Difference between revisions of "Frederik Willem de Klerk" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:FWdeKlerk.jpg|thumb|right|F. W de Klerk]]
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| name=Frederik Willem de Klerk
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'''Frederik Willem de Klerk''' (born March 18, 1936) was the last [[State President of South Africa|State President]] of [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|Apartheid-era]] [[South Africa]], serving from September 1989 to May 1994. De Klerk was also leader of the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] (which later became the [[New National Party (South Africa)|New National Party]]) from February 1989 to September 1997.
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| image=FWdeKlerk.jpg
 
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| order=10th [[State President of South Africa]]
 
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| term_start=[[15 August]] [[1989]]
 
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| term_end=[[10 May]] [[1994]]
 
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| vicepresident=
 
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| predecessor=[[Pieter Willem Botha]]
 
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| successor=[[Nelson Mandela]]
 
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| birth_date={{birth date and age|1936|03|18}}
 
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| birth_place=[[Johannesburg]], [[Gauteng]]
 
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| party=[[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]]
 
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| order2=Co-[[Deputy President of South Africa]]
 
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| term_start2=[[10 May]] [[1994]]
 
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| term_end2=[[30 June]] [[1996]]
 
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| predecessor2=
 
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{{Apartheid}}
 
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'''Frederik Willem de Klerk''' (born [[March 18]], [[1936]]) was the last [[State President of South Africa|State President]] of [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|Apartheid-era]] [[South Africa]], serving from September 1989 to May 1994. De Klerk was also leader of the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] (which later became the [[New National Party (South Africa)|New National Party]]) from February 1989 to September 1997.
 
  
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De Klerk is best known for engineering the end of [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid]], South Africa's racial segregation policy, and supporting the transformation of South Africa into a multi-racial democracy by entering into the negotiations that resulted in all citizens, including the country's black majority, having equal voting and other rights. He shared the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] with [[Nelson Mandela]] in 1993 for his role in the ending of apartheid.
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De Klerk is best known for engineering the end of [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid]], South Africa's racial segregation policy, and supporting the transformation of South Africa into a multi-racial democracy by entering into the negotiations that resulted in all citizens, including the country's black majority, having equal voting and other rights. He shared the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] with [[Nelson Mandela]] in 1993 for his role in the ending of apartheid.  Although his party had been the architect of Apartheid, he decided to end the system peacefully instead of attempting, as those further to the political right advocated, either continuing to fight or dividing the countrey between black and white.
  
 
He was the [[Deputy President of South Africa|Deputy President]] of [[South Africa]] during the presidency of Nelson Mandela until 1996. In 1997, he retired from [[politics]].
 
He was the [[Deputy President of South Africa|Deputy President]] of [[South Africa]] during the presidency of Nelson Mandela until 1996. In 1997, he retired from [[politics]].
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F. W. matriculated from Monument High School in [[Krugersdorp]]
 
F. W. matriculated from Monument High School in [[Krugersdorp]]
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"F.W.", as he became popularly known, was first elected to the [[South African Parliament]] in 1969 as the member for [[Vereeniging]], and entered the cabinet in 1978. De Klerk had been offered a professorship of administrative law at Potchefstroom in 1972 but he declined the post because he was serving in Parliament. In 1978, he was appointed Minister of Posts and Telecommunications and Social Welfare and Pensions by Prime Minister Vorster. Under Prime Minister P.W. Botha, he held a succession of ministerial posts, including Posts and Telecommunications and Sports and Recreation (1978-1979), Mines, Energy and Environmental Planning (1979-80), Mineral and Energy Affairs (1980-82), Internal Affairs (1982-85), and National Education and Planning (1984-89). He became [[Transvaal]] provincial National Party leader in 1982. In 1985, he became chairman of the Minister's Council in the House of Assembly. On December 1, 1986, he became the leader of the House of Assembly.
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"F.W.," as he became popularly known, was first elected to the [[South African Parliament]] in 1969 as the member for [[Vereeniging]], and entered the cabinet in 1978. De Klerk had been offered a professorship of administrative law at Potchefstroom in 1972 but he declined the post because he was serving in Parliament. In 1978, he was appointed Minister of Posts and Telecommunications and Social Welfare and Pensions by Prime Minister Vorster. Under Prime Minister P.W. Botha, he held a succession of ministerial posts, including Posts and Telecommunications and Sports and Recreation (1978-1979), Mines, Energy and Environmental Planning (1979-80), Mineral and Energy Affairs (1980-82), Internal Affairs (1982-85), and National Education and Planning (1984-89). He became [[Transvaal]] provincial National Party leader in 1982. In 1985, he became chairman of the Minister's Council in the House of Assembly. On December 1, 1986, he became the leader of the House of Assembly.
  
