Difference between revisions of "Bean" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:Heaps of beans.jpg|thumb|Green beans]]
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'''Bean''' is a common name for edible plant [[seed]]s or seed pods of several members of the [[Legume]] family (''Fabaceae'', formerly ''Leguminosae'') or the various leguminous trees and shrubs that produce these seeds or pods.
  
'''Bean''' is a common name for large plant [[seed]]s of several [[genus|genera]] of [[Fabaceae]] (formerly Leguminosae) used for food or feed.  The various species of bean bean plants include some of the very first plants cultivated by man in both the Old and the New Worlds. They have been and continue to be an important part of the human food supply.  
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The various species of bean plants include some of the very first plants cultivated by people in both the Old and the New Worlds. They have been and continue to be an important part of the human [[food]] supply, providing [[protein]], [[vitamin]]s, and other nutrients. In recent years, bean consumption has increased due mainly to economic progress in [[India]], home to many vegetarians, and to their increased use in developed countries as people move to healthier diets (FAO 2005). 
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Beans, especially [[soybean]]s, which are now the largest bean crop grown, provide other products as well as food. They are also important for their role in fixing [[nitrogen]], which replenishes the soil in which they are grown. They do this through a cooperative, mutually beneficial, [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] relationship with [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] [[bacteria]].
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[[Image:A green bean.jpg|thumb|300px|Common beans on the plant]]
  
 
== Name ==
 
== Name ==
''Bean'' originally meant the seed of the [[broad bean]], but was later broadened to include members of the genus ''[[Phaseolus]]'' such as the [[common bean]] or haricot and the [[runner bean]] and the related genus ''[[Vigna]]''. The term is now applied in a general way to many other related plants such as [[soybean]]s, [[pea]]s, [[lentil]]s, [[vetch]]es and [[lupine]]s.
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"Bean" originally meant the seed of the broad bean, but was later broadened to include members of the genus ''Phaseolus'' such as the common bean and the runner bean, and the related genus ''Vigna''. The term is now applied in a general way to many other related plants, such as soybeans, [[pea]]s, lentils, vetches, and lupines.
''Bean'' can be used as a near synonym of [[pulse (legume)|pulse]], an edible [[legume]], though the term "pulses" is usually reserved for leguminous crops harvested for their dry grain. ''Pulses'' usually excludes crops mainly used for oil extraction (like [[soybean]] and [[peanut]]) or those used exclusively for sowing purposes ([[clover]] and [[alfalfa]]). Leguminous crops harvested green for food like snap beans, green peas etc. are classified as vegetable crops.  
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"Bean" can be used as a near synonym of "pulse," an edible legume, though the term "pulses" is usually reserved for leguminous crops harvested for their dry grain. The term pulses usually excludes crops mainly used for oil extraction (like soybean and [[peanut]]), or those used exclusively for forage (like [[legume|clover]] and [[legume|alfalfa]]). Beans are often harvested when immature and are eaten as a [[vegetable]], known as "green beans"; in this case they also are not called "pulses."
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In English usage, beans sometimes also refer to seeds or other organs of non-legumes, for example [[coffee]] beans, castor beans, and cocoa beans (which resemble bean seeds), and [[orchid|vanilla]] beans (which resemble the pods).
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==Old World beans==
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In the Old World, beans were first cultivated in the [[Middle East]], perhaps around 10,000 years ago. Along with their fellow legumes the [[pea]] (''Pisum sativum''), the [[pea|chickpea]] (''Cicer arietinum''), and the bitter vetch (''Vicia ervilia''), these cultivated plants included the broad bean (''Vicia faba'') and the lentil (''Lens culinaris'') (although it is not always called a bean). The soybean (''Glycine max'') was also cultivated very early in [[China]]. Some of the other Old World beans are the adzuki (or azuki) bean (''Phaseolus angularis''), the  hyacinth bean (''Dolichos lablab''), the winged bean (''Psophocarpus tetragonolobus''), the guar bean (''Cyamopsis tetragonoloba''), and the pigeon pea (''Cajanus cajan'') (Walker 2005).
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===Broad beans===
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'''''Vicia faba''''', known as the '''broad bean''', '''fava bean''', '''faba bean''', '''horse bean''', '''field bean''' or '''tic bean''', is  native to north [[Africa]] and southwest [[Asia]], and is extensively cultivated elsewhere. Although usually classified in the same genus ''Vicia'' as the vetches, some botanists treat it in a separate monotypic genus as ''Faba sativa'' Moench.
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[[Image:240px-Tuinboon bontbloeiend.jpg|right|thumb|Broad bean plant]]
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[[Image:180px-Tuinboon zaden in peul.jpg|right|thumb|broad beans in the pod]]
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The broad bean plant is upright, 0.5-1.7 meters (2-5 feet) tall, with stout stems with a square cross-section. The [[leaf|leaves]] are 10-25 cm (4-10 inches) long with 2-7 leaflets, and of a gray-green color. Unlike most other vetches, the leaves do not have tendrils for climbing over other vegetation. The [[flower]]s are 1-2.5 cm (0.4-1 inches) long, with five petals, the standard petal white, the wing petals white with a black spot, and the keel petals white.
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The [[fruit]] is a broad leathery pod, green maturing blackish-brown, with a densely downy surface. In the wild species, the pods are 5-10 cm (2-4 inches) long and 1 cm (0.4 inches) diameter, but many modern cultivars developed for food use have pods 15-25 cm long (6-10 inches) and 2-3 cm (about an inch) thick. Each pod contains 3-8 [[seed]]s; round to oval and 5-10 mm (0.2-0.4 inches) in diameter in the wild plant, usually flattened and up to 20-25 mm (0.8-1.2 inches) long, 15 mm (0.6 inches) broad, and 5-10 mm (0.2-0.4 inches) thick in food cultivars.
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Broad beans require a cool season to develop best and in some places are sown in fall as a winter crop and harvested in spring.
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Broad beans were an important crop throughout ancient and Medieval times. In ancient Rome, they began to be cultivated in order to feed livestock as well as for humans.  In recent times, they have become less important as a human food and are mainly grown for animal feed. China is the largest grower today, producing about 60 percent of the world's supply. Europe and North Africa are also centers of broad bean cultivation (Muehlbauer 1997).
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===Lentils===
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[[Image:180px-Illustration Lens culinaris0.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of the lentil plant, 1885]]
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The '''lentil''' (''Lens culinaris'') is a brushy annual [[plant]], about 40 cm (16 inches) tall. Its seeds are lens-shaped (from which comes the word "lens"). They grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each. With 25 percent protein, it is the [[vegetable]] with the highest level of protein other than soybeans, and because of this it is a very important part of the diet in many parts of the world, and especially South [[Asia]], which has a large vegetarian population.
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A variety of lentils exist with colors that range from yellow to red-orange to green, brown and black. The colors of the seeds when removed from the pods also vary, and there are large and small varieties. They are sold in many forms, with or without the pods, whole or split.
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In South Asia, lentils are known as dal, as are most sorts of dried legumes. The dishes made predominantly of lentils are also known as dal.
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Lentils are relatively tolerant to drought and are grown throughout the world. About half of the worldwide production of lentils is from [[India]], most of which is consumed in the domestic market.
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A famous variety of small green lentils known for their earthy flavor is grown in Le Puy, France. These Le Puy lentils (''lentilles du Puy'') were the first dry vegetable protected by the French Appelation d'Origine Controlée designation.
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===Soybeans===
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The '''Soybean''' (U.S.) or '''Soya bean''' (UK) (''Glycine max'') is native to eastern [[Asia]]. It is an annual [[plant]], which may vary in growth habit and height. It may grow prostrate, not growing above 20 cm (7.8 inches) or be stiffly erect, growing to 2 meters (6.5 feet). The pods, stems, and leaves are covered with fine brown or gray pubescence. The [[leaf|leaves]] are trifoliate (sometimes with 5 leaflets), the leaflets 6-15 cm (2-6 inches) long and 2-7 cm (1-3 inches) broad; they fall before the seeds are mature. The small, inconspicuous, self-fertile flowers are borne in the axil of the leaf and are either white or purple; the [[fruit]] is a hairy [[legume|pod]] that grow in clusters of 3-5, with each pod 3-8 cm (1-3 inches) long and usually containing 2-4 (rarely more) [[seed]]s 5-11 mm (0.2-0.5 inches) in diameter.
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Like corn and some other crops of long domestication, the relationship of the modern soybean to wild-growing species can no longer be traced with any degree of certainty.
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[[Image:Soybeanvarieties.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Varieties of soybeans are used for many purposes.]]
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Soybeans have been a crucial crop in eastern [[Asia]] since long before written records, and they are still a major crop in [[China]], [[Korea]], and [[Japan]] today.  Soybeans were first introduced to [[Europe]] in the early 1700s and the [[United States]] in 1765, where it was first grown for hay. [[Benjamin Franklin]] wrote a letter in 1770 mentioning sending soybeans home from England. Soybeans did not become an important crop outside of Asia until about 1910.  
  
