Difference between revisions of "Damasus I" - New World Encyclopedia
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'''Pope Saint Damasus I''' was [[pope]] from 366 to 384. Probably born in present Spain or Portugal in the [[Western Roman Empire]], he was raised in Rome and his life coincided with the rise of [[Constantine I]] as well as the reunion and later re-division of the Western and [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. As a young man he experienced what is sometimes known as the [[Constantinian shift]] associated with the widespread legitimization of [[Christianity]] and the later adoption of Christianity as the religion of the Roman state. | '''Pope Saint Damasus I''' was [[pope]] from 366 to 384. Probably born in present Spain or Portugal in the [[Western Roman Empire]], he was raised in Rome and his life coincided with the rise of [[Constantine I]] as well as the reunion and later re-division of the Western and [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. As a young man he experienced what is sometimes known as the [[Constantinian shift]] associated with the widespread legitimization of [[Christianity]] and the later adoption of Christianity as the religion of the Roman state. | ||
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==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
| − | Damasus' parents were Antonius, a priest at the Church of San Lorenzo in Rome, and Laurentia. | + | Damasus' parents were Antonius, a priest at the Church of San Lorenzo in Rome, and Laurentia. During Damasus' early years, [[Constantine I]] rose to rule first the [[Western Roman Empire]], issuing the [[Edict of Milan]] (313) which provided religious freedom and other privileges for Christians in all parts of the [[Roman Empire]]. A crisis precipitated by the rejection of religious freedom by eastern Emperor [[Licinius]] in favor of [[paganism]] resulted in a civil war (324) that placed the victorious Constantine firmly in control of a reunited Empire. This led to the establishment of Christian religious supremacy in [[Constantinople]], now called ''Nova Roma'', bringing new challenges to the authority of the Roman Church. Damasus would have been in his 20s at the time. |
| − | == | + | ==A stormy rise to the papacy== |
| − | When Pope Liberius was banished by Emperor [[Constantius II]] to [[Beraea]], in 354, Damasus was arch-[[deacon]] of the Roman church and followed Liberius into exile, though he immediately returned to Rome. | + | When Pope Liberius was banished by Emperor [[Constantius II]] to [[Beraea]], in 354, Damasus was arch-[[deacon]] of the Roman church and followed Liberius into exile, though he immediately returned to Rome. During the period before Liberius' return, Damasus had a great share in the government of the church. |
| − | + | In the [[Roman Catholic Church]] of that era, new bishops of Rome were elected by the [[clergy]] and the people of the diocese in the presence of the other bishops from the surrounding province, which was the manner customarily used in other [[diocese]]s. While this method worked well in a small community of Christians unified by persecution, as the newly privileged Roman congregation grew in size and political power, the acclamation of a new bishop was fraught with division. Rival claimants, as well as a certain class hostility between [[patrician]] and [[plebeian]] candidates, unsettled some episcopal elections. At the same time, fourth century emperors now expected to confirm each new pope. | |
| − | In the | ||
| − | On the death of Liberius, September 24, 366, one faction supported [[Antipope Ursicinus|Ursinus]] who had served as deacon to Liberius, while the other faction, previously loyal to the [[Antipope Felix II]], supported Damasus. | + | On the death of Liberius, September 24, 366, one faction supported [[Antipope Ursicinus|Ursinus]] who had served as deacon to Liberius, while the other faction, previously loyal to the [[Antipope Felix II]], supported Damasus. The upper class generally supported the election of Damasus, while the [[deacon]]s and [[laity]] supported Ursinus. The two rival popes were thus elected simultaneously, in separate locations, in an atmosphere of rioting. |