 
==Ending apartheid==
 
==Ending apartheid==
 
As Minister of National Education, F.W. de Klerk was a supporter of segregated universities, and as a leader of the National Party in Transvaal, he was not known to advocate reform.  However, after a long political career and with a very conservative reputation, in 1989 he placed himself at the head of ''verligte'' ("enlightened") forces within the governing party, with the result that he was elected head of the National Party in February 1989, and finally State President in September 1989 to replace then president [[Pieter Willem Botha|P.W. Botha]] when the latter was forced to step down after a [[stroke]].  
 
As Minister of National Education, F.W. de Klerk was a supporter of segregated universities, and as a leader of the National Party in Transvaal, he was not known to advocate reform.  However, after a long political career and with a very conservative reputation, in 1989 he placed himself at the head of ''verligte'' ("enlightened") forces within the governing party, with the result that he was elected head of the National Party in February 1989, and finally State President in September 1989 to replace then president [[Pieter Willem Botha|P.W. Botha]] when the latter was forced to step down after a [[stroke]].  
  
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In his first speech after assuming the party leadership he called for a non-racist South Africa and for negotiations about the country's future. He lifted the ban on the [[African National Congress|ANC]] and released Nelson Mandela. He brought apartheid to an end and opened the way for the drafting of a new constitution for the country based on the principle of one person, one vote. Nevertheless, he was accused by the close friend of Mandela, [[Anthony Sampson]], of complicity in the violence between the [[African National Congress|ANC]], the [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] and elements of the security forces. In ''[[Mandela: The Authorised Biography]]'' Sampson accuses de Klerk of permitting his ministers to build their own criminal empires.
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In his first speech after assuming the party leadership he called for a non-racist South Africa and for negotiations about the country's future. He lifted the ban on the [[African National Congress|ANC]] and released Nelson Mandela. He brought apartheid to an end and opened the way for the drafting of a new constitution for the country based on the principle of one person, one vote. Nevertheless, he was accused by the close friend of Mandela, [[Anthony Sampson]], of complicity in the violence between the ANC, the [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] and elements of the security forces. In ''[[Mandela: The Authorised Biography]]'' Sampson accuses de Klerk of permitting his ministers to build their own criminal empires.
  
 
His presidency was dominated by the [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|negotiation process]],  mainly between his NP government and Mandela's ANC, which led to the democratization of South Africa.
 
His presidency was dominated by the [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|negotiation process]],  mainly between his NP government and Mandela's ANC, which led to the democratization of South Africa.
  
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In 1990, De Klerk gave order to roll back [[South Africa and weapons of mass destruction|South Africas nuclear weapons program]], the process of nuclear disarmament was essentially complete in 1991. The existence of the program was not officially acknowledged before 1993. <ref>http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/SAfrica/Nuclear/2149_3277.html</ref>
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In 1990, De Klerk gave order to roll back [[South Africa and weapons of mass destruction|South Africas nuclear weapons program]], the process of nuclear disarmament was essentially complete in 1991. The existence of the program was not officially acknowledged before 1993. <ref>"Nuclear Chronology," NTI (Nuclear Threat Initiative [http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/SAfrica/Nuclear/2149_3277.html Nuclear Chronology] Retrieved September 18, 2007</ref>
  
 
After the first free elections in [[South African general election, 1994|1994]], de Klerk became vice-president in the government of national unity under [[Nelson Mandela]], a post he kept until 1996. In 1997 he also gave over the leadership of the National Party and retreated from politics.
 
