Difference between revisions of "Charles I of Austria" - New World Encyclopedia
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Two months after the public exposure of the Sixtus negotiations, the French government recognized the Czechoslovak National Council as an official agency of the Czechs, followed by the U.S.A. and Great Britain. At the same time, national revolutions within the monarchy were gaining momentum. Foreign Minister Burián sent a note to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on October 14, 1918, asking for an armistice on the basis of the [[Fourteen Points]], which Wilson rejected on grounds that “in view of the political development of the preceding months and, especially, in view of the fact that Czechoslovakia had been recognized as being at war with the Central Powers, the U.S. government was unable to deal on the basis of the Fourteen Points anymore.” REF | Two months after the public exposure of the Sixtus negotiations, the French government recognized the Czechoslovak National Council as an official agency of the Czechs, followed by the U.S.A. and Great Britain. At the same time, national revolutions within the monarchy were gaining momentum. Foreign Minister Burián sent a note to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on October 14, 1918, asking for an armistice on the basis of the [[Fourteen Points]], which Wilson rejected on grounds that “in view of the political development of the preceding months and, especially, in view of the fact that Czechoslovakia had been recognized as being at war with the Central Powers, the U.S. government was unable to deal on the basis of the Fourteen Points anymore.” REF | ||
| − | The monarchy was on its knees, which was evidenced by the fact that serious negotiations were held with the representatives of the Austro-Hungarian nationalities rather than the monarchy’s Joint Ministry of Foreign Affairs. National councils were established in all the provinces of the empire and acted as national governments. On October 27, Foreign Minister Gyula, Count Andrássy, sent a new armistice note to Wilson, accepting all the statements set forth in the U.S. note of October 18, thus recognizing the existence of an independent Czechoslovak state. The Poles declared their independence as a unified state on October 7, while the South Slavs advocated union with Serbia. The dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy was thus consummated by the end of October 1918—that is, before the war actually ended. | + | The monarchy was on its knees, which was evidenced by the fact that serious negotiations were held with the representatives of the Austro-Hungarian nationalities rather than the monarchy’s Joint Ministry of Foreign Affairs. National councils were established in all the provinces of the empire and acted as national governments. On October 27, Foreign Minister Gyula, Count Andrássy, sent a new armistice note to Wilson, accepting all the statements set forth in the U.S. note of October 18, thus recognizing the existence of an independent Czechoslovak state. The Poles declared their independence as a unified state on October 7, while the South Slavs advocated union with Serbia. The dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy was thus consummated by the end of October 1918—that is, before the war actually ended. |
| − | + | The nationalist movements, partly encouraged by food shortages and the Bolshevik victory in Russia, were viewed by western European and American audiences as a democratic liberation movement. From early 1918, the Allied governments started officially advancing the activities of the emigrants from Austrian-controlled lands, particularly Masaryk. In April 1918 a Congress of Oppressed Nationalities was organized in Rome, but the foreign assistance alone did not bring about the demise of the Habsburg Empire. It was the sabotage of the individual nationals within the monarchy that rendered the coexistence no longer viable. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
== After his death == | == After his death == | ||
| − | Historians have been mixed in their evaluations of Karl | + | Historians have been mixed in their evaluations of Karl's reign. Helmut Rumpler, head of the Habsburg commission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, has described Karl as "a dilettante, far too weak for the challenges facing him, out of his depth, and not really a politician." On the other hand, the others laud him as a brave and honorable figure who strove to halt World War I. English writer Herbert Vivian wrote: "Karl was a great leader, a prince of peace, who wanted to save the world from a year of war; a statesman with ideas to save his people from the complicated problems of his empire; a king who loved his people, a fearless man, a noble soul, distinguished, a saint from whose grave blessings come." French novelist Anatole France stated: "Emperor Karl is the only decent man to come out of the war in a leadership position, yet he was a saint and no one listened to him. He sincerely wanted peace, and therefore was despised by the whole world. It was a wonderful chance that was lost." |