| − | + | This dissension climaxed with a riot which led to a three-day massacre and to the rare intervention of Emperor [[Valentinian I]] to uphold public order. Damasus prevailed, but only with the support of the city prefect. Once he was securely consecrated bishop of Rome, his men attacked Ursinus and his remaining supporters who were seeking refuge in the Liberian basilica, resulting in a massacre of 137 supporters of Ursinus. Damasus was also accused of murder before a later ''prefect'', but his influential friends secured the personal intervention of the emperor to rescue him from this humiliation. The reputations of both Damasus and the Roman church in general suffered greatly due to these two unseemly incidents. | |
| − | + | Ursinus continued to intrigue against Damasus for the next few years, and unsuccessfully attempted to revive his claim after Damasus's death. | |
| − | == | + | ==Accomplishments== |
| − | + | Despite his controversial election and accusations of immorality, Damasus proved to be a powerful and effective pope who did much to solidify the position of the Roman See as center of Catholic orthodoxy. | |
| − | + | Damasus was active in defending the Roman Church against the threat of [[Schism (religion)|schism]]s. In two Roman synods (368 and 369) he condemned [[Apollinarianism]] and [[Macedonianism]]. Later, at a [[synod]] in 378 Ursinus was condemned and Damasus exonerated and declared the true pope. Damasus also sent legates to the [[First Council of Constantinople]] that was convoked in 381 to address these [[Christian heresy|heresies]]. | |
| − | + | Damasus also contributed greatly to the [[liturgy|liturgical]] and aesthetic enrichment of the city's churches. He employed a calligrapher, [[Dionysius Philocalus]], to adorn the shrines of [[martyr]]s and Roman bishops with epigrams. These ceremonial embellishments and the emphasis on the Roman legacy of [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] amounted to a general claim to the Roman upper classes that the real glory of Rome was Christian and not pagan. All this made it more socially acceptable for the upper classes to convert to [[Christianity]]. | |
| − | [[ | ||
| − | + | [[Image:St Jerome by Rubens dsc01653.jpg|thumb|120px|''St. Jerome'', by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], 1625–1630]] | |
| − | + | Damasus made a particularly significant choice when he appointed the church historian [[Jerome]] to be his confidential secretary. Damasus encouraged the highly respected scholar to revise the available [[Old Latin]] versions of the [[Bible]] into a more accurate [[Latin]] on the basis of the Greek [[New Testament]] and the [[Septuagint]] translation of the Hebrew Bible, in order to put an end to the marked divergences in the western texts of that period. This resulted in the ''[[Vulgate]]'' version of the biblical text, which has been highly influential in the history of western Christianity. | |
| − | + | [[Image:Gratian 367 383.jpg|thumb|110px|left|A coin of Gratian]] | |
| − | + | The reign of [[Gratian]], during Damasus' papacy, forms an important epoch in ecclesiastical history, since during that period (359-383), [[Orthodox]] [[Christianity]], for the first time became dominant throughout the empire. Under the influence of Saint [[Ambrose]], as well as Damasus, Gratian prohibited [[Paganism|pagan worship]] at [[Rome]]; refused to wear the insignia of the ''[[pontifex maximus]]'' as unbefitting a Christian; removed the [[Altar of Victory]] from the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] at Rome, despite protests of the pagan members of the Senate; forbade legacies of real property to the [[Vestal Virgins]]; and abolished other privileges belonging to them and to male pagan pontiffs. | |
| − | Damasus | ||
| − | + | Damasus lived to welcome the famous edict of [[Theodosius I]], "De fide Catholica" (February, 380), which proclaimed as the religion of the Roman State that doctrine which St. [[Peter]] had preached to the Romans and of which Damasus was supreme head (Cod. Theod., XVI, 1, 2). | |
| − | == | + | ===Accusation of immorality=== |
| − | [[ | + | However, many in both [[paganism|pagan]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] society saw in Damasus a man whose worldly ambitions outweighed his pastoral concerns. His entertainments were infamous for their lavishness. [[Praetextatus (aristocrat)|Praetextatus]], a wealthy aristocrat and a high priest in the cults of numerous gods, reportedly joked to Damasus, "Make me bishop of Rome and I will become a Christian." Some of his critics called him "the ladies' ear-tickler." |
