Difference between revisions of "Chinese New Year" - New World Encyclopedia
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===Traditional food=== | ===Traditional food=== | ||
− | + | During the festival, people around China will prepare different gourmet for families and guests. Influenced by the flourished cultures, foods from different places look and taste totally different. Among them, the most well-known ones are dumplings from northern China and ''Tangyuan'' sweet rice balls from southern China. | |
− | During the festival, people around China will prepare different gourmet for families and guests. Influenced by the flourished cultures, foods from different places look and taste totally different. Among them, the most well-known ones are dumplings from northern China and Tangyuan from southern China. | ||
A [[reunion dinner]] (''nián yè fàn'') is held on New Year's Eve during which family members gather for a celebration. The venue will usually be in or near the home of the most senior member of the family. The New Year's Eve dinner is very large and sumptuous and traditionally includes dishes of meat (namely, pork and chicken) and fish. Most reunion dinners also feature a [[communal bowl|communal]] [[hot pot]] as it is believed to signify the coming together of the family members for the meal. Most reunion dinners (particularly in the Southern regions) also prominently feature specialty meats (e.g. wax-cured meats like duck and [[Chinese sausage]]) and seafood (e.g. [[lobster]] and [[abalone]]) that are usually reserved for this and other special occasions during the remainder of the year. In most areas, fish ({{zh|s=鱼|t=魚|p=yú|first=|links=no|c=|labels=no}}) is included, but not eaten completely (and the remainder is stored overnight), as the Chinese phrase "may there be ''surpluses'' every year" ({{zh|t=年年有餘|s=年年有余|p=niánnián yǒu yú|first=|links=no|c=|labels=no}}) sounds the same as "let there be fish every year." Eight individual dishes are served to reflect the belief of good fortune associated with the number. If in the previous year a death was experienced in the family, seven dishes are served. | A [[reunion dinner]] (''nián yè fàn'') is held on New Year's Eve during which family members gather for a celebration. The venue will usually be in or near the home of the most senior member of the family. The New Year's Eve dinner is very large and sumptuous and traditionally includes dishes of meat (namely, pork and chicken) and fish. Most reunion dinners also feature a [[communal bowl|communal]] [[hot pot]] as it is believed to signify the coming together of the family members for the meal. Most reunion dinners (particularly in the Southern regions) also prominently feature specialty meats (e.g. wax-cured meats like duck and [[Chinese sausage]]) and seafood (e.g. [[lobster]] and [[abalone]]) that are usually reserved for this and other special occasions during the remainder of the year. In most areas, fish ({{zh|s=鱼|t=魚|p=yú|first=|links=no|c=|labels=no}}) is included, but not eaten completely (and the remainder is stored overnight), as the Chinese phrase "may there be ''surpluses'' every year" ({{zh|t=年年有餘|s=年年有余|p=niánnián yǒu yú|first=|links=no|c=|labels=no}}) sounds the same as "let there be fish every year." Eight individual dishes are served to reflect the belief of good fortune associated with the number. If in the previous year a death was experienced in the family, seven dishes are served. |
Revision as of 23:49, 15 January 2020
Chinese New Year | |
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Fireworks are a classic element of Chinese New Year celebrations | |
Also called | Lunar New Year, Spring Festival |
Observed by | Ethnic Chinese and non-Chinese people worldwide |
Type | Cultural Religious (Chinese folk religion, Buddhist, Confucian, Daoist) |
Date | First day of the first month of the Chinese calendar (between 21 January and 20 February) |
Celebrations | Lion dances, Mongolian New Year dragon dances, fireworks, family gathering, family meal, visiting friends and relatives, giving red envelopes, decorating with chunlian couplets |
Related to | Lantern Festival, which concludes the celebration of the Chinese New Year. Mongol New Year (Tsagaan Sar), Tibetan New Year (Losar), Japanese New Year (Shōgatsu), Korean New Year (Seollal), Vietnamese New Year (Tết) |
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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
Chinese New Year (simplified Chinese: 农历新年, 春节; traditional Chinese: 農曆新年, 春節) (or generally referred to as Lunar New Year globally) is the Chinese festival that celebrates the beginning of a new year on the traditional Chinese calendar. The festival is usually referred to as the Spring Festival (simplified Chinese: 春节; traditional Chinese: 春節) and is one of several Lunar New Years in Asia. Observances traditionally take place from the evening preceding the first day of the year to the Lantern Festival, held on the 15th day of the year. The first day of Chinese New Year begins on the new moon that appears between January 21 and February 20.
Origins
According to tales and legends, the beginning of the Chinese New Year started with a mythical beast called the Nian during the annual Spring Festival. The Nian would eat villagers, especially children in the middle of the night. To protect themselves, the villagers would put food in front of their doors at the beginning of every year to placate the Nian. They learned that the Nian was afraid of three things: the color red, fire, and noise. So the tradition grew that when New Year was approaching, the villagers would wear red clothes and hang red lanterns and red spring scrolls on their windows and doors. People also used firecrackers to frighten away the Nian. The Nian was eventually captured by Hongjun Laozu, an ancient Taoist monk. After that, Nian retreated to a nearby mountain. The name of the mountain has long been lost over the years.[1]
Dates
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The lunisolar Chinese calendar determines the date of Lunar New Year. The calendar is also used in countries that have been influenced by, or have relations with, China – such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, though occasionally the date celebrated may differ by one day or even one moon cycle due to using a meridian based on a different capital city in a different time zone or different placements of intercalary months.[2]
Each year in the Chinese calendar has a presiding animal zodiac: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig. The Chinese calendar is also divided into lunar cycles of 60 years. Alongside the 12-year cycle of the animal zodiac there is a 10-year cycle of heavenly stems. Each of the ten heavenly stems is associated with one of the five elements of Chinese astrology, namely: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. The elements are rotated every two years while a yin and yang association alternates every year. The elements are thus distinguished: Yang Wood, Yin Wood, Yang Fire, Yin Fire, and so forth. These produce a combined cycle that repeats every 60 years. For example, the year of the Yang Fire Rat occurred in 1936 and in 1996, 60 years apart.
The Chinese calendar defines the lunar month with winter solstice as the 11th month, which means that Chinese New Year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice (rarely the third if an intercalary month intervenes). More than 96 percent of the time, the Chinese New Year's Day is the closest new moon to lichun (立春 start of spring) on February 4 or 5, and the first new moon after Dahan (大寒 major cold). In the Gregorian calendar, the Lunar New Year begins at the new moon that falls between January 21 and February 20.
Naming
While Spring Festival has since become the official name of Chinese New Year, the Chinese outside mainland China still prefer to call it Lunar New Year. “Chinese New Year” is a popular and convenient translation for people of non-Chinese cultural backgrounds.
