Difference between revisions of "Exile" - New World Encyclopedia

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Governments in exile frequently occur during [[war]]time occupation. For example, during the German expansion of the [[Second World War]], numerous European governments and [[monarch]]s were forced to seek refuge in the [[United Kingdom]], rather than face certain destruction at the hands of the [[Nazism|Nazis]].  
 
Governments in exile frequently occur during [[war]]time occupation. For example, during the German expansion of the [[Second World War]], numerous European governments and [[monarch]]s were forced to seek refuge in the [[United Kingdom]], rather than face certain destruction at the hands of the [[Nazism|Nazis]].  
  
===Current governments in exile===
 
Currently, there are few governments in exile. They include:
 
  
* [[Image:Flag_of_Western_Sahara.svg|22px]] [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (SADR) of [[Western Sahara]] is headquartered in the [[Tindouf]] region in [[Algeria]].
 
*‎[[Image:Flag_of_Aceh.svg|22px]]  The [[Free Aceh Movement]], a government in exile for the [[Aceh]] [[Provinces of Indonesia|special territory]] of [[Indonesia]], is headquartered in [[Sweden]].
 
*[[Image:Flag_of_Belarus_1991.svg|22px]]  The administration of the [[Belarusian National Republic]] exiled since [[1920]] and currently led by [[Ivonka Survilla]] in [[Canada]], see [[History of Belarus#BNR|History of Belarus: BNR]].
 
*[[Image:Flag_of_Tibet.svg|22px]]  The [[Government of Tibet in Exile]] led by the [[Dalai Lama]] in [[India]], claiming to be the [[legitimate]] [[ruler]] of the historical [[Tibet]]‎.
 
*[[Image:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|22px]]  The [[Government of Free Vietnam]] is led by  General [[Nguyen Khanh]], former chief of state of [[South Vietnam]].
 
*[[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|22px]]  The government of the pre-[[World War II]] [[Estonia|Republic of Estonia]], appointed by [[Kalev Ots]], headed by Ahti Mänd.
 
*[[Image:Flagofabkhazia.GIF|22px]]  The [[Government of Abkhazia-in-exile]], a pro-[[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] government claiming to represent the breakaway [[autonomous republic]] of [[Abkhazia]] is currently located in the Georgian-controlled part of this region, the [[Kodori Valley]].‎
 
*[[Image:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|22px]]  The [[Progress Party of Equatorial Guinea]] has proclaimed [[Severo Moto Nsá]] "President" in [[Madrid]] exile.
 
*[[Image:Flag of Burma (1948-1974).svg|22px]]  The [[National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma]] is led by Sein Win. It is composed of members of parliament elected in [[1990]] but not allowed by the military to take office.
 
*[[Image:Flag_of_Gabon.svg|22px]]‎  The [[Gabonese Government of National Salvation]] led by "Prime Minister" Daniel Mengara.
 
*[[Image:Serbian_Krajina1991.gif|22px]] The [[Republic of Serbian Krajina Government in Exile]] was led since [[26 February]] [[2005]] in [[Belgrade]] by the remains of the Government of the [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] that was conquered by the Croatian forces in 1995 during [[Operation Storm]] at the end of the Croatian Civil War.
 
*[[Image:Flag_of_South_Moluccas.svg|22px]]  The [[South Moluccas|Republik Maluku Selatan]], in exile from the South Moluccas, [[Indonesia]], in [[the Netherlands]] since 1950.
 
*[[Image:Iran_flag_with_emblem_1964-1979.png|22px]]  The [[Iranian monarchy|Monarchy of Iran]], led by [[Reza Cyrus Pahlavi]].
 
 
*[[Image:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg|22px]] The [[Republic of China]] is a special case. See [[political status of Taiwan]].
 
*The [[Republic of Cabinda]] claims jurisdiction over the former Portuguese protectorate of [[Cabinda]], administered by Angola as a province since 1975.
 
