Cave lion

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{{epname|Cave lion}}
 
{{epname|Cave lion}}
 
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| trinomial_authority = [[Georg August Goldfuss|Goldfuss]], 1810
 
| trinomial_authority = [[Georg August Goldfuss|Goldfuss]], 1810
 
}}
 
}}
'''Cave lion''', also known as '''European cave lion''' and '''Eurasian cave lion''', is the common name for a extinct, large, wild felid, '''''Panthera leo spelaea''''' (or ''P. spelaea''), which lived from about 370,000 to 10,000 years ago. Known from [[fossil]]s and multiple examples of [[prehistoric art]], the cave ion is characterized by large size (larger than the modern lion), rounded, protruding ears, tufted tail, and perhaps faint, [[tiger]]-like stripes. While commonly considered an extinct subspecies of the [[lion]] (''Panthera leo''), the cave lion is considered by some as a separate species.  
+
'''Cave lion,''' also known as '''European cave lion''' and '''Eurasian cave lion,''' is the common name for a extinct, large, wild felid, '''''Panthera leo spelaea''''' (or '''''P. spelaea'''''), which lived from about 370,000 to 10,000 years ago. Known from [[fossil]]s and multiple examples of [[prehistoric art]], the cave ion is characterized by large size (larger than the modern lion), rounded, protruding ears, tufted tail, and perhaps faint, [[tiger]]-like stripes. While commonly considered an extinct subspecies of the [[lion]] ''(Panthera leo)'', the cave lion is considered by some as a separate species.  
  
 
Inhabiting Europe until about the time of the last European Ice Age, the cave lion lived at the same time as [[Neanderthal]]s (250,000 years ago until 30,000 years ago) and [[Cro-Magnon]] man (40,000 to 10,000 years ago) and have been depicted in cave paintings, among other art. The common name comes from their graphic appearance in caves, although they probably did not live in them.
 
Inhabiting Europe until about the time of the last European Ice Age, the cave lion lived at the same time as [[Neanderthal]]s (250,000 years ago until 30,000 years ago) and [[Cro-Magnon]] man (40,000 to 10,000 years ago) and have been depicted in cave paintings, among other art. The common name comes from their graphic appearance in caves, although they probably did not live in them.
  
Other [[Artifact (archaeology)|archaeological artifact]]s indicate that they were featured in Paleolithic [[religion|religious rituals]].
+
During its time, the cave lion was one of the key members of the Pleistocene fauna in Eurasia, during which time it was widespread. For human beings, various [[Artifact (archaeology)|archaeological artifact]]s suggest that they were featured in Paleolithic [[religion|religious rituals]]. Also, they were hunted by human beings.
 
 
  
 
==Overview and description==
 
==Overview and description==
 
 
[[Image:Felis-speleata Höhlenlöwe.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Skeleton of a cave lion from the Sloup Caves near [[Brno]] in the [[Czech Republic]]]]
 
[[Image:Felis-speleata Höhlenlöwe.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Skeleton of a cave lion from the Sloup Caves near [[Brno]] in the [[Czech Republic]]]]
The cave lion is a member of the ''[[Panthera]]'' genus, which includes four large cats among its extant members: the [[lion]] ''(Panthera leo)'', the [[tiger]] ''(Panthera tigris)'', the [[jaguar]] (''Panthera onca)'', and the [[leopard]] ''(Panthera pardus)''.  
+
The cave lion is a member of the ''[[Panthera]]'' genus, which includes four large cats among its extant members: The [[lion]] ''(Panthera leo)'', the [[tiger]] ''(Panthera tigris)'', the [[jaguar]] (''Panthera onca)'', and the [[leopard]] ''(Panthera pardus)''.  
  
