Difference between revisions of "Apple Inc." - New World Encyclopedia

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| company_name = Apple Inc.
 
| company_name = Apple Inc.
 
| company_logo = [[File:Apple logo black.png|150px]]
 
| company_logo = [[File:Apple logo black.png|150px]]
| company_type = [[Public company|Public]] ({{nasdaq|AAPL}}, {{lse|0HDZ}}, {{FWB|APC}})
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| company_type = [[Public company|Public]] ({{nasdaq|AAPL}},<br> {{lse|0HDZ}}, {{FWB|APC}})
| foundation = [[California]], [[United States]] ({{start date|1976|4|1}}, as Apple Computer Inc.)
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| foundation = [[California]], ({{start date|1976|4|1}}<br> as Apple Computer Inc.)
| location_city = 1 [[Infinite Loop (street)|Infinite Loop]], [[Cupertino, California]], United States
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| location_city = 1 [[Infinite Loop (street)|Infinite Loop]], [[Cupertino]], CA
 
| key_people = {{nowrap|[[Steve Jobs]] <small>([[Entrepreneur|Co-founder]]}</small><br/>[[Steve Wozniak]] <small>(Co-founder)</small>}}
 
| key_people = {{nowrap|[[Steve Jobs]] <small>([[Entrepreneur|Co-founder]]}</small><br/>[[Steve Wozniak]] <small>(Co-founder)</small>}}
 
| industry = [[Computer hardware]]<br/>[[Computer software]]<br/>[[Consumer electronics]]
 
| industry = [[Computer hardware]]<br/>[[Computer software]]<br/>[[Consumer electronics]]
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| homepage = [http://www.apple.com/ Apple.com]
 
| homepage = [http://www.apple.com/ Apple.com]
 
}}
 
}}
'''Apple Inc.''', ({{nasdaq|AAPL}}) formerly '''Apple Computer Inc.''', is an [[United States|American]] [[multinational corporation]] that designs and manufactures [[consumer electronics]] and [[software]] products. The company's best-known hardware products include [[Macintosh]] computers, the [[iPod]] and the [[iPhone]]. Apple software includes the [[Mac OS X]] [[operating system]], the [[iTunes]] media browser, the [[iLife]] suite of multimedia and creativity software, the [[iWork]] suite of productivity software, and [[Final Cut Studio]], a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products. The company operates several hundred [[Apple Store|retail stores]] in a number of countries as well as the online [[Apple Store (online)|online store]] and [[iTunes Store]].
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'''Apple Inc.''', ({{nasdaq|AAPL}}) formerly '''Apple Computer Inc.''', is an [[United States|American]] [[multinational corporation]] that designs and manufactures [[consumer electronics]] and [[software]] products. The company's best-known hardware products include [[Macintosh]] computers, the [[iPod]], and the [[iPhone]]. Apple software includes the [[Mac OS X]] [[operating system]], the [[iTunes]] media browser, the [[iLife]] suite of multimedia and creativity software, the [[iWork]] suite of productivity software, and [[Final Cut Studio]], a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products. The company operates several hundred [[Apple Store|retail stores]] in a number of countries as well as the online [[Apple Store (online)|online store]] and [[iTunes Store]].
 
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Established in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]] on April 1, 1976, co-founded by [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]], the company was called "Apple Computer, Inc." for its first 30 years, but dropped the word "Computer" on January 9, 2007 to reflect the company's ongoing expansion into the [[consumer electronics]] market. Through its [[philosophy]] of comprehensive [[aesthetics|aesthetic]] [[industrial design|design]] and its [[Apple Inc. advertising|distinctive advertising campaigns]], Apple Inc. has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry. Apple has attracted a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the [[United States]].  
 
