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:''Cronus is not to be confused with [[Chronos]], the personification of time.  Also see [[Cronus (disambiguation)]] for other uses.''
 
  
'''Cronus''' ([[Ancient Greek]] Κρόνος, ''Krónos''), also called '''Cronos''' or '''Kronos''', was the leader and the youngest of the first generation of [[Titan (mythology)|Titans]], divine descendants of [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]], the earth, and [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], the sky. He overthrew his father, Uranus, and ruled during the mythological [[golden age|Golden Age]], until he was overthrown by his own son, [[Zeus]]. He was not imprisoned in the depths of the underworld, [[Tartarus]], like most other Titans, but instead fled.
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In [[Greek mythology]], '''Cronus''' ([[Ancient Greek]]: Κρόνος, ''Krónos''), also called ''Cronos'' or ''Kronos'', was the leader of the first generation of [[Titans]]. After overthrowing his father, [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], Cronus ruled over the other gods throughout the duration of the mythological Golden Age, until he himself was usurped by his own son, [[Zeus]]. Cronus was typically related to [[agriculture]], particularly the harvest, as well as the passage of time.
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In later [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, Cronus was identified with the [[Roman mythology|Roman deity]] [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]].
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[[Image:The Mutiliation of Uranus by Saturn.jpg|thumb|400px|Cronus ([[Saturn]]) defeats his father [[Uranus]], the greek sky god (before [[Zeus]]).]]
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==Origins==
  
As a result of his association with the bountiful and virtuous Golden Age, Cronus was worshiped as a [[harvest]] [[deity]], overseeing crops such as grains, nature, agriculture, and the progression of time in relation to humans in general. He was usually depicted with a [[sickle]], which he used to harvest crops and which was also the weapon he used to [[castrate]] and depose Uranus. In [[Athens, Greece|Athens]], on the twelfth day of every month ([[Attic calendar|Hekatombaion]]), a festival called [[Kronia]] was held in honor of Cronus to celebrate the harvest. Cronus was also identified in [[classical antiquity]] with the [[Roman mythology|Roman deity]] [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]].
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The etymology of the theonym ''cronus'' is obscure. Despite some conflation of the terms in the Alexandrian and [[Renaissance]] periods, Cronus is not necessarily related to the Greek word χρόνος, ''Chronos'', meaning [[time]]. Nor is he related to [[Chronos]], the personification of time in Greek mythology; although Cronus was the god of time among the Titans, Chronos is an entirely different divine being. The name, however, may be related to the Proto-Indo-European root ''*krno-'' which would later develop into the Latin ''cornu'' and the Germanic ''*hurnaz'', from which the English word "horn" derived. This reference to a "horned" deity suggests a possible connection with the ancient Indian demon Kroni or the Levantine deity [[El]].  
  
The etymology of the name is obscure. It may be related to "horned", suggesting a possible connection with the ancient Indian demon [[Kroni]] or the Levantine deity [[El (god)|El]]. In the Alexandrian and [[Renaissance]] periods there was some confusion with the word χρόνος, ''Chronos'', meaning [[time]].
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The legend of Cronus may also have been extrapolated from events in the life of a historical figure. An account ascribed by the historian [[Eusebius]] to the semi-legendary pre-[[Trojan War]] [[Phoenicia]]n historian, Sanchuniathon, indicates that Cronus was originally a [[Canaan]]ite ruler who founded the city of Byblos and was subsequently deified. This report gives his alternate name as ''Elus'' or ''Ilus'', and states that in the thirty-second year of his reign, he castrated, slew and deified his father Epigeius. Epigeius, the narrative claims, was thereafter known as Uranus. It further states that after ships were invented, Cronus, visiting the 'inhabitable world', bequeathed Attica to his own daughter, [[Athena]], and [[Egypt]] to Thoth, the son of Misor.
  