Chinese New Year is also observed as a public holiday in some countries and territories where there is a sizable Chinese and Korean population. Depending on the country, the holiday may be termed differently: "Chinese New Year," "Lunar New Year", "New Year Festival," and "Spring Festival."
Festivities
Chinese New Year is the most important celebration of the year. The festivities last 16 days, starting with New Year's Eve, on the day before the new moon on the first day of the first lunar month, and ending on the full moon 15 days later.
Most Chinese people stop celebrating in their homes on the 7th day of New Year, because the national holiday usually ends around then. Celebrations in public areas however continue, culminating in the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the New Year.
Preceding days
On the days immediately before the New Year celebration, Chinese families give their homes a thorough cleaning. It is believed the cleaning sweeps away the bad luck of the preceding year and makes their homes ready for good luck. Brooms and dust pans are put away on the first day so that the newly arrived good luck cannot be swept away. Some people give their homes, doors, and window-frames a new coat of red paint.[3] Homes are often decorated with paper cutouts of Chinese auspicious phrases and couplets. Purchasing new clothing and shoes also symbolize a new start. Any hair cuts need to be completed before the New Year, as cutting hair on New Year is considered bad luck due to the homonymic nature of the word "hair" (fa) and the word for "prosperity." Businesses are expected to pay off all the debts outstanding for the year before the new year eve, extending to debts of gratitude. Thus it is a common practice to send gifts and rice to close business associates, and extended family members.
In many households where Buddhism or Taoism is prevalent, home altars and statues are cleaned thoroughly, and decorations used to adorn altars over the past year are taken down and burned a week before the new year starts, to be replaced with new decorations. Taoists (and Buddhists to a lesser extent) will also "send gods back to heaven" (送神 sòngshén). They may burn a paper effigy of Zao Jun the Kitchen God, the recorder of family functions, so that the Kitchen God can report to the Jade Emperor of the family household's transgressions and good deeds. Families may offer sweet foods (such as candy) in order to "bribe" the deities into reporting good things about the family.
Prior to the Reunion Dinner on New Year's Eve, a prayer of thanksgiving is held to mark the safe passage of the previous year. Confucianists take the opportunity to remember their ancestors, and those who had lived before them are revered.
New Year's Eve
Chinese New Year's Eve or Lunar New Year's Eve is the day before the Lunar New Year. Celebrating Chinese New Year’s Eve has always been a family matter in China. It is the reunion day for every Chinese family, with the annual reunion dinner. Dishes consisting of special meats are served at the tables, as a main course for the dinner and offering for the New Year.
Other traditions vary by region, as New Year's Eve has been celebrated practices over thousands of years with people in different regions developing different customs.
In northern China, it is customary to make jiaozi, or dumplings, after dinner to eat around midnight. Dumplings symbolize wealth because their shape resembles a Chinese sycee, a type of gold and silver ingot currency used in imperial China. In contrast, in the South, it is customary to make a glutinous New Year cake (niangao) and send pieces of it as gifts to relatives and friends in the coming days. Niángāo [Pinyin] literally means "new year cake" with a homophonous meaning of "increasingly prosperous year in year out."[3]
After dinner, some families go to local temples hours before the New Year begins to pray for a prosperous new year by lighting the first incense of the year. However in modern practice, many households hold parties and even hold a countdown to the New Year. Traditionally, firecrackers were lit to scare away evil spirits with the household doors sealed, not to be reopened until the new morning in a ritual called "opening the door of fortune."[3]
Beginning in 1982, the CCTV New Year's Gala is broadcast in China four hours before the start of the New Year and lasts until the succeeding early morning. Watching it has gradually become a tradition in China. A tradition of going to bed late on New Year's Eve, or even keeping awake the whole night and morning, known as shousui (守岁), is still practiced as it is thought to add to one's parents' longevity.
First day
The first day is for the welcoming of the deities of the heavens and earth, officially beginning at midnight. It is a traditional practice to light fireworks, burn bamboo sticks and firecrackers, and to make as much noise as possible to chase off the evil spirits. Many Buddhists abstain from meat consumption on the first day because it is believed to ensure longevity for them. Some consider lighting fires and using knives to be bad luck on New Year's Day, so all food to be consumed is cooked the days before. On this day, it is considered bad luck to use the broom, as good fortune is not to be symbolically "swept away."
Most importantly, the first day of Chinese New Year is a time to honor one's elders and families, visiting the oldest and most senior members of their extended families, usually their parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents.
Some families may invite a lion dance troupe as a symbolic ritual to usher in the Chinese New Year as well as to evict bad spirits from the premises. Members of the family who are married also give red envelopes containing cash, a form of blessings and to suppress the aging and challenges associated with the coming year, to junior members of the family, mostly children and teenagers. Business managers also give bonuses through red packets to employees for good luck, smooth-sailing, good health, and wealth.
Because firecrackers and fireworks are banned for safety reasons in many places, local governments may organize large fireworks shows to kick off the New Year festivities.
Second day
The second day of the Chinese New Year, known as "beginning of the year" (simplified Chinese: 开年; traditional Chinese: 開年; pinyin: kāinián),[3] was traditionally when married daughters visited their birth parents, relatives, and close friends. Married daughters had few opportunities to visit their birth families apart from special holidays. Usually they bring gifts and red envelopes for the children in their family’s home.
During the days of imperial China, "beggars and other unemployed people circulate[d] from family to family, carrying a picture [of the God of Wealth] shouting, "Cai Shen dao!" [The God of Wealth has come!]."[4] Householders would respond with "lucky money" to reward the messengers. Business people of the Cantonese dialect group hold a 'Hoi Nin' prayer to start their business on the second day of the New Year so they will be blessed with good luck and prosperity in their business for the year.
Third day
The third day is known as "red mouth" (赤口 Chìkǒu), an ominous day. It is considered an unlucky day to have guests or go visiting. Rural villagers continue the tradition of burning paper offerings over trash fires. Generally, people spend the day enjoying their family at home.
Fourth day
The fourth day, on the other hand, is considered an auspicious day. It is a day to welcome the Kitchen God, the God of Fortune, and other gods as they return from heaven to earth. Families burn incense and light candles to welcome back the gods.
Fifth day
The fifth day is the God of Wealth's birthday. Some people will stay at home on the fifth day, in case the God of Wealth comes calling.
In northern China, people eat jiaozi, or dumplings, on the morning of Po Wu (破五 pòwǔ). This day marks the point when many New Year’s taboos can be broken, such as sweeping the floor.