  
 
===Actions of governments in exile===
 
===Actions of governments in exile===
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== Famous people who have been in exile ==
 
== Famous people who have been in exile ==
*[[Manuel Altolaguirre]], exiled from [[Spain]], to [[Cuba]] and [[Mexico]].
 
*[[Michel Aoun]], exiled from [[Lebanon]], to [[France]]
 
*[[Reinaldo Arenas]] exiled from [[Cuba]], to [[United States]]
 
*[[Nawaz Sharif]] exiled from [[Pakistan]], to [[Saudi Arabia]] and then moved to [[England]] and some other countries.
 
*[[Shahbaz Sharif]] exiled from [[Pakistan]], to [[Saudi Arabia]].
 
*[[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]], exiled from [[Haiti]], to [[Venezuela]] and [[United States]] (1990-1994), and then to [[Central African Republic]] and [[South Africa]] (2004-present)
 
*[[Miguel Ángel Asturias]] exiled from [[Guatemala]] to [[France]]
 
*[[Francisco Ayala]], exiled from [[Spain]] to [[Argentina]]
 
*[[Michel Bakunin]], fled from [[Russia]]
 
*Emperor [[Bao Dai]] of Vietnam
 
*Crown Prince [[Bao Long]] of Vietnam
 
*Saint [[Thomas à Becket]], fled to France
 
*[[Gioconda Belli]], exiled from [[Nicaragua]], to [[Mexico]]
 
 
*[[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]] exiled from [[France]] to [[Elba]] and, later, [[St Helena]]
 
*[[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]] exiled from [[France]] to [[Elba]] and, later, [[St Helena]]
*[[Napoleon III]] went into exile in England.
 
*[[King Kigeli V of Rwanda]] exiled from [[Rwanda]] to [[Uganda]] and, later, received political asylum to live in the [[United States|U.S.]]
 
*[[Willy Brandt]] exiled to [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]], during the Nazi era
 
 
*[[Bertolt Brecht]]
 
*[[Bertolt Brecht]]
*[[Breyten Breytenbach]]
 
 
*[[Joseph Brodsky]], exiled from [[Soviet Union]] to [[United States]]
 
*[[Joseph Brodsky]], exiled from [[Soviet Union]] to [[United States]]
*[[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]], exiled from [[United Kingdom]], to [[Italy]] and [[Ottoman Empire]]
+
*[[John Calvin]], exiled from [[Switzerland]] to [[France]], but later let back into Switzerland, due to change in government
*[[Pablo Casals]], self-exiled during the [[Spanish Civil War]], vowing not to return before democracy was restored in Spain. He died in exile, in 1973. [[Francisco Franco]] died in 1975, restoring the monarchy, which became constitutional by degrees.
 
*[[Alejo Carpentier]], exiled from [[Cuba]] to [[Haiti]] and [[Venezuela]]
 
 
*[[Frédéric Chopin]], exiled from [[Poland]] to [[France]]
 
*[[Frédéric Chopin]], exiled from [[Poland]] to [[France]]
*[[Marcus Tullius Cicero]], exiled in 58 B.C.E. in a political controversy that involved his [[Marcus Tullius Cicero#Exile and Return|execution]] of six members of a conspiracy to overthrow the [[Roman Republic]]. He was recalled a year later to cheering crowds.
 
 
*[[El Cid]], banned from [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], served other Iberian kings ending with the conquest of [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]]
 
*[[El Cid]], banned from [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], served other Iberian kings ending with the conquest of [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]]
 
* [[Dante Alighieri]], Medieval Itialian poet and author of the [[Divine Comedy]], Sentenced to two years of Exile and forced to pay a fine when the Black Guelfs took control of Florence. However Dante could not pay his fine because he was staying at Rome at the request of [[Pope Boniface VIII]] and was considered to be an absconder and sentenced to permanent exile.
 
