Difference between revisions of "Black Hole of Calcutta" - New World Encyclopedia

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==Controversy==
 
==Controversy==
Holwell claims that one hundred and twenty-three died of one hundred and forty-six held. While his account was not questioned in Britain at the time, other contemporary accounts claimed a larger number and differed on other details such as the room size and whether there was a window. In 1915, British scholar J.H. Little challenged Holwell's claims in his article, "The Black Hole — The Question of Holwell's Veracity," arguing that Holwell was an unreliable witness and his veracity is questionable. Little went so far as to label Holwell's version "a gigantic hoax." Other historians, including Indian scholar Brijen Gupta, disagreed with Little's strong belief, but nevertheless downplayed Holwell's account.
 
  
The following arguments have been listed against Holwell's account:
+
Holwell claims that one hundred and twenty-three died of one hundred and forty-six held. While his account met with ready belief in Britain at the time, other contemporary accounts claimed a larger number and differed on other details such as the room size and the presence of windows. In 1915, British scholar J.H. Little challenged Holwell's claims in his article, "The Black Hole — The Question of Holwell's Veracity," arguing Holwell an unreliable witness of questionable veracity. Little went so far as to label Holwell's version "a gigantic hoax." Other historians, including Indian scholar Brijen Gupta, disagreed with Little's allegation, but nevertheless consider Holwell's account exaggerated.  
 
 
* Absence of any independent confirmation: It is stated that apart from Holwell's account no other source mentioned such an incident. Given its nature, it seems very unlikely that all traces of such a thing having happened would have disappeared. It must be remembered that the Bengal sultanate was a decaying, bureaucratic one, not at all suited to systematic suppression of information. Historian RC Majumdar in his ''An Advanced History of India'' says that Holwell's story is entirely baseless and can not be considered reliable historical information. However, Secretary Cooke, another alleged European survivor of the Black Hole, gave evidence before the Parliamentary Committee of 1772.<ref> Echoes from Old Calcutta by H. E. Busteed, pp. 14, 31, 33</ref>.
 
 
 
* Little argued that after the deaths in the occupation of Calcutta and the subsequent evacuation and desertion, 146 British prisoners could not have been left in Siraj's hands three hours after the surrender, though this claim has been challenged. Holwell's list of the alleged victims explicitly includes Anglo-Indians and East India Company sepoys. Aside from the aforementioned list, in his account he writes of being crushed by a fellow inmate who was a "Topaz" (a black Catholic soldier); moreover, the only female survivor, Mrs. Carey, was described as a "country-born" woman, which in the language of the time meant of mixed blood.  
 
 
[[Image:black hole.jpg|thumb|Text on the Memorial in St. John's Churchyard]]
 
[[Image:black hole.jpg|thumb|Text on the Memorial in St. John's Churchyard]]
  
* Only forty-three of the garrison were listed as missing from Fort William after the incident and therefore the maximum number of deaths could only be forty-three. However, this is also subject to the objection that according to the Holwell account itself, not all the prisoners would have been listed as members of the garrison.
+
Only forty-three of the Fort William garrison had been listed missing after the calamity. The minimum number of deaths would be forty-three. this is also subject to the objection that according to the Holwell account itself, not all the prisoners would have been listed as members of the garrison. The actual number of deaths will probably never be definitively established. The Indians made no list of British and Dutch soldiers surrendering at the fort, not even a count of heads. Many escaped between the surrender and the confinement in the 'Black Hole'. Even a friend offered Holwell a chance to escape. The number of deaths in the 'Black Hole' has generally been accepted as 46.
 
 
* Bholanath Chunder, a [[Bengal]]i landlord, opined that a floor area of 267 square feet (25 m²) could not contain 146 European adults. In order to prove this, Bholanath fenced round an area 15 by 18 feet (4.6 by 5.5 m) with bamboo stalks and counted the number of his Bengali tenants who could be crammed into it. The number was found to be much less than 146, and a Bengali villager's body occupies much less space than a British soldier's. By comparison, modern [[Rapid transit|subway]] standards specify 3 square feet for rush-hour standees, 146 people in the Black Hole would have had less than 1.8 square feet. However, this objection misses the point that the prisoners in the Hole were so cramped that they perished and subway densities are designed to give enough space to prevent this.
 
 
 
The true number of deaths will probably never be definitively established. No list was made of the British soldiers surrendering at the fort, not even a count of heads. Many escaped between the surrender and the confinement in the 'Black Hole'. Even Holwell was offered by a friend the chance to escape. Therefore, the number of deaths in the 'Black Hole' could have been considerably fewer.
 
  
 
==The Monument==
 
==The Monument==

Revision as of 00:32, 9 May 2008

The Black Hole of Calcutta refers to a small dungeon where troops of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, held British prisoners of war after the capture of Fort William on June 20, 1756.

