Difference between revisions of "Dingo" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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=== Relationship with invasive species ===
 
=== Relationship with invasive species ===
 
In Australia, dingoes compete for the same food supply as introduced [[feral cat]]s and [[red fox]]es, and also prey upon them (as well as on feral pigs). A study at [[James Cook University]] has concluded that the reintroduction of dingoes would help control the populations of these pests, lessening the pressure on native biodiversity.<ref>ECOS magazine '''133''' Oct-Nov 2006. Call for more dingoes to restore native species. Tracey Millen. [http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=EC133p5a.pdf] (Refers to the book ''Australia's Mammal Extinctions: a 50,000 year history''. Christopher N. Johnson. ISBN-978-0521686600).</ref> The author of the study, Professor Chris Johnson, notes his first-hand observations of native [[rufous bettong]]s being able to thrive when dingoes are present. The rate of decline of ground-living mammals decreases from 50% or more, to just 10% or less, where dingoes are present to control fox and cat populations.
 
In Australia, dingoes compete for the same food supply as introduced [[feral cat]]s and [[red fox]]es, and also prey upon them (as well as on feral pigs). A study at [[James Cook University]] has concluded that the reintroduction of dingoes would help control the populations of these pests, lessening the pressure on native biodiversity.<ref>ECOS magazine '''133''' Oct-Nov 2006. Call for more dingoes to restore native species. Tracey Millen. [http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=EC133p5a.pdf] (Refers to the book ''Australia's Mammal Extinctions: a 50,000 year history''. Christopher N. Johnson. ISBN-978-0521686600).</ref> The author of the study, Professor Chris Johnson, notes his first-hand observations of native [[rufous bettong]]s being able to thrive when dingoes are present. The rate of decline of ground-living mammals decreases from 50% or more, to just 10% or less, where dingoes are present to control fox and cat populations.
 +
 +
==Role in the extinction of the thylacine in mainland Australia==
 +
 +
The arrival of dingoes is thought by some to have been a major factor in the extinction of the [[thylacine]] in mainland Australia. commonly known as the Tasmanian Tiger (because of its striped back), the Tasmanian Wolf, this was the largest carnivorous marsupial in modern times. Fossil evidence and Aboriginal paintings show that thylacines once inhabited the entire Australian mainland, only to suddenly disappear about 3,000 years ago. Since dingoes are thought to have arrived around 500 years prior, certain scientists think this was sufficient time for the canids to impact on mainland thylacine populations, either through interspecific competition or through the diffusion of disease. Considering that thylacines managed to survive in the dingo-devoid island of [[Tasmania]] until the 1930s, some put this forward as further indirect evidence for dingo responsibility for the thylacine's disappearance.<ref name="history" /> Some however doubt the impact of the dingo, as the two species would not have been in direct competition with one another. The dingo is a primarily [[diurnal animal|diurnal]] predator, while it is thought the thylacine hunted mostly at night. In addition, the thylacine had a more powerful build, which would have given it an advantage in one-to-one encounters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/introducing/tasmanian_wolf_4.htm|title=Introducing the Thylacine|publisher=The Thylacine Museum|date=|accessdaymonth=[[23 May]]|accessyear=[[2007]]}}</ref> However, recent morphological examinations on dingo and thylacine skulls by Stephen Wroe of the University of NSW biomechanics show that although the dingo had a weaker bite, it's skull could resist greater stresses, allowing it to pull down larger prey than the thylacine. The thylacine was also much less versatile in diet, unlike the omnivorous dingo.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/tigers-demise-dingo-did-do-it/2007/09/05/1188783320057.html Tiger's demise: dingo did do it]</ref>
  
 
==Relationships with humans==
 
==Relationships with humans==
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===Attacks on humans===
 