* [[Dante Alighieri]], Medieval Itialian poet and author of the [[Divine Comedy]], Sentenced to two years of Exile and forced to pay a fine when the Black Guelfs took control of Florence. However Dante could not pay his fine because he was staying at Rome at the request of [[Pope Boniface VIII]] and was considered to be an absconder and sentenced to permanent exile.
*[[Nadia Comaneci]], famous Romanian gymnast, self-exiled to [[United States]]
 
*[[Celia Cruz]], exiled from [[Cuba]] to [[United States]]
 
*[[Humberto Delgado]], exiled from [[Portugal]] to [[Brazil]] and [[Algeria]]
 
*[[Porfirio Díaz]], exiled from [[Mexico]] to [[France]]
 
*[[Ariel Dorfman]], exiled from [[Chile]], to [[United States]]
 
*[[Du Fu]]
 
*[[Jean-Claude Duvalier]], exiled form [[Haiti]] to [[France]]
 
*[[Albert Einstein]] self-exiled from Germany to the [[United States]]
 
*[[Lion Feuchtwanger]],
 
 
*[[Sigmund Freud]] self exiled from [[Austria]] to [[United Kingdom]]
 
*[[Sigmund Freud]] self exiled from [[Austria]] to [[United Kingdom]]
*[[Alberto Fujimori]], exiled from [[Peru]] to [[Japan]]
 
*[[Eduardo Galeano]], exiled from [[Uruguay]] to [[Argentine]] and [[Spain]]
 
*[[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]] exiled to [[South America]]
 
*[[Francisco de Goya]] exiled to [[Bordeaux]] as ''[[afrancesado]]''
 
*[[Jorge Guillén]]
 
*[[Tenzin Gyatso]], 14th [[Dalai Lama]], exiled from [[Tibet]] to [[India]]
 
 
*[[Heinrich Heine]]
 
*[[Heinrich Heine]]
 
*[[Victor Hugo]] exiled from [[France]] to the [[Channel Islands]]
 
*[[Victor Hugo]] exiled from [[France]] to the [[Channel Islands]]
*[[Juan Ramón Jiménez]], fled to [[United States]], [[Cuba]], and finally to [[Puerto Rico]]
 
 
*[[Arthur Koestler]]  
 
*[[Arthur Koestler]]  
*[[Kim Dae-jung]]
 
*[[Idi Amin]], exiled to [[Libya]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] until his death.
 
*[[Konstantinos Karamanlis]]
 
*[[Ruhollah Khomeini]], exiled from Iran to France.
 
*[[Pavel Kohout]]
 
*[[Jan Amos Komenský]]
 
*[[Tadeusz Kościuszko]]
 
*[[Lajos Kossuth]]
 
*Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]], exiled from [[Cambodia]] to [[China]] and [[North Korea]] twice.
 
*[[Peter Kropotkin]]
 
 
*[[Lenin]] self-exiled to [[Switzerland]]
 
*[[Lenin]] self-exiled to [[Switzerland]]
*[[Lotte Lehmann]]
 
*[[Fernão Lopez]] self-exile to [[Saint Helena]]
 
*[[La Lupe]], to [[Puerto Rico]] and [[United States]]
 
*[[Heinrich Mann]] self-exile to [[Switzerland]] and to the [[United States]]
 
 
*[[Thomas Mann]] self-exile to [[Switzerland]] and to the [[United States]], moved back to Switzerland
 
*[[Thomas Mann]] self-exile to [[Switzerland]] and to the [[United States]], moved back to Switzerland
*[[Ferdinand Marcos]] exiled from the [[Philippines]] to [[Hawaii]]
 
 
*[[Karl Marx]] self-exiled from [[Germany]] to [[Great Britain]]
 
*[[Karl Marx]] self-exiled from [[Germany]] to [[Great Britain]]
*[[José Martí]]
 
*[[Giuseppe Mazzini]]
 
*[[Rigoberta Menchú]], exiled from [[Guatemala]], to [[Mexico]]
 
*[[Josef Mengele]], fled [[Nazi Germany]] after the war to [[South America]]
 