==In Greek mythology and early myths==
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==Mythology==
In ancient Greek myths, Cronus envied the power of his father and the ruler of the universe, [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]. Uranus drew the enmity of Cronus' mother, [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]], when he hid the gigantic youngest children of Gaia, the hundred-armed [[Hecatonchires]] and one-eyed [[Cyclops|Cyclopes]], in [[Tartarus]], so that they would not see the light. Gaia created a great [[sickle]] and gathered together Cronus and his brothers to persuade them to kill Uranus. Only Cronus was willing to do the deed, so Gaia gave him the sickle and placed him in ambush. When Uranus met with Gaia, Cronus attacked Uranus with the sickle by cutting off his genitals, [[castration|castrating]] him and casting the severed member into the sea. From the blood (or, by a few accounts, [[semen]]) that spilled out from Uranus and fell upon the earth, the [[Gigantes]], [[Erinyes]], and [[Meliae]] were produced. From the member that was cast into the sea, [[Aphrodite]] later emerged. For this, Uranus threatened vengeance and called his sons ''titenes'' ("straining ones") for overstepping their boundaries and daring to commit such an act, and this is the source of the name ''Titan''.
 
  
In an alternate version of this myth, a more benevolent Cronus overthrew the wicked serpentine Titan [[Ophion]]. In doing so, he released the world from bondage and for a time ruled it justly.
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===Family and Function===
  
After dispatching Uranus, Cronus re-imprisoned the [[Hecatonchires]], the [[Gigantes]], and the [[Cyclops|Cyclopes]] and set the dragon [[Campe]] to guard them. He and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]] took the throne of the world as King and Queen. This period of Cronus' rule was called the [[golden age|Golden Age]], as the people of the time had no need for laws or rules; everyone did the right thing, and immorality was absent.
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Cronus was the youngest of the twelve [[Titans]], the divine descendants of the earth goddess [[Gaia]] and the sky god [[Uranus]]. He eventually married his sister Rhea, another earth goddess. With Rhea, Cronus sired [[Poseidon]], [[Hades]], [[Hestia]], [[Demeter]], [[Hera]] and [[Zeus]]. Other children Cronus is reputed to have had include the centaur [[Chiron]] by the nymph [[Philyra]], and the personification of strife [[Eris]] by the night goddess [[Nyx]].
  
Cronus learned from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overcome by his own son, just as he had overthrown his father. As a result, although he sired the gods [[Demeter]], [[Hera]], [[Hades]], and [[Hestia]], by Rhea, he swallowed them all as soon as they were born to preempt the prophecy. When the fifth and six children were born, [[Poseidon]] and [[Zeus]], Rhea sought Gaia to devise a plan to save them and to eventually get retribution on Cronus for his acts against his father and children. Rhea secretly gave birth to Zeus in [[Crete]], and handed Cronus a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes, also known as the [[Omphalos]] Stone, which he promptly swallowed, thinking that it is his son.  The same happened with Poseidon, though Cronus swallowed a goat as opposed to a rock, thinking it to be his son.
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As a result of his association with the bountiful and virtuous Golden Age, Cronus was construed as a [[harvest]] [[deity]], overseeing grain, agriculture and nature in general. Thus, the fact that his divine consort was said to be Rhea, the earth mother, is not surprising. While she was responsible for allowing crops to grow, it was Cronus who performed the harvest. As such, he was usually depicted with a [[sickle]], which he used not only to harvest crops but also as a weapon for the purpose of castrating his father Uranus. Cronus was also connected with the progression of time as it related to humans.
  
Rhea kept Zeus hidden in a cave on [[Mount Ida, Crete]]. According to some versions of the story, he was then raised by a goat named [[Amalthea (mythology)|Amalthea]], while a company of [[Korybantes|Kouretes]], armored male dancers, shouted and clapped their hands to make enough noise to mask the baby's cries from Cronus. Other versions of the myth have Zeus raised by the nymph [[Adamanthea]], who hid Zeus by dangling him by a rope from a tree so that he was suspended between the earth, the sea, and the sky, all of which were ruled by his father, Cronus. Still other versions of the tale say that Zeus was raised by his grandmother, Gaia.
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===Ascendance===
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Cronus hated Uranus, envious of the power his father enjoyed as the ruler of the universe. Uranus' feelings for Cronus were reciprocal, as he hated each of the children Gaia had bore him. Fed up, Uranus hid their youngest children, the hundred-armed Hecatonchires and the one-eyed [[Cyclops|Cyclopes]], in the underworld of [[Tartarus]] so that they would not be able to see the light of day. This evoked Gaia's enmity and prompted her to create a massive iron sickle so that she and her children could orchestrate their revenge. She gathered together Cronus and his brothers and tried to persuade them to kill Uranus with the sickle. All of them were afraid of Uranus' power, save for Cronus, who was more than willing to undertake the task. Gaia placed the sickle in the hands of Cronus and positioned him for an ambush. When Uranus met with Gaia that night, Cronus attacked him with the sickle, cutting off his testicles then casting them into the sea. From the drops of blood (or, by a few accounts, [[semen]]) that fell from Uranus' wound and onto the earth, the [[Gigantes]], [[Erinyes]], and Meliae were produced. [[Aphrodite]] later emerged from the vital fluids which fell in the sea, drifting into shore on the severed member. As a result of these acts, an infuriated Uranus threatened vengeance and labeled his sons the ''titenes'' (or "straining ones") for overstepping their boundaries and daring to commit such an act. This is the source of the name ''Titan''.
  