The cave lion generally is placed as a subspecies of the lion, as ''Panthera leo spelaea''. However, some authorities—such as Sotnikova and Nikolskiy (2006), Harington (1969) and Vereshchagin (1971)—consider the cave lion as a separate species, ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss). Sotnikova and Nikolskiy (2006) base their finding on the cave lion being a separate species on an analysis of skull characters and note many advanced characters relative to ''P. leo'' that support separate evolution. They maintain that recent molecular data also provides additional proof that the cave lion was highly distinct from its living relatives. They also assign the fossil lion of northwestern North American, ''Panthera atrox'', as part of ''Panthera spealea''.  
+
The cave lion generally is placed as a subspecies of the lion, as ''Panthera leo spelaea''. However, some authorities—such as Sotnikova and Nikolskiy (2006), Harington (1969) and Vereshchagin (1971)—consider the cave lion as a separate species, ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss). Sotnikova and Nikolskiy (2006) base their finding on the cave lion being a separate species on an analysis of skull characters and note many advanced characters relative to ''P. leo'' that support separate evolution. They maintain that recent molecular data also provides additional proof that the cave lion was highly distinct from its living relatives. They also assign the fossil lion of northwestern North American, ''Panthera atrox,'' as part of ''Panthera spealea''.  
  
 
[[Image:Pantheria leo spelaea.JPG|thumb|left|Cave Lion skull]]  
 
[[Image:Pantheria leo spelaea.JPG|thumb|left|Cave Lion skull]]  
 
Some authorities, based on a comparison of [[skull]] shapes, consider the cave lion to be more closely related to the [[tiger]], which would result in the formal name ''Panthera tigris spelaea'' (Groiss 1996). However, recent genetic research suggests that the cave lion was a close, but separate, relative of the modern lion and leopard (Burger 2004; Christiansen 2008). Sotnikova and Nikoskiy (2006) likewise did not find any synapomorphies in the cranial structure to support a close relationship of cave lions with tigers in the genus ''Panterha''.
 
Some authorities, based on a comparison of [[skull]] shapes, consider the cave lion to be more closely related to the [[tiger]], which would result in the formal name ''Panthera tigris spelaea'' (Groiss 1996). However, recent genetic research suggests that the cave lion was a close, but separate, relative of the modern lion and leopard (Burger 2004; Christiansen 2008). Sotnikova and Nikoskiy (2006) likewise did not find any synapomorphies in the cranial structure to support a close relationship of cave lions with tigers in the genus ''Panterha''.
  
The cave lion is one of the largest known members of the ''Panthera'' genus. The remains of an adult male, which was found in 1985 near [[Siegsdorf]] in [[Germany]], had a shoulder height of around 1.2 meters (4 feet) and a body length of 2.1 meters (7 feet) without the tail. This is similar to the size of a very large modern lion. The size of this male has been exceeded by other specimens of cave lions, which may have had an overall head/body length of 3.5 meters and males may have weighed in at 400 kilograms (882 pounds) (WMM 2004). This cat may have been approximately 5 to 33 percent larger than modern lions, and maybe even larger than the largest extant cat, the [[Siberian tiger]], ''Panthera tigris altaica'', although it was smaller than the earlier eurasian panterines, ''[[Panthera fossilis]]'', and the larger [[American lion]], ''Panthera atrox'' (Lessem 1999; Koenigswald 2002).
+
The cave lion is one of the largest known members of the ''Panthera'' genus. The remains of an adult male, which was found in 1985 near [[Siegsdorf]] in [[Germany]], had a shoulder height of around 1.2 meters (4 feet) and a body length of 2.1 meters (7 feet) without the tail. This is similar to the size of a very large modern lion. The size of this male has been exceeded by other specimens of cave lions, which may have had an overall head/body length of 3.5 meters and males may have weighed in at 400 kilograms (882 pounds) (WMM 2004). This cat may have been approximately 5 to 33 percent larger than modern lions, and maybe even larger than the largest extant cat, the [[Siberian tiger]], ''Panthera tigris altaica,'' although it was smaller than the earlier eurasian panterines, ''[[Panthera fossilis]],'' and the larger [[American lion]], ''Panthera atrox'' (Lessem and Sovak 1999; Koenigswald 2002).
  