After the first free elections in [[South African general election, 1994|1994]], de Klerk became vice-president in the government of national unity under [[Nelson Mandela]], a post he kept until 1996. In 1997 he also gave over the leadership of the National Party and retreated from politics.
  
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In a recent local radio interview, jailed policeman [[Eugene de Kock]] claimed that de Klerk had hands "soaked in blood" and had ordered political killings and other crimes during the [[anti-apartheid]] conflict.  This was in response to Mr. de Klerk's recent statements that he had a "clear conscience" regarding his time in office.  <ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6919569.stm|date=July 27, 2007|publisher=BBC|title=Jailed policeman accuses De Klerk}}</ref>
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In a recent local radio interview, jailed policeman [[Eugene de Kock]] claimed that de Klerk had hands "soaked in blood" and had ordered political killings and other crimes during the [[anti-apartheid]] conflict.  This was in response to Mr. de Klerk's recent statements that he had a "clear conscience" regarding his time in office.  <ref>Allie, Mohammed "Jailed policeman accuses De Klerk," BBC 27 July, 2007 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6919569.stm Jailed policeman accuses De Klerk] Retrieved September 18, 2007</ref>
  
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Retrieved September 18, 2007</ref>
 
==Later life==
 
==Later life==
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In [[1998 in South Africa|1998]], de Klerk and his wife of 38 years, Marike, were divorced following the discovery of his affair with [[Elita Georgiades]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200112/06/eng20011206_86069.shtml|title=Ex-wife of de Klerk Murdered: S. African Police|publisher=People's Daily Online|date=[[2001-12-06]]|accessdate=2006-04-18}}</ref> then the wife of [[Tony Georgiades]], a Greek shipping tycoon who had allegedly given de Klerk and the NP financial support.<ref>{{cite news|first=Terry|last=Crawford-Browne|url=http://www.peacenews.info/issues/2442/244220.html|title=A question of priorities|work=Peace News Issue 2442|accessdate=2006-04-18}}</ref> Soon after his divorce, de Klerk and Georgiades were married and, during their honeymoon, he addressed the [[Literary and Historical Society]] in [[University College Dublin]]. His divorce and re-marriage scandalised conservative South African opinion, especially among the [[Afrikaner Calvinism|Calvinist]] [[Afrikaners]]. Then, in [[2001 in South Africa|2001]], the country was shocked by the violent death of his ex-wife,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/2003/05/14/southafrica/AAAALEAD.HTM|title=Marike killer may face life behind bars|work=Dispatch Online|date=[[2003-05-14]]|accessdate=2006-04-18}}</ref> apparently at the hands of a young security guard during the course of a robbery.
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In 1998, de Klerk and his wife of 38 years, Marike, were divorced following the discovery of his affair with [[Elita Georgiades]],<ref>"Ex-wife of de Klerk Murdered," Peoples' Daily online December 06, 2001 [http://english.people.com.cn/200112/06/eng20011206_86069.shtml Ex-wife of de Klerk Murdered: S. African Police] </ref> then the wife of [[Tony Georgiades]], a Greek shipping tycoon who had allegedly given de Klerk and the NP financial support.<ref>{{cite news|first=Terry|last=Crawford-Browne|url=http://www.peacenews.info/issues/2442/244220.html|title=A question of priorities|work=Peace News Issue 2442|accessdate=2006-04-18}}</ref> Soon after his divorce, de Klerk and Georgiades were married and, during their honeymoon, he addressed the [[Literary and Historical Society]] in [[University College Dublin]]. His divorce and re-marriage scandalised conservative South African opinion, especially among the [[Afrikaner Calvinism|Calvinist]] [[Afrikaners]]. Then, in [[2001 in South Africa|2001]], the country was shocked by the violent death of his ex-wife,<ref>"Marike killer may face life behind bars," Dispatch online, May 14, 2003 [http://www.dispatch.co.za/2003/05/14/southafrica/AAAALEAD.HTM Marike killer may face life behind bars] Retrieved September 18, 2007</ref> apparently at the hands of a young security guard during the course of a robbery.
  
 
In 1999 his autobiography, "The Last Trek-A New Beginning," was published.
 
In 1999 his autobiography, "The Last Trek-A New Beginning," was published.
  