In English usage beans sometimes also refer to seeds or other organs of non ''leguminosae'', for example [[coffee]] beans, [[castor bean]]s and [[cocoa beans]] (which resemble bean seeds), and [[vanilla bean]]s (which resemble the pods).
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Cultivation is successful in climates with hot summers, with optimum growing conditions in mean temperatures of 20°C to 30°C (68°F to 86°F); temperatures of below 20°C and over 40°C (104°F) retard growth significantly. They can grow in a wide range of soils, with optimum growth in moist alluvial soils with a good organic content.  
  
==Broad beans==
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Although soybeans are native to southeast Asia, 45 percent of the world's soybean area, and 55 percent of production, is in the United States. The U.S. produced 75 million metric tons of soybeans in 2000, of which more than one-third was exported. Other leading producers are [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], China, and [[India]].
  
'''''Vicia faba''''', the '''broad bean''', '''fava bean''', '''faba bean''', '''horse bean''', '''field bean''' or '''tic bean''' is a species of [[legume|bean]] ([[Fabaceae]]) native to north [[Africa]] and southwest [[Asia]], and extensively cultivated elsewhere. Although usually classified in the same genus ''[[Vicia]]'' as the [[Vicia|vetches]], some botanists treat it in a separate monotypic genus as ''Faba sativa'' Moench.
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Soybeans can be broadly classified as "vegetable" (garden) or field (oil) types. [[Vegetable]] types cook more easily, have a mild nutty flavor, better texture, are larger in size, higher in protein, and lower in oil than field types. [[Tofu]] and soymilk producers prefer the higher protein cultivars bred from vegetable soybeans originally brought to the United States in the late 1930s. The "garden" cultivars are generally not suitable for mechanical combine harvesting because they have a tendency for the pods to shatter on reaching maturity.
  