Once he had grown up, Zeus used a poison given to him by Gaia to force Cronus to [[vomiting|vomit]] up the contents of his stomach in reverse order: first the stone, which was set down at Pytho under the glens of [[Mount Parnassus]] to be a sign to mortal men, then the goat, and then his two brothers and three sisters. In other versions of the tale, [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]] gave Cronus an [[vomit|emetic]] to force him to disgorge the children, or Zeus cut Cronus' stomach open. After freeing his siblings, Zeus released the Gigantes, the Hecatonchires, and the Cyclopes, who forged for him his thunderbolts. In a vast war called the [[Titanomachy]], Zeus and his brothers and sisters, with the help of the Gigantes, Hecatonchires, and Cyclopes, overthrew Cronus and the other Titans. Afterwards, many of the Titans were confined in [[Tartarus]].  Some Titans were not banished to [[Tartarus]].  Atlas, Cronus, Epimetheus, Metis, Menoetius, Oceanus and Prometheus are examples of Titans who were not imprisoned in Tartarus following the [[Titanomachy]]. Gaia sired the monster [[Typhon]] to claim revenge for the imprisoned Titans, though Zeus was victorious.
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Shortly after dispatching Uranus, Cronus re-imprisoned the Hecatonchires, the [[Gigantes]], and the [[Cyclops|Cyclopes]] and commanded the dragon Campe to guard them. He and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]] assumed the title of king and queen of the universe. The period in which Cronus ruled was called the [[golden age|Golden Age]], because all of humanity restrained from immorality and performed only good deeds. As such, there was no need for laws or rules in this age.
  
Other children Cronus is reputed to have had include [[Chiron]], by [[Philyra]], and [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]], by [[Nyx]].{{verify source}}
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===Usurpation===
  
An earlier version of Cronus, from before worship of Zeus became popular, is considered by {{who}} to be connected to the [[Semitic]] deity [[Baal|Ba`al Hammon]]. The baby-eating myth of Cronos is considered to derive from such early religions, as Ba`al Hammon was sometimes worshiped as [[Moloch]], whose cult involved child sacrifice by burning within a statue of Ba`al Hammon.  
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Although Cronus now held dominion over the gods, he was plagued by the burden of assault he had perpetrated against his father. His worries were only exacerbated by the prophecy delivered by his parents that he too was destined to be overcome by his own son. As a result, Cronus promptly swallowed each of the first four children Rhea bore him as soon as they were born in hopes of preventing the prophecy from being actualized. When the fifth and six children, [[Poseidon]] and [[Zeus]], were born, Rhea sought Gaia in order to devise a plan to save the newborns, and also to gain retribution on Cronus for his acts against their father. Rhea covertly gave birth to Zeus in [[Crete]], hiding him in a cave on the northern slope of [[Mount Ida]]. In place of the actual child, she handed Cronus a stone (also known as the [[Omphalos]] Stone) wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he swallowed greedily, thinking that it was his son. Rhea used a similar ruse to save Poseidon, this time tricking Cronus to swallow a goat instead of his actual son.  
  