Established in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]] on April 1, 1976, co-founded by [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]], the company was called "Apple Computer, Inc." for its first 30 years, but dropped the word "Computer" on January 9, 2007 to reflect the company's ongoing expansion into the [[consumer electronics]] market. Through its [[philosophy]] of comprehensive [[aesthetics|aesthetic]] [[industrial design|design]] and its [[Apple Inc. advertising|distinctive advertising campaigns]], Apple Inc. has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry. Apple has attracted a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the [[United States]].  
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
 +
[[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]] first met in mid-1971, when their mutual friend Bill Fernandez introduced then 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. They began their business together using Steve Jobs' parents' home in [[Los Altos, California]]. Initial work took place in his bedroom and later moved to the home's garage.<ref name=Linzmayer/>
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{{readout||right|250px|Apple was started in [[Steve Jobs]]'s parents home, with the first products handmade in their garage}}
 
===1976–1980: The early years===
 
===1976–1980: The early years===
[[Image:Apple I.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Apple I]], Apple's first product. Sold as an assembled circuit board, it lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.]]
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Apple Computer Inc. was established on April 1, 1976 by [[Steve Jobs]], [[Steve Wozniak]], and [[Ronald Wayne]],<ref name=Linzmayer>Owen W. Linzmayer, ''Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.'' (No Starch Press, 1999, 978-1886411289).</ref> to sell the [[Apple I]] [[personal computer]] kits hand-built by Wozniak<ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6167297?storyId=6167297 A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak] ''NPR'', September 29, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> He had first shown them to the public at the [[Homebrew Computer Club]].<ref>Steve Wozniak, [https://www.atariarchives.org/deli/homebrew_and_how_the_apple.php Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be], ''Digital Deli''. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> The Apple I was sold as a [[motherboard]] (with [[CPU]], [[RAM]], and basic textual-video chips.<ref>Leander Kahney, [https://www.wired.com/2002/12/56426/ Rebuilding an Apple From the Past] ''WIRED''. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 for US$666.66.<ref>[http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/newads7/1976apple1.jpg Picture of original ad featuring US666.66 price] Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref><ref name="iWoz">Steve Wozniak, ''iWoz'' (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006, ISBN 978-0393061437), 180. </ref>
Apple Computer Inc. was established on April 1, 1976 by [[Steve Jobs]], [[Steve Wozniak]], and [[Ronald Wayne]],<ref>Owen W. Linzmayer, ''Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.'' (No Starch Press, 1999, 978-1886411289).</ref> to sell the [[Apple I]] [[personal computer]] kits hand-built by Wozniak<ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6167297?storyId=6167297 A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak] ''NPR'', September 29, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2020.</ref> He had first shown them to the public at the [[Homebrew Computer Club]].<ref>Steve Wozniak, [https://www.atariarchives.org/deli/homebrew_and_how_the_apple.php Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be], ''Digital Deli''. Retrieved August 24, 2020.</ref> The Apple I was sold as a [[motherboard]] (with [[CPU]], [[RAM]], and basic textual-video chips.<ref>Leander Kahney, [https://www.wired.com/2002/12/56426/ Rebuilding an Apple From the Past] ''Wired''. Retrieved August 24, 2020.</ref> The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 for US$666.66.<ref>[http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/newads7/1976apple1.jpg Picture of original ad featuring US666.66 price] Retrieved August 24, 2020.</ref><ref name="iWoz">Steve Wozniak, ''iWoz'' (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006, ISBN 978-0393061437), 180. </ref>
 
  
Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977 without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. [[Mike Markkula]] provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple.<ref> [https://money.cnn.com/1998/01/06/technology/apple_chrono/ Apple Chronology]. ''CNN Money'', January 6, 1998. Retrieved August 24, 2020.</ref>
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Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977 without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. [[Mike Markkula]] provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple.<ref> [https://money.cnn.com/1998/01/06/technology/apple_chrono/ Apple Chronology]. ''CNN Money'', January 6, 1998. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
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[[Image:Apple I.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The [[Apple I]], Apple's first product. Sold as an assembled circuit board, it lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.]]
 +
The [[Apple II series|Apple II]] was introduced on April 16, 1977 at the first [[West Coast Computer Faire]]. It differed from its major rivals, the [[TRS-80]] and [[Commodore PET]], because it came with color graphics and an open [[computer architecture|architecture]]. Early models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, but were soon superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch [[floppy disk]] drive and interface, the [[Disk II]].<ref>Steven Weyhrich, [https://apple2history.org/history/ah05/ 5-The Disk II] ''Apple II History ''. Retrieved November 11, 2022. </ref>
  