| − | + | According to the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]], "An accusation of adultery was laid against him (378) in the imperial court, but he was exonerated by Emperor [[Gratian]] himself and soon after by a Roman [[synod]] of forty-four [[bishop]]s which also [[excommunicate]]d his accusers." <ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04613a.htm Damasus I] ''newadvent.org''. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref> | |
| − | ==Relations with | + | ==Relations with the east== |
| − | The Eastern Church, in the person of St. Basil of Cæsarea, | + | The Eastern Church, in the person of St. [[Basil of Cæsarea]], sought the aid and encouragement of Damasus against triumphant Arianism. Damasus, however, was suspicious of the great Cappadocian theologian. In the matter of the [[Meletian Schism]] at Antioch, Damasus, with [[Athanasius]] and [[Pope Peter II of Alexandria|Peter II]] of Alexandria, sympathized with the party of [[Paulinus]] as more sincerely representative of Nicene orthodoxy. On the death of Meletius he sought to secure the succession for Paulinus and to exclude [[Flavian]]. |
| − | During his papacy [[Pope Peter II of Alexandria|Peter II]] was obliged for a while to seek refuge to [[Rome]] from the persecuting [[Arians]] , he was received by | + | During his papacy [[Pope Peter II of Alexandria|Peter II]] was obliged for a while to seek refuge to [[Rome]] from the persecuting [[Arians]], he was received by Damasus; who sympathised with him and gave him support against the Arians. This helped to reconcile the relations between the [[Church of Rome]] and the [[church of Antioch]], who supported the [[Church of Alexandria]]. |
==Devotion to Saint Laurence== | ==Devotion to Saint Laurence== | ||
Revision as of 21:47, 19 December 2007
| Damasus I | |
|---|---|
| |
| Birth name | Damasus |
| Papacy began | 366 |
| Papacy ended | 384 |
| Predecessor | Liberius |
| Successor | Siricius |
| Born | ca. 305 Idanha-a-Nova, Lusitania, Hispania (now Portugal) or Gallaecia, (now Galicia, Spain) |
| Died | 384 Rome, Italy |
| Other popes named Damasus | |
Pope Saint Damasus I was pope from 366 to 384. Probably born in present Spain or Portugal in the Western Roman Empire, he was raised in Rome and his life coincided with the rise of Constantine I as well as the reunion and later re-division of the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. As a young man he experienced what is sometimes known as the Constantinian shift associated with the widespread legitimization of Christianity and the later adoption of Christianity as the religion of the Roman state.
Damasus I is known to have been raised in the service of the church of the martyr St. Laurence in Rome. Hollowing the death of Pope Liberius, he succeeded to the papacy amidst factional violence. A group of Damasus' supporters, previously loyal to the Antipope Felix II, attacked and killed rivals loyal to Liberius' deacon Ursinus, in a riot that required the intervention of Emperor Valentinian I to quell.
Damasus faced accusations of murder and adultery in his early years as pope. The neutrality of these claims have come into question with some suggesting that the accusations were motivated by the schismatic conflict with the supporters of Arianism. His personal problems were contrasted with his religious accomplishments, which included restoring the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, appointing the great later-Saint Jerome as his personal secretary, creating (through Jerome) the standard Latin translation of the Bible known as the Vulgate, and presiding over the Council of Rome in 382. According to Roman Catholic tradition and the sixth century document Decretum Gelasianum, it was at this council the modern Catholic canon of scripture was first set down.
Early life
Damasus' parents were Antonius, a priest at the Church of San Lorenzo in Rome, and Laurentia. During Damasus' early years, Constantine I rose to rule first the Western Roman Empire, issuing the Edict of Milan (313) which provided religious freedom and other privileges for Christians in all parts of the Roman Empire. A crisis precipitated by the rejection of religious freedom by eastern Emperor Licinius in favor of paganism resulted in a civil war (324) that placed the victorious Constantine firmly in control of a reunited Empire. This led to the establishment of Christian religious supremacy in Constantinople, now called Nova Roma, bringing new challenges to the authority of the Roman Church. Damasus would have been in his 20s at the time.
