Difference between revisions of "Bhimbetka rock shelters" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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[[Image:Bhimbetka.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Bhimbetka rock painting]]
 
[[Image:Bhimbetka.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Bhimbetka rock painting]]
  
The '''Bhimbetka rock shelters''' compose an archaeological site and [[World Heritage Site]] located in the [[India]]n state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The Bhimbetka shelters exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India; its [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]] rock paintings are approximately 9,000 years old, making them among the world's oldest.
+
The '''Bhimbetka rock shelters''' compose an archaeological site and [[World Heritage Site]] located in the [[India]]n state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The Bhimbetka shelters exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India; its [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]] rock paintings date approximately 9,000 years old, making them among the world's oldest.
  
 
{{coor title dm|22|55.40|N|77|35|E|}}
 
{{coor title dm|22|55.40|N|77|35|E|}}
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== Location ==
 
== Location ==
The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetaka (or Bhim Baithaka) lie 45 km south of [[Bhopal]] at the southern edge of the [[Vindhyachal]] hills. South of these rock shelters are successive ranges of the [[Satpura]] hills. The entire area is covered by thick vegetation, has abundant natural resources in its [[perennial stream|perennial water supplies]], natural shelters, rich forest [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]], and bears a significant resemblance to similar rock art sites such as [[Kakadu National Park]] in [[Australia]], the cave paintings of the [[Bushmen]] in [[Kalahari Desert]], and the [[Upper Paleolithic]] [[Lascaux cave]] paintings in [[France]].
+
The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetaka (or Bhim Baithaka) lie 45 km south of [[Bhopal]] at the southern edge of the [[Vindhyachal]] hills. South of those rock shelters successive ranges of the [[Satpura]] hills rise. Thick vegetation covers the entire area. Abundant natural resources include [[perennial stream|perennial water supply]], natural shelters, rich forest [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]], bearing a significant resemblance to similar rock art sites such as [[Kakadu National Park]] in [[Australia]], the cave paintings of the [[Bushmen]] in [[Kalahari Desert]], and the [[Upper Paleolithic]] [[Lascaux cave]] paintings in [[France]].
  
 
== Discovery ==
 
== Discovery ==
 
[[Image:Bhimbetka1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Bhimbetka rock painting]]
 
[[Image:Bhimbetka1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Bhimbetka rock painting]]
  
As reported in the [[UNESCO]] citation declaring the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka as a World Heritage Site, Bhimbetka was first mentioned in Indian archeological records in [[1888]] as a [[Buddhist]] site, based on information gathered from local [[adivasi]]s. Later, as [[V. S. Wakankar]] was traveling by train to Bhopal he saw some rock formations similar to those he had seen in [[Spain]] and [[France]]. He visited the area along with a team of archaeologists and discovered several prehistoric rock shelters in [[1957]].<ref>{{cite web
+
As reported in the [[UNESCO]] citation declaring the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka a World Heritage Site, Indian archeological records in [[1888]] first mentioned Bhimbetka as a [[Buddhist]] site, based on information gathered from local [[adivasi]]s. Later, as [[V. S. Wakankar]] travelled to Bhopal by train he saw some rock formations similar to those he had seen in [[Spain]] and [[France]]. He visited the area along with a team of archaeologists and discovered several prehistoric rock shelters in [[1957]].<ref>{{cite web
 
|url=http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925
 
|url=http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925
 
|title=Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
 
|title=Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
Line 22: Line 22:
 
}}</ref>  
 
}}</ref>  
  
Since then more than 700 such shelters have been identified, of which 243 are in the  Bhimbetka group and 178 in the Lakha Juar group. Archeological studies revealed a continuous sequence of [[Stone Age]] cultures (from the late [[Acheulian]] to the late [[Mesolithic]]), as well as the world’s oldest stone walls and floors. The earliest paintings on the cave walls are believed to be of the [[Mesolithic]] period. A broad chronology of the finds has been done, but a detailed chronology is yet to be created.
+
Since then, more than 700 such shelters have been identified, of which 243 belong to the  Bhimbetka group and 178 the Lakha Juar group. Archeological studies revealed a continuous sequence of [[Stone Age]] cultures (from the late [[Acheulian]] to the late [[Mesolithic]]), as well as the world’s oldest stone walls and floors. Archeologists estimate that the earliest paintings on the cave walls date to the [[Mesolithic]] period. A broad chronology of the finds has been completed, but a detailed chronology awaits drafting.  
  