[[Image:Tuinboon zaden in peul.jpg|left|thumb|broad beans in the pod]]
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Among the legumes, the soybean, also classed as an oilseed, is pre-eminent for its high (38-45 percent) protein content as well as its high (20 percent) oil content. Soybeans are the leading agricultural export of the United States. The bulk of the soybean crop is grown for oil production, with the high-protein defatted and "toasted" soy meal used as livestock feed. A smaller percentage of soybeans are used directly for human consumption.
It is a rigid, erect plant 0.5-1.7 m tall, with stout stems with a square cross-section. The [[leaf|leaves]] are 10-25 cm long, pinnate with 2-7 leaflets, and of a distinct glaucous grey-green colour; unlike most other vetches, the leaves do not have tendrils for climbing over other vegetation. The [[flower]]s are 1-2.5 cm long, with five petals, the standard petal white, the wing petals white with a black spot, and the keel petals white. The [[fruit]] is a broad leathery pod, green maturing blackish-brown, with a densely downy surface; in the wild species, the pods are 5-10 cm long and 1 cm diameter, but many modern [[cultivar]]s developed for food use have pods 15-25 cm long and 2-3 cm thick. Each pod contains 3-8 [[seed]]s; round to oval and 5-10 mm diameter in the wild plant, usually flattened and up to 20-25 mm long, 15 mm broad and 5-10 mm thick in food cultivars. Vicia faba has a diploid (2n) chromosome number of 12, meaning that each cell in the plant has 12 chromosomes (6 homologous pairs). Five pairs are acrocentric chromosomes and 1 pair is metacentric.
 
  
==Cultivation and uses==
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Soybeans may be boiled whole in their green pod and served with salt, under the Japanese name ''edamame''. Soybeans prepared this way are a popular local snack in Hawai'i, where, as in China, Japan, and Korea the bean and products made from the bean (miso, natto, tofu, douchi, doenjang, ganjang and others) are a popular part of the diet.  
Broad beans have a long tradition of cultivation in [[Old World]] [[agriculture]], being among the most ancient plants in cultivation and also among the easiest to grow. It is believed that along with [[lentil]]s, [[peas]], and [[chickpea]]s, they became part of the eastern [[Mediterranean]] diet in around [[6000 B.C.E.]] or earlier. They are still often grown as a [[cover crop]] to prevent [[erosion]] because they can over-winter and because as a [[legume]], they fix [[nitrogen]] in the soil.  
 
  
[[Image:Tuinboon voor zaad.jpg|left|thumb|Mature field bean pods]]
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The beans can be processed in a variety of ways. Common forms of soy (or ''soya'') include soy meal, soy flour, "soy milk", tofu, textured vegetable protein (TVP, which is made into a wide variety of vegetarian foods, some of them intended to imitate meat), tempeh, soy lecithin and soybean oil. Soybeans are also the primary ingredient involved in the production of soy sauce (or ''shoyu'' in Japanese from which the English word "soy" is said to come).
In much of the world, the name '''broad bean''' is used for the large-seeded cultivars grown for human food, while '''horse bean''' and '''field bean''' refer to cultivars with smaller, harder seeds (more like the wild species) used for animal feed, though their stronger flavour is preferred in some human food recipes, such as [[falafel]]. The term '''fava bean''' (from the [[Italian language|Italian]] name ''fava'') is commonly used in the United States (especially for beans grown for human consumption), but is also seen elsewhere, especially in Mediterranean recipes (this language shift can also be seen in the common use of the term "[[arugula]]" in the US for what in the UK is called "rocket").
 
  
==Culinary uses==
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[[Image:Soybeans.jpg|thumb|right|Soybeans grow throughout Asia and North and South America.]]
Broad beans are eaten while still young and tender, enabling harvesting to begin as early as the middle of spring for plants started under glass or over-wintered in a protected location, but even the maincrop sown in early spring will be ready from mid to late summer. Horse beans, left to mature fully, are usually harvested in the late autumn.
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Soy flour refers to defatted soybeans where special care was taken during desolventizing (not toasted) in order to minimize denaturation of the protein to retain a high Nitrogen Solubility Index (NSI), for uses such as extruder texturizing (TVP). It is the starting material for  production of soy concentrate and soy protein isolate.
  
The beans can be fried, causing the skin to split open, and then salted to produce a crunchy snack. These are popular in China, and also in Thailand where their name means "open-mouth nut".
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Infant formulas based on soy are used by lactose-intolerant babies, and for babies that are allergic to human milk proteins and cow milk proteins. The formulas are sold in powdered, ready to feed, or concentrated liquid forms.
  
==Health issues==
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It has been recommended internationally by pediatric associations that soy formulas not be used as the primary or sole source of nutrition for infants due to the high risk of several deficiencies, including [[calcium]] and [[zinc]].
Broad beans are rich in [[tyramine]], and thus should be avoided by those taking [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s. They contain [[vicine]] and [[convicine]], which can induce [[hemolytic anemia]] in patients with the hereditary condition [[glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]] (G6PD). This condition, which is quite common in certain ethnic groups, is called "favism" after the fava bean.
 
  
Broad beans are rich in [[levodopa|L-dopa]], a substance used medically in the treatment of [[Parkinson's disease]]. L-dopa is also a natriuretic agent, which might help in controlling [[hypertension]].<ref>Vered Y, Grosskopf I, Palevitch D, Harsat A, Charach G, Weintraub MS, Graff E. The influence of Vicia faba (broad bean) seedlings on urinary sodium excretion. ''Planta Med'' 1997;63:237-40. PMID 9225606.</ref>
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Many traditional dairy products have been imitated using processed soybeans, and imitation products such as "soy milk," "soy yogurt," and "soy cream cheese" are readily available in most supermarkets. These imitation products are derived from extensive processing to produce a texture and appearance similar to the real dairy-based ones. Soy milk does not contain significant amounts of calcium, since the high [[calcium]] content of soybeans is bound to the insoluble constituents and remains in the pulp. Many manufacturers of soy milk now sell calcium-enriched products as well.
  
