Echinoderm

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Echinoderms
Sea urchin
Sea urchin
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Metazoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Klein, 1734
Classes
  • Asteroidea
  • Blastoidea (extinct)
  • Concentricycloidea
  • Crinoidea
  • Echinoidea
  • Holothuroidea
  • Ophiuroidea

Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata, from the Greek for spiny skin) are a phylum of marine invertebrates that are generally characterized by a hard spiny covering, an internal calcite skeleton, hundreds of tiny, transparent, adhesive "tube feet," and five-rayed radial symmetry (at some point in their lives). This phylum includes the starfish, sand dollars, crinoids, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.

Echinodermata is the largest animal phylum to lack any freshwater or terrestrial representatives. Representatives of the phylum can be found at all depths. Echinodermata traces to at least the early Cambrian period and contains about 7,000 known living species and 13,000 extinct ones.


Types of Echinoderms

Five or six classes of echinoderms (six counting Concentricycloidea) are alive today:

  • Asteroidea (asteroids, starfish, or sea stars): about 1,500 species that capture prey for their own food.
  • Concentricycloidea (sea daisies), notable for their unique water vascular system; two species; recently merged into Asteroidea.
  • Crinoidea (crinoids, feather stars, or sea lilies): about 600 species that are suspension feeders.
  • Echinoidea (echinoids, sea urchins, and sand dollars): notable for their movable spines; about 1,000 species.
  • Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers): elongated animals resembling slugs; about 1,000 species.
  • Ophiuroidea (brittle stars and basket stars), the physically largest of echinoderms; about 1,500 species.

Extinct forms known from fossils include blastoids, edrioasteroids, and several early Cambrian animals such as Helicoplacus, carpoids, Homalozoa, and possibly machaerids.


Physiology

The tube feet can be seen on this sea star.

Echinoderms appeared to have evolved from animals with bilateral symmetry, but whose later forms were lopsided. Echinoderms' larvae are ciliated free-swimming organisms that organize in a bilaterally symmetric fashion that makes them look like embryonic chordates. Later, the left side of the body grows at the expense of the right side, which is eventually absorbed. The left side then grows in a pentaradially symmetric fashion, in which the body is arranged in five parts around a central axis. All echinoderms exhibit fivefold radial symmetry in portions of their body at some stage of life, even if they have secondary bilateral symmetry.

Live sand dollar on a beach

Echinoderms also have a mesodermal endoskeleton made of tiny calcified plates and spines, which forms a rigid support contained within tissues of the organism. Some groups have modified spines called pedicellariae that keep the animal free of debris.

Echinoderms possess a hydraulic water vascular system, a network of fluid-filled canals that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange. The tube feet come from canals, and can be extended or retracted by means of water pressure from the water vascular system. The tube feet, or podia, are sucker-like and can be used for movement and to grip objects.

Echinoderms possess an open and reduced circulatory system, and have a complete digestive tube (tubular gut).

Echinoderms have a simple radial nervous system that consists of a modified nerve net (interconnected neurons with no central organs) and nerve rings with radiating nerves around the mouth extending into each arm. The branches of these nerves coordinate the movements of the animal. Echinoderms have no brain, although some do have ganglia.

Micro brittle starfish and Caulerpa racemosa

The sexes of echinoderms are usually separate. Sexual reproduction typically consists of releasing eggs and sperm into the water, with fertilization taking place externally.

Many echinoderms have remarkable powers of regeneration. A starfish cut radially into a number of parts will, over the course of several months, regenerate into as many separate, viable starfish. A section as small as a single arm (with the commensurate central-body mass and neural tissue) will, in ideal circumstances, successfully regenerate in this way.

Classification

Echinoderms, like chordates, are deuterostomes and are therefore thought to be the most closely related of the major phyla to the chordates, being a sister group to chordates plus hemichordates. (Some believe that acorn worms are more closely related to echinoderms than chordates.) Because of a controversial interpretation of Homalozoa, a minority of classifiers place the echinoderms into the Chordata.

  • Phylum Echinodermata
    • Subphylum Homalozoa Gill & Caster, 1960
      • Class Homostelea
      • Class Homoiostelea
      • Class Stylophora Gill & Caster, 1960
      • Class Ctenocystoidea Robison & Sprinkle, 1969
    • Subphylum Crinozoa
      • Class Eocrinoidea Jaekel, 1899
      • Class Paracrinoidea Regnéll, 1945
      • Class Cystoidea von Buch, 1846
      • Class Blastoidea
      • Class Crinoidea
    • Subphylum Asterozoa
    • Subphylum Echinozoa
      • Class Helicoplacoidea
      • Class Edriosteroidea
      • Class Ophiocistioidea
      • Class Holothuroidea
      • Class Echinoidea Leske, 1778

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Hyman, L. H. 1955. The Invertebrates. Volume IV: Echinodermata. New York: McGraw-Hill.


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