It is also common in China that on the fifth day people will shoot off firecrackers to attract the attention of Guan Yu, a famous Chinese general who is worshiped as a Taoist deity, thus ensuring his favor and good fortune for the new year.[5]
Sixth day
On the sixth day people drive away the Ghost of Poverty by throwing out the garbage stored up during the festival. They also throw out old clothes. The ways may vary but the meaning is to drive away the Ghost of Poverty, which reflects the general desire of the Chinese people to send away the previous poverty and hardship and to usher in the good life of the New Year.
Seventh day
The seventh day, traditionally known as Renri (人日 "the Day of the Humans"), is the day when everyone grows one year older. According to Chinese customs, Renri was the day human beings were created. In Chinese mythology, Nüwa was the goddess who created the world. She created the animals on different days, and human beings on the seventh day after the creation of the world.
In some overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia and Singapore, it is also the day when tossed raw fish salad, yusheng, is eaten for continued wealth and prosperity.
Eighth day
The eighth day is used to celebrate the birthday of millet, an important crop in ancient China. Nowadays the celebration includes rice, the most essential Chinese staple food in more recent times. According to folk proverbs, if the weather on this day is bright and clear, then the harvest this year will be good.
Another family dinner is held to celebrate the eve of the birth of the Jade Emperor, the ruler of heaven. People normally return to work by the eighth day, and business owners will host a meal with their employees, thanking them for the work they have done for the whole year.
Ninth day
The birthday of the Jade Emperor, the ruler of Heaven (Tian) and the supreme deity of Taoism, is celebrated on the ninth day.
On this day, Daoist temples hold a Jade Emperor ritual (拜天公 bài tiān gōng, literally "heaven worship") at which priests and laymen offer prayers, prostrate themselves, burn incense, and make food offerings.
Tenth to Fourteenth days
On these days there is more feasting with friends and family. After eating so much rich food, vegetarian food like rice and mustard greens are eaten to cleanse the digestive systems.
On the fourteenth day, preparations are made for the Lantern Festival that is held on the last day of the festivities. Families prepare lanterns and make tang yuan, a sweet glutinous rice ball brewed in a soup, while dragon and lion dance teams practice for the upcoming festivities.
Fifteenth day
The fifteenth day of the new year is celebrated as "Yuanxiao Festival" (simplified Chinese: 元宵节; traditional Chinese: 元宵節; pinyin: Yuán xiāo jié), also known as "Shangyuan Festival" (simplified Chinese: 上元节; traditional Chinese: 上元節; pinyin: Shàng yuán jié). This day is celebrated as the Lantern Festival (also known as Chap Goh Meh), with families walking the street carrying lighted lanterns. Lion and dragon dance troupes perform in the streets, and children don masks for the event. Candles are lit outside houses as a way to guide wayward spirits home.
Tangyuan rice dumplings are eaten on this day. Resembling the full moon, tang yuan are the traditional food of the Lantern Festival and symbolize family reunion.
In China, Malaysia, and Singapore, this day is celebrated by individuals seeking a romantic partner, akin to Valentine's Day. Single women used to go out during Chap Goh Meh to throw mandarin oranges into the water in hopes of finding their true love. Nowadays, they write their contact number on mandarin oranges and throw them in a river or a lake.[6]
This day marks the end of the Chinese New Year festivities.
Traditional activities
Chinese New Year is associated with several myths and customs. The festival was traditionally a time to honor deities as well as ancestors. Within China, regional customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the New Year vary widely, although the family reunion dinner on New Year's Eve is widely practiced. It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean their house, in order to sweep away any ill-fortune and to make way for incoming good luck. Another custom is the decoration of windows and doors with red paper-cuts and couplets. Popular themes among these paper-cuts and couplets include that of good fortune or happiness, wealth, and longevity. Other activities include lighting firecrackers and giving money in red paper envelopes. For the northern regions of China, dumplings are featured prominently in meals celebrating the festival. It often serves as the first meal of the year either at mid-night or as breakfast of the first day.
Symbolism
As with all cultures, Chinese New Year traditions incorporate elements that are symbolic of deeper meaning. One common example of Chinese New Year symbolism is the red diamond-shaped fu characters (福 fú meaning blessings, happiness), which are displayed on the entrances of Chinese homes. This sign is usually seen hanging upside down, since the Chinese word dao ( 倒 dào meaning upside down), is homophonous or nearly homophonous with (到 dào meaning arrive). Therefore, it symbolizes the arrival of luck, happiness, and prosperity.
However, for the Cantonese-speaking people, if the fu sign is hung upside down, the implied dao (upside down) sounds like the Cantonese word for "pour," producing "pour the luck [away]", which would usually symbolize bad luck. Therefore, the fu character is not usually hung upside-down in Cantonese communities.
Red is the predominant color used in New Year celebrations. Red is the emblem of joy, and this color also symbolizes virtue, truth, and sincerity. On the Chinese opera stage, a painted red face usually denotes a sacred or loyal personage and sometimes a great emperor. Candies, cakes, decorations, and many things associated with the New Year and its ceremonies are colored red.
Traditional food
During the festival, people around China will prepare different gourmet for families and guests. Influenced by the flourished cultures, foods from different places look and taste totally different. Among them, the most well-known ones are dumplings from northern China and Tangyuan sweet rice balls from southern China.
A reunion dinner (nián yè fàn) is held on New Year's Eve during which family members gather for a celebration. The venue will usually be in or near the home of the most senior member of the family. The New Year's Eve dinner is very large and sumptuous and traditionally includes dishes of meat (namely, pork and chicken) and fish. Most reunion dinners also feature a communal hot pot as it is believed to signify the coming together of the family members for the meal. Most reunion dinners (particularly in the Southern regions) also prominently feature specialty meats (e.g. wax-cured meats like duck and Chinese sausage) and seafood (e.g. lobster and abalone) that are usually reserved for this and other special occasions during the remainder of the year. In most areas, fish (simplified Chinese: 鱼; traditional Chinese: 魚; pinyin: yú) is included, but not eaten completely (and the remainder is stored overnight), as the Chinese phrase "may there be surpluses every year" (simplified Chinese: 年年有余; traditional Chinese: 年年有餘; pinyin: niánnián yǒu yú) sounds the same as "let there be fish every year." Eight individual dishes are served to reflect the belief of good fortune associated with the number. If in the previous year a death was experienced in the family, seven dishes are served.