The account ascribed by [[Eusebius]] to the semi-legendary pre-[[Trojan War]] [[Phoenicia]]n historian, [[Sanchuniathon]], indicates that he was originally a [[Canaan]]ite ruler who founded [[Byblos]] and was subsequently deified.  This version gives his alternate name as ''Elus'' or ''Ilus'', and states that in the 32nd year of his reign, he castrated, slew and deified his father Epigeius or Autochthon "whom they afterwards called Uranus". It further states that after ships were invented, Cronus, visiting the 'inhabitable world', bequeathed [[Attica]] to his own daughter [[Athena]], and [[Egypt]] to [[Thoth]] the son of [[Misor]] and inventor of writing.
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Rhea kept Zeus hidden in a cave on Mount Ida, Crete. According to some versions of the story, he was then raised by a goat named Amalthea, while a company of armored male dancers called the Kouretes shouted and clapped their hands to render the baby's cries inaudible, thereby preventing the arousal of Cronus' suspicions. Other versions of the myth claim that Zeus was raised by the nymph [[Adamanthea]], who hid Zeus by dangling him by a rope from a tree so that he was suspended between the earth, the sea, and the sky, all of which were ruled by his father, Cronus.  
  
Cronos is again mentioned in the ''[[Sibylline Oracles]]'', particularly book three, which makes Cronos, 'Titan' and [[Iapetus]], the three sons of Uranus and Gaia, each to receive a third division of the Earth, and Cronos is made king over all. After the death of Uranus, Titan's sons attempt to destroy Cronos' and Rhea's male offspring as soon as they are born, but at [[Dodona]], Rhea secretly bears her sons Zeus, Poseidon and Hades and sends them to [[Phrygia]] to be raised in the care of three Cretans. Upon learning this, sixty of Titan's men then imprison Cronos and Rhea, causing the sons of Cronos to declare and fight the first of all wars against them.
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Once he had grown up, Zeus used an emetic given to him by Gaia to force Cronus to vomit. Up came the contents of his stomach in reverse order: first the stone (which was set down at Pytho under the glens of [[Mount Parnassus]]), then the goat, and then Zeus' two brothers and three sisters. In other versions of the tale, Zeus cuts Cronus' stomach open. After freeing his brothers and sisters, Zeus released the Gigantes, the Hecatonchires, and the Cyclopes from Tartarus. This incited an epic war called the [[Titanomachy]], wherein Zeus and his siblings, with the help of the Gigantes, Hecatonchires, and Cyclopes, overthrew Cronus and the other Titans. Afterwards, many of the Titans were confined in [[Tartarus]], though not all of them. Cronus was among those who escaped imprisonment, fleeing instead to relative obscurity.
  
==In Roman mythology and later culture==
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==Worship==
{{main|Saturn (mythology)}}
 
  
While the Greeks considered Cronus a force of chaos along with disorder, believing that the Olympian gods had brought an era of peace and order by seizing power from the crude and malicious Titans, the Romans had a more positive view of the deity. Although the Roman deity [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]] was conflated heavily with Cronus, the Romans favored Saturn much more than the Greeks did Cronus. While Cronus was considered a cruel and tempestuous deity to the Greeks, his nature under Roman influence became more innocuous, with his association with the Golden Age eventually causing him to become the god of "human time", i.e., calendars, seasons, and harvests—not to be confused with [[Chronos]], the unrelated embodiment of time in general. While the Greeks largely neglected Cronus, considering him a mere intermediary stage between Uranus and Zeus, he was a larger aspect of Roman mythology and [[Roman religion|religion]]; [[Saturnalia]] was a festival dedicated in his honor, and at least one [[Temple of Saturn|temple to Saturn]] existed in the early [[Roman Kingdom]].
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Considering his fallen mythological status, it is not surprising that Cronus was not widely celebrated in the popular religious activity of the ancient Greeks. However, he was not entirely forgotten. In [[Athens]], on the twelfth day of the Athenian month of (Hekatombaion), a festival called Kronia was held in honor of Cronus. The nature of the festival was decidedly agrarian, as it occurred after the final grain harvest, therefore Cronos as the god of agriculture was closely connected to this event. During Kronia, social mores were temporarily dissolved. For example, slaves were emancipated from their duties, and permitted to participate in the festivities alongside their masters. In some cases, masters even became “servants” of their slaves, serving them food during the feasts. This was done to commemorate the Golden Age under Cronus, when slavery and oppression did not exist. Furthermore, in its acknowledgment of the tenuous nature of dominion, the festival paid homage to the myth in which Cronus overthrew his father, only to be overthrown himself by Zeus. Some modern [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]]s still celebrate this festival, although it is not particularly popular in North America due to the fact that its occurrence in mid-summer does not correspond the time of the harvest in the Western world.
  