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Soybeans are also used in industrial products, including oils, soap, cosmetics, resins, plastics, inks, crayons, solvents, and biodiesel. Soybeans are also used as fermenting stock to make a brand of vodka.
  
==Chick peas==
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[[Henry Ford]] promoted the soybean, helping to develop uses for it both in food and in industrial products, even demonstrating auto body panels made of soy-based plastics. Ford's interest lead to 2 bushels of soybeans being used in each Ford car as well as products like the first commercial soy milk, ice cream, and all-vegetable non-dairy whipped topping. The Ford development of so called soy-based plastics was based on the addition of soybean flour and wood flour to phenolformaldehyde plastics.
==Soybeans==
 
==New World beans==
 
== Types of beans ==
 
**'Parkbeans'or 'El Buenos' (This variety is found only in small areas of North Yorkshire)
 
**''[[Vicia]]''
 
**''Faba'' or [[Vicia faba|broad bean]]
 
**''[[Vigna]]''
 
**''Aconitifolia'' or [[Moth bean]]
 
**''Angularis'' or [[azuki bean]]
 
**'' mungo'' or [[Urd bean]]
 
**'' radiata'' or [[mung bean]]
 
**''umbellatta'' or [[rice bean]]
 
**''unguiculata'' or [[cowpea]] (includes the [[black-eyed pea]], [[yardlong      bean]] and others)
 
**several others
 
**''[[Cicer]]''
 
**''arietinum'' or [[chickpea]]
 
**''[[Pisum]]''
 
**''sativum'' or [[pea]]
 
**''[[Lathyrus]]
 
**''[[Lathyrus sativus]]'' (Indian pea)
 
**''[[Lathyrus tuberosus]]'' (Tuberous pea)
 
**''[[Lens (genus)|Lens]]''
 
**''culinaris'' or [[lentil]]
 
**''[[Lablab]]''
 
**''purpureus'' or [[hyacinth bean]]
 
**''[[Phaseolus]]''
 
**''acutifolius'' or [[tepary bean]]
 
**''coccineus'' or [[runner bean]]
 
**''lunatus'' or [[lima bean]]
 
**''vulgaris'' or [[common bean]] (includes the pinto bean, kidney bean and many others)
 
**''[[Glycine (plant)|Glycine]]''
 
**''max'' or [[soybean]]
 
**''[[Psophocarpus]]''
 
**''tetragonolobus'' or [[winged bean]]
 
**''[[Cajanus]]''
 
**''cajan'' or [[pigeon pea]]
 
**''[[Stizolobium]]''
 
**''spp'' or [[velvet bean]]
 
**''[[Cyamopsis]]''
 
**''tetragonoloba'' or [[guar]]
 
**''[[Canavalia]]''
 
**''ensiformis'' or [[jack bean]]
 
**''[[Macrotyloma]]''
 
**''M. uniflorum'' or [[horse gram]]
 
**'[[Lupinus]]'' or Lupin
 
**''[[Lupinus mutabilis|L. mutabilis]]'' or tarwi
 
**''[[Erythrina]]'' or [[Coral bean]]
 
  
==Cultural aspects==
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Today, very high quality textile fibers are made commercially from soy pulp, a byproduct of tofu production.
The following traditional uses of beans refer to the [[Vicia faba|broad bean]].
 
  
* In some folk legends, such as in [[Estonia]] and the common [[Jack and the Beanstalk]] story, magical beans grow tall enough to bring the hero to the clouds. The [[Grimm Brothers]] collected a story in which a bean splits its sides laughing at the failure of others.
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==New World beans==
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Beans were cultivated early in the New World, both in South and North America.  The most important bean species from the New World is the common bean (''Phaseolus vulgaris''). Other New World beans include Lima beans (''Phaseolus limensis''), runner beans (''Phaseolus coccineus''), tepary beans (''Phaseolus acutifolius, var. latifolius''), and butter beans (''Phaseolus lunatus'').
  
* Dreaming of a bean is sometimes said to be a sign of impending conflict, though others said they caused bad dreams. {{citation needed}}
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===Common beans===
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[[image:DarkRedKidney.jpg|thumb|left|Kidney beans]]
  
* [[Pliny the Elder]] claimed that beans act as a [[laxative]]. He may have been referring to the [[Castor_bean|seeds of the castor oil plant]], which contain oils used as laxatives in ancient India.
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The '''common bean''' (''Phaseolus vulgaris'') was domesticated independently in ancient Mesoamerica and the [[Andes]],  and is now grown worldwide for its edible bean, popular both dry and as a green bean. The [[leaf]] is occasionally used as a leaf vegetable, and the straw is used for fodder. Along with squash and [[maize]], beans were the "three sisters" that provided the foundation of [[Native American]] [[agriculture]].  
  