John Zephaniah Holwell reported that following the fall of the Fort, the nawab held British and Anglo-Indian soldiers and civilians overnight in conditions so cramped that a large proportion of those held died from suffocation, heat exhaustion and crushing. He wrote that 123 prisoners died out of 146 prisoners held. Doubt has been cast on both the numbers alleged and on whether the incident happened at all. Some modern historians have suggested the incident had been fabricated by Holwell as a piece of propaganda to blacken the image of Siraj.[1] That view has been generally rejected. Brijen Gupta, in a 1958 study, contends that the imprisonment happened. He calculated that twenty-one survived out or sixty-four imprisoned. [2]

Background

The British built Fort William to protect British East India Company trade in the city of Calcutta, Bengal. The British, preparing for battle with the French during the Seven Years War (1756-1763), fortified Calcutta, especially by strengthening Fort William. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, rightly concerned that the fortification marked the British East India Company's encroachment upon Indian sovereignty. [3] He ordered both French and British to immediate stop to the fortifications. The French at Chandernagore complied. The British ignored the command, fearing the war with France would catch them unprepared. Siraj gathered his large army, including artillery and Europeans hired to train the Indians, and marched on Calcutta.

Siraj advanced unopposed, finding the approach to Calcutta unfortified. As the Indian force advanced, the British fell into confusion. The garrison's commander organized an escape, and left a token force in the fort under the command of John Zephaniah Holwell, a one-time military surgeon and top East India Company civil servant. Desertions by allied troops, mainly Dutch, made even that temporary defense untenable. Their evacuation of the fort by ship fell into disorganization. Siraj laid siege to the fort. The British, including many civilians, fought bravely for three days before the fort fell to the Nawab of Bengal.

The Holwell account

Accounts more reliable than Holwell's recount that Indian soldiers took the surviving defenders prisoner. That included British soldiers, Anglo-Indian soldiers, and civilians who had been sheltered in the Fort. Some prisoners escaped, while others attacked their guards. In the end, the Indian soldiers placed sixty four prisoners into tiny room 18 feet (5.5 m) long and 14 feet 10 inches (4.3 m) wide. The room had two small windows. [4]

According to Holwell, the troops, apparently acting without orders, had packed the prisoners in the small guard room, locking them in overnight. Prisoners begged for water or release, growing delirious from heat exhaustion. As time passed, prisoners collapsed from heat stroke, suffocation, or trampling. Siraj Ud Daulah released the prisoners in the morning, becoming aware of their plight after he woke.

In Holwell's account of the incident, the Siraj's soldiers imprisoned 146 prisoners, 123 of them suffocating during the night. His version of events, supported by other survivors, received wide accepted at the time in Britain. Even as late as 1957, Winston Churchill cited those numbers. [5] The reason for confusion may lay in the confusion of the falling of the fort. Because so many non-combatants took refuge in the Fort, the number that died cannot be stated with any precision.[6]

The Siraj's soldiers threw the corpses into a ditch. They sent Holwell and three others as prisoners to Murshidabad; the rest of the survivors obtained their liberty after the victory of a relief expedition under Robert Clive. The British later used the Black Hole as a warehouse. They erected an obelisk, 50 feet (15 m) high, in memory of the dead.

50 foot obelisk on grounds of St John’s Church in Calcutta, a 50 ft obelisk commemorating the calamity

Holwell portrayed the night as follows [7]: The dungeon, a strongly barred room had been intended for the confinement of two or three men at a time. The room had only two windows. A veranda projecting outside and thick iron bars within impeded the ventilation. Fires raging in different parts of the fort suggested further oppressive atmosphere. The prisoners packed so tightly that closing the door became difficult.

The prisoners offered one of the soldiers stationed in the veranda 1,000 rupees to have them removed to a larger room. He went away, but returned without accepting the money. Doubling the bribe, the soldier tried again without success; the nawab slept, and no one dared wake him.

By 9 pm several had died, and many more became delirious. A frantic cry for water became general. One of the guards brought some to the bars. In their impatience to receive it, the water nearly all spilled. The little they drank seemed only to increase their thirst. Loosing self-control, those in remote parts of the room struggled to reach the window. A fearful tumult ensued with many trampled to death. They raved, fought, prayed, blasphemed, and many then fell exhausted on the floor, dying of suffocation.

By 11 pm, prisoners began to die rapidly. At 6 am, Siraj-ud-Dowla awoke, ordering the door opened. Howell counted only 23 of the original 146 still living. Fresh air soon revived them. Soldiers took the commander before the nawab. Howell reported that he expressed no regret for the calamity. Holwell and some others acquited him of any intention of causing the catastrophe. They attributed the crime to officers who acted without orders.

Alleged victims

Holwell's account included a summary of the alleged victims: Dutch and English sergeants, corporals, soldiers, topazes,[8] militia, whites, and Portuguese,[9], making on the whole one hundred and twenty-three persons.

