Difference between revisions of "Eastern Africa" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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=== Period of European Imperialism===
 
=== Period of European Imperialism===
  
East Africa during the [[19th century|19th]] and early [[20th century]] became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time.  
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In the 19th century Scramble for Africa, East Africa became a prime target for European nations looking to expand into the fertile agricultural lands were trading ports were already well established. The only country to escape the demands of European colonialism was Ethiopia, which sucessfully repelled invasion attempts by the Italian. Ethiopia enters the annals of history as the oldest independent nation in Africa.  
During the period of the [[Scramble for Africa]], almost every country comprising the present day East African region became part of a European [[Colony|colonial]] empire.
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The first European power to establish a presence in East Africa was Portugal, who set about acquiring a position in southern Mozambique. Using southern Mozambique as a base, the Portuguese expanded their sphere of influence northward, eventually reaching modern day Kenya. Portuguese attempts at expansion stopped only when it reached the British [[Protectorate]] of [[Nyasaland]] (modern day [[Malawi]]). Portuguese forces surrounded the British stronghold and solidified Portuguese control of the entire eastern shore of the lake, a move that prohibited further British expansion in the area.  
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[[Portugal]] had first among other European nations established a strong presence in southern [[Mozambique]], while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to [[Mombasa]] in present day Kenya. At [[Lake Malawi]], they finally met the recently created British [[Protectorate]] of [[Nyasaland]] (nowadays [[Malawi]]), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast.
 
  
 
The [[British Empire]] set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today [[Uganda]], and [[Kenya]]. The Protectorate of [[Uganda]] and the Colony of [[Kenya]] were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of [[cash crops]] like [[coffee]] and [[tea]], as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as [[Domestic goat|goat meat]], [[beef]] and [[milk]]. Moreover this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' [[geomorphology]] allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like [[Nairobi]] and [[Entebbe]].  
 
The [[British Empire]] set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today [[Uganda]], and [[Kenya]]. The Protectorate of [[Uganda]] and the Colony of [[Kenya]] were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of [[cash crops]] like [[coffee]] and [[tea]], as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as [[Domestic goat|goat meat]], [[beef]] and [[milk]]. Moreover this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' [[geomorphology]] allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like [[Nairobi]] and [[Entebbe]].  

Revision as of 23:08, 11 July 2007


██ Eastern Africa (UN subregion) ██ East African Community ██ Central African Federation (defunct) ██ geographic East Africa, including the UN subregion and East African Community

East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:

Geographically, Egypt and Sudan are sometimes included in this region.

East Africa is often used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda,[1] and also Rwanda, Burundi, and Somalia.[2]

Background

Image of the region between Lake Victoria (on the right) and Lakes Albert, Kivu and Tanganyika (from north to south) lshowing dense vegetation (bright green) and fires (red)

Eastern Africa consists of two distinct geographic regions: the eastern portion of the African continent that includes Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda and the Horn of Africa, which includes Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. The Horn of Africa contains a wide diversity of geographical features, ranging from the Ethiopian highlands to the Ogaden desert in southeastern Ethiopia. In essence the Horn of Africa is a penninsula jutting out from the African mainland and bordered by the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean.

The geography of the eastern portion of the African mainland exhibits the same variety of natural features found in the Horn of Africa. East Africa is a land of drastic geographic contrasts, featuring Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya(the two tallest peaks in Africa) and the Great Rift Valley, a deep gorge shaped by tectonic forces. East Africa is also famous for its bodies of water and boasts both Lake Victoria ( the world's second largest freshwater lake) and Lake Tanganyika the world's second deepest lake.

Throughout East Africa, farming flourished on the rich and nutrient rich land. Some scholars argue that the fertile lands of East Africa were a major contributor to European colonialism, as many European powers desired to exploit the agricultural land. Beyond human agriculture, fertile lands also provide a home for a wide variety of wild animals. Some parts of East Africa have garnered worldwide fame for their heavy concentrations of "big five" of elephant, water buffalo, lion, leopard and rhinoceros. Despite declining wildlife populations, East Africa continues to attract tourists looking for contact with big game. Due to the wildlife population, and the dramatic landscape of the area, tourism has become a major component of the Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan economies.