*[[Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov]]
 
*[[Ezekiel Mphahlele]], exiled from [[South Africa]] to [[Kenya]], [[Zambia]] and [[United States]]
 
 
*[[Adam Mickiewicz]]
 
*[[Adam Mickiewicz]]
*[[Mobutu Sese Seko]]
 
*[[Mireya Moscoso]], fled to [[Spain]]
 
*[[Kwame Nkrumah]] exiled from [[Ghana]] to [[Guinea]]
 
*[[Juan Carlos Onetti]] exiled from [[Uruguay]] to [[Spain]] until his death
 
 
*[[Ovid]]
 
*[[Ovid]]
*[[Víctor Paz Estenssoro]], exiled from [[Bolivia]] to [[Argentina]], [[Perú]]
 
*[[Carlos Andrés Pérez]], exiled from [[Venezuela]], to [[Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], and [[United States]]
 
*[[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]], exiled from [[Venezuela]] to [[United States|U.S.]] and [[Spain]]
 
*[[Juan Perón]] exiled from [[Argentina]] to [[Paraguay]] and [[Spain]]
 
*[[Saint-John Perse]] exiled from [[Vichy France]] to [[United States]]
 
*[[Bob Powell]]
 
*[[Roman Polański]], fled the [[United States]] to [[France]] to avoid prison for [[child rape]]
 
*[[Ferenc Puskás]] from Hungary to Spain
 
*[[Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre]], fled to [[Mexico]]
 
*[[Romain Rolland]], fled to [[Switzerland]]
 
*[[Wilhelm Röpke]] fled Germany during Nazi rule
 
*Prince [[Sauryavong Savang]], lives in exile in [[Paris, France]]
 
*Crown Prince [[Soulivong Savang]], lives in exile in [[Paris, France]]
 
*[[Jorge Semprún]], exiled from [[Spain]], to [[France]]
 
*[[Costas Simitis]], exiled from [[Greece]], to [[Germany]]
 
*Prince [[Mangkra Souvannaphouma]], lives in exile in [[Paris, France]]
 
*Prince [[Nguyen Phuc Buu Chanh]] of [[Vietnam]], lives in exile in the [[United States]]
 
*Prince [[Hso Khan Pha ]] lives in exile in [[Canada]]
 
*[[Fernando Savater]]
 
*[[Benjamin Sehene]]
 
*Emperor [[Amha Selassie I]], lived in exile in [[Djibouti]],[[Israel]], [[Great Britain]], and [[United States]].
 
*Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] of Ethiopia
 
*[[Crown Prince Zera Yacob Amha Selassie]] lived in exile in [[Djibouti]], [[Israel]], [[Great Britain]], and [[United States]]
 
*[[Juliusz Slowacki]]
 
*[[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] exiled from the [[Soviet Union]], returned after the fall of [[Communism]]
 
*[[Mario Soares]]
 
*[[Wole Soyinka]]
 
*[[Alfredo Stroessner]] exile from [[Paraguay]] to [[Brazil]]
 
*[[Sun Yat-sen]]
 
*[[Oliver Tambo]]
 
 
*[[Leon Trotsky]] exiled to [[Turkey]], [[France]], [[Norway]] and [[Mexico]]
 
*[[Leon Trotsky]] exiled to [[Turkey]], [[France]], [[Norway]] and [[Mexico]]
*[[Xiao Qiang]], exiled from [[China]], to [[United States]]
 
 
*[[Miguel de Unamuno]] confined to [[Fuerteventura]], fled to France.
 