A stormy rise to the papacy
When Pope Liberius was banished by Emperor Constantius II to Beraea, in 354, Damasus was arch-deacon of the Roman church and followed Liberius into exile, though he immediately returned to Rome. During the period before Liberius' return, Damasus had a great share in the government of the church.
In the Roman Catholic Church of that era, new bishops of Rome were elected by the clergy and the people of the diocese in the presence of the other bishops from the surrounding province, which was the manner customarily used in other dioceses. While this method worked well in a small community of Christians unified by persecution, as the newly privileged Roman congregation grew in size and political power, the acclamation of a new bishop was fraught with division. Rival claimants, as well as a certain class hostility between patrician and plebeian candidates, unsettled some episcopal elections. At the same time, fourth century emperors now expected to confirm each new pope.
On the death of Liberius, September 24, 366, one faction supported Ursinus who had served as deacon to Liberius, while the other faction, previously loyal to the Antipope Felix II, supported Damasus. The upper class generally supported the election of Damasus, while the deacons and laity supported Ursinus. The two rival popes were thus elected simultaneously, in separate locations, in an atmosphere of rioting.
This dissension climaxed with a riot which led to a three-day massacre and to the rare intervention of Emperor Valentinian I to uphold public order. Damasus prevailed, but only with the support of the city prefect. Once he was securely consecrated bishop of Rome, his men attacked Ursinus and his remaining supporters who were seeking refuge in the Liberian basilica, resulting in a massacre of 137 supporters of Ursinus. Damasus was also accused of murder before a later prefect, but his influential friends secured the personal intervention of the emperor to rescue him from this humiliation. The reputations of both Damasus and the Roman church in general suffered greatly due to these two unseemly incidents.
Ursinus continued to intrigue against Damasus for the next few years, and unsuccessfully attempted to revive his claim after Damasus's death.
Accomplishments
Despite his controversial election and accusations of immorality, Damasus proved to be a powerful and effective pope who did much to solidify the position of the Roman See as center of Catholic orthodoxy.
Damasus was active in defending the Roman Church against the threat of schisms. In two Roman synods (368 and 369) he condemned Apollinarianism and Macedonianism. Later, at a synod in 378 Ursinus was condemned and Damasus exonerated and declared the true pope. Damasus also sent legates to the First Council of Constantinople that was convoked in 381 to address these heresies.
Damasus also contributed greatly to the liturgical and aesthetic enrichment of the city's churches. He employed a calligrapher, Dionysius Philocalus, to adorn the shrines of martyrs and Roman bishops with epigrams. These ceremonial embellishments and the emphasis on the Roman legacy of Peter and Paul amounted to a general claim to the Roman upper classes that the real glory of Rome was Christian and not pagan. All this made it more socially acceptable for the upper classes to convert to Christianity.
Damasus made a particularly significant choice when he appointed the church historian Jerome to be his confidential secretary. Damasus encouraged the highly respected scholar to revise the available Old Latin versions of the Bible into a more accurate Latin on the basis of the Greek New Testament and the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible, in order to put an end to the marked divergences in the western texts of that period. This resulted in the Vulgate version of the biblical text, which has been highly influential in the history of western Christianity.
The reign of Gratian, during Damasus' papacy, forms an important epoch in ecclesiastical history, since during that period (359-383), Orthodox Christianity, for the first time became dominant throughout the empire. Under the influence of Saint Ambrose, as well as Damasus, Gratian prohibited pagan worship at Rome; refused to wear the insignia of the pontifex maximus as unbefitting a Christian; removed the Altar of Victory from the Senate at Rome, despite protests of the pagan members of the Senate; forbade legacies of real property to the Vestal Virgins; and abolished other privileges belonging to them and to male pagan pontiffs.