===Attacks on humans===
 
Although humans are not natural prey for wild dingoes, there have been a number of instances in which people have been attacked by them. The most famous fatality case is that of 10 week old [[Azaria Chamberlain]], who is thought to have been taken by a dingo on the 17th August, 1980 on [[Ayers Rock]]. The body itself was never found, and the child's mother was initially found guilty of murder but later exonerated of all charges and released.<ref name="Attacks">{{cite web | url= http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/Publikasjoner/oppdragsmelding/NINA-OM731.pdf | title= The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans | publisher= Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning | accessdate= 2008-06-26}}</ref> However, since the Chamberlain case, proven cases of attacks on humans by dingoes have brought about a dramatic change in public opinion. It is now widely accepted that, as the first inquest concluded, Azaria probably was killed by a dingo, and that her body could easily have been removed and eaten by a dingo, leaving little or no trace. All other recorded attacks occurred on [[Fraser Island]], where dingoes have become habituated to humans feeding them. This has lead to an increase in aggressive encounters between dingoes and humans. Between 1996 and 2001, 224 incidences of dingoes biting people were recorded,<ref name="Attacks" /> and on the 5th of May, 2001, two children were attacked near the remote Waddy Point campsite. The older of the two, a 9 year old schoolboy was killed, while his younger brother was badly mauled. Three days later, two [[backpacker]]s were attacked in the same area, leading to the government authorising a cull, and the establishment of a A$1,500 fine to anyone found feeding dingoes.<ref name="Cull">{{cite web | url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/may/06/ameliahill.theobserver | title= Dingoes attack British backpackers days after boy mauled to death | publisher= guardian.co.uk | accessdate= 2008-07-26}}</ref>
 
Although humans are not natural prey for wild dingoes, there have been a number of instances in which people have been attacked by them. The most famous fatality case is that of 10 week old [[Azaria Chamberlain]], who is thought to have been taken by a dingo on the 17th August, 1980 on [[Ayers Rock]]. The body itself was never found, and the child's mother was initially found guilty of murder but later exonerated of all charges and released.<ref name="Attacks">{{cite web | url= http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/Publikasjoner/oppdragsmelding/NINA-OM731.pdf | title= The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans | publisher= Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning | accessdate= 2008-06-26}}</ref> However, since the Chamberlain case, proven cases of attacks on humans by dingoes have brought about a dramatic change in public opinion. It is now widely accepted that, as the first inquest concluded, Azaria probably was killed by a dingo, and that her body could easily have been removed and eaten by a dingo, leaving little or no trace. All other recorded attacks occurred on [[Fraser Island]], where dingoes have become habituated to humans feeding them. This has lead to an increase in aggressive encounters between dingoes and humans. Between 1996 and 2001, 224 incidences of dingoes biting people were recorded,<ref name="Attacks" /> and on the 5th of May, 2001, two children were attacked near the remote Waddy Point campsite. The older of the two, a 9 year old schoolboy was killed, while his younger brother was badly mauled. Three days later, two [[backpacker]]s were attacked in the same area, leading to the government authorising a cull, and the establishment of a A$1,500 fine to anyone found feeding dingoes.<ref name="Cull">{{cite web | url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/may/06/ameliahill.theobserver | title= Dingoes attack British backpackers days after boy mauled to death | publisher= guardian.co.uk | accessdate= 2008-07-26}}</ref>
 
==Role in the extinction of the thylacine in mainland Australia==
 
 
The arrival of dingoes is thought by some to have been a major factor in the extinction of the [[thylacine]] in mainland Australia. Fossil evidence and Aboriginal paintings show that thylacines once inhabited the entire Australian mainland, only to suddenly disappear about 3,000 years ago. Since dingoes are thought to have arrived around 500 years prior, certain scientists think this was sufficient time for the canids to impact on mainland thylacine populations, either through interspecific competition or through the diffusion of disease. Considering that thylacines managed to survive in the dingo-devoid island of [[Tasmania]] until the 1930s, some put this forward as further indirect evidence for dingo responsibility for the thylacine's disappearance.<ref name="history" /> Some however doubt the impact of the dingo, as the two species would not have been in direct competition with one another. The dingo is a primarily [[diurnal animal|diurnal]] predator, while it is thought the thylacine hunted mostly at night. In addition, the thylacine had a more powerful build, which would have given it an advantage in one-to-one encounters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/introducing/tasmanian_wolf_4.htm|title=Introducing the Thylacine|publisher=The Thylacine Museum|date=|accessdaymonth=[[23 May]]|accessyear=[[2007]]}}</ref> However, recent morphological examinations on dingo and thylacine skulls by Stephen Wroe of the University of NSW biomechanics show that although the dingo had a weaker bite, it's skull could resist greater stresses, allowing it to pull down larger prey than the thylacine. The thylacine was also much less versatile in diet, unlike the omnivorous dingo.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/tigers-demise-dingo-did-do-it/2007/09/05/1188783320057.html Tiger's demise: dingo did do it]</ref>
 