*[[Miguel de Unamuno]] confined to [[Fuerteventura]], fled to France.
*[[Clement Vallandingham]], exiled to the [[Confederate States of America]], to [[Bermuda]], then [[Canada]]
 
*[[Mario Vargas Llosa]], exiled from [[Perú]], to [[France]], [[Spain]] and [[Great Britain]]
 
*[[Caetano Veloso]], exiled from [[Brazil]] to [[United Kingdom]]
 
*[[Bruno Walter]]
 
*[[Mohammad Zaher Shah]] exile from [[Afghanistan]] to [[Italy]]
 
*[[Nicholas I of Montenegro]]
 
*[[Raúl Salinas de Gortari]] self-exiled to [[Ireland]]
 
*[[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor]], by virtue of his marriage to [[Wallis Simpson]] and his falling-out with the [[British Royal Family|Royal Family]] and his brother [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]], to [[France]]
 
*[[John Calvin]], exiled from [[Switzerland]] to [[France]], but later let back into Switzerland, due to change in government
 
*[[Hector Gramajo]], fled the [[United States]] to avoid facing charges filed under the [[Torture Victim Protection Act (1992)|Torture Victim Protection Act]]
 
 
== [[fictional character|Fictional people]] who have been in exile ==
 
*Romeo from [[Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] play [[Romeo and Juliet]]
 
*Philip Nolan in [[Edward Everett Hale]]'s novel ''[[The Man Without a Country]]''
 
*The [[Jedi Exile]], banished by the [[Jedi Council]] after the events of the [[Mandalorian Wars]].
 
*[[Zaalbar]], exiled from [[Kashyyyk]] to [[Taris]] for madclawing his brother Chuundar.
 
*[[Obi-Wan Kenobi]], after the [[Great Jedi Purge]], going into hiding on [[Tatooine]] to watch over [[Luke Skywalker]]
 
*[[Yoda]], self-exile to [[Dagobah]] after the [[Great Jedi Purge]]
 
*[[Oedipus|Oedipus the King]] in the self-titled [[Sophocles]] [[Oedipus the King|play]]
 
*[[Hippolytus (mythology)|Hippolytus]] in the self-titled [[Hippolytus (play)|play]] by [[Euripides]]
 
*[[Blackthorne (Ultima)|Blackthorne]] from the [[Ultima]] series of computer games
 
*[[Aragorn]] from [[The Lord of the Rings]] spent years of his youth in exile, not knowing of his ancestry and that he was Heir of [[Elendil]]
 
*[[Zuko|Prince Zuko]] from [[Avatar: The Last Airbender]] was exiled for challenging his father.
 
 
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Revision as of 22:05, 6 December 2006



Exile can be a form of punishment. It means to be away from one's home (i.e. city, state or country) while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return.

It is common to distinguish between internal exile, i.e., forced resettlement within the country of residence, and external exile, deportation outside the country of residence.

Exile can also be a self-imposed departure from one's homeland. Self-exile is often practiced as form of protest or to avoid persecution.

History

Exile has a long tradition as a form of punishment. It has been known in ancient Rome, where the Roman Senate had the power to exile individuals, entire families or countries (which amounted to a declaration of war).

The towns of ancient Greece, as well used exile both as a legal punishment and in Athens as a social punishment. In Athens during the time of democracy, the process of ostracism was devised in which one man who had basically made a nuisance of himself was banished from the city without prejudice for ten years, after which he was allowed to return. Among the more famous recipients of this punishment were Themistocles, Cimon and Aristides the Just. Further, Solon the lawgiver voluntarily exiled himself from Athens after drafting the city's constitution, to prevent being pressed to change it.

In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth a court of law could sentence a noble to exile (banicja). As long as the exile (banita) remained in the Commonwealth he had a price on his head and lost the priviliges and protection granted to him as a noble. Even killing a banita was not considered a crime although there was no reward for his death. Special forms of exile were accompanied by wyświecenie (a declaration of the sentence in churches) or by issuance of a separate declaration to townfolk and peasantry (all of them increased the knowledge of the exile and thus made his capture more likely).