The caves have evolved over time into excellent rock-shelters, ideal sites for aboriginal settlements. The smooth shape of the rocks has led some scientists to believe that the area was once under water. The rocks have taken on incredible shapes in several stunning hues and textures. Apart from the central place the aboriginal drawings have in human history, the caves themselves offer interesting material for a study of the earth's history.
+
The caves have evolved over time into excellent rock-shelters, ideal sites for aboriginal settlements. The smooth shape of the rocks has led some scientists to believe that the area once lay under water. The rocks have taken on spectacular shapes in several stunning hues and textures. Apart from the central place the aboriginal drawings have in human history, the caves themselves offer interesting material for a study of the earth's history.
  
 
== Rock art & paintings ==
 
== Rock art & paintings ==
 
[[Image:Bhimbetka rock paintng1.jpg|thumb|Bhimbetka rock painting]]
 
[[Image:Bhimbetka rock paintng1.jpg|thumb|Bhimbetka rock painting]]
<!-- [Image:Hunting2.jpg|thumb|Hunting Scence]] not from Bhimbetka rock painging —>
+
<!-- [Image:Hunting2.jpg|thumb|Hunting Scence]] not from Bhimbetka rock painting —>
 
<!-- [[Image:elephant.jpg|thumb|Elephant]] not from Bhimbetka rock painting —>
 
<!-- [[Image:elephant.jpg|thumb|Elephant]] not from Bhimbetka rock painting —>
 
The rock shelters and caves of Bhimbetka have a number of interesting paintings which depict the lives and times of the people who lived in the caves, including scenes of childbirth, communal dancing and drinking, and [[Ritual#Religious|religious rites]] and burials, as well as the [[natural environment]] around them.  
 
The rock shelters and caves of Bhimbetka have a number of interesting paintings which depict the lives and times of the people who lived in the caves, including scenes of childbirth, communal dancing and drinking, and [[Ritual#Religious|religious rites]] and burials, as well as the [[natural environment]] around them.  
  
Executed mainly in red and white with the occasional use of green and yellow with themes taken from the everyday events of aeons ago, the scenes usually depict hunting, dancing, music, horse and elephant riders animal fighting, honey collection decoration of bodies, disguises, masking and household scenes. Animals such as [[bison]]s, [[tiger]]s, lions, wild boar, elephants, antelopes dogs, lizards, crocodiles etc. have been abundantly depicted in some caves popular religious and ritual symbols also occur frequently
+
Executed mainly in red and white with the occasional use of green and yellow with themes taken from the everyday events of aeons ago, the scenes usually depict hunting, dancing, music, horse and elephant riders animal fighting, honey collection decoration of bodies, disguises, masking and household scenes. Animals such as [[bison]]s, [[tiger]]s, lions, wild boar, elephants, antelopes dogs, lizards, and crocodiles have been abundantly depicted. In some caves, popular religious and ritual symbols also appear often.
  
 +
===Periods===
 
The superimposition of paintings shows that the same canvas was used by different people at different times. The drawing and paintings can be classified under seven different periods.  
 
The superimposition of paintings shows that the same canvas was used by different people at different times. The drawing and paintings can be classified under seven different periods.  
  
'''Period 1''' - (Upper Paleolithic): These are linear representations, in green and dark red, of huge figures of animals such as bisons, tigers, and rhinoceroses.  
+
====Period 1 (Upper Paleolithic)====
 +
:Linear representations of huge figures of animals such as bisons, tigers, and rhinoceroses in green and dark red.  
  
