Difference between revisions of "Ester" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:Ester-general.png|right|150px|thumb|General formula of a carboxylate ester.]]
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[[Image:Ester-general.png|right|200px|thumb|General formula of a carboxylate ester.]]
In [[chemistry]], '''esters''' are [[organic compound]]s in which an [[organic radical|organic group]] (symbolized by '''R'''' in this article) replaces a [[hydrogen]] [[atom]] (or more than one) in a [[hydroxyl]] [[functional group|group]].  An oxygen acid is an acid whose [[molecule]] has an '''-{{Hydroxyl}}''' [[functional group|group]] from which the hydrogen (H) can [[Dissociation (chemistry)|dissociate]] as an H<sup>+</sup> [[ion]].
 
  
The most common esters are the '''carboxylate esters''', where the acid in question is a [[carboxylic acid]]. For example, if the acid is [[acetic acid]], the ester is called an [[acetate]]. Stable esters such as [[carbamates]], R{{oxygen}}({{carbon}}{{oxygen}}){{Nitrogen}}{{Hydrogen}}R', and [[dialkyl carbonate]]s, R{{oxygen}}({{carbon}}{{oxygen}}){{oxygen}}R, can be formed from unstable [[carbamic acid]] or [[carbonic acid]], respectively. Esters may also be formed with [[inorganic]] acids; for example, [[dimethyl sulfate]] is an ester, and sometimes called "[[sulfuric acid]], di[[methyl]] ester".
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In [[chemistry]], '''esters''' are [[organic compound]]s in which an [[organic radical|organic group]] (symbolized by '''R'''' in this article) replaces the [[hydrogen]] [[atom]] of a [[hydroxyl]] [[functional group|group]] in an [[oxoacid]]. A [[molecule]] of an oxoacid has an '''-{{Hydroxyl}}''' (OH) group from which the hydrogen (H) can [[Dissociation (chemistry)|dissociate]] as an H<sup>+</sup> [[ion]]. Many esters have distinctive odors and flavors, leading to their use as artificial flavorings and fragrances.
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The most common esters are the '''carboxylate esters''', where the acid in question is a [[carboxylic acid]]. For example, if the acid is [[acetic acid]], the ester is called an [[acetate]]. Stable esters such as [[carbamates]], R{{oxygen}}({{carbon}}{{oxygen}}){{Nitrogen}}{{Hydrogen}}R', and [[dialkyl carbonate]]s, R{{oxygen}}({{carbon}}{{oxygen}}){{oxygen}}R, can be formed from unstable [[carbamic acid]] or [[carbonic acid]], respectively. Esters may also be formed with [[inorganic]] acids; for example, [[dimethyl sulfate]] is an ester, and sometimes called "[[sulfuric acid]], di[[methyl]] ester."
  
 
Esters are named similarly to [[salt]]s; although they are not composed of [[cation]]s and [[anion]]s as salts are, the terminology used to refer to them follows the same pattern: a more electropositive part followed by a more electronegative part.
 
Esters are named similarly to [[salt]]s; although they are not composed of [[cation]]s and [[anion]]s as salts are, the terminology used to refer to them follows the same pattern: a more electropositive part followed by a more electronegative part.
 
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{{toc}}
An ester can be thought of as a product of a [[condensation reaction]] of an acid (usually an [[organic acid]]) and an [[alcohol]] (or [[phenols|phenol]] compound), although there are other ways to form esters. Condensation is a type of [[chemical reaction]] in which two [[molecule]]s are joined together and eliminate a small molecule, in this case two'''-OH''' groups are joined eliminating a [[water (molecule)|water molecule]]. A condensation reaction to form an ester is called [[esterification]]. Esterification can be catalysed by the presence of H<sup>+</sup> ions. Sulfuric acid is often used as a [[catalyst]] for this reaction. The name ester is derived from the German '''Es'''sig-Ä'''ther''', an old name for acetic acid ethyl ester ([[ethyl acetate]]).
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An ester can be thought of as a product of a [[condensation reaction]] of an acid (usually an [[organic acid]]) and an [[alcohol]] (or [[phenols|phenol]] compound), although there are other ways to form esters. Condensation is a type of [[chemical reaction]] in which two [[molecule]]s are joined together and eliminate a small molecule, in this case two'''-OH''' groups are joined eliminating a [[water (molecule)|water molecule]]. A condensation reaction to form an ester is called [[esterification]]. Esterification can be catalysed by the presence of H<sup>+</sup> ions. Sulfuric acid is often used as a [[catalyst]] for this reaction. The name ester is derived from the German '''Es'''sig-Ä'''ther''', an old name for acetic acid ethyl ester ([[ethyl acetate]]).
  