Because of not only [[fossil]]s, but also depictions of the cave lion in prehistoric cave paintings and Paleolithic clay figurines and [[ivory]] carvings, we are able to gain some understanding of what these animals looked like and their behavior. These representations indicate that cave lions had rounded, protruding ears, tufted tails, possibly faint tiger-like stripes, and that at least some had a "ruff" or primitive mane around their neck, indicating males. Their body color possibly varied from a [[ochre]]-tinted gray to dark ochre brown on the upperparts of the body, while the rest of the coat was light brown.
+
Because of not only [[fossil]]s, but also depictions of the cave lion in prehistoric cave paintings and Paleolithic clay figurines and [[ivory]] carvings, we are able to gain some understanding of what these animals looked like and their behavior. These representations indicate that cave lions had rounded, protruding ears, tufted tails, possibly faint tiger-like stripes, and that at least some had a "ruff" or primitive mane around their neck, indicating males. Their body color possibly varied from a [[ochre]]-tinted gray to dark ochre brown on the upper parts of the body, while the rest of the coat was light brown.
  
 
==Environment==
 
==Environment==
 +
[[Image:Lascaux-diverticule-félins.jpg|thumb|300px||right|Cave lions, ''Chamber of Felines,'' [[Lascaux]] caves in France]]
 +
The cave lion received its common name from the fact that large quantities of its remains are found in caves (Arduini and Teruzzi 1993), but it is doubtful whether they lived in them. It had a wide habitat tolerance, but probably preferred conifer forests and grasslands (Hublin 1984), where medium-sized to large herbivores occurred. Fossil footprints of lions, which were found together with those of [[reindeer]], demonstrate that these cats once occurred even in subpolar climates.
  
[[Image:Lascaux-diverticule-félins.jpg|thumb|300px||right|Cave lions, ''Chamber of Felines'', [[Lascaux]] caves in France]]
+
These active carnivores (Arduini and Teruzzi 1993) probably preyed upon the large, herbivorous animals of their time, including [[Equidae|horses]], deer, [[boar]]s, and [[bison]]. Some paintings of them in caves show several hunting together, which suggests the hunting strategy of contemporary [[lion#Hunting and diet|lionesses]].  
The cave lion received its common name from the fact that large quantities of its remains are found in caves <ref name="Arduini % Teruzzi, 1993">Arduini, P. & Teruzzi, G. 1993. ''The MacDonald encyclopedia of fossils''.  Little, Brown and Company, London.  320pp.</ref>, but it is doubtful whether they lived in them.  It had a wide habitat tolerance, but probably preferred conifer forests and grasslands <ref name="Hublin, 1984">Hublin, J.-J. 1984.  ''The Hamlyn encyclopedia of prehistoric animals''.  Hamlyn, London.  318pp.</ref>, where medium-sized to large herbivores occurred.  Fossil footprints of lions, which were found together with those of [[reindeer]], demonstrate that these cats once occurred even in subpolar climates.
 
 
 
These active carnivores <ref name="Arduini % Teruzzi, 1993"/> probably preyed upon the large, herbivorous animals of their time, including [[Equidae|horses]], deer and [[bison]]. Some paintings of them in caves show several hunting together, which suggests the hunting strategy of contemporary [[lion#Hunting and diet|lionesses]].
 
 
 
Small prey was usually brought down with a blow of the front paw and then held down with both front feet.  The animal was finally killed by a powerful bite of the sharp teeth <ref name="Lessem, 1999"/>, at the back of the neck, in the region of the throat and even in the chest.  A cave lion usually could not run as fast as its prey, but could pounce on it from behind or run up next to it and bring it down with the paws.  In this manner a running animal's balance could very easily be disturbed.
 