* European folklore claims that planting beans on [[Good Friday]] or during the night-time is good luck.
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The common bean is a highly variable species. Bush varieties form erect bushes 20-60 cm (8-24 inches) tall, while pole or running varieties form vines 2-3 meters (6-10 feet) long.  All varieties bear alternate, green or purple leaves, divided into three oval, smooth-edged leaflets, each 6-15 cm (2.5-6 inches) long and 3-11 cm (1-4 inches) wide.  The white, pink, or purple [[flower]]s are about 1 cm  (0.4 inches) long, and give way to pods 8-20 cm (3-8 inches) long, 1-1.5 cm (about 0.5 inches) wide, green, yellow, black or purple in color, each containing 4-6 beans. The beans are smooth, plump, kidney-shaped, up to 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) long, range widely in color, and are often mottled in two or more colors. There are many cultivated varieties of common beans including navy beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, black beans, and many others.
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[[Image:Heaps of beans.jpg|thumb|Green beans]] 
  
* "[[Beans Beans the Magical Fruit...]]" is a children's song about the flatulence often experienced after eating broad beans. The song is noteworthy for correctly identifying the bean as a fruit, not a vegetable.
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Before they are eaten, the raw bean seeds should be boiled for at least ten minutes to degrade a toxic compound&mdash;the lectin phytohaemagglutinin&mdash;found in the bean, which would otherwise cause severe gastric upset. This compound is present in many varieties (and in some other species of bean), but is especially concentrated in red kidney beans. Although in the case of dry beans, the ten minutes required to degrade the toxin is much shorter than the hours required to fully cook the beans themselves, outbreaks of poisoning have been associated with the use of slow cookers whose low cooking temperatures may be unable to degrade the toxin. Sprouts of beans high in haemaglutins should not be eaten. Red kidney beans, especially, should not be sprouted.
  
==Toxins==
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The common bean is high in [[starch]], [[protein]], and dietary fiber, and an excellent source of [[iron]], [[potassium]], [[selenium]], [[molybdenum]], [[thiamine]], [[vitamin]] B6, and [[folic acid]].
Some raw beans, for example [[kidney beans]], contain harmful toxins ([[lectin]]s) which need to be removed, usually by various methods of soaking and cooking. The soaking water from kidney beans should be discarded before boiling, and some authorities recommend changing the water during cooking as well. Cooking beans in a crock pot, because of the lower temperatures used, does not destroy toxins even though the beans do not smell or taste 'bad'.
 
  
==Other Meanings==
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===Lima beans===
* To bean someone can mean to hit them in the head with a thrown object.
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[[Image:Lima beans.jpg|thumb|left|Lima beans]]
* In Software Engineering, [[JavaBeans|Java Beans]] are reusable software components.
 
  
==[[Flatulence]]==
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The '''Lima bean''' (''Phaseolus lunatus'') is grown as a [[vegetable]] for its mature and immature beans. It is also known as '''Haba bean''', '''Burma bean''', '''Guffin bean''', '''Hibbert bean''', '''Java bean''', '''Sieva bean''', '''Rangood bean''', '''Madagascar bean''', '''Paiga''', '''Paigya''', '''Prolific bean''', '''Civet bean''' and '''Sugar bean'''
  
Many edible beans, including broad beans and soybeans, contain [[oligosaccharides]], a type of sugar molecule also found in [[cabbage]]. An anti-oligosaccharide [[enzyme]] is necessary to properly digest these sugar molecules. As a normal human digestive tract does not contain any anti-oligosaccharide enzymes, consumed oligosaccharides are typically digested by bacteria in the large intestine. This digestion process produces flatulence-causing gasses as a byproduct.
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The lima bean is of Andean and Mesoamerican origin. Two separate domestication events are believed to have occurred. The first, taking place in the Andes around 6500 B.C.E., produced a large-seeded variety (Lima type), while the second, taking place most likely in Mesoamerica around 800 C.E., produced a small-seeded variety (Sieva type). By around 1300 C.E., cultivation spread to [[North America]].
  
Some species of [[mold]] produce alpha-galactosidase, an anti-oligosaccharide enzyme, which humans can take to facilitate digestion of oligosaccharides in the small intestine. This enzyme, currently sold in the [[United_states|U.S.]] under the brand-name [[Beano (dietary supplement)|Beano]], can be added to food or consumed separately.
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The small-seeded wild form (Sieva type) is found distributed from [[Mexico]] to [[Argentina]], generally below 1600 meters above sea level, while the large-seeded wild form (Lima type) is found distributed in [[Ecuador]] and the north of [[Peru]], between 320 and 2030 meters above sea level.
  
==References==
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Both bush and vine varieties exist, the latter from one to four meters in height. The bush varieties mature earlier than the pole varieties. The pods are up to 15 cm long. The mature seeds are 1 to 3 cm long and oval to kidney shaped. In most varieties the seeds are quite flat, but in the "potato" varieties the shape approaches spherical. White seeds are common, but black, red, orange and variously mottled seeds are also known. The immature seeds are uniformly green.
* [http://growingtaste.com/vegetables/bean.shtml Beans for the home gardener]
 
* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8683.htm Everett H. Bickley Collection, 1919-1980] Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
 
* [http://www.earthinpictures.com/stuff/food/fruits_and_vegetables/beans.html Bean facts and photography]
 
* [http://www.discovery.com/area/skinnyon/skinnyon970815/skinnyon.html Discovery Online: The Skinny On Why Beans Give You Gas]
 
* [http://www.bulgarian-guide.com/bulgarian-cuisine/bulgarian-food/bean-soup.html Bulgarian Guide: Bean Soup Recipe]
 
*Watson, R., 2004 "A Closer Look at Legumes" Mediterrasian.com[http://www.mediterrasian.com/straight_talk_legumes.htm]
 
  
== See also ==
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===Runner beans===
*[[pulse (legume)|Pulses]]
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[[Image:Runnerbean.jpg|thumb|Runner beans]]
*[[List of edible seeds]]
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The '''runner bean''' (''Phaseolus coccineus'') is often called the '''scarlet runner bean''' since most varieties have red [[flower]]s and multicolored [[seeds]], though some have white flowers and white seeds. It is native to the mountains of [[Central America]].
*[[Baked beans]]
 
  
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The runner bean differs from the common bean in several respects: the [[Flowering plant|cotyledons]] stay in the ground during germination, and the plant is a perennial with tuberous [[root]]s (though it is usually treated as an annual).
  