| − | + | These viewpoints give weight to the words of [[Pope]] Saint Pius X, who told the young Karl during an audience with him: "I bless Archduke Karl, who will be the future Emperor of Austria and will help lead his countries and peoples to great honor and many blessings – but this will not become obvious until after his death." | |
== Beatification == | == Beatification == | ||
Karl has been solemnly declared blessed in the ceremony of beatification by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The Church has praised Karl for putting his [[Christianity|Christian]] faith first in making political decisions, and for his perceived role as a peacemaker during the war, especially after 1917. The ''cause'' or campaign began in 1949 when testimony of his holiness was collected in the Archdiocese of [[Vienna]]. In 1954, he was declared ''venerable'', the first step on the process beatification. The League of Prayers established for the promotion of his cause has created this [http://www.emperor-charles.org website.] Christoph Cardinal Schönborn of Vienna has been the Church's sponsor for his beatification. | Karl has been solemnly declared blessed in the ceremony of beatification by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The Church has praised Karl for putting his [[Christianity|Christian]] faith first in making political decisions, and for his perceived role as a peacemaker during the war, especially after 1917. The ''cause'' or campaign began in 1949 when testimony of his holiness was collected in the Archdiocese of [[Vienna]]. In 1954, he was declared ''venerable'', the first step on the process beatification. The League of Prayers established for the promotion of his cause has created this [http://www.emperor-charles.org website.] Christoph Cardinal Schönborn of Vienna has been the Church's sponsor for his beatification. | ||
| − | During the Mass of Beatification on October 3, 2004, | + | During the Mass of Beatification on October 3, 2004, Pope John Paul II stated: |
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
The decisive task of Christians consists in seeking, recognizing and following God's will in all things. The Christian statesman, Karl of Austria, confronted this challenge every day. To his eyes, war appeared as "something appalling". Amid the tumult of the First World War, he strove to promote the peace initiative of my Predecessor, Benedict XV.<br /> | The decisive task of Christians consists in seeking, recognizing and following God's will in all things. The Christian statesman, Karl of Austria, confronted this challenge every day. To his eyes, war appeared as "something appalling". Amid the tumult of the First World War, he strove to promote the peace initiative of my Predecessor, Benedict XV.<br /> | ||
| Line 133: | Line 129: | ||
By the Grace of God, | By the Grace of God, | ||
| − | Emperor of | + | Emperor of Austrian Empire,Apostolic King of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], of this name the Fourth, King of [[Bohemia]], Dalmatia, [[Croatia]], Slavonia, and Galicia, Lodomeria, and Illyria; King of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] etc., Archduke of Austria; Grand Duke of Tuscany and Cracow, Duke of Lorraine and of Salzburg, of Styria, of Carinthia, of Carniola and of the Bukovina; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Upper and Lower [[Silesia]], of Duchy of Modena, Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, of Oświęcim (Auschwitz) and Zator, of Teschen, Friuli, Dubrovnik and Zadar; Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol, of Kyburg, Gorizia and Gradisca; Prince of Trento and Brixen; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria; Count of Hohenems, Feldkirch, Vorarlberg, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Kotor, and in the Wendish Mark; Grosswojwod of the Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat etc. etc. |
| − | Apostolic King of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], of this name the Fourth, | ||
| − | King of [[Bohemia]], Dalmatia, [[Croatia]], Slavonia, and Galicia, Lodomeria, and Illyria; King of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] etc., Archduke of Austria; Grand Duke of Tuscany and | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 18:14, 16 March 2007
Károly IV. of Hungary,
The Blessed Karl I (Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Maria von Habsburg-Lothringen) (17 August 1887 – 1 April 1922) (Hungarian: Károly IV (Károly Ferenc József)) was (among other titles) the last Emperor of Austria, the last King of Hungary and Bohemia, and the last monarch of the Habsburg Dynasty. He reigned as Emperor Karl I of Austria and King Károly IV of Hungary from 1916 until 1918, when he renounced the government (but did not abdicate), and spent the remaining years of his life attempting to regain the throne until his death in 1922. His name is sometimes anglicized as "Charles".