  
  

Revision as of 03:44, 12 November 2008

Dingo
File:Dingo duenn2.JPG
Conservation status
Status iucn3.1 VU.svg
Vulnerable

(IUCN) [1]

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species: C. lupus
Subspecies: C. l. dingo
Trinomial name
Canis lupus dingo
(Meyer, 1793)
Dingo range
Dingo range
Synonyms

antarcticus (Kerr, 1792), australasiae (Desmarest, 1820), australiae (Gray, 1826), dingoides (Matschie, 1915), macdonnellensis (Matschie, 1915), novaehollandiae (Voigt, 1831), papuensis (Ramsay, 1879), tenggerana (Kohlbrugge, 1896), harappensis (Prashad, 1936), hallstromi (Troughton, 1957)[2]

Breed classification
ANKC: Group 4 (Hounds)
ARBA: Spitz and Primitive Group
Breed standards (external link)
ANKC

Dingo is the common name for a type of Australian canid, Canis lupus dingo, characterized by a wolf-like head with erect, pointed ears, long legs, bushy tail, and soft and short fur that ranges in color from yellowish or yellowish red to reddish brown, with white on underside, tip of tail, and paws. Although commonly described as an Australian wild dog, it is not restricted to Australia, with modern dingoes also found throughout Southeast Asia, from where it was believed to have been introduced to Australia by aboriginal settlers thousands of years ago. They have features in common with both wolves and modern dogs, and are regarded as more or less unchanged descendants of an early ancestor of modern dogs. The name dingo comes from the language of the Eora Aboriginal people, who were the original inhabitants of the Sydney area. The New Guinea Singing Dog is also classified as Canis lupus dingo. It also is known by the common name of Warrigal.

did it originate there. Modern dingoes are found throughout Southeast Asia, mostly in small pockets of remaining natural forest, and in mainland Australia, particularly in the north.

As a result of interbreeding with dogs introduced by European settlers, the purebred dingo gene pool is in decline. By the early-1990s, about a third of all wild dingoes in the south-east of the continent were dingo/domestic dog crosses, and although the process of interbreeding is less advanced in more remote areas, the extinction of the subspecies in the wild may be inevitable according to some researchers.[3] Although protection within Federal National Parks, World Heritage areas, Aboriginal reserves, and the Australian Capital Territory is available for dingoes, they are at the same time classified as a pest in other areas. Since a lack of country-wide protection means they may be trapped or poisoned in many areas, in conjunction with the hybridisation with domestic dogs the taxon was upgraded from 'Lower Risk/Least Concern' to 'Vulnerable' by the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) in 2004.[1]


Description

Appearance

File:Dingos-schwarz.jpg
Black furred dingoes

Adult dingoes are typically 48–58 cm (19–23 inches) tall at the shoulders, and weigh on average 23–32 kgs (50–70 pounds), though specimens weighing 55 kg (120 pounds) have been recorded.[4] Males are larger and heavier than females.[5] Dingoes in southern Australia tend to be smaller than dingoes occurring in northern and north-western Australia. Australian dingoes are invariably larger than specimens occurring in Asia.[5] Compared to similarly sized domestic dogs, dingoes have longer muzzles, larger carnassials, longer canine teeth, and a flatter skull with larger nuchal lines.[5] Their dental formula is 3/3-1/1-4/4-2/3=42.[5] Dingoes lack the same degree of tooth crowding and jaw-shortening that distinguishes other dog breeds from wolves.[4]

Fur colour is typically yellow-ginger, though tan, black, white or sandy including occasional brindle can occur. Albino dingoes have been reported.[4] Any other colours are indicators of hybridization.[5] Purebred dingoes have white hair on their feet and tail tip and lack dewclaws on their hindlegs.[4]

Chromosome number is 2n=78.[5]

Similar to a wolf and domestic dog, the dingo was thought to be descended from the Iranian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes).[6] DNA analysis has shown it to be more closely related to domestic dogs, suggesting that they were introduced from a population of domesticated dogs, possibly at a single occasion during the Austronesian expansion into Island Southeast Asia.[7]