Other traditional foods consists of noodles, fruits, dumplings, spring rolls, and Tangyuan which are also known as sweet rice balls. Each dish served during Chinese New Year represents something special. The noodles used to make longevity noodles are usually very thin, long wheat noodles. These noodles are longer than normal noodles that are usually fried and served on a plate, or boiled and served in a bowl with its broth. Expectedly, the noodles symbolize the wish for a long life. The fruits that are typically selected would be oranges, tangerines, and pomelos as they are round and "golden" color symbolizing fullness and wealth. Their lucky sound when spoken also brings good luck and fortune. The Chinese pronunciation for orange is 橙 (chéng /chnng/), which sounds the same as the Chinese for 'success' (成). One of the ways to spell tangerine(桔 jú /jyoo/) contains the Chinese character for luck (吉 jí /jee/). Pomelos is believed to bring constant prosperity. Pomelo in Chinese (柚 yòu /yo/) sounds similar to 'to have' (有 yǒu), disregarding its tone, however it sounds exactly like 'again' (又 yòu). Dumplings and spring rolls symbolize wealth, whereas sweet rice balls symbolize family togetherness.
Red packets for the immediate family are sometimes distributed during the reunion dinner. These packets contain money in an amount that reflects good luck and honorability. Several foods are consumed to usher in wealth, happiness, and good fortune. Several of the Chinese food names are homophones for words that also mean good things.
Many places in China still follow the tradition of eating only vegetarian food on the first day of the New year, as it is a sign of peace. So, they believe that eating only vegetarian food the first day will bring joy and peace into their lives for the whole year.
Like many other New Year dishes, certain ingredients also take special precedence over others as these ingredients have names that sound similar to the words for prosperity, good luck, or even counting money.
Greetings
The Chinese New Year is often accompanied by loud, enthusiastic greetings, often referred to as 吉祥話 (jíxiánghuà) in Mandarin or 吉利說話 (Kat Lei Seut Wa) in Cantonese, loosely translated as auspicious words or phrases. New Year couplets printed in gold letters on bright red paper, referred to as chunlian (春聯) or fai chun (揮春), is another way of expressing auspicious new year wishes. They probably predate the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), but did not become widespread until then.[7] Today, they are ubiquitous with Chinese New Year.
Some of the most common greetings include:
- Xin nian kuai le: simplified Chinese: 新年快乐; traditional Chinese: 新年快樂; Mandarin Pinyin: Xīnniánkuàilè; Template:!(Template:!(Jyutping]]: san1 nin4 faai3 lok6; Template:!(Template:!(Pe̍h-ōe-jī]]: Sin-nî khòai-lo̍k; Hakka: Sin Ngen Kai Lok; Taishanese: Slin Nen Fai Lok. A more contemporary greeting reflective of Western influences, it literally translates from the greeting "Happy new year" more common in the west. It is written in English as "xin nian kuai le".[8] In northern parts of China, traditionally people say simplified Chinese: 过年好; traditional Chinese: 過年好; pinyin: Guònián Hǎo instead of simplified Chinese: 新年快乐; traditional Chinese: 新年快樂 (Xīnniánkuàile), to differentiate it from the international new year. And 過年好 (Guònián Hǎo) can be used from the first day to the fifth day of Chinese New Year. However, 過年好 (Guònián Hǎo) is considered very short and therefore somewhat discourteous.
- Gong hey fat choi: simplified Chinese: 恭喜发财; traditional Chinese: 恭喜發財; pinyin: Gōngxǐfācái; Hokkien: Kiong hee huat chai (POJ: Kiong-hí hoat-châi); Cantonese: Gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4; Hakka: Gung hee fatt choi, which loosely translates to "Congratulations and be prosperous". It is spelled varyingly in English, such as "Gung hay fat choy",[9] "gong hey fat choi",[8] or "Kung Hei Fat Choy".[10] Often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with "Happy New Year", its usage dates back several centuries. While the first two words of this phrase had a much longer historical significance (legend has it that the congratulatory messages were traded for surviving the ravaging beast of Nian, in practical terms it may also have meant surviving the harsh winter conditions), the last two words were added later as ideas of capitalism and consumerism became more significant in Chinese societies around the world.[citation needed] The saying is now commonly heard in English speaking communities for greetings during Chinese New Year in parts of the world where there is a sizable Chinese-speaking community, including overseas Chinese communities that have been resident for several generations, relatively recent immigrants from Greater China, and those who are transit migrants (particularly students).
Numerous other greetings exist, some of which may be exclaimed out loud to no one in particular in specific situations. For example, as breaking objects during the new year is considered inauspicious, one may then say 歲歲平安 (Suìsuì-píng'ān) immediately, which means "everlasting peace year after year". Suì (歲), meaning "age" is homophonous with 碎 (suì) (meaning "shatter"), in the demonstration of the Chinese love for wordplay in auspicious phrases. Similarly, 年年有餘 (niánnián yǒu yú), a wish for surpluses and bountiful harvests every year, plays on the word yú that can also refer to 魚 (yú meaning fish), making it a catch phrase for fish-based Chinese new year dishes and for paintings or graphics of fish that are hung on walls or presented as gifts.
These greetings or phrases may also be used just before children receive their red packets, when gifts are exchanged, when visiting temples, or even when tossing the shredded ingredients of yusheng particularly popular in Malaysia and Singapore. Children and their parents can also pray in the temple, in hopes of getting good blessings for the new year to come.
Red envelopes
Traditionally, red envelopes or red packets (Mandarin: simplified Chinese: 红包; traditional Chinese: 紅包; pinyin: hóngbāo; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-pau; Hakka: fung bao / Cantonese: Chinese: 利是, 利市 or 利事; pinyin: lìshì; Cantonese Yale: lai sze / lai see) are passed out during the Chinese New Year's celebrations, from married couples or the elderly to unmarried juniors or children.
During this period, red packets are also known as "yasuiqian" (simplified Chinese: 压岁钱; traditional Chinese: 壓歲錢; pinyin: yāsuìqián, which was evolved from simplified Chinese: 压祟钱; traditional Chinese: 壓祟錢; pinyin: yāsuìqián, literally, "the money used to suppress or put down the evil spirit").[11] Red packets almost always contain money, usually varying from a couple of dollars to several hundred. Per custom, the amount of money in the red packets should be of even numbers, as odd numbers are associated with cash given during funerals (帛金: báijīn). The number 8 is considered lucky (for its homophone for "wealth"), and $8 is commonly found in the red envelopes in the US. The number six (六, liù) is also very lucky as it sounds like "smooth" (流, liú), in the sense of having a smooth year. The number four (四) is the worst because its homophone is "death" (死). Sometimes chocolate coins are found in the red packet.
Odd and even numbers are determined by the first digit, rather than the last. Thirty and fifty, for example, are odd numbers and are thus appropriate as funeral cash gifts. However, it is common and quite acceptable to have cash gifts in a red packet using a single bank note – with ten or fifty yuan bills used frequently. It is customary for the bills to be brand new printed money. Everything regarding the New Year has to be new in order to have good luck and fortune.