Life and Heritage
Karl was the son of Archduke Otto Franz of Austria (1865–1906) and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1867–1944). He was also a nephew of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, whose assassination triggered World War I. He became heir-presumptive in 1914 when his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, on the anniversary of the battle of Kosovo of 1379, in which Serbia lost independence to the Turks. His reign began two years later, with the death of his grand-uncle, Franz Joseph. In 1916, he also became a Generalfeldmarschall in the Austro-Hungarian Army.
In 1911, he was married to Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma, with whom he had eight children:
- Crown Prince Otto (1912–), married Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen and Hildburghausen and has issue
- Archduchess Adelheid (1914–1971), unmarried
- Archduke Robert]] (1915–1996), married Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta
One of the traditional features of the coronation of Hungarian monarchs.
- Archduke Felix (1916–), married Princess Anna-Eugénie of Arenberg
- Archduke Karl Ludwig (1918–), married Princess Yolande of Ligne
- Archduke Rudolf (1919–), married firstly Countess Xenia Tschernyscheva-Besobrasova and secondly Princess Anna of Wrede
- Archduchess Charlotte (1921–1989), married Count Georg of Carlow, Duke of Mecklenburg
- Archduchess Elisabeth (1922–1993), married Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein
The last emperor of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy died of pneumonia after taking a walk, already a sickly man, on a freezing winter's day on the Portuguese island of Madeira in 1922. He remains buried in the island’s Church of Our Lady of the Monte despite several attempts to move his remains to the Habsburg Imperial Crypt in Vienna.
After World War I, members of the family who refused to renounce the throne were exiled from Austria; the exile was repealed in 1996.
Abdication
coronation portrait, Budapest, 1916.
Two years into World War I, a U.S. offer of mediation failed, and Charles, desperately trying to put an end to the war, resorted to secret negotiations directly with the Entente powers in 1917, namely France. Although his German-Czech foreign minister, Count Ottokar Czernin, was only interested in negotiating a general peace which would include Germany as well, Karl, aided by his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, an officer in the Belgian army, went much further in suggesting his willingness to make peace separately from Germany. When news of the overture leaked in April 1918, Karl denied all involvement, but the French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau published letters signed by the emperor himself. Czernin played a part in the compromised negotiations and their ultimate fiasco. As a result, The French president and the British Premier Lloyd George came to view the emperor as a man who could not be trusted by his own subjects and could not continue in the peace negotiations. The events became further complicated by Russia’s revolution in 1917 and the entry of the United States into the war in the same year.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was wracked by inner turmoil in the final years of the war, with much tension between ethnic groups. US President Woodrow Wilson demanded that the Empire allow for the self-determination of its peoples as part of his Fourteen Points. In response, Karl agreed to reconvene the Imperial Parliament and allow for the creation of a confederation with each national group exercising self-governance. However, the reforms quickly spiraled out of control, with each national government declaring complete independence. Karl's political future quickly became uncertain. For a while it appeared as though he might reign as monarch of a newly independent Austria, but Austria's new Republican government ultimately vetoed this idea.
Attempts were made in late October to save the Habsburg monarchy; Charles issued a manifesto announcing a federal union of four components (German, Czech, South Slav, and Ukrainian), but it was impossible to sway events outside of Vienna any longer, and an armistice was signed on Nov. 3, 1918. The government still hoped that the Habsburg dynasty could continue on in what had remained of it after the secession of the Slav areas, but Charles wisely took the advice of Heinrich Lammasch, a renowned authority in the field of international law, and on November 11, 1918, proclaimed "I relinquish every participation in the administration of the State" but did not abdicate his thrones.[1]. This declaration marks the formal dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy. He then fled to Switzerland and continued to pursue regaining power from exile. Encouraged by Hungarian nationalists, he sought twice in 1921 to reclaim the throne of Hungary but failed due to various factors including the lack of support of the Hungarian Regent Miklós Horthy, which monarchists view as treason, although critics attribute Horthy's actions to his firm footing in political reality.