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In 2004 de Klerk announced that he was quitting the New National Party and seeking a new political home after it was announced that the NNP would merge with the ruling ANC. That same year, while giving an interview to US journalist Richard Stengel, de Klerk was asked whether South Africa had turned out the way he envisioned it back in 1990. To which his response was: "There are a number of imperfections in the new South Africa where I would have hoped that things would be better, but on balance I think we have basically achieved what we set out to achieve. And if I were to draw balance sheets on where South Africa stands now, I would say that the positive outweighs the negative by far. There is a tendency by commentators across the world to focus on the few negatives which are quite negative, like how are we handling AIDS, like our role vis-à-vis Zimbabwe. But the positives — the stability in South Africa, the adherence to well-balanced economic policies, fighting inflation, doing all the right things in order to lay the basis and the foundation for sustained economic growth — are in place."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/7114/hbo_history_makers_series.html?breadcrumb=%2Fregion%2F151%2Fsouthern_africa|title=HBO History Makers Series: Frederik Willem de Klerk}}</ref>
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In 2004 de Klerk announced that he was quitting the New National Party and seeking a new political home after it was announced that the NNP would merge with the ruling ANC. That same year, while giving an interview to US journalist Richard Stengel, de Klerk was asked whether South Africa had turned out the way he envisioned it back in 1990. To which his response was: "There are a number of imperfections in the new South Africa where I would have hoped that things would be better, but on balance I think we have basically achieved what we set out to achieve. And if I were to draw balance sheets on where South Africa stands now, I would say that the positive outweighs the negative by far. There is a tendency by commentators across the world to focus on the few negatives which are quite negative, like how are we handling AIDS, like our role vis-à-vis Zimbabwe. But the positives—the stability in South Africa, the adherence to well-balanced economic policies, fighting inflation, doing all the right things in order to lay the basis and the foundation for sustained economic growth—are in place."<ref>HBO Histiory Makers Series, Council on Foreign Relations June 8, 2004 [http://www.cfr.org/publication/7114/hbo_history_makers_series.html?breadcrumb=%2Fregion%2F151%2Fsouthern_africa HBO History Makers Series: Frederik Willem de Klerk] Retrieved September 18, 2007</ref>
  
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In 2006 he underwent surgery for a malignant tumour in his colon, discovered after an examination on 3 June.  His condition deteriorated sharply, and he underwent a second operation after developing respiratory problems.  On 13 June it was announced that he was to undergo a [[tracheotomy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=FW undergoes tumour surgery|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1944991,00.html|date=[[2006-06-03]]|accessdate=2006-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,6119,2-7-1442_1948500,00.html|title=FW de Klerk 'stable'|date=[[2006-06-09]]|accessdate=2006-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,6119,2-7-1442_1950877,00.html|title=FW to have tracheotomy|date=[[2006-06-13]]|accessdate=2006-06-13}}</ref>  He has since recovered and on September 11, 2006 gave a speech at [[Kent State University]]'s Stark Campus in North Canton, OH.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fwdklerk.org.za/speeches.php|title=FW de Klerk Foundation Website - Speeches|date=[[2006-09-11]]|accessdate=2006-09-11}}</ref>  In 2006, he underwent triple coronary artery bypass surgery<ref name = "CNN 2006">[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/21/btsc.koinange.deklerk/index.html  de Klerk], CNN World Africa, 2006-12-21.</ref>
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In 2006 he underwent surgery for a malignant tumour in his colon, discovered after an examination on 3 June.  His condition deteriorated sharply, and he underwent a second operation after developing respiratory problems.  On 13 June it was announced that he was to undergo a [[tracheotomy]].<ref>"FW undergoes tumour surgery," News 24, 03-06-2006 [http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1944991,00.html FW undergoes tumour surgery] Retrieved September 18, 2007</ref><ref>"FW de Klerk 'stable', News 24, 09-06-2006 [http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,6119,2-7-1442_1948500,00.html FW de Klerk 'stable'] Retrieved September 18, 2007</ref><ref>"FW to have tracheotomy," News 24, 13-06-2006 [http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,6119,2-7-1442_1950877,00.html FW to have tracheotomy] Retrieved September 18, 2007.</ref>  He has since recovered and on September 11, 2006 gave a speech at [[Kent State University]]'s Stark Campus in North Canton, OH.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fwdklerk.org.za/speeches.php|title=FW de Klerk Foundation Website - Speeches|date=2006-09-11|accessdate=2006-09-11}}</ref>  In 2006, he underwent triple coronary artery bypass surgery<ref name = "CNN 2006">"De Klerk told Mandela: Timing of release not negotiable," CNN December 21 2006 [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/21/btsc.koinange.deklerk/index.html  De Klerk told Mandela: Timing of release not negotiable] Retrieved September 18, 2007</ref>
  