The act of asking for red packets is normally called (Mandarin): 讨紅包 tǎo-hóngbāo, 要利是 or (Cantonese): 逗利是. A married person would not turn down such a request as it would mean that he or she would be "out of luck" in the new year. Red packets are generally given by established married couples to the younger non-married children of the family. It is custom and polite for children to wish elders a happy new year and a year of happiness, health and good fortune before accepting the red envelope. Red envelopes are then kept under the pillow and slept on for seven nights after Chinese New Year before opening because that symbolizes good luck and fortune.
In Taiwan in the 2000s, some employers also gave red packets as a bonus to maids, nurses or domestic workers from Southeast Asian countries, although whether this is appropriate is controversial.[12][13]
The Japanese have a similar tradition of giving money during the New Year, called Otoshidama.
Gift exchange
In addition to red envelopes, which are usually given from older people to younger people, small gifts (usually food or sweets) are also exchanged between friends or relatives (of different households) during Chinese New Year. Gifts are usually brought when visiting friends or relatives at their homes. Common gifts include fruits (typically oranges, but never trade pears), cakes, biscuits, chocolates, and candies.
Certain items should not be given, as they are considered taboo. Taboo gifts include:[14][15][16]
- items associated with funerals (i.e. handkerchiefs, towels, chrysanthemums, items colored white and black)
- items that show that time is running out (i.e. clocks and watches)
- sharp objects that symbolize cutting a tie (i.e. scissors and knives)
- items that symbolize that you want to walk away from a relationship (examples: shoes and sandals)
- mirrors
- homonyms for unpleasant topics (examples: "clock" sounds like "the funeral ritual", green hats because "wear a green hat" sounds like "cuckold", "handkerchief" sounds like "goodbye", "pear" sounds like "separate", and "umbrella" sounds like "disperse").
Markets
Markets or village fairs are set up as the New Year is approaching. These usually open-air markets feature new year related products such as flowers, toys, clothing, and even fireworks and firecrackers. It is convenient for people to buy gifts for their new year visits as well as their home decorations. In some places, the practice of shopping for the perfect plum tree is not dissimilar to the Western tradition of buying a Christmas tree.
Fireworks
Bamboo stems filled with gunpowder that was burnt to create small explosions were once used in ancient China to drive away evil spirits. In modern times, this method has eventually evolved into the use of firecrackers during the festive season. Firecrackers are usually strung on a long fused string so it can be hung down. Each firecracker is rolled up in red papers, as red is auspicious, with gunpowder in its core. Once ignited, the firecracker lets out a loud popping noise and, as they are usually strung together by the hundreds, the firecrackers are known for their deafening explosions that are thought to scare away evil spirits. The burning of firecrackers also signifies a joyful time of year and has become an integral aspect of Chinese New Year celebrations.[17]
Music
"Happy New Year!" (Chinese: 新年好呀; pinyin: Xīn Nián Hǎo Ya; literally "New Year's Good, Ya") is a popular children's song for the New Year holiday.[18] The melody is similar to the American folk song, Oh My Darling, Clementine.
- Chorus:
- Happy New Year! Happy New Year! (Chinese: 新年好呀!新年好呀!; pinyin: Xīnnián hǎo ya! Xīnnián hǎo ya!)
- Happy New Year to you all! (Chinese: 祝贺大家新年好!; pinyin: Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo!)
- We are singing; we are dancing. (Chinese: 我们唱歌,我们跳舞。; pinyin: Wǒmen chànggē, wǒmen tiàowǔ.)
- Happy New Year to you all! (Chinese: 祝贺大家新年好!; pinyin: Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo!)
Another popular Chinese New Year song is Gong Xi Gong Xi.
Movies
Watching Lunar New Year Films is also a Chinese cultural identity. During the New Year holidays, the stage boss gathers the most popular actors whom from various troupes let them perform repertories from Qing dynasty. Nowadays people prefer celebrating the new year with their family by watching these movies together.
Clothing
The color red is commonly worn throughout Chinese New Year; traditional beliefs held that red could scare away evil spirits and bad fortune. The wearing of new clothes is another clothing custom during the festival, the new clothes symbolize a new beginning in the year, and enough things to use and wear in this time.
Family portrait
In some places, the taking of a family portrait is an important ceremony after the relatives are gathered. The photo is taken at the hall of the house or taken in front of the house. The most senior male head of the family sits in the center.
Flowers
The following are popular floral decorations for the New Year and are available at new year markets.
Floral Decor Meaning Plum Blossom symbolizes luckiness Kumquat symbolizes prosperity Calamondin Symbolizes luck Narcissus symbolizes prosperity Bamboo a plant used for any time of year Sunflower means to have a good year Eggplant a plant to heal all of your sicknesses Chom Mon Plant a plant which gives you tranquility
Icons and ornaments
Icons Meaning Illustrations Lanterns These lanterns that differ from those of Mid-Autumn Festival in general. They will be red in color and tend to be oval in shape. These are the traditional Chinese paper lanterns. Those lanterns, used on the fifteenth day of the Chinese New Year for the Lantern Festival, are bright, colorful, and in many different sizes and shapes. Decorations Decorations generally convey a New Year greeting. They are not advertisements. Fai Chun—Chinese calligraphy of auspicious Chinese idioms on typically red posters—are hung on doorways and walls. Other decorations include a New year picture, Chinese knots, and papercutting and couplets. Dragon dance and Lion dance Dragon and lion dances are common during Chinese New Year. It is believed that the loud beats of the drum and the deafening sounds of the cymbals together with the face of the Dragon or lion dancing aggressively can evict bad or evil spirits. Lion dances are also popular for opening of businesses in Hong Kong and Macau. 110px Fortune gods Cai Shen Ye, Che Kung, etc.
Spring travel
Traditionally, families gather together during the Chinese New Year. In modern China, migrant workers in China travel home to have reunion dinners with their families on Chinese New Year's Eve. Owing to a large number of interprovincial travelers, special arrangements were made by railways, buses and airlines starting from 15 days before the New Year's Day. This 40-day period is called chunyun, and is known as the world's largest annual migration.[19] More interurban trips are taken in mainland China in this period than the total population of China.