 
==Nomenclature==
 
==Nomenclature==
 
[[Image:Ethylethanoate.png|right|frame|Ethyl acetate structure]]
 
[[Image:Ethylethanoate.png|right|frame|Ethyl acetate structure]]
Esters can be produced by an [[equilibrium reaction]] between an [[alcohol]] and a [[carboxylic acid]]. The ester is named according to the ''[[alkyl]]'' group (the part from the [[alcohol]]) and then the ''alkanoate'' (the part from the [[carboxylic acid]]) which make it up.<ref>[http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_511.htm IUPAC naming of esters]</ref> For example, the reaction between [[methanol]] and [[butyric acid]] yields the ester [[methyl butyrate]] C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>-COO-CH<sub>3</sub> (as well as water). The simplest ester is H-COO-CH<sub>3</sub> ([[methyl formate]], also called methyl methanoate).
 
  
For esters derived from the simplest carboxylic acids, the traditional names are recommended by IUPAC,<ref>[http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_705.htm IUPAC parent groups using traditional names]</ref> ''viz'', formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, though out of these only acetate may carry further substituents. For esters from higher acids, the alkane name with an ''-oate'' ending is generally preferred, e.g., hexanoate. Common esters of aromatic acids include [[benzoate]]s such as [[methyl benzoate]], and [[phthalates]], with substitution allowed in the name.
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Esters can be produced by an [[equilibrium reaction]] between an [[alcohol]] and a [[carboxylic acid]]. The ester is named according to the ''[[alkyl]]'' group (the part from the alcohol) and then the ''alkanoate'' (the part from the carboxylic acid) which make it up.<ref>[http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_511.htm Specific Classes of Compounds: Salts and Esters.] (IUPAC naming of esters.) Retrieved May 24, 2007.</ref> For example, the reaction between [[methanol]] and [[butyric acid]] yields the ester [[methyl butyrate]] C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>-COO-CH<sub>3</sub> (as well as water). The simplest ester is [[methyl formate]] (H-COO-CH<sub>3</sub>, also called methyl methanoate).
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For esters derived from the simplest carboxylic acids, the traditional names are recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ([[IUPAC]]),<ref>[http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_705.htm Carboxylic acids and related groups: Unsubstituted parent structures.] (IUPAC parent groups using traditional names.) Retrieved May 24, 2007.</ref>. Examples of names (from lower molecular-weight acids) are: formate (from formic acid), acetate (acetic acid), propionate (from propionic acid), butyrate (butyric acid), and so forth. For esters from higher molecular-weight acids, the alkane name with an ''-oate'' ending is generally preferred—for example, hexanoate from hexanoic acid. Common esters of aromatic acids include [[benzoate]]s such as [[methyl benzoate]], and [[phthalates]], with substitution allowed in the name.
  