'''Period II''' - (Mesolithic): Comparatively small in size the stylised figures in this group show linear decorations on the body.
+
====Period II (Mesolithic)====
  
In addition to animals there are human figures and hunting scenes, giving a clear picture of the weapons they used: barbed spears, pointed sticks, bows and arrows. The depiction of communal dances, birds, musical instruments, mother and child pregnant women, men carrying dead animal drinking and burials appear in rhythmic movement.  
+
:Comparatively small in size, the stylised figures in that group show linear decorations on the body. In addition to animals, human figures and hunting scenes appear, giving a clear picture of the weapons they used: barbed spears, pointed sticks, bows and arrows. The depiction of communal dances, birds, musical instruments, mother and child pregnant women, men carrying dead animal drinking and burials appear in rhythmic movement.  
  
'''Period III''' - (Chalcolithic) Similar to the paintings of the Chalcolithic, these drawings reveal that during the period the cave dwellers of this area were in contact with the agricultural communities of the [[Malwa]] plains and exchanged goods with them.  
+
====Period III (Chalcolithic)====
 +
:Similar to the paintings of the Chalcolithic, these drawings reveal that during the period the cave dwellers of this area had been in contact with the agricultural communities of the [[Malwa]] plains and exchanged goods with them.  
  
'''Period IV & V''' - (Early historic): The figures of this group have a schematic and decorative style and are painted mainly in red white and yellow. The association is of riders, depiction of religious symbols, Tunic-like dresses and the existence of scripts of different periods. The religious beliefs are represented by figures of [[yaksha]]s, tree gods and magical sky chariots.  
+
====Period IV & V (Early historic)====
 +
:The figures of this group have a schematic and decorative style, painted mainly in red white and yellow. The association of riders, depiction of religious symbols, Tunic-like dresses and the existence of scripts of different periods appear. Figures of [[yaksha]]s, tree gods and magical sky chariots represent religious beliefs.  
  
'''Period VI & VIl''' - (Medieval) : These paintings are geometric linear and more schematic, but they show degenerations and crudeness in their artistic style. The colours used by the cave dwellers were prepared combining manganese haematite soft red stone and wooden coal
+
====Period VI & VIl (Medieval)====
 +
:The paintings have geometric linear and more schematic shapes, showing degenerations and crudeness in their artistic style. The cave dwellers prepared the colors the used by combining manganese haematite soft red stone and wooden coal. Sometimes, they used the fat of animals and extracts of leaves in the mixtures. The colours have remained intact for many centuries due to the chemical reaction resulting from the oxide present on the surface of the rocks.
  
Sometimes the fat of animals and extracts of leaves were also used in the mixture. The colours have remained intact for many centuries due to the chemical reaction resulting from the oxide present on the surface of the rocks.  
+
:One rock, popularly referred to as “Zoo Rock”, depicts [[elephant]]s, [[sambar]], [[bison]] and deer. Paintings on another rock show a [[peacock]], a snake, a deer and the sun. On another rock, two elephants with tusks have been painted. Hunting scenes with hunters carrying bows, arrows, swords and shields also find their place in the community of those pre-historic paintings. In one of the caves, a bison pursues a hunter while his two companions appear to stand helplessly nearby; in another, some horsemen appear, along with archers.
  
 +
==General Observations==
 +
Scientists marvel that the paintings have remained unfaded after thousands of years. <!--{{vague}}—> Some archeologists have postulated that cave dwellers made these paints from colored earth, vegetable [[dye]]s, <!--{{dubious|Questions re Rock art & paintings}}—> roots and animal fat, although that speculation has been criticised as unfounded. The cave people made brushes from pieces of fibrous plants. Because of the natural red and white [[pigments]] the artists used, the colors have been remarkably well preserved. Archeologists speculated that the oldest paintings may <!--{{vague}}—> be as old as 12,000 years old, but some of the [[shape|geometric figures]] date to as recently as the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]].
  