A more severe penalty than exile was infamy (infamia) - 'a loss of honor and respect' (utrata czci i wiary). A noble who has been infamed not only suffered from the same penalties as an exiled one, but in addition, an exiled noble (banita) who killed an infamed one (infamis) could expect his exile sentence to be revoked. In addition anybody killing an infamed noble could expect a monetary reward from the state (usually a starosta of given region), and sheltering or supporting an infamed noble were also punishable offences. Both exile and infamy could be revoked if the person had done a great service to the state. As the law system in the Commonwealth was fairly inefficient, many exiles actually stayed within the country, often employed and protected by some magnates. One of the most famous exiles of the Commonwealth was Samuel Łaszcz.

On October 23, 2006, for the first time in United States history, a judge in the United States imposed exile from the US on a US citizen for crimes committed in the US. The case concerned Malcolm Watson, a citizen of the United States and a permanent resident of Canada who resided in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, near Buffalo, New York on the other side of the border. Watson, a teacher at Buffalo Seminary and a cross-border commuter, pleaded guilty to misdemeanor sex crimes against a 15-year-old former student in Cheektowaga Town Court. The district attorney, Frank J. Clark wanted to impose probation but Watson wanted to serve his probation in Canada where he, his wife, and their children lived. The DA agreed, but subject to the condition that since his probation officer could not directly monitor his residence in Canada, Watson had to remain out of the US except for meetings with his probation officer—thereby, once the judge approved the sentence, effectively exiling Watson for three years. The sentence may not stand, however. Canada arrested Watson upon his re-entry to Canada and Watson faces a hearing on possible revocation of his permanent residence status in Canada. Furthermore the DA has pledged to appeal the sentence, despite previously approving it, citing the huge and unforeseen public outcry that the case has received in Canada. After a hearing in Canada, Malcolm Watson was deemed to be not a threat and released.

Personal exile

Exile was used particularly for political opponents of those in power. The use of exile for political purposes can sometimes be useful for the government because it prevents the exilee from organizing in their native land or from becoming a martyr.

Exile represented a severe punishment, particularly for those, like Ovid or Du Fu, exiled to strange or backward regions, cut off from all of the possibilities of life as well as their families and associates. Dante describes the pain of exile in The Divine Comedy:

«. . . Tu lascerai ogne cosa diletta
più caramente; e questo è quello strale
che l'arco de lo essilio pria saetta.
Tu proverai sì come sa di sale
lo pane altrui, e come è duro calle
lo scendere e 'l salir per l'altrui scale . . .»
". . . You will leave everything you love most:
this is the arrow that the bow of exile
shoots first. You will know how salty
another's bread tastes and how hard it
is to ascend and descend
another's stairs . . ."
Paradiso XVII: 55-60

Exile has been softened, to some extent, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as exiles have received welcome in other countries and have either created new communities within those countries or, less frequently, returned to their homelands following the demise of the regime that exiled them.

Government in exile

During a foreign occupation or after a coup d'etat, a government in exile of a such afflicted country may be established abroad.

A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a country's legitimate government, but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power, and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usually operate under the assumption that they will one day return to their native country and regain power.

Governments in exile frequently occur during wartime occupation. For example, during the German expansion of the Second World War, numerous European governments and monarchs were forced to seek refuge in the United Kingdom, rather than face certain destruction at the hands of the Nazis.


Actions of governments in exile

International law recognizes that governments in exile may undertake many types of actions in the conduct of their daily affairs. These actions include:

  • becoming a party to a bilateral or international treaty
  • amending or revising its own constitution
  • maintaining military forces
  • retaining (or "newly obtaining") diplomatic recognition by sovereign states
  • issuing identity cards
  • allowing the formation of new political parties
  • instituting democratic reforms
  • holding elections
  • allowing for direct (or more broadly-based) elections of its government officers, etc.

However, none of these actions can serve to legitimatize a government in exile to become the internationally recognized legal government of its current locality. By definition, a government in exile is spoken of in terms of its native country, hence it must return to its native country and regain power there in order to obtain legitimacy as the legal government of that geographic area.