In Taiwan, spring travel is also a major event. The majority of transportation in western Taiwan is in a north-south direction: long distance travel between urbanized north and hometowns in the rural south. Transportation in eastern Taiwan and that between Taiwan and its islands is less convenient. Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China began in 2003 as part of Three Links, mostly for "Taiwanese businessmen" to return to Taiwan for the new year.[20]
Festivities outside Greater China
Chinese New Year is a major holiday in China and has strongly influenced lunar new year celebrations of China's neighboring cultures, including the Korean New Year (seol), the Tết of Vietnam, and the Losar of Tibet.[21] It is also celebrated worldwide in regions and countries with significant Overseas Chinese populations, including Singapore,[22] Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,[23] Thailand, Cambodia, the Philippines,[24] and Mauritius,[25] as well as many in North America and Europe.[26][27][28]
Chinese New Year is also celebrated annually in many countries with significant Chinese populations. These include countries throughout Asia, Oceania, and North America. Sydney,[29] London,[30] and San Francisco[31] claim to host the largest New Year celebration outside of Asia and South America.
Southeast Asia
In some countries of Southeast Asia, Chinese New Year is a national public holiday and considered to be one of the most important holidays of the year. Chinese New Year's Eve is typically a half-day holiday for Malaysia and Singapore. The biggest celebrations take place in Malaysia (notably in Kuala Lumpur, George Town and Klang) and Singapore.[32]
In Singapore, Chinese New Year is accompanied by various festive activities. One of the main highlights is the Chinatown celebrations. In 2010, this included a Festive Street Bazaar, nightly staged shows at Kreta Ayer Square and a lion dance competition.[33] The Chingay Parade also features prominently in the celebrations. It is an annual street parade in Singapore, well known for its colorful floats and wide variety of cultural performances.[34] The highlights of the Parade for 2011 include a Fire Party, multi-ethnic performances and an unprecedented travelling dance competition.[35]
In the Philippines, Chinese New Year is considered to be the most important festival for Filipino-Chinese, and its celebration has also extended to the non-Chinese majority Filipinos. In 2012, Chinese New Year was included in public holidays in the Philippines, which is only the New Year's Day itself.(Sin-nî: Chinese new years in Philippine Hokkien)
In Thailand, one of the most populous Chinese descent populated countries. Also celebrated the great Chinese New Year festivities throughout the country, especially in provinces where many Chinese descent live such as Nakhon Sawan, Suphan Buri, Phuket etc. Which is considered to promote tourism in the same agenda as well.[36][37][38]
In the capital, Bangkok in Chinatown, Yaowarat Road, there is a great celebration. Which usually closes the road making it a pedestrian street and often have a member of royal family came to be the president of the ceremony, always open every year, such as Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn.[39][40][41]
Indonesia
In Indonesia, the Chinese New Year is officially named as Hari Tahun Baru Imlek,[42][43] or Sin Cia in Hokkien.[44] It was celebrated as one of the official national religious holiday by Chinese-Indonesians since 18 June 1946 to 1 January 1953 through government regulation signed by President Sukarno on 18 June 1946.[45] It was unofficially celebrated by ethnic Chinese from 1953 to 1967 based on government regulation signed by Vice President Muhammad Hatta in 5 February 1953 which annul the previous regulation, among others, the Chinese New Year as a national religious holiday,[46] Effectively from 6 December 1967,[47] until 1998, the spiritual practice to celebrate the Chinese New Year by Chinese families was restricted specifically only inside of the Chinese house. This restriction is made by Indonesian government through a Presidential Instruction, Instruksi Presiden No.14 Tahun 1967, signed by President Suharto. This restriction is ended when the regime has changed and the President Suharto was overthrown. The celebration is conducted unofficially by Chinese community from 1999 to 2000. On 17 January 2000, the President Abdurrahman Wahid issued a Presidential Decree through Keputusan Presiden RI No 6 Tahun 2000 to annul Instruksi Presiden No.14 Tahun 1967.[48] On 19 January 2001, the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia) issued a Decree through Keputusan Menteri Agama RI No 13 Tahun 2001 tentang Imlek sebagai Hari Libur Nasional to set of Hari Tahun Baru Imlek as a Facultative Holiday for Chinese Community.[49] Through the Presidential Decree it was officially declared as a 1 (one) day public religious holiday as of 9 April 2002 by President Megawati.[43] The Indonesian government authorize only the first day of the Chinese New Year as a public religious holiday and it is specifically designated only for Chinese people.[42][43][45][46][50] In Indonesia, the first day of the Chinese New Year is recognized as a part of the celebration of the Chinese religion and tradition of Chinese community.[42][43][45][46][49] There are no other official or unofficial of the Chinese New Year as a public holiday. The remaining 14 days are celebrated only by ethnic Chinese families.[51] In Indonesia, the Chinese Year is named as a year of Kǒngzǐ (孔子) or Kongzili in Bahasa Indonesia. Every year, the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia) set the specific date of religious holiday based on input from religious leaders.[51] The Chinese New Year is the only national religious holiday in Indonesia that was enacted specifically with the Presidential Decree, in this case with the Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia (Keppres RI) No 19 Tahun 2002 dated on 9 April 2002.[42][43] The celebration of the Chinese New Year as a religious holiday is specifically intended only for Chinese People in Indonesia (tradisi masyarakat Cina yang dirayakan secara turun temurun di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia,[43] dan umat Agama Tionghoa[45]) and it is not intended to be celebrated by Indonesian Indigenous Peoples or Masyarakat Pribumi Indonesia.[42][43][45][46][47][49]
Big Chinese population cities and towns like Jakarta, Medan, Singkawang, Pangkal Pinang, Binjai, Bagansiapiapi, Tanjungbalai, Pematangsiantar, Selat Panjang, Pekanbaru, Tanjung Pinang, Batam, Ketapang and Pontianak always have its own New Year's celebration every years with parade and fireworks. A lot shopping malls decorated its building with lantern, Chinese words and lion or dragon with red and gold as main color. Lion dance is a common sight around Chinese houses, temples and its shophouses. Usually, the Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist Chinese will burn a big incense made by aloeswood with dragon-decorated at front of their house.The temple is open 24 hours at the first day, their also distributes a red envelopes and sometimes rice, fruits or sugar to the poor around.
Thailand
Divided into 3 days, the first day is the Wan chai (Thai: วันจ่าย; pay day), meaning the day that people go out to shop for offerings, second day is the Wan wai (Thai: วันไหว้; worship day), is a day of worshiping the gods and ancestral spirits, which is divided into three periods: dawn, late morning and afternoon, the third day is a Wan tieow (Thai: วันเที่ยว; holiday), is a holiday that everyone will leave the house to travel or to bless relatives or respectable people. And often wear red clothes because it is believed to bring auspiciousness to life.[52]
Observed by Thai Chinese and parts of the private sector. Usually celebrated for three days, starting on the day before the Chinese New Year's Eve. Chinese New Year is observed as a public holiday in Narathiwat, Pattani, Yala, Satun[53] and Songkhla[54] Provinces.