The [[Apple II series|Apple II]] was introduced on April 16, 1977 at the first [[West Coast Computer Faire]]. It differed from its major rivals, the [[TRS-80]] and [[Commodore PET]], because it came with color graphics and an open [[computer architecture|architecture]]. Early models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, but were soon superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch [[floppy disk]] drive and interface, the [[Disk II]].<ref>Steven Weyhrich, [https://apple2history.org/history/ah05/ 5-The Disk II] ''Apple II History ''. Retrieved August 24, 2020. </ref>
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The [[Apple II]] was chosen to be the desktop platform for the ground-breaking [[VisiCalc]] [[spreadsheet]] program.<ref name="lemvc">Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2006/visicalc-and-the-rise-of-the-apple-ii/ VisiCalc and the rise of the Apple II], ''Low End Mac'', September 25, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II, and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II because it could now be used for office work. Until then, Apple had taken a distant third place to sales of Commodore and Tandy.<ref>Brian Bagnall, ''The Story of Commodore: A Company on the Edge'' (Variant Press, 2006, ISBN 0973864907), 109–112.</ref>
  
The [[Apple II]] was chosen to be the desktop platform for the ground-breaking [[VisiCalc]] [[spreadsheet]] program.<ref name="lemvc">Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2006/visicalc-and-the-rise-of-the-apple-ii/ VisiCalc and the rise of the Apple II], ''Low End Mac'', September 25, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2020.</ref> VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II, and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II because it could now be used for office work. Until then, Apple had taken a distant third place to sales of Commodore and Tandy.<ref>Brian Bagnall, ''On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore'' (Variant Press, 2005, ISBN 0973864907), 109–112.</ref>
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By the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a [[production line]]. The Apple II was succeeded by the [[Apple III]] in May 1980 as the company competed with [[IBM]] and [[Microsoft]] in the business and corporate computing market.<ref>Joshua Coventry, [https://lowendmac.com/2015/apple-iii-chaos-apples-first-failure/ Apple III Chaos: Apple’s First Failure] ''Low End Mac'', April 28, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
 
 
By the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a [[production line]]. The Apple II was succeeded by the [[Apple III]] in May 1980 as the company competed with [[IBM]] and [[Microsoft]] in the business and corporate computing market.<ref>Joshua Coventry, [https://lowendmac.com/2015/apple-iii-chaos-apples-first-failure/ Apple III Chaos: Apple’s First Failure] ''Low End Mac'', April 28, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2020.</ref>
 
  
 
In December 1979 Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the [[Xerox PARC]] facilities in return for $1 million in pre-[[IPO]] Apple stock, and Jobs and several Apple employees including [[Jef Raskin]] went to see the [[Xerox Alto]]. It used a Graphical User Interface (GUI) with graphical elements such as [[window (computing)|window]]s, [[menu (computing)|menu]]s, [[radio button (computing)|radio button]]s, [[check box]]es and [[icon (computing)|icon]]s. Jobs became convinced that all future computers would use a GUI, and development of a GUI began for the [[Apple Lisa]].
 
In December 1979 Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the [[Xerox PARC]] facilities in return for $1 million in pre-[[IPO]] Apple stock, and Jobs and several Apple employees including [[Jef Raskin]] went to see the [[Xerox Alto]]. It used a Graphical User Interface (GUI) with graphical elements such as [[window (computing)|window]]s, [[menu (computing)|menu]]s, [[radio button (computing)|radio button]]s, [[check box]]es and [[icon (computing)|icon]]s. Jobs became convinced that all future computers would use a GUI, and development of a GUI began for the [[Apple Lisa]].
  