 
 
It was most likely the most common predator (after the cave hyena) in plains ecosystems.{{Fact|date=December 2008}}<!-- Wolf?  Fox?  Weasel?  Carabid beetle?  Need source for this, and anyway need to qualify what kind of predator we are talking of.  In fact, the largest predators in any system are generally the rarest.  Or do we perhaps actually mean "most dominant"?  —>  Its extinction may have been related to the [[Quaternary extinction event]], which wiped out most of the [[megafauna]] prey in those regions.{{Fact|date=December 2008}} Cave paintings and remains found in the refuse piles of ancient camp sites indicate that they were hunted by early humans, which also may have contributed to their demise.{{Fact|date=December 2008}}<!-- This only shows that humans ate them, not that they also killed them..—>
 
 
 
  
 +
Small prey likely were brought down usually with a blow of the front paw and then held down with both front feet. The animals would finally be killed by a powerful bite of the sharp teeth (Lessem and Sovak 1999), at the back of the neck, in the region of the throat and even in the chest. A cave lion usually could not run as fast as its prey, but could pounce on it from behind or run up next to it and bring it down with the paws. In this manner, a running animal's balance could very easily be disturbed.
  
 
==History and distribution==
 
==History and distribution==
[[Image:Cavelion-Mauricio Anton.jpg|thumb|Cave lions.]]
 
The cave lion (''Panthera spelea'') was derived from the earlier species ''[[Panthera leo fossilis]]'', which first appeared in Europe about 700,000 years ago. The cave lion itself lived from 370,000 to 10,000 years ago, during the [[Pleistocene]] [[epoch (geology)|epoch]]. Apparently, it became extinct about 10,000 years ago <ref name="Hublin, 1984"/><ref name="Lessem, 1999"/>, during the [[Würm glaciation]], although there are some indications it may have existed into historic times in southeastern Europe, as recently as 2,000 years ago in the [[Balkans]].<ref> ''Wild cats of the world'' by C A W Guggisberg (1975) ISBN 0800883241 and  ''Pleistocene mammals of Europe'' by Björn Kurtén (1968) [not seen]</ref> 
 
 
Cave lions were widespread in parts of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], from [[Great Britain]], [[Germany]] and [[France]] (Arduini & Teruzzi, 1993) all the way to the [[Bering Strait]] and from [[Siberia]] to [[Turkistan]].
 
 
==References==
 
<references />
 
 
==See also==
 
 
* [[Panthera leo fossilis]]
 
* [[Panthera leo vereshchagini]]
 
* [[Panthera leo atrox]]
 
* [[Panthera leo]]
 
  
==In popular culture==
+
The cave lion appeared after the earlier species ''[[Panthera leo fossilis]],'' which first appeared in Europe about 700,000 years ago, but generally is poorly represented in the European records and so far unknown in Asia (Sotnikova and Nikolskiy 2006). The cave lion itself lived from 370,000 to 10,000 years ago, during the [[Pleistocene]] [[epoch (geology)|epoch]]. Apparently, it became extinct about 10,000 years ago (Hublin 1984, Lessem and Sovak 1999), during the [[Würm glaciation]], although there are some indications it may have existed into historic times in southeastern Europe, as recently as 2,000 years ago in the [[Balkans]] (Guggisberg 1975).
  
The Cave Lion is represented as characters and as a revered totemic spirit in the [[Earth's Children]] series of prehistoric fiction, by [[Jean M. Auel]]. It appears in the computer game [[Zoo Tycoon 2: Extinct Animals]]. It was even shown hunting mammoths and Cro Magnons in [[BBC]]'s [[Walking with Beasts]].
+
Cave lions were widespread during the Late Pleistocene (Sotnikova and Nikolskiy 2006), being found  in parts of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], from [[Great Britain]], [[Germany]] and [[France]] (Arduini & Teruzzi, 1993) all the way to the [[Bering Strait]] and from [[Siberia]] to [[Turkistan]]. At roughly the same time the related ''P. atrox'' was existing in North America (Sotnikova and Nikolskiy 2006).
  