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The green pods are edible whole, but in some varieties (the scarlet runner) tend to become fibrous early, and only the seeds within are eaten. The seeds can be used fresh or as dried beans. The starchy roots are still eaten by [[Central America]]n Indians. The scarlet runner is widely grown for its attractive flowers by people who would never think of eating it.
  
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''Phaseolus coccineus subsp. darwinianus'' is a cultivated subspecies of ''P. coccineus'', it is commonly referred to as the Botil bean in [[Mexico]].
  
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==References==
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* Berk, Z. 1992. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0532e/t0532e00.htm#con ''Technology of Production of Edible Flours and Protein Products from Soybeans'']. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. ''FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin'' No. 97. Retrieved August 18, 2006.
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* Hernández Bermejo, J. E., and J. León. 1992. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0646e/T0646E00.HTM ''Neglected crops: 1492 from a different perspective'']. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. ''FAO Plant Production and Protection Series'' no.26. ISBN 9251032173
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* Muehlbauer, F. J., and A. Tullu. 1997. [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/fababean.html ''Vicia faba L.'']. Purdue University. Retrieved August 18, 2006.
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* Watson, R. 2004. [http://www.mediterrasian.com/straight_talk_legumes.htm ''A Closer Look at Legumes'']. Mediterrasian.com, September 2004. Retrieved August 18, 2006.
  
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[[Category:Life sciences]]
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]
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[[Category:Plants]]
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[[Category:Food]]

Revision as of 18:16, 3 April 2008

Bean is a common name for edible plant seeds or seed pods of several members of the Legume family (Fabaceae, formerly Leguminosae) or the various leguminous trees and shrubs that produce these seeds or pods.

The various species of bean plants include some of the very first plants cultivated by people in both the Old and the New Worlds. They have been and continue to be an important part of the human food supply, providing protein, vitamins, and other nutrients. In recent years, bean consumption has increased due mainly to economic progress in India, home to many vegetarians, and to their increased use in developed countries as people move to healthier diets (FAO 2005).

Beans, especially soybeans, which are now the largest bean crop grown, provide other products as well as food. They are also important for their role in fixing nitrogen, which replenishes the soil in which they are grown. They do this through a cooperative, mutually beneficial, symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Common beans on the plant

Name

"Bean" originally meant the seed of the broad bean, but was later broadened to include members of the genus Phaseolus such as the common bean and the runner bean, and the related genus Vigna. The term is now applied in a general way to many other related plants, such as soybeans, peas, lentils, vetches, and lupines.

"Bean" can be used as a near synonym of "pulse," an edible legume, though the term "pulses" is usually reserved for leguminous crops harvested for their dry grain. The term pulses usually excludes crops mainly used for oil extraction (like soybean and peanut), or those used exclusively for forage (like clover and alfalfa). Beans are often harvested when immature and are eaten as a vegetable, known as "green beans"; in this case they also are not called "pulses."

In English usage, beans sometimes also refer to seeds or other organs of non-legumes, for example coffee beans, castor beans, and cocoa beans (which resemble bean seeds), and vanilla beans (which resemble the pods).

Old World beans

In the Old World, beans were first cultivated in the Middle East, perhaps around 10,000 years ago. Along with their fellow legumes the pea (Pisum sativum), the chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and the bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia), these cultivated plants included the broad bean (Vicia faba) and the lentil (Lens culinaris) (although it is not always called a bean). The soybean (Glycine max) was also cultivated very early in China. Some of the other Old World beans are the adzuki (or azuki) bean (Phaseolus angularis), the hyacinth bean (Dolichos lablab), the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), the guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), and the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) (Walker 2005).

Broad beans

Vicia faba, known as the broad bean, fava bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean or tic bean, is native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and is extensively cultivated elsewhere. Although usually classified in the same genus Vicia as the vetches, some botanists treat it in a separate monotypic genus as Faba sativa Moench.

Broad bean plant

The broad bean plant is upright, 0.5-1.7 meters (2-5 feet) tall, with stout stems with a square cross-section. The leaves are 10-25 cm (4-10 inches) long with 2-7 leaflets, and of a gray-green color. Unlike most other vetches, the leaves do not have tendrils for climbing over other vegetation. The flowers are 1-2.5 cm (0.4-1 inches) long, with five petals, the standard petal white, the wing petals white with a black spot, and the keel petals white.

The fruit is a broad leathery pod, green maturing blackish-brown, with a densely downy surface. In the wild species, the pods are 5-10 cm (2-4 inches) long and 1 cm (0.4 inches) diameter, but many modern cultivars developed for food use have pods 15-25 cm long (6-10 inches) and 2-3 cm (about an inch) thick. Each pod contains 3-8 seeds; round to oval and 5-10 mm (0.2-0.4 inches) in diameter in the wild plant, usually flattened and up to 20-25 mm (0.8-1.2 inches) long, 15 mm (0.6 inches) broad, and 5-10 mm (0.2-0.4 inches) thick in food cultivars.

Broad beans require a cool season to develop best and in some places are sown in fall as a winter crop and harvested in spring.