 
===1981–1985: Lisa and Macintosh===
 
===1981–1985: Lisa and Macintosh===
[[Image:Macintosh 128k transparency.png|thumb|left|200px|The [[Macintosh 128K]], the first [[Macintosh]] computer.]]
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[[Image:Macintosh 128k transparency.png|thumb|left|300px|The [[Macintosh 128K]], the first [[Macintosh]] computer.]]
  
[[Steve Jobs]] began working on the [[Apple Lisa]] in 1978 but in 1982 he was pushed from the Lisa team due to infighting, and took over Jef Raskin's low-cost-computer project, the [[Macintosh]]. A [[turf war]] broke out between Lisa's "corporate shirts" and Jobs' "pirates" over which product would ship first and establish Apple’s reputation. In 1983 Lisa became the first [[personal computer]] sold to the public with a GUI, but was initially a commercial failure because of its high price tag and limited software titles.<ref name="lemlisa">Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2005/history-of-apples-lisa/ A history of Apple's Lisa, 1979–1986], ''Low End Mac'', October 5, 2005. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>  
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[[Steve Jobs]] began working on the [[Apple Lisa]] in 1978 but in 1982 he was pushed from the Lisa team due to infighting, and took over Jef Raskin's low-cost-computer project, the [[Macintosh]]. A [[turf war]] broke out between Lisa's "corporate shirts" and Jobs' "pirates" over which product would ship first and establish Apple’s reputation. In 1983 Lisa became the first [[personal computer]] sold to the public with a GUI, but was initially a commercial failure because of its high price tag and limited software titles.<ref name="lemlisa">Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2005/history-of-apples-lisa/ History of Apple's Lisa, 1979–1986], ''Low End Mac'', October 5, 2005. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>  
  
In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh. Its debut was announced by a famous $1.5 million [[television]] [[Advertising|commercial]], "[[1984 (television commercial)|1984]]" that aired during the third quarter of [[Super Bowl XVIII]] on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a landmark in Apple's history<ref>Kevin Maney, [https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/kevinmaney/2004-01-28-maney_x.htm Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event] ''USA Today'', January 28, 2004. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> and an advertising masterpiece.<ref>Todd Leopold, [https://edition.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/02/02/eye.ent.commercials/ Why 2006 isn't like '1984'] ''CNN'', February 3, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>
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In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh. Its debut was announced by a famous $1.5 million [[television]] [[Advertising|commercial]], "[[1984 (television commercial)|1984]]" that aired during the third quarter of [[Super Bowl XVIII]] on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a landmark in Apple's history<ref>Kevin Maney, [https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/kevinmaney/2004-01-28-maney_x.htm Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event] ''USA Today'', January 28, 2004. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> and an advertising masterpiece.<ref>Todd Leopold, [https://edition.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/02/02/eye.ent.commercials/ Why 2006 isn't like '1984'] ''CNN'', February 3, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
The Macintosh initially sold well, but follow-up sales were not strong.<ref>Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2013/good-bye-woz-jobs-apple-1985/ Good-bye Woz and Jobs: How the first Apple era ended in 1985] ''Low End Mac'', August 16, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> That changed with the introduction of the [[LaserWriter]], the first reasonably-priced PostScript [[laser printer]], and [[PageMaker]], an early [[desktop publishing]] package. The Mac was particularly powerful due to its advanced graphics capabilities, which were necessary to create the [[intuition (knowledge)|intuitive]] Macintosh GUI. The combination of these three products has been credited with the creation of the desktop publishing market.<ref>Jacci Howard Bear, [https://www.lifewire.com/when-was-desktop-publishing-invented-1073863 The History of Desktop Publishing] ''Lifewire'', December 11, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>
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The Macintosh initially sold well, but follow-up sales were not strong.<ref>Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2013/good-bye-woz-jobs-apple-1985/ Good-bye Woz and Jobs: How the first Apple era ended in 1985] ''Low End Mac'', August 16, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> That changed with the introduction of the [[LaserWriter]], the first reasonably-priced PostScript [[laser printer]], and [[PageMaker]], an early [[desktop publishing]] package. The Mac was particularly powerful due to its advanced graphics capabilities, which were necessary to create the [[intuition (knowledge)|intuitive]] Macintosh GUI. The combination of these three products has been credited with the creation of the desktop publishing market.<ref>Jacci Howard Bear, [https://www.lifewire.com/when-was-desktop-publishing-invented-1073863 The History of Desktop Publishing] ''Lifewire'', December 11, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
 