 +
The cave lions extinction appears linked to the [[Quaternary extinction event]], which wiped out most of the [[megafauna]] prey in those regions. Cave paintings and remains found in the refuse piles of ancient camp sites indicate that they were hunted by early humans, which also may have contributed to their demise (WMM 2004)..
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
http://www.worldmuseumofman.org/cavelion.htm CAVE LION - PANTHERA LEO SPELAEA
+
* Arduini, P., and G. Teruzzi. 1993. ''The MacDonald Encyclopedia of Fossils''. London: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316906220.
World Museum of Man. 2004
+
* Burger, J., et al. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion ''Panthera leo spelaea''. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 30: 841-849.  
 
+
* Christiansen, P. 2008. Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters. ''Cladistics'' 24 (6): 977-992.
http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:Vgaib7hxfOsJ:quarter.ginras.ru/personal/sotnikova/docs/sotnikova2006a.pdf+Panthera+leo+spelaea&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=49&gl=us&client=firefox-a
+
* Groiss, J. T. 1996. Der Höhlentiger ''Panthera tigris spelaea'' (Goldfuss). ''Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie'' 7: 399–414.  
Systematic position of the cave lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss)
+
* Guggisberg, C. A. W. 1975. ''Wild Cats of the World''. ISBN 0800883241.
basedon cranial anddental characters
+
* Harington, C. R. 1969. Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat ''(Panthera atrox)'' from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences'' 6 (5): 1277-1288.
Marina Sotnikova
+
* Hublin, J.-J. 1984. ''The Hamlyn Encyclopedia of Prehistoric Animals''. London: Hamlyn.
Pavel Nikolskiy
+
* Koenigswald, W. V. 2002. ''Lebendige Eiszeit''. Theiss-Verlag. ISBN 3806217343.  
Page 1
+
* Lessem, D., and J. Sovak. 1999. ''Dinosaurs to Dodos: An Encyclopedia of Extinct Animals''. New York: Scholastic Reference. ISBN 0590316842.
Quaternary International 142–143 (2006) 218–228
+
* Sotnikova, M., and P. Nikolskiy. 2006. [http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:Vgaib7hxfOsJ:quarter.ginras.ru/personal/sotnikova/docs/sotnikova2006a.pdf+Panthera+leo+spelaea&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=49&gl=us&client=firefox-a Systematic position of the cave lion ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss)]. ''Quaternary International'' 142–143: 218–228. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
 
+
* Vereshchagin, N. K. 1971. The cave lion and its history in the Holarctic and on the territory of the U.S.S.R. ''Trudy of Zoological Institute'' 49: 123-199.
.<ref>Burger, Joachim ''et al.'' (2004): ''Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion'' Panthera leo spelaea. [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] Vol.30, p.841-849. </ref> <ref> Christiansen, Per (December 2008): "Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters" [[Cladistics]] Vol.24, Nu.6,pp. 977-992(16) </ref>
+
* World Museum of Man. 2004. [http://www.worldmuseumofman.org/cavelion.htm Cave lion: ''Panthera leo spelaea'']. ''World Museum of Man''. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
 
 
.<ref>Groiss, J. Th. (1996): ''Der Höhlentiger'' Panthera tigris spelaea ''(Goldfuss)''. [[Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie|Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläont. Mh.]] Vol.7, p.399–414.</ref> 
 
 
 
Harington, C. R. 1969. Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (''Panthera atrox'') from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences'' 6(5): 1277-1288.
 
 
 
Vereshchagin, N. K. 1971. The cave lion and its history in the Holarctic and on the territory of the U.S.S. R. ''Trudy of Zoological Institute'' 49:123-199 (in Russian).
 
 
 
<ref name="Lessem, 1999"> Lessem, D. 1999. ''Dinosaurs to dodos.  An encyclopedia of extinct animals''. Scholastic, New York. 122pp.</ref><ref> W. v. Koenigswald: Lebendige Eiszeit. Theiss-Verlag, 2002. ISBN 3-8062-1734-3 </ref>.  
 