Damasus lived to welcome the famous edict of Theodosius I, "De fide Catholica" (February, 380), which proclaimed as the religion of the Roman State that doctrine which St. Peter had preached to the Romans and of which Damasus was supreme head (Cod. Theod., XVI, 1, 2).
Accusation of immorality
However, many in both pagan and Christian society saw in Damasus a man whose worldly ambitions outweighed his pastoral concerns. His entertainments were infamous for their lavishness. Praetextatus, a wealthy aristocrat and a high priest in the cults of numerous gods, reportedly joked to Damasus, "Make me bishop of Rome and I will become a Christian." Some of his critics called him "the ladies' ear-tickler."
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, "An accusation of adultery was laid against him (378) in the imperial court, but he was exonerated by Emperor Gratian himself and soon after by a Roman synod of forty-four bishops which also excommunicated his accusers." [1]
Relations with the east
The Eastern Church, in the person of St. Basil of Cæsarea, sought the aid and encouragement of Damasus against triumphant Arianism. Damasus, however, was suspicious of the great Cappadocian theologian. In the matter of the Meletian Schism at Antioch, Damasus, with Athanasius and Peter II of Alexandria, sympathized with the party of Paulinus as more sincerely representative of Nicene orthodoxy. On the death of Meletius he sought to secure the succession for Paulinus and to exclude Flavian.
During his papacy Peter II was obliged for a while to seek refuge to Rome from the persecuting Arians, he was received by Damasus; who sympathised with him and gave him support against the Arians. This helped to reconcile the relations between the Church of Rome and the church of Antioch, who supported the Church of Alexandria.
Devotion to Saint Laurence
Damasus rebuilt or repaired a church named for Saint Laurence, known as San Lorenzo fuori le Mura ("St Lawrence outside the walls"), which by the 7th century was a station on the itineraries of the graves of the Roman martyrs.
Damasus' devotion for the Roman martyr is attested also by the tradition, according to which the pope built a church devoted to Laurence in his own house, San Lorenzo in Damaso.
Letters of Jerome to Damasus
The alleged letters from Jerome to Damasus have sometimes been adduced as examples of the primacy of the seat of Peter:
- …Yet, though your greatness terrifies me, your kindness attracts me. From the priest I demand the safe-keeping of the victim, from the shepherd the protection due to the sheep. Away with all that is overweening; let the state of Roman majesty withdraw. My words are spoken to the successor of the fisherman, to the disciple of the cross. As I follow no leader save Christ, so I communicate with none but your blessedness, that is with the chair of Peter. For this, I know, is the rock on which the church is built! This is the house where alone the paschal lamb can be rightly eaten. This is the ark of Noah, and he who is not found in it shall perish when the flood prevails. But since by reason of my sins I have betaken myself to this desert which lies between Syria and the uncivilized waste, I cannot, owing to the great distance between us, always ask of your sanctity the holy thing of the Lord. Consequently I here follow the Egyptian confessors who share your faith, and anchor my frail craft under the shadow of their great argosies. I know nothing of Vitalis; I reject Meletius; I have nothing to do with Paulinus. He that gathers not with you scatters; he that is not of Christ is of Antichrist.
Letter of Jerome to Pope Damasus, 376, 2
Some scholars disagree that this was a genuine letter from Jerome.[2]
Footnotes
- ↑ Damasus I newadvent.org. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Isidore
External links
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- "The Pelican History of the Church - 1: The Early Church" by Henry Chadwick
- "A History of the Christian Church" by Williston Walker
| Roman Catholic Popes | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by: Liberius |
Bishop of Rome Pope 366–383 |
Succeeded by: Siricius |
| Preceded by: Valentinian II |
Pontifex Maximus of Rome 366-383 |
Succeeded by: Siricius |
| ||||||||||||||||
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