Continued strong sales of the Apple II, and the introduction of the Macintosh, took Apple's sales to new highs. Apple Computer’s [[initial public offering]] on September 7, 1984, generated more money than any IPO since [[Ford Motor Company]] in 1956 and instantly created more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history.
 
Continued strong sales of the Apple II, and the introduction of the Macintosh, took Apple's sales to new highs. Apple Computer’s [[initial public offering]] on September 7, 1984, generated more money than any IPO since [[Ford Motor Company]] in 1956 and instantly created more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history.
  
In 1985 a power struggle developed between Jobs and his hand-picked CEO [[John Sculley]].<ref name="lemsculley">Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2006/growing-apple-with-the-macintosh-the-sculley-years/ Growing Apple with the Macintosh: The Sculley years] ''Low End Mac'', February 2, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> Apple's [[board of directors]] sided with Sculley and Jobs was removed from his managerial duties. Jobs later resigned from Apple and founded [[NeXT|NeXT Inc.]] the same year.
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In 1985 a power struggle developed between Jobs and his hand-picked CEO [[John Sculley]].<ref name="lemsculley">Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2006/growing-apple-with-the-macintosh-the-sculley-years/ Growing Apple with the Macintosh: The Sculley years] ''Low End Mac'', February 2, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Apple's [[board of directors]] sided with Sculley and Jobs was removed from his managerial duties. Jobs later resigned from Apple and founded [[NeXT|NeXT Inc.]] the same year.
  
 
Apple's sustained growth during the early 1980s was partly due to its leadership in the education sector, attributed to its adaptation of the programming language [[Logo (programming language)|LOGO]], used in many schools with the Apple II. In [[California]], Apple Computer Inc. donated an Apple II and one Apple LOGO software package to each [[public school]] in the state.
 
Apple's sustained growth during the early 1980s was partly due to its leadership in the education sector, attributed to its adaptation of the programming language [[Logo (programming language)|LOGO]], used in many schools with the Apple II. In [[California]], Apple Computer Inc. donated an Apple II and one Apple LOGO software package to each [[public school]] in the state.
  
 
===1986–1993: Rise and fall===
 
===1986–1993: Rise and fall===
  [[Image:Macintosh portable.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Macintosh Portable]] was Apple's first "portable" Macintosh computer, released in 1989.]]
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  [[Image:Macintosh portable.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The [[Macintosh Portable]] was Apple's first "portable" Macintosh computer, released in 1989.]]
In September 1989, Apple Computer released the [[Macintosh Portable]], featuring a  black and white active-matrix LCD screen in a hinged cover that covered the keyboard when the machine was not in use, and a mouse trackball that could be removed and located on either side of the keyboard. It was received with excitement from most critics but did not sell well because of several drawbacks including its bulk and limited battery life. Having learned several painful lessons, Apple introduced the [[PowerBook]] in 1991, which established the modern form and [[ergonomics|ergonomic]] layout of the [[laptop computer]].<ref>Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2016/birth-of-the-powerbook-how-apple-took-over-the-portable-market-in-1991/ Birth of the PowerBook: How Apple took over the portable market in 1991], ''Low End Mac'', July 11, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> The same year, Apple introduced [[System 7]], a major upgrade to the operating system which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for [[Mac OS]] until 2001.
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In September 1989, Apple Computer released the [[Macintosh Portable]], featuring a  black and white active-matrix LCD screen in a hinged cover that covered the keyboard when the machine was not in use, and a mouse trackball that could be removed and located on either side of the keyboard. It was received with excitement from most critics but did not sell well because of several drawbacks including its bulk and limited battery life. Having learned several painful lessons, Apple introduced the [[PowerBook]] in 1991, which established the modern form and [[ergonomics|ergonomic]] layout of the [[laptop computer]].<ref>Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2016/birth-of-the-powerbook-how-apple-took-over-the-portable-market-in-1991/ Birth of the PowerBook: How Apple took over the portable market in 1991], ''Low End Mac'', July 11, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> The same year, Apple introduced [[System 7]], a major upgrade to the operating system which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for [[Mac OS]] until 2001.
  