It is important to note that due to the numerous cities in ancient and classic times which would exist in isolation, numerous myths were developed and adopted to the local region.  As technology allowed cultures of common descent to rejoin the people made accommodations to create a unified understanding of the universe.  It should also be noted that this is not restrained to Greco-Roman culture.  Historical documents reveal this to be a common event affecting most religions.
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==Cronus in Roman Mythology==
  
As a result of Cronus' importance to the Romans, his Roman variant, Saturn, has had a large influence on [[Western culture]]. In accordance with the Near Eastern tradition, the seventh day of the Judaeo-Christian week was also called in [[Latin]] ''Dies Saturni'' ("Day of Saturn"), which in turn was adapted and became the source of the [[English language|English]] word ''Saturday''. In [[astronomy]], the planet [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]] is called so because of Roman influence. It was considered the seventh and outermost of the [[Naked eye planets|seven heavenly objects]] that are visible with the naked eye.
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While the Greeks believed that Cronus was representative of chaos and disorder, having fronted the crude and malicious Titans, the Romans had a more positive view of the deity. Although the Romans drew heavily upon Cronus when developing the character of their deity [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]], they favored Saturn much more than the Greeks did Cronus. Under Roman influence, Saturn's character became more innocuous. His association with the Golden Age lead him to become viewed as the god of "human time," including calendars, the seasons, and the harvests. Furthermore, while the Greeks largely neglected Cronus, considering him to be no more than an intermediary monarch between Uranus and Zeus, Saturn became an indispensable figure in [[Roman mythology]] and [[Roman religion|religion]]. For example, the popular public festival [[Saturnalia]] was dedicated in his honor, celebrating the dedication of Saturn's temple. Just as in the Kronias celebration, the social order was temporarily subverted during this event, and the roles of slaves and freemen were often reversed.  
  
In some sects of Hinduism, [[Kroni]] is a primordial manifestation of [[evil]].
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As a result of Cronus' importance to the Romans as Saturn, he has indirectly had a large influence on [[Western culture]]. In accordance with the Near Eastern tradition, the seventh day of the Judaeo-Christian week was also called in [[Latin]] ''Dies Saturni'' ("Day of Saturn"), which in turn was adapted and became the source of the [[English language|English]] word ''Saturday''. In [[astronomy]], the planet [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]] is so called because of Roman influence. It was considered the seventh and outermost of the [[Naked eye planets|seven heavenly objects]] that are visible with the naked eye, thereby corresponding to the seventh day of the week. Moreover, some have entertained the theory that Saturnalia may have influenced the development of [[Christmas]], as both occur in late December and involve the exchange of gifts as well as the acknowledgement of an evergreen tree.
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
{{commons|Kronos}}
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* [[Hesiod]]: the ''[[Theogony]]'', [[Hesiod#Works and Days|Works and Days]].
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* Burkert, Walter. ''Greek Religion'' (John Raffan, trans). Oxford: Blackwell Press, 1985. ISBN 0631112413
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* Buxton, Richard. ''The Complete World of Greek Mythology.'' Thames & Hudson, 2004. ISBN 978-0500251218
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* Nussbaum, Alan J. ''Head and Horn in Indo-European''. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1986. ISBN 3110104490
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* Rose, H. J. ''A Handbook of Greek Mythology.'' Routledge, 1990. ISBN 978-0415046015
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[[Category: Philosophy and religion]]
 
[[Category: Philosophy and religion]]
 
[[Category: Religion]]
 
[[Category: Religion]]
[[Category: Image wanted]]
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[[Category:Biography]]
  
 
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Latest revision as of 20:30, 3 June 2020


In Greek mythology, Cronus (Ancient Greek: Κρόνος, Krónos), also called Cronos or Kronos, was the leader of the first generation of Titans. After overthrowing his father, Uranus, Cronus ruled over the other gods throughout the duration of the mythological Golden Age, until he himself was usurped by his own son, Zeus. Cronus was typically related to agriculture, particularly the harvest, as well as the passage of time.

In later Roman times, Cronus was identified with the Roman deity Saturn.

Cronus (Saturn) defeats his father Uranus, the greek sky god (before Zeus).