Temperament and behavior

Dingoes are mostly seen alone, though the majority belong to packs which rendezvous once every few days to socialise or mate.[5] Scent marking, howling and stand offs against rival packs increase in frequency during these times.[5] Packs of dingoes can number 3 to 12 in areas with little human disturbance, with distinct male and female dominance hierarchies determined through aggression.[5] Successful breeding is typically restricted to the dominant pair, though subordinate pack members will assist in rearing the puppies.[5]

The size of a dingo's territory has little to do with pack size, and more to do with terrain and prey resources.[5] Dingoes in south-western Australia have the largest home ranges.[5] Dingoes will sometimes disperse from the natal home ranges, with one specimen having been recorded to travel 250 kilometers (155 miles).[5]

Dingoes do not bark as much as domestic dogs, who can be very loud, and they howl more frequently. Three basic howls with over 10 variations have been recorded.[5] Howling is done to attract distant pack members and it repels intruders.[5] In chorus howling, the pitch of the howling increases with the number of participating members.[5] Males scent mark more frequently than females, peaking during the breeding season.[5]

Ecology

Dietary habits

Dingoes feeding on human handouts in Borneo

Over 170 different animal species have been recorded in Australia to be included in the dingo's diet, ranging from insects to water buffalo. Prey specialisation varies according to region. In Australia's northern wetlands, the most common prey are magpie geese, dusky rats and agile wallabies, while in arid central Australia, the most frequent prey items are European rabbits, long-haired rats, house mice, lizards and red kangaroos.[5] In north-western habitats, Eastern Wallaroos and red kangaroos are usually taken, while wallabies, possums and wombats are taken in the east and south eastern highlands.[5] In Asia, dingoes live in closer proximity to humans, and will readily feed on rice, fruit and human refuse. Dingoes have been observed hunting insects, rats and lizards in rural areas of Thailand and Sulawesi.[5] Dingoes will usually hunt alone when targeting small prey such as rabbits and will hunt in groups for large prey like kangaroos.[5] Dingoes in Australia will sometimes prey on livestock in times of seasonal scarcity.[5]

Reproduction

Like wolves, but unlike domestic dogs, dingoes reproduce once annually.[5] Male dingoes are fertile throughout the year, whereas females are only receptive during their annual estrus cycle.[5] Females become sexually mature at the age of two years, while males obtain it at 1 to 3 years.[5] Dominant females within packs will typically enter estrus earlier than subordinates.[5] Captive dingoes typically have a pro-estrus and estrus period lasting 10–12 days, while for wild specimens it can be as long as 2 months.[5] The gestation period lasts 61–69 days, with litters usually being composed of 5 puppies.[5] There is usually a higher ratio of females than males.[5] Puppies are usually born from May to July, though dingoes living in tropical habitats can reproduce at any time of the year.[5] Puppies are usually born in caves, dry creekbeds or appropriated rabbit or wombat burrows.[5] Puppies become independent at 3–6 months, though puppies living in packs will sometimes remain with their group until the age of 12 months.[5] Unlike in wolf packs, in which the dominant animals prevent subordinates from breeding, alpha dingoes suppress subordinate reproduction through infanticide.[5]

Crossbreeding with other dogs

File:Dingo-mischlinge.jpg
Dingo crossbreeds

Crossbreeding with pet and feral domestic dogs is currently thought to be the dingo's greatest threat for survival. Up to 80% of the wild dogs along Australia’s eastern seaboard are thought to be dog-dingo crossbreeds. The current Australian policy is to cull hybrids whilst protecting purebreds. This has proved effective on Fraser Island in Queensland, where dingoes are confined and introgression of domestic dog genes can be controlled. It has however proven to be problematic on mainland Australia, to the point where it is estimated that at the current rate of genetic introgression, pure dingoes should go extinct within 50 years. Conservationists are generally split into two groups; those who view crossbreeding as detrimental to the dingo's uniqueness, and those who believe genetics and appearance are irrelevant, as long as the animals maintain their ecological niche.[8] Hybrids may enter estrus twice annually, and have a gestation period of 58–65 days, but it is not sure whether they successfully raise two litters.[5] All in all, little is known about the long-term effects of crossbreeding and crossbreeds cannot always be distinguished from pure dingos.