 
==Physical properties==
 
==Physical properties==
Esters participate in [[hydrogen bond]]s as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding makes them more [[water]]-[[soluble]] than their parent [[hydrocarbon]]s. However, the limitations on their hydrogen bonding also make them more hydrophobic than either their parent alcohols or parent acids. Their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability means that ester [[molecule]]s cannot hydrogen-bond to each other, which makes esters generally more volatile than a [[carboxylic acid]] of similar molecular weight. This property makes them very useful in organic analytical chemistry: unknown organic acids with low volatility can often be esterified into a volatile ester, which can then be analyzed using [[gas chromatography]], [[gas liquid chromatography]], or [[mass spectrometry]].
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Many esters have distinctive odors, which has led to their use as artificial flavorings and fragrances. For example:
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Esters participate in [[hydrogen bond]]s as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding makes them more [[water]]-[[soluble]] than their parent [[hydrocarbon]]s. However, the limitations on their hydrogen bonding also make them more hydrophobic than either their parent alcohols or parent acids.  
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Their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability means that ester [[molecule]]s cannot hydrogen-bond to each other, which makes esters generally more volatile than a [[carboxylic acid]] of similar molecular weight. This property makes them very useful in organic analytical chemistry: unknown organic acids with low volatility can often be esterified into a volatile ester, which can then be analyzed using [[gas chromatography]], [[gas liquid chromatography]], or [[mass spectrometry]].
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=== Odors and flavors ===
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Examples of esters with distinctive odors and flavors are given below.
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{| class=sortable
 
{| class=sortable
 
|-
 
|-
 
! chemical name
 
! chemical name
 
! [[molar mass]]<br/>(g/mol)
 
! [[molar mass]]<br/>(g/mol)
! <font color="#0040FF">[[NFPA 704#Blue/Health|◆]]</font>
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! [[NFPA 704#Blue/Health|<span style="color:#0040FF;font-size:140%">♦</span>]]
! <font color="#FF0000">[[NFPA 704#Red/Flammability|◆]]</font>
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! [[NFPA 704#Red/Flammability|<span style="color:#FF0000;font-size:140%">♦</span>]]
! <font color="#FFE000">[[NFPA 704#Yellow/Reactivity|◆]]</font>
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! [[NFPA 704#Yellow/Reactivity|<span style="color:#FFE000;font-size:140%">♦</span>]]
 
! image
 
! image
 
! odor
 
! odor
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== Ester synthesis ==
 
== Ester synthesis ==
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Esters can be prepared in the laboratory in several ways:
 
Esters can be prepared in the laboratory in several ways:
 
* by [[esterification]] of [[carboxylic acid]] derivatives and [[alcohol]]s
 
* by [[esterification]] of [[carboxylic acid]] derivatives and [[alcohol]]s
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== Ester reactions==
 
== Ester reactions==
[[Image:Ester_hydrolysis.PNG|right|400px|frame|Ester saponification (basic hydrolysis)]]
 
 
Esters react in a number of ways:
 
Esters react in a number of ways:
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* Esters may undergo [[hydrolysis]] - the breakdown of an ester by water. This process can be catalyzed both by acids and bases. The base-catalyzed process is called [[saponification]]. The hydrolysis yields an alcohol and a [[carboxylic acid]] or its [[carboxylate]] [[salt]].
 
* Esters may undergo [[hydrolysis]] - the breakdown of an ester by water. This process can be catalyzed both by acids and bases. The base-catalyzed process is called [[saponification]]. The hydrolysis yields an alcohol and a [[carboxylic acid]] or its [[carboxylate]] [[salt]].
 
* Esters also react if heated with primary or secondary [[amine]]s, producing [[amide]]s.
 
* Esters also react if heated with primary or secondary [[amine]]s, producing [[amide]]s.
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* Esters are converted to [[isocyanate]]s through intermediate [[hydroxamic acid]]s in the [[Lossen rearrangement]].
 
* Esters are converted to [[isocyanate]]s through intermediate [[hydroxamic acid]]s in the [[Lossen rearrangement]].
  
== External links ==
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== See also ==
* [http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/ethylacetate/ethylh.htm Molecule of the month: Ethyl acetate and other esters]
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* [http://www.projectshum.org/Ester/ Making an Ester] A simple guide to naming and making Esters, as well as the Chemistry behind it.
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* [[Carboxylic acid]]
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* [[Alcohol]]
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== Notes ==
 +
<references />
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
<references />
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* McMurry, John. ''Organic Chemistry,'' 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2004. ISBN 0534420052.
 +
* Morrison, Robert T., and Robert N. Boyd. ''Organic Chemistry,'' 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992. ISBN 0136436692.
 +
* Solomons, T.W. Graham, and Fryhle, Craig B. ''Organic Chemistry,'' 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2004. ISBN 0471417998.
 +
 
 +
== External links ==
 +
All links retrieved August 15, 2017.
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* Simon Cotton [http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/ethylacetate/ethylh.htm Ethyl acetate.] Uppingham School, Rutland, UK.
 +
* Project shum [http://www.projectshum.org/Ester/ Making an Ester Homepage.]
 +
* [http://goldbook.iupac.org/E02219.html IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology - the Gold Book.] ''International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry''.
  