 
 
==External links==
 
 
 
{{wikispecies|Panthera leo spelaea}}
 
{{commonscat|Panthera leo spelaea}}
 
* [http://www.messybeast.com/cat-prehistory.htm Prehistoric cats and prehistoric cat-like creatures], from the Messybeast Cat Resource Archive.
 
* [http://www.beringia.com/02/02maina5.html American lion], by C. R. Harrington, from Yukon Beringia Interpretative Center.
 
* [http://hanskrause.de/HKHPE/hkhpe_11_02.htm The mammoth and the flood], volume 5, chapter 1, by Hans Krause.
 
* [http://dml.cmnh.org/1996Aug/msg00152.html Hoyle and cavetigers], from the Dinosaur Mailing List. (Groiss)
 
* [http://www.worldmuseumofman.org/cavelion.htm The Interaction of the European Cave Lion and Primitive Humans]
 
 
 
{{portal|Paleontology}}
 
  
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]

Latest revision as of 00:12, 3 January 2020

Cave lion
Fossil range: Middle to Late Pleistocene
Hoehlenloewe CaveLion hharder.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Panthera
Species: P. leo
Subspecies: P. l. spelaea
Trinomial name
Panthera leo spelaea
Goldfuss, 1810

Cave lion, also known as European cave lion and Eurasian cave lion, is the common name for a extinct, large, wild felid, Panthera leo spelaea (or P. spelaea), which lived from about 370,000 to 10,000 years ago. Known from fossils and multiple examples of prehistoric art, the cave ion is characterized by large size (larger than the modern lion), rounded, protruding ears, tufted tail, and perhaps faint, tiger-like stripes. While commonly considered an extinct subspecies of the lion (Panthera leo), the cave lion is considered by some as a separate species.

Inhabiting Europe until about the time of the last European Ice Age, the cave lion lived at the same time as Neanderthals (250,000 years ago until 30,000 years ago) and Cro-Magnon man (40,000 to 10,000 years ago) and have been depicted in cave paintings, among other art. The common name comes from their graphic appearance in caves, although they probably did not live in them.

During its time, the cave lion was one of the key members of the Pleistocene fauna in Eurasia, during which time it was widespread. For human beings, various archaeological artifacts suggest that they were featured in Paleolithic religious rituals. Also, they were hunted by human beings.

Overview and description

Skeleton of a cave lion from the Sloup Caves near Brno in the Czech Republic

The cave lion is a member of the Panthera genus, which includes four large cats among its extant members: The lion (Panthera leo), the tiger (Panthera tigris), the jaguar (Panthera onca), and the leopard (Panthera pardus).

The cave lion generally is placed as a subspecies of the lion, as Panthera leo spelaea. However, some authorities—such as Sotnikova and Nikolskiy (2006), Harington (1969) and Vereshchagin (1971)—consider the cave lion as a separate species, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss). Sotnikova and Nikolskiy (2006) base their finding on the cave lion being a separate species on an analysis of skull characters and note many advanced characters relative to P. leo that support separate evolution. They maintain that recent molecular data also provides additional proof that the cave lion was highly distinct from its living relatives. They also assign the fossil lion of northwestern North American, Panthera atrox, as part of Panthera spealea.

Cave Lion skull

Some authorities, based on a comparison of skull shapes, consider the cave lion to be more closely related to the tiger, which would result in the formal name Panthera tigris spelaea (Groiss 1996). However, recent genetic research suggests that the cave lion was a close, but separate, relative of the modern lion and leopard (Burger 2004; Christiansen 2008). Sotnikova and Nikoskiy (2006) likewise did not find any synapomorphies in the cranial structure to support a close relationship of cave lions with tigers in the genus Panterha.