One rock, popularly referred to as “Zoo Rock”, depicts [[elephant]]s, [[sambar]], [[bison]] and deer. Paintings on another rock show a [[peacock]], a snake, a deer and the sun. On another rock, two elephants with tusks are painted. Hunting scenes with hunters carrying bows, arrows, swords and shields also find their place in the community of these pre-historic paintings. In one of the caves, a bison is shown in pursuit of a hunter while his two companions appear to stand helplessly nearby; in another, some horsemen are seen, along with archers.
+
The painters used vegetable-based paint, which has endured over the ages because the drawings had been painted inside a niche or on inner walls. The presence of the figure of a horse, which some suppos to have come into India in relatively recent times, indicates that some of the drawings date back a few thousand years. Archaeologists, using [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon dating]] techniques have dated other drawings to the [[paleolithic|paleolithic age]]. <!--{{Fact|date=April 2007}}—>
 
 
It is a marvel that the paintings have not faded even after thousands of years. It is believed{{vague}} that these paints were made of colored earth, vegetable [[dye]]s,{{dubious|Questions re Rock art & paintings}} roots and animal fat. Brushes were made of pieces of fibrous plants. Because of the natural red and white [[pigments]] the artists used, the colors have been remarkably well preserved. The oldest paintings are believed{{vague}} to be 12,000 years old, but some of the [[shape|geometric figures]] date to as recently as the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]].
 
 
 
The colours used are vegetable colours which have endured through time because the drawings are generally made deep inside a niche or on inner walls. The presence of the figure of a horse, which is supposed to have come into India in relatively recent times, indicates that some of the drawings date back a few thousand years but there are other drawings which have been established as of the [[paleolithic|paleolithic age]] by archaeologists, using [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon dating]] techniques.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
 
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
Line 64: Line 67:
 
* [[Rock art]]
 
* [[Rock art]]
  
== References ==
+
== Notes ==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
*Madhya Pradesh A to Z, Madhya Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation, Cross Section Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 1994
+
 
 +
==References==
 +
* Alam, Md. Shafiqul. Palaeolithic Industries of Bhimbetka, Central India A Morphometric Study. Dhaka: Bangla Academy, 2001. ISBN 9789840740369
 +
* Husain, T., and B. Datt. 2005. "Bhimbetka - A Newly Declared World Heritage Site". Current Science. 88, no. 3: 334. OCLC: 108718499
 +
* Husain, T., and A. Asthana. 2006. "Preliminary Observations on the Flora of Bhimbetka World Heritage Site (M.P.)". Geobios. 33, no. 4: 327-328. OCLC: 108081858
 +
* Madhya Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation. Madhya Pradesh It's Got a Lot More, a Lot Closer Than You Think. Bhopal, India: MP Tourism Dev. Corp, 1980s. OCLC: 39938566
 +
* Mathpal, Yashodhar. Prehistoric Rock Paintings of Bhimbetka, Central India. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1984. OCLC: 12161787
 +
* Misra, Virendra N., Yasodhar Mathpal, and Malti Nagar. Bhimbetka Prehistoric Man and His Art in Central India. Pune, India: H.D. Sankalia, 1977. OCLC: 135343842
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
* [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925 UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka]
+
* [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925 UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka]. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
* [http://vm.kemsu.ru/en/mezolith/bhimpet.html Prehistoric Art of Bhimbetka]
+
* [http://vm.kemsu.ru/en/mezolith/bhimpet.html Prehistoric Art of Bhimbetka]. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/2686/bhimbetka_index.htm Bhimbetka Gallery by A. N. Maheshwari]
+
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/2686/bhimbetka_index.htm Bhimbetka Gallery by A. N. Maheshwari]. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
* [http://www.indiamonuments.org/ - photographs of Bhimbetka and other sites in Madhya Pradesh]
+
* [http://www.indiamonuments.org/ Photographs of Bhimbetka and other sites in Madhya Pradesh]. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
* [http://www.4to40.com/discoverindia/places/index.asp?article=discoverindia_places_bhimbetka Bhimbetka article by Upinder Singh]
+
<!--* [http://www.4to40.com/discoverindia/places/index.asp?article=discoverindia_places_bhimbetka Bhimbetka article by Upinder Singh]. Attempted Retrieval failed November 13, 2007.—>
* [http://www.mptourism.com/dest/bhimbetka.html MP Tourism Destination Bhimbetka]
+
* [http://www.mptourism.com/dest/bhimbetka.html MP Tourism Destination Bhimbetka]. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/rockpain/betaka.htm Pre-historic Paintings of Bhimbetka by L. L. Kamat]
+
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/rockpain/betaka.htm Pre-historic Paintings of Bhimbetka by L. L. Kamat]. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
* [http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/in/bimbekhat/zooRock.html Interactive Panaromic Images of Bhimbetka]
+
* [http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/in/bimbekhat/zooRock.html UNESCO World Heritage Site: 360° Panaromic View of Bhimbetka]. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
* [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/india/ The Rock Art of Central India]
+
* [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/india/ The Rock Art of Central India]. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  
 