Australia and New Zealand
With one of the largest Chinese populations outside of Asia, Sydney also claims to have the largest Chinese New Year Celebrations outside of Asia with over 600,000 people attending the celebrations in Chinatown annually. The events there span over three weeks including the launch celebration, outdoor markets, evening street food stalls, Chinese top opera performances, dragon boat races, a film festival and multiple parades that incorporate Chinese, Japanese, Korean people and Vietnamese performers. More than 100,000 people attend notably the main parade with over 3,500 performers.[55] The festival also attracts international media coverage, reaching millions of viewers in Asia.[56] The festival in Sydney is organized in partnership with a different Chinese province each year. Apart from Sydney, other state capital cities in Australia also celebrate Chinese New Year due to large number of Chinese residents.[57] The cities include: Brisbane, Adelaide, Melbourne Box Hill and Perth. The common activities are lion dance, dragon dance, New Year market, and food festival. In the Melbourne suburb of Footscray, Victoria a Lunar New Year celebration initially focusing on the Vietnamese New Year has expanded into a celebration of the Chinese New Year as well as the April New Year celebrations of the Thais, Cambodians, Laotians and other Asian Australian communities who celebrate the New Year in either January/February or April.[58]
The city of Wellington hosts a two-day weekend festival for Chinese New Year,[59] and a one-day festival is held in Dunedin, centred on the city's Chinese gardens.[60]
North America
Many cities in North America sponsor official parades for Chinese New Year. Among the cities with such parades are San Francisco,[61] Los Angeles,[62] New York City,[63] Boston,[64] Chicago,[65] Mexico City,[66] Toronto, and Vancouver.[67] However, even smaller cities that are historically connected to Chinese immigration, such as Butte, Montana,[68] have recently hosted parades.
New York
Multiple groups in New York City cooperate to sponsor a week-long Lunar New Year celebration. The festivities include cultural festival,[63] music concert,[69] fireworks on the Hudson River near the Chinese Consulate,[70] and special exhibits.[69] One of the key celebrations is the Chinese New Year parade[71] with floats and fireworks taking place along the streets in Lower Manhattan.[72] In June 2015, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio declared that the Lunar New Year would be made a public school holiday.[73]
California
The San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade is the oldest and largest event of its kind outside of Asia, and the largest Asian cultural event in North America.
The festival incorporates Grant and Kearny Streets into its street festival and parade route, respectively. The use of these streets traces its lineage back to early parades beginning the custom in San Francisco. In 1849, with the discovery of gold and the ensuing California Gold Rush, over 50,000 people had come to San Francisco to seek their fortune or just a better way of life. Among those were many Chinese, who had come to work in the gold mines and on the railroad. By the 1860s, the residents of San Francisco's Chinatown were eager to share their culture with their fellow San Francisco residents who may have been unfamiliar with (or hostile towards) it. The organizers chose to showcase their culture by using a favorite American tradition – the parade. They invited a variety of other groups from the city to participate, and they marched down what today are Grant Avenue and Kearny Street carrying colorful flags, banners, lanterns, drums, and firecrackers to drive away evil spirits.
In San Francisco, over 100 units participate in the annual Chinese New Year Parade held since 1958.[74] The parade is attended by some 500,000 people along with another 3 million TV viewers.[75]
Europe
In London, the celebrations take place throughout Chinatown, Leicester Square and Trafalgar Square. Festivities include a parade, cultural feast, fireworks, concerts and performances.[76] The celebration attracts between 300,000 and 500,000 people yearly according to the organisers.[77]
In Paris, the celebrations have been held since the 1980s in several districts during one month with many performances[78] and the main of the three parades with 40 groups and 4,000 performers is attended alone by more than 200,000 people in the 13th arrondissement.[79][80]
India and Pakistan
Many celebrate the festival in Chinatown, Kolkata, India where a significant community of people of Chinese origin exists. In Kolkata, Chinese New Year is celebrated with lion and dragon dance.
In Pakistan, the Chinese New Year is also celebrated among the sizable Chinese expatriate community that lives in the country. During the festival, the Chinese embassy in Islamabad arranges various cultural events in which Pakistani arts and cultural organizations and members of the civil society also participate.[81][82][83][84]
Notes
- ↑ April Holloway, The Origin of Lunar New Year and the legend of Nian Ancient Origins, January 31, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- ↑ Lisa Chiu, The History of Chinese New Year ThoughtCo, August 21, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Patricia BjaalandWelch, Chinese New Year (Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0195877304).
- ↑ Shiu L. Kong, Chinese Culture and Lore (Kensington Educational, 1989, ISBN 978-0969200543).
- ↑ Greg Rogers, The Top Traditions of Chinese New Year TripSavvy, June 26, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
- ↑ Liew Jia Xian, Chap Goh Meh – a sweet tradition The Star, February 20, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
- ↑ Welch, Patricia Bjaaland, p. 20.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Top 10 things to know about Chinese New Year. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
- ↑ "Bettors Try to Ride the Tiger; Chinese Hope Good Luck Accompanies the New Year", The New York Times, January 29, 1998. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
- ↑ "WHAT'S DOING IN Hong Kong", The New York Times, December 18, 1994. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
- ↑ Flanagan, Alice K.. Chinese New Year. Compass Point Books. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
- ↑ Ofw chinese new year things to remember (PDF). South East Asia Group [an agency introducing foreign workers to work in Taiwan]. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ↑ Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (in Chinese, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Thai, English) (JPEG). South East Asia Group.
- ↑ Chinese Culture: New Years – Cantonese Culture Notes and Phrases. chinese-lessons.com. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
- ↑ David (3 December 2009). Green Hat a No-No.
- ↑ Mack, Lauren (27 February 2015). Chinese Gift-Giving: What Not to Buy – Avoid These Chinese Gift-Giving Blunders. About.com. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
- ↑ Firecrackers. Infopedia.nlb.gov.sg (15 April 1999). Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ↑ 新年好 (xīnniánhǎo) Happy New Year. eChineseLearning.com. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
- ↑ China's holiday rush begins early, BBC
- ↑ Shan, Shelley. "Ministry warns of heavy Lunar New Year holiday traffic", 7 January 2012. Lee, I-chia. "Despite rain, millions hit the road", 25 January 2012. Lee, I-chia. "Early start beats tolls and congestion as the holiday ends", 29 January 2012.
- ↑ Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5.