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In January 2007 de Klerk was a speaker promoting peace and democracy in the world at the "Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies" event in Taipei, Taiwan, along with other dignitaries including Poland's Lech Walesa and Taiwan President Chen Shui-Bian.<ref>[http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/content.asp?cuItem=25192&mp=6 ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China'' Press Release: H.E Young Sam, Kim, Former President of the Republic of Korea and his delegation arrived in Taiwan]</ref>
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In January 2007 de Klerk was a speaker promoting peace and democracy in the world at the "Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies" event in Taipei, Taiwan, along with other dignitaries including Poland's Lech Walesa and Taiwan President Chen Shui-Bian.<ref>"Press Release: H.E Young Sam, Kim, Former President of the Republic of Korea and his delegation arrived in Taiwan" Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Taiwan [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/content.asp?cuItem=25192&mp=6 'Press Release: H.E Young Sam, Kim, Former President of the Republic of Korea and his delegation arrived in Taiwan] Retrieved September 18, 2007</ref>
  
 
De Klerk is currently serving as the chairman of the pro-peace [[FW de Klerk Foundation]].
 
De Klerk is currently serving as the chairman of the pro-peace [[FW de Klerk Foundation]].
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==The de Klerk Name==
 
==The de Klerk Name==
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The name 'de Klerk' (literally meaning "the clerk" in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]) is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq, and De Clercq and is of French [[Huguenot]] origin,<ref>{{cite book|last=Lugan|first=Bernard|year=1996|title=Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud (''"The French People Who Made South Africa"'')|publisher=Bartillat|id=ISBN 2-84100-086-9}}</ref> as are a great number of other [[Afrikaans]] surnames, reflecting the large number of French Huguenot refugees who settled in the Cape beginning in the seventeenth century as refugees escaping religious persecution.
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The name 'de Klerk' (literally meaning "the clerk" in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]) is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq, and De Clercq and is of French [[Huguenot]] origin,<ref>Bernard, Lugan ''Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud'' ''("The French People Who Made South Africa")'' Etrepilly: Bartillat, 1996 ISBN 2-84100-086-9</ref> as are a great number of other [[Afrikaans]] surnames, reflecting the large number of French Huguenot refugees who settled in the Cape beginning in the seventeenth century as refugees escaping religious persecution.
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==Legacy==
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The peaceful transition of power in an atmosphere of reconciliation and forgiveness, in large measure generated by the personal generosity of spirit of Nelson Mandela, is the legacy that de Klerk left his nation.  The far right Arfrikaaners regard him as a traitor. The right-wing  Freedom Front supports a separate Volkstaat for Afrikaaners, proably along the Orange River. However, South Africa is being transformed into a truly multi-racial state under its present leadership.  
  
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''See also:'' [[Huguenots in South Africa]]
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==Notes==
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{{Reflist}}
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==References==
  