 
{{Functional Groups}}
 
{{Functional Groups}}

Revision as of 19:16, 28 February 2022

General formula of a carboxylate ester.

In chemistry, esters are organic compounds in which an organic group (symbolized by R' in this article) replaces the hydrogen atom of a hydroxyl group in an oxoacid. A molecule of an oxoacid has an -OH (OH) group from which the hydrogen (H) can dissociate as an H+ ion. Many esters have distinctive odors and flavors, leading to their use as artificial flavorings and fragrances.

The most common esters are the carboxylate esters, where the acid in question is a carboxylic acid. For example, if the acid is acetic acid, the ester is called an acetate. Stable esters such as carbamates, RO(CO)NHR', and dialkyl carbonates, RO(CO)OR, can be formed from unstable carbamic acid or carbonic acid, respectively. Esters may also be formed with inorganic acids; for example, dimethyl sulfate is an ester, and sometimes called "sulfuric acid, dimethyl ester."

Esters are named similarly to salts; although they are not composed of cations and anions as salts are, the terminology used to refer to them follows the same pattern: a more electropositive part followed by a more electronegative part.

An ester can be thought of as a product of a condensation reaction of an acid (usually an organic acid) and an alcohol (or phenol compound), although there are other ways to form esters. Condensation is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined together and eliminate a small molecule, in this case two-OH groups are joined eliminating a water molecule. A condensation reaction to form an ester is called esterification. Esterification can be catalysed by the presence of H+ ions. Sulfuric acid is often used as a catalyst for this reaction. The name ester is derived from the German Essig-Äther, an old name for acetic acid ethyl ester (ethyl acetate).

Nomenclature

File:Ethylethanoate.png
Ethyl acetate structure

Esters can be produced by an equilibrium reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. The ester is named according to the alkyl group (the part from the alcohol) and then the alkanoate (the part from the carboxylic acid) which make it up.[1] For example, the reaction between methanol and butyric acid yields the ester methyl butyrate C3H7-COO-CH3 (as well as water). The simplest ester is methyl formate (H-COO-CH3, also called methyl methanoate).

For esters derived from the simplest carboxylic acids, the traditional names are recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC),[2]. Examples of names (from lower molecular-weight acids) are: formate (from formic acid), acetate (acetic acid), propionate (from propionic acid), butyrate (butyric acid), and so forth. For esters from higher molecular-weight acids, the alkane name with an -oate ending is generally preferred—for example, hexanoate from hexanoic acid. Common esters of aromatic acids include benzoates such as methyl benzoate, and phthalates, with substitution allowed in the name.

Physical properties

Esters participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding makes them more water-soluble than their parent hydrocarbons. However, the limitations on their hydrogen bonding also make them more hydrophobic than either their parent alcohols or parent acids.

Their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability means that ester molecules cannot hydrogen-bond to each other, which makes esters generally more volatile than a carboxylic acid of similar molecular weight. This property makes them very useful in organic analytical chemistry: unknown organic acids with low volatility can often be esterified into a volatile ester, which can then be analyzed using gas chromatography, gas liquid chromatography, or mass spectrometry.

Odors and flavors

Examples of esters with distinctive odors and flavors are given below.