 
The success of the PowerBook and other products increased operating revenues, and from 1989 to 1991 the Macintosh experienced a "first [[golden age]]." <ref name="lemsculley" /> Following the success of the [[Macintosh LC|LC]], Apple introduced the [[Macintosh Centris|Centris]] line, a low end [[Macintosh Quadra|Quadra]] offering, and the ill-fated [[Performa]] line which was sold in several confusing configurations and software bundles to avoid competing with the various consumer outlets such as [[Sears]], [[Price Club]], and [[Wal-Mart]], the primary dealers for these models. Consumers did not understand the difference between models, causing sales to drop. During this time Apple experimented unsuccessfully with other consumer products including [[QuickTake|digital cameras]], [[PowerCD|portable CD audio players]], [[PowerCD#AppleDesign Powered Speakers|speakers]], [[Bandai Pippin|video consoles]], and [[Apple Interactive Television Box|TV appliances]]. Enormous resources were also invested in the problem-plagued [[Newton (platform)|Newton division]]. Apple’s market share and stock prices continued to slide.
 
The success of the PowerBook and other products increased operating revenues, and from 1989 to 1991 the Macintosh experienced a "first [[golden age]]." <ref name="lemsculley" /> Following the success of the [[Macintosh LC|LC]], Apple introduced the [[Macintosh Centris|Centris]] line, a low end [[Macintosh Quadra|Quadra]] offering, and the ill-fated [[Performa]] line which was sold in several confusing configurations and software bundles to avoid competing with the various consumer outlets such as [[Sears]], [[Price Club]], and [[Wal-Mart]], the primary dealers for these models. Consumers did not understand the difference between models, causing sales to drop. During this time Apple experimented unsuccessfully with other consumer products including [[QuickTake|digital cameras]], [[PowerCD|portable CD audio players]], [[PowerCD#AppleDesign Powered Speakers|speakers]], [[Bandai Pippin|video consoles]], and [[Apple Interactive Television Box|TV appliances]]. Enormous resources were also invested in the problem-plagued [[Newton (platform)|Newton division]]. Apple’s market share and stock prices continued to slide.
  
Apple perceived the [[Apple II series|Apple II family]] as being expensive to produce, and detracting from sales from the low-end Macintosh. In 1990, Apple released the [[Macintosh LC]] with a single [[expansion slot]] for the [[Apple IIe Card]] to migrate Apple II users to the Macintosh platform.<ref>Steven Weyhrich, [https://apple2history.org/history/ah07/ 7-The Apple IIe] ''Apple II History''. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> Apple stopped selling the [[Apple IIe]] in 1993.
+
Apple perceived the [[Apple II series|Apple II family]] as being expensive to produce, and detracting from sales from the low-end Macintosh. In 1990, Apple released the [[Macintosh LC]] with a single [[expansion slot]] for the [[Apple IIe Card]] to migrate Apple II users to the Macintosh platform.<ref>Steven Weyhrich, [https://apple2history.org/history/ah07/ 7-The Apple IIe] ''Apple II History''. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Apple stopped selling the [[Apple IIe]] in 1993.
  