Some people claim that the Australian Kelpie has some dingo blood; as it was illegal to keep dingoes as pets, some dingo owners registered their animals as Kelpies or Kelpie crosses. It should be noted that Kelpies and dingoes are very similar in conformation and colouring. There is no doubt that some have deliberately mated dingoes to their Kelpies, and some opinion holds that the best dilution is 1/16-1/32, but that 1/2 and 1/4 will work.[9]

Relationship with invasive species

In Australia, dingoes compete for the same food supply as introduced feral cats and red foxes, and also prey upon them (as well as on feral pigs). A study at James Cook University has concluded that the reintroduction of dingoes would help control the populations of these pests, lessening the pressure on native biodiversity.[10] The author of the study, Professor Chris Johnson, notes his first-hand observations of native rufous bettongs being able to thrive when dingoes are present. The rate of decline of ground-living mammals decreases from 50% or more, to just 10% or less, where dingoes are present to control fox and cat populations.

Role in the extinction of the thylacine in mainland Australia

The arrival of dingoes is thought by some to have been a major factor in the extinction of the thylacine in mainland Australia. commonly known as the Tasmanian Tiger (because of its striped back), the Tasmanian Wolf, this was the largest carnivorous marsupial in modern times. Fossil evidence and Aboriginal paintings show that thylacines once inhabited the entire Australian mainland, only to suddenly disappear about 3,000 years ago. Since dingoes are thought to have arrived around 500 years prior, certain scientists think this was sufficient time for the canids to impact on mainland thylacine populations, either through interspecific competition or through the diffusion of disease. Considering that thylacines managed to survive in the dingo-devoid island of Tasmania until the 1930s, some put this forward as further indirect evidence for dingo responsibility for the thylacine's disappearance.[11] Some however doubt the impact of the dingo, as the two species would not have been in direct competition with one another. The dingo is a primarily diurnal predator, while it is thought the thylacine hunted mostly at night. In addition, the thylacine had a more powerful build, which would have given it an advantage in one-to-one encounters.[12] However, recent morphological examinations on dingo and thylacine skulls by Stephen Wroe of the University of NSW biomechanics show that although the dingo had a weaker bite, it's skull could resist greater stresses, allowing it to pull down larger prey than the thylacine. The thylacine was also much less versatile in diet, unlike the omnivorous dingo.[13]

Relationships with humans

Introduction to Australia

Dingoes were transported from mainland Asia, through South-East Asia to Australia and other parts of the Pacific region by Asian seafarers throughout their voyages over the last 5,000 years. Dingoes arrived in Australia around 3,500–4,000 years ago, quickly spreading to all parts of the Australian mainland and offshore islands, save for Tasmania.[11] The dogs were originally kept by some Australian native groups as an emergency food source.[4]

European settlers did not discover dingoes until the 17th century, and originally dismissed them as feral dogs.[5] Captain William Dampier, who wrote of the wild dog in 1699, was the first European to officially note the dingo.[4] Dingo populations flourished with the European's introduction of domestic sheep and European rabbit to the Australian mainland.[4]

Dingoes as pets and working animals

Currently, dingo puppies are only available within Australia and it is illegal to export them, though this may change through the urgings of breed fanciers. Puppies can cost from AU$500–1,000.[4] Although dingoes are generally healthier than most domestic dogs, and lack the characteristic "doggy odor",[4] they can become problematic during their annual breeding season, particularly males which will sometimes attempt to escape captivity in order to find a mate.[14] As puppies, dingoes display typical submissive dog-like beahviour, though they become headstrong as adults. However, unlike captive wolves, they do not seem prone to challenging their captors for pack status.[15]

There are mixed accounts on how captive dingoes are treated by native Aboriginal tribes. In 1828, Edmund Lockyer noted that the aboriginals he encountered treated dingo pups with greater affection than their own children, with some women even breastfeeding them. The dogs were allowed to have the best meat and fruit, and could sleep in their master's huts. When misbehaving, the dingoes were merely chastised rather than beaten. This treatment however seems to be an exception rather than a general rule. In his observations of Aboriginals living in the Gibson Desert, Richard Gould wrote that although dingoes were treated with great fondness, they were nonetheless kept in poor health, were rarely fed, and were left to fend for themselves. Gould wrote that tame dingoes could be distinguished from free ranging specimens by their more emaciated appearance. He concluded that the main function of dingoes in Aboriginal culture, rather than hunting, was to provide warmth as sleeping companions during the cold nights.[16]