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
 
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
  
 
{{credits|159148201}}
 
{{credits|159148201}}

Revision as of 18:56, 13 November 2007

Bhimbetka rock painting

The Bhimbetka rock shelters compose an archaeological site and World Heritage Site located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The Bhimbetka shelters exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India; its Stone Age rock paintings date approximately 9,000 years old, making them among the world's oldest.

Coordinates: 22°55.40′N 77°35′E

The name Bhimbetika comes from the mythological association of the place with Bhima, one of the Pandavas (The five sons of king Pandu and the queens Kunti and Madri) in the Hindu epic Mahabharata.

Location

The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetaka (or Bhim Baithaka) lie 45 km south of Bhopal at the southern edge of the Vindhyachal hills. South of those rock shelters successive ranges of the Satpura hills rise. Thick vegetation covers the entire area. Abundant natural resources include perennial water supply, natural shelters, rich forest flora and fauna, bearing a significant resemblance to similar rock art sites such as Kakadu National Park in Australia, the cave paintings of the Bushmen in Kalahari Desert, and the Upper Paleolithic Lascaux cave paintings in France.

Discovery

Bhimbetka rock painting

As reported in the UNESCO citation declaring the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka a World Heritage Site, Indian archeological records in 1888 first mentioned Bhimbetka as a Buddhist site, based on information gathered from local adivasis. Later, as V. S. Wakankar travelled to Bhopal by train he saw some rock formations similar to those he had seen in Spain and France. He visited the area along with a team of archaeologists and discovered several prehistoric rock shelters in 1957.[1]

Since then, more than 700 such shelters have been identified, of which 243 belong to the Bhimbetka group and 178 the Lakha Juar group. Archeological studies revealed a continuous sequence of Stone Age cultures (from the late Acheulian to the late Mesolithic), as well as the world’s oldest stone walls and floors. Archeologists estimate that the earliest paintings on the cave walls date to the Mesolithic period. A broad chronology of the finds has been completed, but a detailed chronology awaits drafting.

The caves have evolved over time into excellent rock-shelters, ideal sites for aboriginal settlements. The smooth shape of the rocks has led some scientists to believe that the area once lay under water. The rocks have taken on spectacular shapes in several stunning hues and textures. Apart from the central place the aboriginal drawings have in human history, the caves themselves offer interesting material for a study of the earth's history.

Rock art & paintings

Bhimbetka rock painting

The rock shelters and caves of Bhimbetka have a number of interesting paintings which depict the lives and times of the people who lived in the caves, including scenes of childbirth, communal dancing and drinking, and religious rites and burials, as well as the natural environment around them.

Executed mainly in red and white with the occasional use of green and yellow with themes taken from the everyday events of aeons ago, the scenes usually depict hunting, dancing, music, horse and elephant riders animal fighting, honey collection decoration of bodies, disguises, masking and household scenes. Animals such as bisons, tigers, lions, wild boar, elephants, antelopes dogs, lizards, and crocodiles have been abundantly depicted. In some caves, popular religious and ritual symbols also appear often.

Periods

The superimposition of paintings shows that the same canvas was used by different people at different times. The drawing and paintings can be classified under seven different periods.

Period 1 (Upper Paleolithic)

Linear representations of huge figures of animals such as bisons, tigers, and rhinoceroses in green and dark red.