Final Days of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire
19th Century
The Habsburg Monarchy started showing the signs of decline in the 19th century, when Emperor Francis Joseph (1848–1916) lost control of Italy and Prussia, with the latter taken over by Germany. On top of this, Russia proved to be a challenger in the Balkans. In 1867 the Habsburgs redrew the boundaries of their lands to create the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. At the same time, the job of ruling the lands became increasingly more difficult with a plethora of nationalities vying for control of their countries amidst the absence of a unifying ideology that would keep them together. Hungarians, Germans, and Poles were the most vocal nationals. Besides, the Habsburgs were unable to meet the demands of the booming middle and industrial classes.
The restructuring of the monarchy spurred crises among the various Slav peoples within the monarchy. Czechs oscillated toward the Pan-Slav movement and held the Congress of Slavs in July 1908 in Prague. On the day of the 60th anniversary of the accession to the throne of the widely unpopular Francis Joseph, the discontent and criticisms spilled into riots that prompted the imposition of martial law in Prague. In 1909 Prime Minister Baron von Bienerth made an attempt to appease the nationalities by including national representatives (Landsmannminister) in his Cabinet. The Germans, on the other hand, viewed the monarchy as an extension of German culture, while the Slavs aspired to save Austria for the sake of themselves, as they formed two-thirds of the population of Austria. However, the Poles' loyalty to the central government diluted the Slavic efforts at national representation, which thus crystallized into largely a Czech-German standoff, which polarized even political parties within Bohemia.
20th Century
The twentieth century brought with it the culmination in the Balkan discontent, with Bosnia and Serbia stepping up national demands. In 1913, Austria was mulling military action against Serbia but could not follow through for lack of support from Italy and Germany. Instead, the Austro-Hungarian Empire saw its territory shrink in the Balkan peninsula, with the consequence of pushing the Turks out of Europe. It was increasingly difficult to maneuver among demands of individual nations of the Empire, and when the Habsburgs took the side of Bulgaria against Serbia, they have undercut their standing in Romania, which harbored antagonism toward the Empire due to the treatment of non-Magyar nationalities in Hungary. Consequently, Romania teamed up with Italy and Serbia in support of anti-Habsburg actions inside the monarchy. By 1914, Vienna felt it was crucial to stem these developments in order to preserve the empire.
World War I
The declaration of the war became imminent when Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir of Francis Joseph, was assassinated by a Bosnian nationalist at Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, an event that served as a pretext for curbing the Serbian threat. Supported by Germany, the Austro-Hungarian foreign office officially assigned responsibility for the assassination to the Serbian government. This was to the dislike of the Hungarian prime minister, István, Count Tisza, who feared that a military action against Serbia and the country's subjugation would increase the number of Serbian population in the monarchy, but once he was assured of the opposite, he joined the war club. The Serbian government agreed to all but two Austro-Hungarian demands but the monarchy was already decided to go to war with Serbia, notwithstanding that such action could spur war between the Great Powers. The European governments offered compromise solutions, but on July 28, 1914, Francis Joseph signed the declaration of war.
The German government took advantage of the Habsburg woes and declared war against France and Russia in an effort to address its own predicament with those countries. Germany and Austria-Hungary entered into a military agreement that bound the latter to giving up the military action against Serbia and protecting the German invasion of France against Russian intervention instead. Austria-Hungary thus reluctantly became a military satellite of Germany.
German public was in favor of the war and so were some Polish leaders, albeit as a result of the mounting anti-Russian feeling, but the Czechs had had enough of the monarchy at this point. One of the most prominent proponents of the Czech cause, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, emigrated to western Europe, and the Pan-Slavism advocate Karel Kramár was imprisoned for treason. Ethnic Germans living in Austria had seen most of their influence dissipated; in military matters they could only follow German orders. Hungarians had the upper hand in economic affairs; they controlled the food supply. In January 1915 the foreign office went again to a Magyar, István, Count Burián, whose skills were not sufficient to keep Italy and Romania, which had territorial claims, out of the war.