Some Australian Aborigines will routinely capture dingo pups from their dens in the winter months and keep them. Physically handicapped puppies are usually killed and eaten, while healthy ones are raised as hunting companions, assuming they do not run away at the onset of puberty.[16] However, Aboriginal women will prevent a dingo they have become attached to as a companion from escaping by breaking its front legs.[14] A dingo selected for hunting which misbehaves is either driven off or killed.[16] Dingoes may be used for hunting purposes by Aboriginals inhabiting heavily forested regions. Tribes living in Northern Australia track free ranging dingoes in order to find prey. Once the dingoes immobilise an animal, the tribesmen appropriate the carcass and leave the scraps to the dingoes. In desert environments however, camp dingoes are treated as competitors, and are driven off before the start of a hunting expidition. As Aboriginal hunters rely on stealth and concealment, dingoes are detrimental to hunting success in desert terrains.[16]

Attacks on humans

Although humans are not natural prey for wild dingoes, there have been a number of instances in which people have been attacked by them. The most famous fatality case is that of 10 week old Azaria Chamberlain, who is thought to have been taken by a dingo on the 17th August, 1980 on Ayers Rock. The body itself was never found, and the child's mother was initially found guilty of murder but later exonerated of all charges and released.[17] However, since the Chamberlain case, proven cases of attacks on humans by dingoes have brought about a dramatic change in public opinion. It is now widely accepted that, as the first inquest concluded, Azaria probably was killed by a dingo, and that her body could easily have been removed and eaten by a dingo, leaving little or no trace. All other recorded attacks occurred on Fraser Island, where dingoes have become habituated to humans feeding them. This has lead to an increase in aggressive encounters between dingoes and humans. Between 1996 and 2001, 224 incidences of dingoes biting people were recorded,[17] and on the 5th of May, 2001, two children were attacked near the remote Waddy Point campsite. The older of the two, a 9 year old schoolboy was killed, while his younger brother was badly mauled. Three days later, two backpackers were attacked in the same area, leading to the government authorising a cull, and the establishment of a A$1,500 fine to anyone found feeding dingoes.[18]


Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 L. K. Corbett, Canis lupus ssp. dingo, in International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved November 11, 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this subspecies is vulnerable
  2. W. C. Wozencraft, "Order Carnivora," in D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. (Washington : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993). ISBN 1560982179.
  3. © Dr. Ellen K. Rudolph - Dingo - Canis familiaris
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Dingo Information and Pictures, Australian Native Dogs. Dogbreedinfo.com. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  5. 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 Dingo. Canids.org. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  6. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press 1992
  7. A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA. Population Biology. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  8. The Great Dingo Dilution. Dr Laurie Corbett. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  9. CROSSBREEDING DINGOES WITH SHEEPDOGS - PAGE 2
  10. ECOS magazine 133 Oct-Nov 2006. Call for more dingoes to restore native species. Tracey Millen. [1] (Refers to the book Australia's Mammal Extinctions: a 50,000 year history. Christopher N. Johnson. ISBN-978-0521686600).
  11. 11.0 11.1 Dingoes in Australia - Their Origins and Impact. Australian Museum. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  12. Introducing the Thylacine. The Thylacine Museum.
  13. Tiger's demise: dingo did do it
  14. 14.0 14.1 Coppinger, Ray (2001). Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution, p352. ISBN 0684855305. 
  15. Man Meets Dog By Konrad Lorenz, Marjorie Kerr Wilson, ebrary, Inc, Annie Eisenmenger
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 R. Lindsay, Steve (2000). Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, Vol. 1: Adaptation and Learning, p.410. ISBN 0813807549. 
  17. 17.0 17.1 The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans. Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
  18. Dingoes attack British backpackers days after boy mauled to death. guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-07-26.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Corbett, L. K. 2008. Canis lupus ssp. dingo. In International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 11 November 2008.


External links

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