Broad beans were an important crop throughout ancient and Medieval times. In ancient Rome, they began to be cultivated in order to feed livestock as well as for humans. In recent times, they have become less important as a human food and are mainly grown for animal feed. China is the largest grower today, producing about 60 percent of the world's supply. Europe and North Africa are also centers of broad bean cultivation (Muehlbauer 1997).

Lentils

File:180px-Illustration Lens culinaris0.jpg
Illustration of the lentil plant, 1885

The lentil (Lens culinaris) is a brushy annual plant, about 40 cm (16 inches) tall. Its seeds are lens-shaped (from which comes the word "lens"). They grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each. With 25 percent protein, it is the vegetable with the highest level of protein other than soybeans, and because of this it is a very important part of the diet in many parts of the world, and especially South Asia, which has a large vegetarian population.

A variety of lentils exist with colors that range from yellow to red-orange to green, brown and black. The colors of the seeds when removed from the pods also vary, and there are large and small varieties. They are sold in many forms, with or without the pods, whole or split.

In South Asia, lentils are known as dal, as are most sorts of dried legumes. The dishes made predominantly of lentils are also known as dal.

Lentils are relatively tolerant to drought and are grown throughout the world. About half of the worldwide production of lentils is from India, most of which is consumed in the domestic market.

A famous variety of small green lentils known for their earthy flavor is grown in Le Puy, France. These Le Puy lentils (lentilles du Puy) were the first dry vegetable protected by the French Appelation d'Origine Controlée designation.

Soybeans

The Soybean (U.S.) or Soya bean (UK) (Glycine max) is native to eastern Asia. It is an annual plant, which may vary in growth habit and height. It may grow prostrate, not growing above 20 cm (7.8 inches) or be stiffly erect, growing to 2 meters (6.5 feet). The pods, stems, and leaves are covered with fine brown or gray pubescence. The leaves are trifoliate (sometimes with 5 leaflets), the leaflets 6-15 cm (2-6 inches) long and 2-7 cm (1-3 inches) broad; they fall before the seeds are mature. The small, inconspicuous, self-fertile flowers are borne in the axil of the leaf and are either white or purple; the fruit is a hairy pod that grow in clusters of 3-5, with each pod 3-8 cm (1-3 inches) long and usually containing 2-4 (rarely more) seeds 5-11 mm (0.2-0.5 inches) in diameter.

Like corn and some other crops of long domestication, the relationship of the modern soybean to wild-growing species can no longer be traced with any degree of certainty.

Varieties of soybeans are used for many purposes.

Soybeans have been a crucial crop in eastern Asia since long before written records, and they are still a major crop in China, Korea, and Japan today. Soybeans were first introduced to Europe in the early 1700s and the United States in 1765, where it was first grown for hay. Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter in 1770 mentioning sending soybeans home from England. Soybeans did not become an important crop outside of Asia until about 1910.

Cultivation is successful in climates with hot summers, with optimum growing conditions in mean temperatures of 20°C to 30°C (68°F to 86°F); temperatures of below 20°C and over 40°C (104°F) retard growth significantly. They can grow in a wide range of soils, with optimum growth in moist alluvial soils with a good organic content.

Although soybeans are native to southeast Asia, 45 percent of the world's soybean area, and 55 percent of production, is in the United States. The U.S. produced 75 million metric tons of soybeans in 2000, of which more than one-third was exported. Other leading producers are Brazil, Argentina, China, and India.

Soybeans can be broadly classified as "vegetable" (garden) or field (oil) types. Vegetable types cook more easily, have a mild nutty flavor, better texture, are larger in size, higher in protein, and lower in oil than field types. Tofu and soymilk producers prefer the higher protein cultivars bred from vegetable soybeans originally brought to the United States in the late 1930s. The "garden" cultivars are generally not suitable for mechanical combine harvesting because they have a tendency for the pods to shatter on reaching maturity.

Among the legumes, the soybean, also classed as an oilseed, is pre-eminent for its high (38-45 percent) protein content as well as its high (20 percent) oil content. Soybeans are the leading agricultural export of the United States. The bulk of the soybean crop is grown for oil production, with the high-protein defatted and "toasted" soy meal used as livestock feed. A smaller percentage of soybeans are used directly for human consumption.

Soybeans may be boiled whole in their green pod and served with salt, under the Japanese name edamame. Soybeans prepared this way are a popular local snack in Hawai'i, where, as in China, Japan, and Korea the bean and products made from the bean (miso, natto, tofu, douchi, doenjang, ganjang and others) are a popular part of the diet.

The beans can be processed in a variety of ways. Common forms of soy (or soya) include soy meal, soy flour, "soy milk", tofu, textured vegetable protein (TVP, which is made into a wide variety of vegetarian foods, some of them intended to imitate meat), tempeh, soy lecithin and soybean oil. Soybeans are also the primary ingredient involved in the production of soy sauce (or shoyu in Japanese from which the English word "soy" is said to come).

Soybeans grow throughout Asia and North and South America.

Soy flour refers to defatted soybeans where special care was taken during desolventizing (not toasted) in order to minimize denaturation of the protein to retain a high Nitrogen Solubility Index (NSI), for uses such as extruder texturizing (TVP). It is the starting material for production of soy concentrate and soy protein isolate.

Infant formulas based on soy are used by lactose-intolerant babies, and for babies that are allergic to human milk proteins and cow milk proteins. The formulas are sold in powdered, ready to feed, or concentrated liquid forms.