In the Wake of the Sixtus Debacle
Two months after the public exposure of the Sixtus negotiations, the French government recognized the Czechoslovak National Council as an official agency of the Czechs, followed by the U.S.A. and Great Britain. At the same time, national revolutions within the monarchy were gaining momentum. Foreign Minister Burián sent a note to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on October 14, 1918, asking for an armistice on the basis of the Fourteen Points, which Wilson rejected on grounds that “in view of the political development of the preceding months and, especially, in view of the fact that Czechoslovakia had been recognized as being at war with the Central Powers, the U.S. government was unable to deal on the basis of the Fourteen Points anymore.” REF
The monarchy was on its knees, which was evidenced by the fact that serious negotiations were held with the representatives of the Austro-Hungarian nationalities rather than the monarchy’s Joint Ministry of Foreign Affairs. National councils were established in all the provinces of the empire and acted as national governments. On October 27, Foreign Minister Gyula, Count Andrássy, sent a new armistice note to Wilson, accepting all the statements set forth in the U.S. note of October 18, thus recognizing the existence of an independent Czechoslovak state. The Poles declared their independence as a unified state on October 7, while the South Slavs advocated union with Serbia. The dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy was thus consummated by the end of October 1918—that is, before the war actually ended.
The nationalist movements, partly encouraged by food shortages and the Bolshevik victory in Russia, were viewed by western European and American audiences as a democratic liberation movement. From early 1918, the Allied governments started officially advancing the activities of the emigrants from Austrian-controlled lands, particularly Masaryk. In April 1918 a Congress of Oppressed Nationalities was organized in Rome, but the foreign assistance alone did not bring about the demise of the Habsburg Empire. It was the sabotage of the individual nationals within the monarchy that rendered the coexistence no longer viable.
After his death
Historians have been mixed in their evaluations of Karl's reign. Helmut Rumpler, head of the Habsburg commission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, has described Karl as "a dilettante, far too weak for the challenges facing him, out of his depth, and not really a politician." On the other hand, the others laud him as a brave and honorable figure who strove to halt World War I. English writer Herbert Vivian wrote: "Karl was a great leader, a prince of peace, who wanted to save the world from a year of war; a statesman with ideas to save his people from the complicated problems of his empire; a king who loved his people, a fearless man, a noble soul, distinguished, a saint from whose grave blessings come." French novelist Anatole France stated: "Emperor Karl is the only decent man to come out of the war in a leadership position, yet he was a saint and no one listened to him. He sincerely wanted peace, and therefore was despised by the whole world. It was a wonderful chance that was lost."
These viewpoints give weight to the words of Pope Saint Pius X, who told the young Karl during an audience with him: "I bless Archduke Karl, who will be the future Emperor of Austria and will help lead his countries and peoples to great honor and many blessings – but this will not become obvious until after his death."
Beatification
Karl has been solemnly declared blessed in the ceremony of beatification by the Roman Catholic Church. The Church has praised Karl for putting his Christian faith first in making political decisions, and for his perceived role as a peacemaker during the war, especially after 1917. The cause or campaign began in 1949 when testimony of his holiness was collected in the Archdiocese of Vienna. In 1954, he was declared venerable, the first step on the process beatification. The League of Prayers established for the promotion of his cause has created this website. Christoph Cardinal Schönborn of Vienna has been the Church's sponsor for his beatification.
During the Mass of Beatification on October 3, 2004, Pope John Paul II stated:
The decisive task of Christians consists in seeking, recognizing and following God's will in all things. The Christian statesman, Karl of Austria, confronted this challenge every day. To his eyes, war appeared as "something appalling". Amid the tumult of the First World War, he strove to promote the peace initiative of my Predecessor, Benedict XV.