Origins

The etymology of the theonym cronus is obscure. Despite some conflation of the terms in the Alexandrian and Renaissance periods, Cronus is not necessarily related to the Greek word χρόνος, Chronos, meaning time. Nor is he related to Chronos, the personification of time in Greek mythology; although Cronus was the god of time among the Titans, Chronos is an entirely different divine being. The name, however, may be related to the Proto-Indo-European root *krno- which would later develop into the Latin cornu and the Germanic *hurnaz, from which the English word "horn" derived. This reference to a "horned" deity suggests a possible connection with the ancient Indian demon Kroni or the Levantine deity El.

The legend of Cronus may also have been extrapolated from events in the life of a historical figure. An account ascribed by the historian Eusebius to the semi-legendary pre-Trojan War Phoenician historian, Sanchuniathon, indicates that Cronus was originally a Canaanite ruler who founded the city of Byblos and was subsequently deified. This report gives his alternate name as Elus or Ilus, and states that in the thirty-second year of his reign, he castrated, slew and deified his father Epigeius. Epigeius, the narrative claims, was thereafter known as Uranus. It further states that after ships were invented, Cronus, visiting the 'inhabitable world', bequeathed Attica to his own daughter, Athena, and Egypt to Thoth, the son of Misor.

Mythology

Family and Function

Cronus was the youngest of the twelve Titans, the divine descendants of the earth goddess Gaia and the sky god Uranus. He eventually married his sister Rhea, another earth goddess. With Rhea, Cronus sired Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter, Hera and Zeus. Other children Cronus is reputed to have had include the centaur Chiron by the nymph Philyra, and the personification of strife Eris by the night goddess Nyx.

As a result of his association with the bountiful and virtuous Golden Age, Cronus was construed as a harvest deity, overseeing grain, agriculture and nature in general. Thus, the fact that his divine consort was said to be Rhea, the earth mother, is not surprising. While she was responsible for allowing crops to grow, it was Cronus who performed the harvest. As such, he was usually depicted with a sickle, which he used not only to harvest crops but also as a weapon for the purpose of castrating his father Uranus. Cronus was also connected with the progression of time as it related to humans.

Ascendance

Cronus hated Uranus, envious of the power his father enjoyed as the ruler of the universe. Uranus' feelings for Cronus were reciprocal, as he hated each of the children Gaia had bore him. Fed up, Uranus hid their youngest children, the hundred-armed Hecatonchires and the one-eyed Cyclopes, in the underworld of Tartarus so that they would not be able to see the light of day. This evoked Gaia's enmity and prompted her to create a massive iron sickle so that she and her children could orchestrate their revenge. She gathered together Cronus and his brothers and tried to persuade them to kill Uranus with the sickle. All of them were afraid of Uranus' power, save for Cronus, who was more than willing to undertake the task. Gaia placed the sickle in the hands of Cronus and positioned him for an ambush. When Uranus met with Gaia that night, Cronus attacked him with the sickle, cutting off his testicles then casting them into the sea. From the drops of blood (or, by a few accounts, semen) that fell from Uranus' wound and onto the earth, the Gigantes, Erinyes, and Meliae were produced. Aphrodite later emerged from the vital fluids which fell in the sea, drifting into shore on the severed member. As a result of these acts, an infuriated Uranus threatened vengeance and labeled his sons the titenes (or "straining ones") for overstepping their boundaries and daring to commit such an act. This is the source of the name Titan.

Shortly after dispatching Uranus, Cronus re-imprisoned the Hecatonchires, the Gigantes, and the Cyclopes and commanded the dragon Campe to guard them. He and Rhea assumed the title of king and queen of the universe. The period in which Cronus ruled was called the Golden Age, because all of humanity restrained from immorality and performed only good deeds. As such, there was no need for laws or rules in this age.

Usurpation

Although Cronus now held dominion over the gods, he was plagued by the burden of assault he had perpetrated against his father. His worries were only exacerbated by the prophecy delivered by his parents that he too was destined to be overcome by his own son. As a result, Cronus promptly swallowed each of the first four children Rhea bore him as soon as they were born in hopes of preventing the prophecy from being actualized. When the fifth and six children, Poseidon and Zeus, were born, Rhea sought Gaia in order to devise a plan to save the newborns, and also to gain retribution on Cronus for his acts against their father. Rhea covertly gave birth to Zeus in Crete, hiding him in a cave on the northern slope of Mount Ida. In place of the actual child, she handed Cronus a stone (also known as the Omphalos Stone) wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he swallowed greedily, thinking that it was his son. Rhea used a similar ruse to save Poseidon, this time tricking Cronus to swallow a goat instead of his actual son.