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==References==
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* De Klerk, F. W. ''The Last Trek - a New Beginning: The Autobiography''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999 ISBN 9780312223106
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{{Reflist}}
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* De Klerk, Willem. F.W. ''De Klerk: The Man in His Time''. Johannesburg: J. Ball, 1991 ISBN 9780947464363
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* Mungazi, Dickson A. ''The Last Defenders of the Laager: Ian D. Smith and F.W. De Klerk''. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1998 ISBN 9780275960308
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* Ottaway, David. ''Chained Together: Mandela, De Klerk, and the Struggle to Remake South Africa''. New York: Times Books, 1993 ISBN 9780812920147
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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*[http://www.fwdklerk.org.za The FW de Klerk Foundation]
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*[http://www.fwdklerk.org.za The FW de Klerk Foundation] Retrieved September 18, 2007.
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*[http://anjool.co.uk/south_africa.htm#fw Interview at Oxford Union, 2005]
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*[http://anjool.co.uk/south_africa.htm#fw Interview at Oxford Union, 2005] Retrieved September 18, 2007.
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*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-955786706650200252&q| Video of F.W. de Klerk's November 2005 visit to Richmond Hill High School on Google Video]
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*[http://www.globalpanel.org/ The Global Panel Foundation] Retrieved September 18, 2007.
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*[http://www.globalpanel.org/ The Global Panel Foundation]
 
  
 
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|NAME=de Klerk, Frederik Willem
 
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[State President of South Africa]]
 
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|DATE OF BIRTH={{birth date|1936|3|18|mf=y}}
 
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Johannesburg]]
 
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Revision as of 22:59, 18 September 2007

File:FWdeKlerk.jpg
F. W de Klerk

Frederik Willem de Klerk (born March 18, 1936) was the last State President of Apartheid-era South Africa, serving from September 1989 to May 1994. De Klerk was also leader of the National Party (which later became the New National Party) from February 1989 to September 1997.

De Klerk is best known for engineering the end of apartheid, South Africa's racial segregation policy, and supporting the transformation of South Africa into a multi-racial democracy by entering into the negotiations that resulted in all citizens, including the country's black majority, having equal voting and other rights. He shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Nelson Mandela in 1993 for his role in the ending of apartheid. Although his party had been the architect of Apartheid, he decided to end the system peacefully instead of attempting, as those further to the political right advocated, either continuing to fight or dividing the countrey between black and white.

He was the Deputy President of South Africa during the presidency of Nelson Mandela until 1996. In 1997, he retired from politics.

Early career

Born in Johannesburg to parents Jan de Klerk and Corrie Coetzer, de Klerk came from a family environment in which the conservatism of traditional white South African politics was deeply ingrained. His great-grandfather was a Senator, his grandfather stood twice for the white parliament unsuccessfully, and his aunt was married to NP Prime Minister J. G. Strydom. In 1948, the year when the NP swept to power in whites-only elections on an apartheid ticket, F. W. de Klerk's father, Johannes "Jan" de Klerk, became secretary of the NP in the Transvaal province and later rose to the positions of cabinet minister and President of the Senate.[1]. His brother Willem is a liberal newspaperman and one of the founders of the Democratic Party. After completing high school in Krugersdorp, de Klerk graduated in 1958 from the Potchefstroom University with BA and LL.B degrees (the latter cum laude). Following graduation, de Klerk practiced law in Vereeniging in the Transvaal. In 1969 he married Marike Willemse, with whom he had two sons and a daughter.[2]

F. W. matriculated from Monument High School in Krugersdorp "F.W.," as he became popularly known, was first elected to the South African Parliament in 1969 as the member for Vereeniging, and entered the cabinet in 1978. De Klerk had been offered a professorship of administrative law at Potchefstroom in 1972 but he declined the post because he was serving in Parliament. In 1978, he was appointed Minister of Posts and Telecommunications and Social Welfare and Pensions by Prime Minister Vorster. Under Prime Minister P.W. Botha, he held a succession of ministerial posts, including Posts and Telecommunications and Sports and Recreation (1978-1979), Mines, Energy and Environmental Planning (1979-80), Mineral and Energy Affairs (1980-82), Internal Affairs (1982-85), and National Education and Planning (1984-89). He became Transvaal provincial National Party leader in 1982. In 1985, he became chairman of the Minister's Council in the House of Assembly. On December 1, 1986, he became the leader of the House of Assembly.

Ending apartheid

As Minister of National Education, F.W. de Klerk was a supporter of segregated universities, and as a leader of the National Party in Transvaal, he was not known to advocate reform. However, after a long political career and with a very conservative reputation, in 1989 he placed himself at the head of verligte ("enlightened") forces within the governing party, with the result that he was elected head of the National Party in February 1989, and finally State President in September 1989 to replace then president P.W. Botha when the latter was forced to step down after a stroke.