From the beginning, the Emperor Karl conceived of his office as a holy service to his people. His chief concern was to follow the Christian vocation to holiness also in his political actions. For this reason, his thoughts turned to social assistance. May he be an example for all of us, especially for those who have political responsibilities in Europe today!
Recent milestones include:
- On April 14, 2003, the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints in the presence of Pope John Paul II promulgated Karl of Austria's "heroic virtues."
- On December 21, 2003, the Congregation certified, on the basis of three expert medical opinions, that a miracle in 1960 occurred through the intercession of Karl. The miracle attributed to Karl was the scientifically inexplicable healing of a Brazilian nun with debilitating varicose veins; she was able to get out of bed after she prayed for his beatification.
- On October 3, 2004, he was beatified by Pope John Paul II. The beatification has caused controversy because of the mistaken belief that Karl authorized his army's use of poison gas during World War I [2], when he was the first, and only, world leader during the war who banned its use.
- Currently, several possible miracles attributed to his intercession are being investigated and documented. Another miracle is required for his canonization as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church.
Ancestors
| Karl I, Emperor of Austria | Father: Archduke Otto Franz of Austria |
Father's father: Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria |
Father's father's father: Archduke Franz Karl of Austria |
| Father's father's mother: Sophie of Bavaria | |||
| Father's mother: Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies |
Father's mother's father: Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies | ||
| Father's mother's mother: Maria Theresa of Austria | |||
| Mother: Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony |
Mother's father: George of Saxony |
Mother's father's father: John I of Saxony | |
| Mother's father's mother: Amelia of Bavaria (1801-1877) | |||
| Mother's mother: Maria Anna of Portugal |
Mother's mother's father: Ferdinand II of Portugal | ||
| Mother's mother's mother: Maria II of Portugal |
Official Title of Karl I
| ||||||||||
| ||||||||||
His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty,
Charles the First,
By the Grace of God, Emperor of Austrian Empire,Apostolic King of Hungary, of this name the Fourth, King of Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, and Galicia, Lodomeria, and Illyria; King of Jerusalem etc., Archduke of Austria; Grand Duke of Tuscany and Cracow, Duke of Lorraine and of Salzburg, of Styria, of Carinthia, of Carniola and of the Bukovina; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Duchy of Modena, Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, of Oświęcim (Auschwitz) and Zator, of Teschen, Friuli, Dubrovnik and Zadar; Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol, of Kyburg, Gorizia and Gradisca; Prince of Trento and Brixen; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria; Count of Hohenems, Feldkirch, Vorarlberg, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Kotor, and in the Wendish Mark; Grosswojwod of the Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat etc. etc.
See also
- Otto von Habsburg, Karl's oldest son and as of 2006 head of the Habsburg family
- Austria-Hungary
Footnotes
External links
- "Karl Franz Josef von Habsburg-Lothringen" Austrian Commanders, accessed March 10, 2007
- "Austria: World War I" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed March 10, 2007
- "Austria: Conflicts of Nationality" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed March 10, 2007
- "Austria: Conflict with Serbia" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed March 10, 2007
- "Austria: Party rivalries" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed March 10, 2007
- "Austria: Conflicts of nationality" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed March 10, 2007
- [3] accessed March 10, 2007
- "Habsburg" The History Channel, accessed March 13, 2007
| House of Habsburg-Lothringen Born: 17 August 1887; Died: 1 April 1922 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by: Franz Joseph I |
Emperor of Austria 1916-1918 |
Succeeded by: Directory of the Council of State |
| King of Hungary 1916-1918 |
Succeeded by: Mihály Károlyi Provisional President of Hungary | |
| King of Bohemia 1916-1918 |
Succeeded by: Tomáš Masaryk President of Czechoslovakia | |
| Head of the house of Habsburg 1916-1922 |
Succeeded by: Otto von Habsburg | |
| Preceded by: Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
Archduke of Austria-Este 1914-1917 |
Succeeded by: Archduke Robert of Austria-Este |
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