Rhea kept Zeus hidden in a cave on Mount Ida, Crete. According to some versions of the story, he was then raised by a goat named Amalthea, while a company of armored male dancers called the Kouretes shouted and clapped their hands to render the baby's cries inaudible, thereby preventing the arousal of Cronus' suspicions. Other versions of the myth claim that Zeus was raised by the nymph Adamanthea, who hid Zeus by dangling him by a rope from a tree so that he was suspended between the earth, the sea, and the sky, all of which were ruled by his father, Cronus.

Once he had grown up, Zeus used an emetic given to him by Gaia to force Cronus to vomit. Up came the contents of his stomach in reverse order: first the stone (which was set down at Pytho under the glens of Mount Parnassus), then the goat, and then Zeus' two brothers and three sisters. In other versions of the tale, Zeus cuts Cronus' stomach open. After freeing his brothers and sisters, Zeus released the Gigantes, the Hecatonchires, and the Cyclopes from Tartarus. This incited an epic war called the Titanomachy, wherein Zeus and his siblings, with the help of the Gigantes, Hecatonchires, and Cyclopes, overthrew Cronus and the other Titans. Afterwards, many of the Titans were confined in Tartarus, though not all of them. Cronus was among those who escaped imprisonment, fleeing instead to relative obscurity.

Worship

Considering his fallen mythological status, it is not surprising that Cronus was not widely celebrated in the popular religious activity of the ancient Greeks. However, he was not entirely forgotten. In Athens, on the twelfth day of the Athenian month of (Hekatombaion), a festival called Kronia was held in honor of Cronus. The nature of the festival was decidedly agrarian, as it occurred after the final grain harvest, therefore Cronos as the god of agriculture was closely connected to this event. During Kronia, social mores were temporarily dissolved. For example, slaves were emancipated from their duties, and permitted to participate in the festivities alongside their masters. In some cases, masters even became “servants” of their slaves, serving them food during the feasts. This was done to commemorate the Golden Age under Cronus, when slavery and oppression did not exist. Furthermore, in its acknowledgment of the tenuous nature of dominion, the festival paid homage to the myth in which Cronus overthrew his father, only to be overthrown himself by Zeus. Some modern Neopagans still celebrate this festival, although it is not particularly popular in North America due to the fact that its occurrence in mid-summer does not correspond the time of the harvest in the Western world.

Cronus in Roman Mythology

While the Greeks believed that Cronus was representative of chaos and disorder, having fronted the crude and malicious Titans, the Romans had a more positive view of the deity. Although the Romans drew heavily upon Cronus when developing the character of their deity Saturn, they favored Saturn much more than the Greeks did Cronus. Under Roman influence, Saturn's character became more innocuous. His association with the Golden Age lead him to become viewed as the god of "human time," including calendars, the seasons, and the harvests. Furthermore, while the Greeks largely neglected Cronus, considering him to be no more than an intermediary monarch between Uranus and Zeus, Saturn became an indispensable figure in Roman mythology and religion. For example, the popular public festival Saturnalia was dedicated in his honor, celebrating the dedication of Saturn's temple. Just as in the Kronias celebration, the social order was temporarily subverted during this event, and the roles of slaves and freemen were often reversed.

As a result of Cronus' importance to the Romans as Saturn, he has indirectly had a large influence on Western culture. In accordance with the Near Eastern tradition, the seventh day of the Judaeo-Christian week was also called in Latin Dies Saturni ("Day of Saturn"), which in turn was adapted and became the source of the English word Saturday. In astronomy, the planet Saturn is so called because of Roman influence. It was considered the seventh and outermost of the seven heavenly objects that are visible with the naked eye, thereby corresponding to the seventh day of the week. Moreover, some have entertained the theory that Saturnalia may have influenced the development of Christmas, as both occur in late December and involve the exchange of gifts as well as the acknowledgement of an evergreen tree.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion (John Raffan, trans). Oxford: Blackwell Press, 1985. ISBN 0631112413
  • Buxton, Richard. The Complete World of Greek Mythology. Thames & Hudson, 2004. ISBN 978-0500251218
  • Nussbaum, Alan J. Head and Horn in Indo-European. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1986. ISBN 3110104490
  • Rose, H. J. A Handbook of Greek Mythology. Routledge, 1990. ISBN 978-0415046015

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