desert sun and to repel flies, a potential source of disease.<ref>Metropolitan Museum of Art. | + | One of the earliest uses of galena was as [[kohl]], which in [[Ancient Egypt]] was applied around the eyes to reduce the glare of the desert sun and to repel flies, a potential source of disease.<ref>Metropolitan Museum of Art. ''The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt.'' (New York: The Museum, 2005), p. 10. ISBN 1-58839-170-1.</ref> |
| − | Galena is a [[semiconductor]] with a small bandgap of 0.4 eV. In the early days of [[wireless]], it was used as the semiconductor (i.e. the crystal) in [[Crystal set|crystal radio sets]]; combined with a safety pin or similar sharp wire (known as a [[Cat's-whisker detector|"cat's whisker"]]), the galena crystal became part of a point-contact [[diode]] used to detect radio signals. Scientists linked to this application were [[Karl Ferdinand Braun]] and Sir [[Jagdish Bose]]. | + | Galena is a [[semiconductor]] with a small bandgap of 0.4 eV. In the early days of [[wireless]], it was used as the semiconductor (i.e. the crystal) in [[Crystal set|crystal radio sets]]; combined with a safety pin or similar sharp wire (known as a [[Cat's-whisker detector|"cat's whisker"]]), the galena crystal became part of a point-contact [[diode]] used to detect radio signals. Scientists linked to this application were [[Karl Ferdinand Braun]] and Sir [[Jagdish Chandra Bose]]. |
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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| − | + | * [[Lead]] | |
| − | + | * [[Mineral]] | |
| − | * [ | + | * [[Sulfide]] |
| − | * [ | ||
| − | * [ | ||
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== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Farndon, John. 2006. ''The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens, with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks''. London: Lorenz Books. ISBN 0754815412. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Klein, Cornelis, and Barbara Dutrow. 2007. ''Manual of Mineral Science''. 23rd ed. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0471721574. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Pellant, Chris. 2002. ''Rocks and Minerals''. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0789491060. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman. 2001. ''Rocks, Gems and Minerals''. Rev. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1582381321. | ||
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| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://webmineral.com/data/Galena.shtml Galena mineral data] ''Webmineral.com''. Retrieved April 10, 2007. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.mindat.org/min-1641.html Mindat with location data] Retrieved April 10, 2007. | ||
| + | * [http://franklin-sterlinghill.com/dunn/ch21/galena.stm Franklin and Sterling Hill] mineral deposits. Retrieved April 10, 2007. | ||
| + | * [http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/galena.pdf Mineral Data Publishing - PDF] Retrieved April 10, 2007. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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| + | * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/lead/ Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM): Lead Toxicity] Retrieved April 10, 2007. | ||
| + | * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts13.html ToxFAQs™: Lead] Retrieved April 10, 2007. | ||
| + | * [http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photolead.html Mineral information institute] entry for lead. Retrieved April 10, 2007. | ||
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Revision as of 05:28, 10 April 2007
- For other uses, see Galena (disambiguation).
| Galena | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| General | |
| Category | Sulfides |
| Chemical formula | lead sulfide (PbS) |
| Identification | |
| Color | Lead gray, silvery |
| Crystal habit | Cubes and octahedra, tabular and sometimes skeletal crystals |
| Crystal system | Isometric hexoctahedral |
| Cleavage | Cubic |
| Fracture | Flat (when cubic) to even |
| Mohs Scale hardness | 2.5 - 2.75 |
| Luster | Metallic |
| Refractive index | Opaque |
| Pleochroism | None |
| Streak | Lead gray |
| Specific gravity | 7.4 - 7.6 |
| Fusibility | 2 |
Galena is the natural mineral form of lead sulfide. It is the most important lead ore mineral.
Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms. It is often associated with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite.
Lead ore deposits
Galena deposits often contain significant amounts of silver as included silver sulfide mineral phases or as limited solid solution within the galena structure. These argentiferous galenas have long been the most important ore of silver in mining. In addition zinc, cadmium, antimony, arsenic and bismuth also occur in variable amounts in lead ores. Selenium substitutes for sulfur in the structure constituting a solid solution series. The lead telluride mineral altaite has the same crystal structure as galena. Within the weathering or oxidation zone galena alters to anglesite (lead sulfate) or cerussite (lead carbonate).
Galena deposits are found in France, Romania, Austria, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Scotland, England, Australia, and Mexico. Noted deposits include those at Freiberg, Saxony; Cornwall, Derbyshire, and Cumberland, England; the Sullivan mine of British Columbia; and Broken Hill, Australia. Galena also occurs at Mount Hermon in Northern Israel. In the United States it occurs most notably in the Mississippi Valley type deposits of the Lead Belt in southeastern Missouri, and in similar environments in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. Galena also was a major mineral of the zinc-lead mines of the tri-state district arpond Joplin in southwestern Missouri and the adjoining areas of Kansas and Oklahoma. Galena is also an important ore mineral in the silver mining regions of Colorado, Idaho, Utah and Montana. Of the latter, the Coeur d'Alene district of northern Idaho was most prominent.
Galena is the official state mineral of the states of Missouri and Wisconsin.
Characteristics
Uses
One of the earliest uses of galena was as kohl, which in Ancient Egypt was applied around the eyes to reduce the glare of the desert sun and to repel flies, a potential source of disease.[1]
Galena is a semiconductor with a small bandgap of 0.4 eV. In the early days of wireless, it was used as the semiconductor (i.e. the crystal) in crystal radio sets; combined with a safety pin or similar sharp wire (known as a "cat's whisker"), the galena crystal became part of a point-contact diode used to detect radio signals. Scientists linked to this application were Karl Ferdinand Braun and Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose.
See also
Notes
- ↑ Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. (New York: The Museum, 2005), p. 10. ISBN 1-58839-170-1.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Farndon, John. 2006. The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens, with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks. London: Lorenz Books. ISBN 0754815412.
- Klein, Cornelis, and Barbara Dutrow. 2007. Manual of Mineral Science. 23rd ed. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0471721574.
- Pellant, Chris. 2002. Rocks and Minerals. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0789491060.
- Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman. 2001. Rocks, Gems and Minerals. Rev. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1582381321.
- Galena mineral data Webmineral.com. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
- Mindat with location data Retrieved April 10, 2007.
- Franklin and Sterling Hill mineral deposits. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
- Mineral Data Publishing - PDF Retrieved April 10, 2007.
External links
- Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM): Lead Toxicity Retrieved April 10, 2007.
- ToxFAQs™: Lead Retrieved April 10, 2007.
- Mineral information institute entry for lead. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
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