Past governments in exile

  • Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
  • Crown Council of Ethiopia, led by H.I.M Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie and based in the Washington D.C. area, claimed that the Emperor was still the legal head of Ethiopia.
  • The government in exile of the Free City of Danzig
  • Spanish Republican government in exile after Franco's coup d'état. Based in Mexico City from 1939 to 1946 when it was moved to Paris where it lasted until Franco's death.

World War II

Many countries established a government in exile after loss of sovereignty in connection with World War II:

  • Belgium (invaded 10 May, 1940)
  • Czechoslovakia (established in 1940 by Beneš and recognised by the British government)
  • Free France (after 1940)
  • Greece (invaded 28 October, 1940)
  • Luxembourg (invaded 10 May, 1940)
  • Netherlands (invaded 10 May, 1940)
  • Norway (invaded 9 April, 1940)
  • Poland (see Polish government in exile)
  • Yugoslavia (invaded 6 April, 1941)
  • Commonwealth of the Philippines (invaded 8 December, 1941)

The Provisional Government of Free India was established by Indian nationalists in exile during the war.

Other exiled leaders in England included King Zog of Albania and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.

Notable examples of occupied countries which retained partial sovereignty through their overseas territories included Belgium, Vichy France and Free France.

The Danish exception

Denmark's occupation (9 April, 1940) was administered by the German Foreign Office, contrary to other occupied lands that were under military administration. Denmark did not establish a government in exile, although there was an Association of Free Danes established in London. The King and his government remained in Denmark, and functioned comparatively independently for the first three years of German occupation. Meanwhile, Iceland and the Faroe Islands were occupied by the Allies, and effectively separated from the Danish crown.


Nation in exile

Main articles: Diaspora and Refugee

When large groups, or occasionally a whole people or nation is exiled, it can be said that this nation is in exile, or Diaspora. Nations that have been in exile for substantial periods include the Jews, who were deported by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon in 597 B.C.E. and again in the years following the destruction of the second Temple in Jerusalem in the year AD 70.

After the partitions of Poland in the late 18th century, and following the uprisings (like Kosciuszko Uprising, November Uprising and January Uprising) against the partitioning powers (Russian Empire, Prussia and Austro-Hungary), many Poles have chosen - or been forced - into exile, forming large diasporas (known as Polonia), especially in France and the United States.

The entire population of Crimean Tatars (200,000) that remained in their homeland Crimea was exiled on 18 May 1944 to Central Asia as a form of ethnic cleansing and collective punishment on false accusations.

At Diego Garcia, between 1967 and 1973 the British Government forcibly removed some 2,000 Ilois resident islanders to make way for a military base today jointly operated by the US and UK.

Tax exile

A wealthy citizen who departs from a former abode for a lower tax jurisdiction in order to reduce his/her tax burden is termed a tax exile.

A tax exile is one who chooses to leave their native country and instead to domicile themselves in a foreign nation or jurisdiction, where taxes on their personal income are appreciably lower or even nil. Going into tax exile is a means of tax mitigation or avoidance.

UK rules

Under UK law a person is "tax resident" if they visit the country for 183 days or more in the tax year or for 91 days or more on average in any four consecutive tax years.[1]

Famous tax exiles

  • Sean Connery living in the Bahamas
  • David Coulthard, Jenson Button, Roger Moore, Ringo Starr and Ken Bates in Monaco
  • Peter Ebdon living in the United Arab Emirates
  • Stelios Haji-Ioannou who was quoted in the Guardian: Sir Stelios is quoted as saying: "I have no UK income to be taxed in the UK." Source: David Leigh, Monday, July 10, 2006, The Guardian.
  • Sir Mick Jagger
  • Michael Schumacher, Phil Collins, Boris Becker, Tina Turner and Ingvar Kamprad living in Switzerland
  • Ralf Schumacher living in Austria
  • Ozzy Ozbourne living in Florida
  • Tony Ryan living in Monte Carlo
  • Freddie Mercury


Famous people who have been in exile

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees


External links


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