chemical name molar mass
(g/mol)
image odor
allyl hexanoate pineapple
benzyl acetate 150.18 1 1 0 Benzyl acetate.png pear, strawberry, jasmine
bornyl acetate pine tree flavor
butyl butyrate 144.21 2 2 0 Butyl butyrate.png pineapple
ethyl acetate 88.12 1 3 0 Ethyl acetate.png nail polish remover, model paint, model airplane glue
ethyl butyrate 116.16 Ethyl butyrate.png banana, pineapple, strawberry
ethyl hexanoate strawberry
ethyl cinnamate 176.21 Ethyl cinnamate.png cinnamon
ethyl formate 74.08 Ethylformiat.png lemon, rum, strawberry
ethyl heptanoate 158.27 Ethyl heptanoate.png apricot, cherry, grape, raspberry
ethyl isovalerate apple
ethyl lactate 118.13 1 1 0 Ethyl lactate.png butter cream
ethyl nonanoate grape
ethyl valerate 130.18 1 3 0 Ethyl valerate.png apple
geranyl acetate 196.29 0 1 0 Geranyl acetate.png geranium
geranyl butyrate cherry
geranyl pentanoate apple
isobutyl acetate 116.16 1 3 0 Isobutyl acetate structure.svg cherry, raspberry, strawberry
isobutyl formate raspberries
isoamyl acetate 130.19 Isoamyl acetate.png pear, banana (flavoring in Pear Drops)
isopropyl acetate 102.1 1 3 0 Isopropyl acetate.png fruity
linalyl acetate lavender, sage
linalyl butyrate peach
linalyl formate apple, peach
methyl acetate 74.08 1 3 0 Methyl acetate.png peppermint
methyl anthranilate 151.165 Methyl anthranilate.png grape, jasmine
methyl benzoate 136.15 Methyl benzoate.png fruity, ylang ylang, feijoa fruit
methyl benzyl acetate cherry
methyl butyrate 102.13 Methyl butyrate.png pineapple, apple
methyl cinnamate strawberry
methyl pentanoate 116.16 Methyl pentanoate.png flowery
methyl phenyl acetate honey
methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) 152.1494 Salicylic acid methyl ester chemical structure.png root beer, wintergreen, Germolene™ and Ralgex™ ointments (UK)
nonyl caprylate orange
octyl acetate 172.27 Ocyl acetate.png fruity-orange
octyl butyrate parsnip
amyl acetate (pentyl acetate) 130.19 Amyl acetate.png apple, banana
pentyl butyrate (amyl butyrate) 158.24 Pentyl butyrate.png apricot, pear, pineapple
pentyl hexanoate (amyl caproate) apple, pineapple
pentyl pentanoate (amyl valerate) 172.15 Pentyl pentanoate.png apple
propyl ethanoate pear
propyl isobutyrate rum
terpenyl butyrate cherry

Ester synthesis

Esters can be prepared in the laboratory in several ways:

  • by esterification of carboxylic acid derivatives and alcohols
  • by transesterifications between other esters
  • by Dieckmann condensation or Claisen condensation of esters carrying acidic α-protons
  • by Favorskii rearrangement of α-haloketones in presence of base
  • by nucleophilic displacement of alkyl halides with carboxylic acid salts
  • by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones with peroxides
  • by Pinner reaction of nitriles with an alcohol

Ester reactions

Esters react in a number of ways:

  • Esters may undergo hydrolysis - the breakdown of an ester by water. This process can be catalyzed both by acids and bases. The base-catalyzed process is called saponification. The hydrolysis yields an alcohol and a carboxylic acid or its carboxylate salt.
  • Esters also react if heated with primary or secondary amines, producing amides.
  • Phenyl esters react to hydroxyarylketones in the Fries rearrangement.
  • Di-esters such as diethyl malonate react as nucleophile with alkyl halides in the malonic ester synthesis after deprotonation.
  • Specific esters are functionalized with an α-hydroxyl group in the Chan rearrangement
  • Esters are converted to isocyanates through intermediate hydroxamic acids in the Lossen rearrangement.

See also

Notes

  1. Specific Classes of Compounds: Salts and Esters. (IUPAC naming of esters.) Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  2. Carboxylic acids and related groups: Unsubstituted parent structures. (IUPAC parent groups using traditional names.) Retrieved May 24, 2007.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • McMurry, John. Organic Chemistry, 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2004. ISBN 0534420052.
  • Morrison, Robert T., and Robert N. Boyd. Organic Chemistry, 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992. ISBN 0136436692.
  • Solomons, T.W. Graham, and Fryhle, Craig B. Organic Chemistry, 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2004. ISBN 0471417998.

External links

All links retrieved August 15, 2017.


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