The cave lion is one of the largest known members of the Panthera genus. The remains of an adult male, which was found in 1985 near Siegsdorf in Germany, had a shoulder height of around 1.2 meters (4 feet) and a body length of 2.1 meters (7 feet) without the tail. This is similar to the size of a very large modern lion. The size of this male has been exceeded by other specimens of cave lions, which may have had an overall head/body length of 3.5 meters and males may have weighed in at 400 kilograms (882 pounds) (WMM 2004). This cat may have been approximately 5 to 33 percent larger than modern lions, and maybe even larger than the largest extant cat, the Siberian tiger, Panthera tigris altaica, although it was smaller than the earlier eurasian panterines, Panthera fossilis, and the larger American lion, Panthera atrox (Lessem and Sovak 1999; Koenigswald 2002).

Because of not only fossils, but also depictions of the cave lion in prehistoric cave paintings and Paleolithic clay figurines and ivory carvings, we are able to gain some understanding of what these animals looked like and their behavior. These representations indicate that cave lions had rounded, protruding ears, tufted tails, possibly faint tiger-like stripes, and that at least some had a "ruff" or primitive mane around their neck, indicating males. Their body color possibly varied from a ochre-tinted gray to dark ochre brown on the upper parts of the body, while the rest of the coat was light brown.

Environment

Cave lions, Chamber of Felines, Lascaux caves in France

The cave lion received its common name from the fact that large quantities of its remains are found in caves (Arduini and Teruzzi 1993), but it is doubtful whether they lived in them. It had a wide habitat tolerance, but probably preferred conifer forests and grasslands (Hublin 1984), where medium-sized to large herbivores occurred. Fossil footprints of lions, which were found together with those of reindeer, demonstrate that these cats once occurred even in subpolar climates.

These active carnivores (Arduini and Teruzzi 1993) probably preyed upon the large, herbivorous animals of their time, including horses, deer, boars, and bison. Some paintings of them in caves show several hunting together, which suggests the hunting strategy of contemporary lionesses.

Small prey likely were brought down usually with a blow of the front paw and then held down with both front feet. The animals would finally be killed by a powerful bite of the sharp teeth (Lessem and Sovak 1999), at the back of the neck, in the region of the throat and even in the chest. A cave lion usually could not run as fast as its prey, but could pounce on it from behind or run up next to it and bring it down with the paws. In this manner, a running animal's balance could very easily be disturbed.

History and distribution

The cave lion appeared after the earlier species Panthera leo fossilis, which first appeared in Europe about 700,000 years ago, but generally is poorly represented in the European records and so far unknown in Asia (Sotnikova and Nikolskiy 2006). The cave lion itself lived from 370,000 to 10,000 years ago, during the Pleistocene epoch. Apparently, it became extinct about 10,000 years ago (Hublin 1984, Lessem and Sovak 1999), during the Würm glaciation, although there are some indications it may have existed into historic times in southeastern Europe, as recently as 2,000 years ago in the Balkans (Guggisberg 1975).

Cave lions were widespread during the Late Pleistocene (Sotnikova and Nikolskiy 2006), being found in parts of Europe and Asia, from Great Britain, Germany and France (Arduini & Teruzzi, 1993) all the way to the Bering Strait and from Siberia to Turkistan. At roughly the same time the related P. atrox was existing in North America (Sotnikova and Nikolskiy 2006).

The cave lions extinction appears linked to the Quaternary extinction event, which wiped out most of the megafauna prey in those regions. Cave paintings and remains found in the refuse piles of ancient camp sites indicate that they were hunted by early humans, which also may have contributed to their demise (WMM 2004)..

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Arduini, P., and G. Teruzzi. 1993. The MacDonald Encyclopedia of Fossils. London: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316906220.
  • Burger, J., et al. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 841-849.
  • Christiansen, P. 2008. Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters. Cladistics 24 (6): 977-992.
  • Groiss, J. T. 1996. Der Höhlentiger Panthera tigris spelaea (Goldfuss). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie 7: 399–414.
  • Guggisberg, C. A. W. 1975. Wild Cats of the World. ISBN 0800883241.
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