In his first speech after assuming the party leadership he called for a non-racist South Africa and for negotiations about the country's future. He lifted the ban on the ANC and released Nelson Mandela. He brought apartheid to an end and opened the way for the drafting of a new constitution for the country based on the principle of one person, one vote. Nevertheless, he was accused by the close friend of Mandela, Anthony Sampson, of complicity in the violence between the ANC, the Inkatha Freedom Party and elements of the security forces. In Mandela: The Authorised Biography Sampson accuses de Klerk of permitting his ministers to build their own criminal empires.

His presidency was dominated by the negotiation process, mainly between his NP government and Mandela's ANC, which led to the democratization of South Africa.

In 1990, De Klerk gave order to roll back South Africas nuclear weapons program, the process of nuclear disarmament was essentially complete in 1991. The existence of the program was not officially acknowledged before 1993. [3]

After the first free elections in 1994, de Klerk became vice-president in the government of national unity under Nelson Mandela, a post he kept until 1996. In 1997 he also gave over the leadership of the National Party and retreated from politics.

In a recent local radio interview, jailed policeman Eugene de Kock claimed that de Klerk had hands "soaked in blood" and had ordered political killings and other crimes during the anti-apartheid conflict. This was in response to Mr. de Klerk's recent statements that he had a "clear conscience" regarding his time in office. [4]

Retrieved September 18, 2007</ref>

Later life

In 1998, de Klerk and his wife of 38 years, Marike, were divorced following the discovery of his affair with Elita Georgiades,[5] then the wife of Tony Georgiades, a Greek shipping tycoon who had allegedly given de Klerk and the NP financial support.[6] Soon after his divorce, de Klerk and Georgiades were married and, during their honeymoon, he addressed the Literary and Historical Society in University College Dublin. His divorce and re-marriage scandalised conservative South African opinion, especially among the Calvinist Afrikaners. Then, in 2001, the country was shocked by the violent death of his ex-wife,[7] apparently at the hands of a young security guard during the course of a robbery.

In 1999 his autobiography, "The Last Trek-A New Beginning," was published.

In 2004 de Klerk announced that he was quitting the New National Party and seeking a new political home after it was announced that the NNP would merge with the ruling ANC. That same year, while giving an interview to US journalist Richard Stengel, de Klerk was asked whether South Africa had turned out the way he envisioned it back in 1990. To which his response was: "There are a number of imperfections in the new South Africa where I would have hoped that things would be better, but on balance I think we have basically achieved what we set out to achieve. And if I were to draw balance sheets on where South Africa stands now, I would say that the positive outweighs the negative by far. There is a tendency by commentators across the world to focus on the few negatives which are quite negative, like how are we handling AIDS, like our role vis-à-vis Zimbabwe. But the positives—the stability in South Africa, the adherence to well-balanced economic policies, fighting inflation, doing all the right things in order to lay the basis and the foundation for sustained economic growth—are in place."[8]

In 2006 he underwent surgery for a malignant tumour in his colon, discovered after an examination on 3 June. His condition deteriorated sharply, and he underwent a second operation after developing respiratory problems. On 13 June it was announced that he was to undergo a tracheotomy.[9][10][11] He has since recovered and on September 11, 2006 gave a speech at Kent State University's Stark Campus in North Canton, OH.[12] In 2006, he underwent triple coronary artery bypass surgery[13]

In January 2007 de Klerk was a speaker promoting peace and democracy in the world at the "Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies" event in Taipei, Taiwan, along with other dignitaries including Poland's Lech Walesa and Taiwan President Chen Shui-Bian.[14]

De Klerk is currently serving as the chairman of the pro-peace FW de Klerk Foundation. FW de Klerk is an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society and Honorary Chairman of the Prague Society for International Cooperation. He also sits on the Advisory Board of the Global Panel Foundation and leads the Global Leadership Forum.[13]

The de Klerk Name

The name 'de Klerk' (literally meaning "the clerk" in Dutch) is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq, and De Clercq and is of French Huguenot origin,[15] as are a great number of other Afrikaans surnames, reflecting the large number of French Huguenot refugees who settled in the Cape beginning in the seventeenth century as refugees escaping religious persecution.