- ↑ Chinese New Year 2011. VisitSingapore.com. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ↑ Chinese New Year Celebrated in Grand Scale in Yangon. Mizzima.com. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ↑ Philippines adds Chinese New Year to holidays. Yahoo News Philippines (2 December 2011). Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ↑ Festivals, Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius. Mauritius Tourism Authority. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ↑ "As the Lunar New Year celebrations begin, CNBC looks at Chinatowns across the world", CNBC, 16 February 2018.
- ↑ "Happy Chinese New Year! The year of the Dog has begun", USA TODAY. (written in en)
- ↑ "Chinese New Year and its effect on the world economy", BostonGlobe.com.
- ↑ Chinese New Year parade doomed as Baird government's new route 'too narrow' for floats. Smh.com.au (2015-08-15). Retrieved 2019-02-11.
- ↑ London – Chinese New Year – "The largest celebrations outside of Asia". BBC (22 January 2009). Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ↑ Kim, Ryan (28 February 2010). Year of the Tiger off to roaring start at parade. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ↑ Chinese New Year in Southeast Asia. Goseasia.about.com. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ↑ Singapore in spring: Chinatown Chinese New Year Celebrations 2010. VisitSingapore.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ↑ Chingay Parade Singapore 2011. VisitSingapore.com. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ↑ Chinggay Parade 2011 Highlights. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2017. Chinggay Parade 2011 Highlights. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
- ↑ NAKHON SAWAN CHINESE NEW YEAR FESTIVAL. TAT. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ↑ Chinese New Year in Phuket. PHUKET.COM. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ↑ SUPHANBURI CHINESE NEW YEAR FESTIVAL. TAT. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ↑ Pramarnpanich, Tanachai (2018-02-16). Gateway to the Chinese new year. The Nation. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ↑ Princess Sirindhorn to open Chinese New Year Festival in China Town Bangkok today. TPBS (2015-02-19). Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ↑ Princess Sirindhorn opens Chinese New Year Celebration at China Town. TPBS (2014-01-31). Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 "Hari-Hari Penting Di Indonesia". (written in id-ID)
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 KEPUTUSAN PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA. NOMOR 19 TAHUN 2002. TENTANG. HARI TAHUN BARU IMLEK..
- ↑ Chang-Yau Hoon (2009). The politics of Imlek. Inside Indonesia. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 Penetapan Pemerintah 1946 No 2/Um::Aturan Hari Raya.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 "KEPUTUSAN PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NO. 24 TAHUN 1953 TENTANG HARI-HARI LIBUR", Aswin Weblog, 2012-05-24. (written in id-ID)
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 1967 - Wikisource bahasa Indonesia (in id).
- ↑ Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2000 - Wikisource bahasa Indonesia (in id).
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Keputusan Menteri Agama No. 13 dan 14 Tahun 2001 - Imlek Sebagai Hari Libur Fakultatif ..
- ↑ AFP. "Chinese-Indonesians celebrate once-forbidden roots", 22 January 2012.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Pemerintah Tetapkan Hari Libur Nasional dan Cuti Bersama Tahun 2017". (written in en)
- ↑ วันตรุษจีน 2561 กับ 7 คำถามยอดฮิตที่คนอยากรู้ (in thai). Kapook.com (2013-01-07). Retrieved 2019-01-11.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 2013 Sydney Chinese New Year Twilight Parade. sydneychinesenewyear.com (17 February 2013). Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ↑ City of Sydney Official Chinese New Year Website. Cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au (1 January 2011). Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ↑ Chinese New Year in Australia. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
- ↑ East Meets West Lunar New Year Festival. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
- ↑ Chinese New Year Festival, Wellington New Zealand. Chinesenewyear.co.nz. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
- ↑ Tourists flock for Year of the Rooster. www.odt.co.nz (28 January 2017). Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ↑ Southwest Airlines Chinese New Year Parade in San Francisco. Chineseparade.com. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ↑ The Golden Dragon Parade. Chinese Chamber of Commerce of Los Angeles (2014). Archived from the original on 1 September 2013.
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Cross, Heather. Chinese Lunar New Year in New York City: 2015 – Don't miss out on Lunar New Year festivities in NYC. About.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
- ↑ Welcome to Chinatown, Boston. Chinatown Main Street. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ↑ Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce Events. Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce (2016).
- ↑ Realizarán desfile en DF por Año Nuevo chino. El Universal. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ↑ Chinese New Year Parade in Vancouver. Seechinatown.com. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ↑ Rhein, Jamie (16 February 2007). A Chinese New Year Parade in Butte, Montana? Sure. Gadling.com. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 "Fireworks Fly on Hudson River For Chinese Lunar New Year", CBSNewYork, 17 February 2015.
- ↑ Semple, Kirk, "With Lunar New Year Show, Another Link to China for a New York Fireworks Family", The New York Times, 16 February 2015.
- ↑ Chinese New Year.
- ↑ LNY PARADE.
- ↑ "Mayor de Blasio to Make Lunar New Year a School Holiday", The New York Times, 22 June 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
- ↑ Chinese New Year festival & Parade. chineseparade.com (1 February 2013). Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ↑ Best San Francisco Bay Area Events, Weekends & Festivals 2013. hiddensf.com (1 February 2013). Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ↑ Chinese New Year 2013 – Year of the Snake starts in style. chinatownlondon.org (4 February 2013). Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ↑ London's Chinese New Year is More Chinese than Ever Before. londonnet.co.uk (8 February 2013). Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ↑ Le Nouvel An Chinois à Paris 2013. sortiraparis.com (9 February 2013). Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ↑ Le Nouvel An Chinois. mairie13.paris.fr (2 February 2013). Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ↑ Le grand défilé du Nouvel An Chinois. mairie13.paris.fr (2 February 2013). Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ↑ Iqbal, Myra, "Chinese New Year: Celebrating spring and all it brings", The Express Tribune, 15 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ↑ "Chinese new year : Pakistan in photo show", The Express Tribune, 12 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ↑ CELEBRATING THE CHINESE NEW YEAR WITH THE PAKISTAN-CHINA INSTITUTE.
- ↑ "Chinese New Year celebrated in Islamabad", CCTV English, 15 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bodde, Derk. Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observances During the Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.- A.D. 220. Princeton University Press, 1975. ISBN 978-0691030982
- Kong, Shiu L. Chinese Culture and Lore. Kensington Educational, 1989. ISBN 978-0969200543
- Roy, Christian. Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2004. ISBN 978-1576070895
- Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. Chinese New Year. Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0195877304
External links
All links retrieved
- Chinese New Year Dates from 2020 to 2043
- Chinese New Year Festivities: The 15-Day Celebration of Chinese New Year
- Day-by-Day Chinese New Year Celebrations
- 21 Things You Didn’t Know About Chinese New Year
- How to Decode the 15 Days of Chinese New Year
- Chinese New Year – China's Grandest Festival & Longest Public Holiday
- Chinese New Year Facts
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