It has been recommended internationally by pediatric associations that soy formulas not be used as the primary or sole source of nutrition for infants due to the high risk of several deficiencies, including calcium and zinc.

Many traditional dairy products have been imitated using processed soybeans, and imitation products such as "soy milk," "soy yogurt," and "soy cream cheese" are readily available in most supermarkets. These imitation products are derived from extensive processing to produce a texture and appearance similar to the real dairy-based ones. Soy milk does not contain significant amounts of calcium, since the high calcium content of soybeans is bound to the insoluble constituents and remains in the pulp. Many manufacturers of soy milk now sell calcium-enriched products as well.

Soybeans are also used in industrial products, including oils, soap, cosmetics, resins, plastics, inks, crayons, solvents, and biodiesel. Soybeans are also used as fermenting stock to make a brand of vodka.

Henry Ford promoted the soybean, helping to develop uses for it both in food and in industrial products, even demonstrating auto body panels made of soy-based plastics. Ford's interest lead to 2 bushels of soybeans being used in each Ford car as well as products like the first commercial soy milk, ice cream, and all-vegetable non-dairy whipped topping. The Ford development of so called soy-based plastics was based on the addition of soybean flour and wood flour to phenolformaldehyde plastics.

Today, very high quality textile fibers are made commercially from soy pulp, a byproduct of tofu production.

New World beans

Beans were cultivated early in the New World, both in South and North America. The most important bean species from the New World is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Other New World beans include Lima beans (Phaseolus limensis), runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus), tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius, var. latifolius), and butter beans (Phaseolus lunatus).

Common beans

Kidney beans

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was domesticated independently in ancient Mesoamerica and the Andes, and is now grown worldwide for its edible bean, popular both dry and as a green bean. The leaf is occasionally used as a leaf vegetable, and the straw is used for fodder. Along with squash and maize, beans were the "three sisters" that provided the foundation of Native American agriculture.

The common bean is a highly variable species. Bush varieties form erect bushes 20-60 cm (8-24 inches) tall, while pole or running varieties form vines 2-3 meters (6-10 feet) long. All varieties bear alternate, green or purple leaves, divided into three oval, smooth-edged leaflets, each 6-15 cm (2.5-6 inches) long and 3-11 cm (1-4 inches) wide. The white, pink, or purple flowers are about 1 cm (0.4 inches) long, and give way to pods 8-20 cm (3-8 inches) long, 1-1.5 cm (about 0.5 inches) wide, green, yellow, black or purple in color, each containing 4-6 beans. The beans are smooth, plump, kidney-shaped, up to 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) long, range widely in color, and are often mottled in two or more colors. There are many cultivated varieties of common beans including navy beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, black beans, and many others.

Green beans

Before they are eaten, the raw bean seeds should be boiled for at least ten minutes to degrade a toxic compound—the lectin phytohaemagglutinin—found in the bean, which would otherwise cause severe gastric upset. This compound is present in many varieties (and in some other species of bean), but is especially concentrated in red kidney beans. Although in the case of dry beans, the ten minutes required to degrade the toxin is much shorter than the hours required to fully cook the beans themselves, outbreaks of poisoning have been associated with the use of slow cookers whose low cooking temperatures may be unable to degrade the toxin. Sprouts of beans high in haemaglutins should not be eaten. Red kidney beans, especially, should not be sprouted.

The common bean is high in starch, protein, and dietary fiber, and an excellent source of iron, potassium, selenium, molybdenum, thiamine, vitamin B6, and folic acid.

Lima beans

Lima beans

The Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) is grown as a vegetable for its mature and immature beans. It is also known as Haba bean, Burma bean, Guffin bean, Hibbert bean, Java bean, Sieva bean, Rangood bean, Madagascar bean, Paiga, Paigya, Prolific bean, Civet bean and Sugar bean

The lima bean is of Andean and Mesoamerican origin. Two separate domestication events are believed to have occurred. The first, taking place in the Andes around 6500 B.C.E., produced a large-seeded variety (Lima type), while the second, taking place most likely in Mesoamerica around 800 C.E., produced a small-seeded variety (Sieva type). By around 1300 C.E., cultivation spread to North America.

The small-seeded wild form (Sieva type) is found distributed from Mexico to Argentina, generally below 1600 meters above sea level, while the large-seeded wild form (Lima type) is found distributed in Ecuador and the north of Peru, between 320 and 2030 meters above sea level.

Both bush and vine varieties exist, the latter from one to four meters in height. The bush varieties mature earlier than the pole varieties. The pods are up to 15 cm long. The mature seeds are 1 to 3 cm long and oval to kidney shaped. In most varieties the seeds are quite flat, but in the "potato" varieties the shape approaches spherical. White seeds are common, but black, red, orange and variously mottled seeds are also known. The immature seeds are uniformly green.

Runner beans

Runner beans

The runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) is often called the scarlet runner bean since most varieties have red flowers and multicolored seeds, though some have white flowers and white seeds. It is native to the mountains of Central America.

The runner bean differs from the common bean in several respects: the cotyledons stay in the ground during germination, and the plant is a perennial with tuberous roots (though it is usually treated as an annual).

The green pods are edible whole, but in some varieties (the scarlet runner) tend to become fibrous early, and only the seeds within are eaten. The seeds can be used fresh or as dried beans. The starchy roots are still eaten by Central American Indians. The scarlet runner is widely grown for its attractive flowers by people who would never think of eating it.

Phaseolus coccineus subsp. darwinianus is a cultivated subspecies of P. coccineus, it is commonly referred to as the Botil bean in Mexico.

References
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