Period II (Mesolithic)

Comparatively small in size, the stylised figures in that group show linear decorations on the body. In addition to animals, human figures and hunting scenes appear, giving a clear picture of the weapons they used: barbed spears, pointed sticks, bows and arrows. The depiction of communal dances, birds, musical instruments, mother and child pregnant women, men carrying dead animal drinking and burials appear in rhythmic movement.

Period III (Chalcolithic)

Similar to the paintings of the Chalcolithic, these drawings reveal that during the period the cave dwellers of this area had been in contact with the agricultural communities of the Malwa plains and exchanged goods with them.

Period IV & V (Early historic)

The figures of this group have a schematic and decorative style, painted mainly in red white and yellow. The association of riders, depiction of religious symbols, Tunic-like dresses and the existence of scripts of different periods appear. Figures of yakshas, tree gods and magical sky chariots represent religious beliefs.

Period VI & VIl (Medieval)

The paintings have geometric linear and more schematic shapes, showing degenerations and crudeness in their artistic style. The cave dwellers prepared the colors the used by combining manganese haematite soft red stone and wooden coal. Sometimes, they used the fat of animals and extracts of leaves in the mixtures. The colours have remained intact for many centuries due to the chemical reaction resulting from the oxide present on the surface of the rocks.
One rock, popularly referred to as “Zoo Rock”, depicts elephants, sambar, bison and deer. Paintings on another rock show a peacock, a snake, a deer and the sun. On another rock, two elephants with tusks have been painted. Hunting scenes with hunters carrying bows, arrows, swords and shields also find their place in the community of those pre-historic paintings. In one of the caves, a bison pursues a hunter while his two companions appear to stand helplessly nearby; in another, some horsemen appear, along with archers.

General Observations

Scientists marvel that the paintings have remained unfaded after thousands of years. Some archeologists have postulated that cave dwellers made these paints from colored earth, vegetable dyes, roots and animal fat, although that speculation has been criticised as unfounded. The cave people made brushes from pieces of fibrous plants. Because of the natural red and white pigments the artists used, the colors have been remarkably well preserved. Archeologists speculated that the oldest paintings may be as old as 12,000 years old, but some of the geometric figures date to as recently as the medieval period.

The painters used vegetable-based paint, which has endured over the ages because the drawings had been painted inside a niche or on inner walls. The presence of the figure of a horse, which some suppos to have come into India in relatively recent times, indicates that some of the drawings date back a few thousand years. Archaeologists, using carbon dating techniques have dated other drawings to the paleolithic age.

See also

Some of other famous locations, across the globe, where petroglyphs similar to Bhimbetka have been discovered are:

  • Rock carvings at Alta
  • Cumbe Mayo, Peru
  • Petroglyph National Monument
  • Rock art

Notes

  1. Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka. World Heritage Site. Retrieved 2007-02-15.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Alam, Md. Shafiqul. Palaeolithic Industries of Bhimbetka, Central India A Morphometric Study. Dhaka: Bangla Academy, 2001. ISBN 9789840740369
  • Husain, T., and B. Datt. 2005. "Bhimbetka - A Newly Declared World Heritage Site". Current Science. 88, no. 3: 334. OCLC: 108718499
  • Husain, T., and A. Asthana. 2006. "Preliminary Observations on the Flora of Bhimbetka World Heritage Site (M.P.)". Geobios. 33, no. 4: 327-328. OCLC: 108081858
  • Madhya Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation. Madhya Pradesh It's Got a Lot More, a Lot Closer Than You Think. Bhopal, India: MP Tourism Dev. Corp, 1980s. OCLC: 39938566
  • Mathpal, Yashodhar. Prehistoric Rock Paintings of Bhimbetka, Central India. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1984. OCLC: 12161787
  • Misra, Virendra N., Yasodhar Mathpal, and Malti Nagar. Bhimbetka Prehistoric Man and His Art in Central India. Pune, India: H.D. Sankalia, 1977. OCLC: 135343842

External links

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