  • Of Council — E. Eyre, Wm. Baillie,. Esqrs., the Rev. Jervas Bellamy.
  • Gentlemen in the Service — Messrs. Jenks, Revely, Law, Coales, Valicourt, Jeb, Torriano, E. Page, S. Page, Grub, Street, Harod, P. Johnstone, Ballard, N. Drake, Carse, Knapton, Gosling, Bing, Dod, Dalrymple.
  • Military Captains — Clayton, Buchanan, Witherington.
  • Lieutenants — Bishop, Ifays, Blagg, Simson, Bellamy.
  • Ensigns — Paccard, Scot, Hastings, C. Wedderburn, Dumbleton.
  • Sergeants, &c. — Sergeant-Major Abraham, Quartermaster Cartwright, Sergeant Bleau (these were sergeants of militia).
  • Sea Captains — Hunt, Osburne, Purnell (survived the night, but died next day), Messrs. Carey, Stephenson, Guy, Porter, W. Parker, Caulker, Bendall, Atkinson, Leech, &c., &c."

Controversy

Holwell claims that one hundred and twenty-three died of one hundred and forty-six held. While his account met with ready belief in Britain at the time, other contemporary accounts claimed a larger number and differed on other details such as the room size and the presence of windows. In 1915, British scholar J.H. Little challenged Holwell's claims in his article, "The Black Hole — The Question of Holwell's Veracity," arguing Holwell an unreliable witness of questionable veracity. Little went so far as to label Holwell's version "a gigantic hoax." Other historians, including Indian scholar Brijen Gupta, disagreed with Little's allegation, but nevertheless consider Holwell's account exaggerated.

File:Black hole.jpg
Text on the Memorial in St. John's Churchyard

Only forty-three of the Fort William garrison had been listed missing after the calamity. The minimum number of deaths would be forty-three. this is also subject to the objection that according to the Holwell account itself, not all the prisoners would have been listed as members of the garrison. The actual number of deaths will probably never be definitively established. The Indians made no list of British and Dutch soldiers surrendering at the fort, not even a count of heads. Many escaped between the surrender and the confinement in the 'Black Hole'. Even a friend offered Holwell a chance to escape. The number of deaths in the 'Black Hole' has generally been accepted as 46.

The Monument

Holwell had erected a tablet on the site of the Black Hole to commemorate the victims, but at some point before 1822 (the precise date is uncertain) it disappeared. Lord Curzon, on becoming Viceroy in 1899, noticed that there was nothing to mark the spot and commissioned a new monument, mentioning the prior existence of Holwell's; it was erected in 1901 at the corner of Dalhousie Square, which is said to be the site of the Black Hole.[10] At the apex of the Indian independence movement, the presence of this monument in Calcutta was turned into a nationalist cause celebre. Nationalist leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose lobbied energetically for its removal. The Congress and the Muslim League joined forces in the anti-monument movement. As a result, the obelisk was removed from Dalhousie Square in July, 1940, and re-erected in the graveyard of St John's Church, where it remains to this day.

The Black Hole itself has long been taken down and no traces of it remain today.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. Bharater Itihas by Jibon Mukherjee
  2. Gupta, Brijen Kishore. 1958. The relations between Nawab Sirajuddaullah and the East India Company, 1756-1757. Thesis—University of Chicago.
  3. Churchill, Winston S. 1957. A history of the English speaking peoples. Vol.3, The age of revolution. Cassell, p. 220. OCLC 59019707
  4. Encycolpaedia Britannica. 1994-1999. Black Hole of Calcutta. DVD.
  5. Churchill, Winston S. 1957. A history of the English speaking peoples. Vol.3, The age of revolution, p. 221. Cassell. OCLC 59019707
  6. H.E. Busteed Echoes from Old Calcutta (Calcutta) 1908 pp. 30-56
  7. 1911 Encyclopedia
  8. Indian soldiers fighting for the British
  9. Anglo-Indians. Examples: "A Portuguese named William Robert, was charged before Mr. Andrews with having entered an untenanted house, belonging to Mrs. Shepherd..." & "...on a charge of having ordered a burkundauze employed by her to beat a native Portuguese of the name of John Morgan, which he did in such a manner as to break his leg." (From the Calcutta newspaper, The John Bull, October & March 1832.) As can be seen from these very British names, "Portuguese" was the general, albeit confusing, name used for Calcutta's Anglo-Indians: a term commonly used from the early 18th century to the mid 19th century - but no later than 1850. In 1829 Victor Jacquemont (travelling naturalist, to the Museum of Natural History, Paris) wrote: "There is a fairly large Portuguese population in Calcutta. Few of them, it is true, can boast a purely European origin; there are some, but they are all black, blacker than the natives... " In 1798 ‘Portuguese and other Christian inhabitants’ (IE, Eurasians and Indian converts) occupied 2,650 houses out of a total of 78,760 city abodes. They were often the distant offspring of Portuguese soldiers who had established the first European settlement in Bengal at Hooghly.
  10. Busteed Old Calcutta pp52-6

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