Legacy

The peaceful transition of power in an atmosphere of reconciliation and forgiveness, in large measure generated by the personal generosity of spirit of Nelson Mandela, is the legacy that de Klerk left his nation. The far right Arfrikaaners regard him as a traitor. The right-wing Freedom Front supports a separate Volkstaat for Afrikaaners, proably along the Orange River. However, South Africa is being transformed into a truly multi-racial state under its present leadership.

Notes

  1. ↑ Johnson, Anthony. "Frederik Willem de Klerk: a conservative revolutionary." UNESCO Courier (Nov 1995): 22(2). Expanded Academic ASAP. Thomson Gale. Brandeis University. 12 Mar. 2007. Thomson Gale Document Number:A17963676
  2. ↑ Abrams, Irwin, Nobelstiftelsen. Peace 1991-1995, 1999. Page 71.
  3. ↑ "Nuclear Chronology," NTI (Nuclear Threat Initiative Nuclear Chronology Retrieved September 18, 2007
  4. ↑ Allie, Mohammed "Jailed policeman accuses De Klerk," BBC 27 July, 2007 Jailed policeman accuses De Klerk Retrieved September 18, 2007
  5. ↑ "Ex-wife of de Klerk Murdered," Peoples' Daily online December 06, 2001 Ex-wife of de Klerk Murdered: S. African Police
  6. ↑ Crawford-Browne, Terry, "A question of priorities", Peace News Issue 2442. Retrieved 2006-04-18.
  7. ↑ "Marike killer may face life behind bars," Dispatch online, May 14, 2003 Marike killer may face life behind bars Retrieved September 18, 2007
  8. ↑ HBO Histiory Makers Series, Council on Foreign Relations June 8, 2004 HBO History Makers Series: Frederik Willem de Klerk Retrieved September 18, 2007
  9. ↑ "FW undergoes tumour surgery," News 24, 03-06-2006 FW undergoes tumour surgery Retrieved September 18, 2007
  10. ↑ "FW de Klerk 'stable', News 24, 09-06-2006 FW de Klerk 'stable' Retrieved September 18, 2007
  11. ↑ "FW to have tracheotomy," News 24, 13-06-2006 FW to have tracheotomy Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  12. ↑ "FW de Klerk Foundation Website - Speeches", 2006-09-11. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "De Klerk told Mandela: Timing of release not negotiable," CNN December 21 2006 De Klerk told Mandela: Timing of release not negotiable Retrieved September 18, 2007
  14. ↑ "Press Release: H.E Young Sam, Kim, Former President of the Republic of Korea and his delegation arrived in Taiwan" Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Taiwan 'Press Release: H.E Young Sam, Kim, Former President of the Republic of Korea and his delegation arrived in Taiwan Retrieved September 18, 2007
  15. ↑ Bernard, Lugan Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud ("The French People Who Made South Africa") Etrepilly: Bartillat, 1996 ISBN 2-84100-086-9

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • De Klerk, F. W. The Last Trek - a New Beginning: The Autobiography. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999 ISBN 9780312223106
  • De Klerk, Willem. F.W. De Klerk: The Man in His Time. Johannesburg: J. Ball, 1991 ISBN 9780947464363
  • Mungazi, Dickson A. The Last Defenders of the Laager: Ian D. Smith and F.W. De Klerk. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1998 ISBN 9780275960308
  • Ottaway, David. Chained Together: Mandela, De Klerk, and the Struggle to Remake South Africa. New York: Times Books, 1993 ISBN 9780812920147

External links

Preceded by:
Pieter Willem Botha 		State President of South Africa
1989–1994 		Succeeded by:
Nelson Mandela
(President of South Africa)
Preceded by:
– 		Co-Deputy President of South Africa (with Thabo Mbeki)
1994–1996 		Succeeded by:
Thabo Mbeki
Preceded by:
Bill Clinton 		Time's Men of the Year (The Peacemakers, alongside Nelson Mandela, Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin
1993 		Succeeded by:
Pope John Paul II

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