Culture and Religion

Major populations in the Horn of Africa include the Amhara, Tigray, Oromo, and Somali peoples. They are linked together due to deep linguistic and cultural ties, the main tie being the common use of Afro-Asiatic languages. Throughout history the Horn of Africa has been in contact with the Arabian peninsula and Southeast Asia, and both Islam and Christianity are deeply rooted in the cultures of the region.

East Africa also had contacts with the Arabian peninsula early in its history, especially through the island of Zanzibar. While these early contacts contributed to the culture of East Africa, the heaviest cultural influences in the region come from the Bantu Kingdoms near Lake Victoria and the Kenyan cattle raising civilizations in the highlands.

History

Pre-Colonial History

East Africa, due to its coastal location, was heavily involved in trade and developed an export economy early in its history. Early trade in the region is documented by a team of archaelologists who have found Egyptian coins in the port city of Mtambe Mkuu in modern day Tanzania. These coins document East African exportation of furs, gold, ivory,and rock crystals as early as 1000 C.E.

Period of European Imperialism

In the 19th century Scramble for Africa, East Africa became a prime target for European nations looking to expand into the fertile agricultural lands were trading ports were already well established. The only country to escape the demands of European colonialism was Ethiopia, which sucessfully repelled invasion attempts by the Italian. Ethiopia enters the annals of history as the oldest independent nation in Africa.

The first European power to establish a presence in East Africa was Portugal, who set about acquiring a position in southern Mozambique. Using southern Mozambique as a base, the Portuguese expanded their sphere of influence northward, eventually reaching modern day Kenya. Portuguese attempts at expansion stopped only when it reached the British Protectorate of Nyasaland (modern day Malawi). Portuguese forces surrounded the British stronghold and solidified Portuguese control of the entire eastern shore of the lake, a move that prohibited further British expansion in the area.


The British Empire set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today Uganda, and Kenya. The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea, as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as goat meat, beef and milk. Moreover this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi and Entebbe.

The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Réunion and the Comoros. Madagascar - until then under British control - became part of the French colonial empire being ceded in exchange for the island of Zanzibar an important hub of spices trade, off the coast of Tanganyika. The British as well held a number of island colonies in the region. The Seychelles an extended archipelago and the rich farmland island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty, were as such.

The German Empire gained control of a large area named German East Africa, comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. In 1922, the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as Tanzania. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology.

The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland), while a narrow coastal strip of northern Somalia remained under British control (British Somaliland). This northern coast was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula; together, they served as the gatekeeper of the sea lane leading to the British Raj. The French also had their own outpost on their route to Indochina, the small protectorate of Djibouti, also named French Somaliland.

By then, the Orthodox empire of Ethiopia alone stood independent. Later, beginning with the Italians buying a small port town (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, they were able to colonize Eritrea, while Ethiopia remained independent (though it was briefly occupied from 1936-1941 by Italy during World War II)

Conflicts

Until recently most governments were illiberal and corrupt, and several countries were riven with political coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. Since the end of colonialism, the region has endured:

Kenya and Tanzania have enjoyed relatively stable governments. However politics has been turbulent at times, including the attempted coup d’état in 1982.

The Awdal region of Somalia too has seen relative stability.

Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1965. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania and Uganda fought the Uganda-Tanzania War in 1978-1979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. The New Oxford Dictionary of English, Judy Pearsall, ed. 2001. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; p. 582.
  2. Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed. 2001. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc.; p. 339.
  • Davidson, Basil. West Africa Before the Colonial Era: A History to 1850. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 1998. ISBN 0582318521
  • Lewis, Brenda Ralph. Great Civilizations. Bath: Parragon Book Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0752561413
  • Costantino, Maria. The Illustrated Flag Handbook. New York: Gramercy Books, 2001. ISBN 0517218100
  • Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved July 11, 2007.

See also

  • Horn of Africa
  • British East Africa
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
  • History of Africa
  • Economic history of Africa
  • African archaeology
  • Legends of Africa
  • History by continent
  • Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures
  • Pan-Africanism
  • West Africa
  • North Africa
  • South Africa
  • Central Africa
  • North African Campaign
  • Western Desert Campaign
  • North African Campaign timeline
  • East African Campaign (World War II)
  • Afrika Korps
  • Panzer Army Africa
  • László Almásy Explorer, long range desert specialist and the basis of the English Patient. Discovered the Magyarab tribe of Nubai.