Apple Computer’s rival [[Microsoft]] continued to gain market share with [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], focusing on delivering software with cheap commodity [[Personal computer|PCs]] while Apple was offering its customers a richly engineered, but expensive, experience.<ref>[http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/3EC02E78-FD4D-4CDF-92A0-9C4CBDFAB3D2.html 1990–1995: Why the World Went Windows] October 14, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> Apple relied on high profit margins and never developed a clear response to the challenge from Windows. Instead it launched a lawsuit accusing Microsoft of using a [[graphical user interface]] similar to the [[Apple Lisa]] ([[Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation]])<ref>Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2006/the-apple-vs-microsoft-gui-lawsuit/ The Apple vs. Microsoft GUI lawsuit] ''Low End Mac'', August 25, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> which dragged on for years before being thrown out of court. Meanwhile Apple's reputation was damaged by a series of major product flops and missed deadlines, and Sculley was replaced by [[Michael Spindler]] as CEO.<ref>Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2013/michael-spindler-peter-principle-apple/ Michael Spindler: The Peter Principle at Apple]. ''Low End Mac'', August 17, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>
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Apple Computer’s rival [[Microsoft]] continued to gain market share with [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], focusing on delivering software with cheap commodity [[Personal computer|PCs]] while Apple was offering its customers a richly engineered, but expensive, experience.<ref>[http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/3EC02E78-FD4D-4CDF-92A0-9C4CBDFAB3D2.html 1990–1995: Why the World Went Windows] October 14, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Apple relied on high profit margins and never developed a clear response to the challenge from Windows. Instead it launched a lawsuit accusing Microsoft of using a [[graphical user interface]] similar to the [[Apple Lisa]] ([[Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation]])<ref>Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2006/the-apple-vs-microsoft-gui-lawsuit/ The Apple vs. Microsoft GUI lawsuit] ''Low End Mac'', August 25, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> which dragged on for years before being thrown out of court. Meanwhile Apple's reputation was damaged by a series of major product flops and missed deadlines, and Sculley was replaced by [[Michael Spindler]] as CEO.<ref>Thomas Hormby, [https://lowendmac.com/2013/michael-spindler-peter-principle-apple/ Michael Spindler: The Peter Principle at Apple]. ''Low End Mac'', August 17, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
 
===1994–1997: Attempts at reinvention===
 
===1994–1997: Attempts at reinvention===
[[Image:Newton-IMG 0320 cleanup.JPG|thumb|right|225px|The [[Newton (platform)|Newton]] was Apple's first foray into the [[personal digital assistant|PDA]] markets, as well as one of the first in the industry. A financial failure, it nonetheless helped pave the way for the [[Palm Pilot]] and later Apple's own [[iPhone]].]]
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[[Image:Newton-IMG 0320 cleanup.JPG|thumb|right|350px|The [[Newton (platform)|Newton]] was Apple's first foray into the [[personal digital assistant|PDA]] markets, as well as one of the first in the industry. A financial failure, it nonetheless helped pave the way for the [[Palm Pilot]] and later Apple's own [[iPhone]].]]
 
By the early 1990s, Apple was developing alternative platforms to the Macintosh, such as the [[A/UX]]. The old Macintosh platform was becoming outdated because it was not built to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, and several important software routines were programmed directly into the hardware. In addition, Apple was facing competition from [[OS/2]] and [[UNIX]] vendors like [[Sun Microsystems]]. The Macintosh needed to be replaced by a new platform, or reworked to run on more powerful hardware.
 
By the early 1990s, Apple was developing alternative platforms to the Macintosh, such as the [[A/UX]]. The old Macintosh platform was becoming outdated because it was not built to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, and several important software routines were programmed directly into the hardware. In addition, Apple was facing competition from [[OS/2]] and [[UNIX]] vendors like [[Sun Microsystems]]. The Macintosh needed to be replaced by a new platform, or reworked to run on more powerful hardware.
  
In 1994, Apple formed the [[AIM alliance]] with [[IBM]] and [[Motorola]], to create a new computing platform (the [[PowerPC Reference Platform]]), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple's software. The AIM alliance hoped that the combination of PReP's performance and Apple's software would outdistance the PC and put an end to Microsoft’s dominance. The same year, Apple introduced the [[Power Macintosh]], the first of many Apple computers to use IBM's [[PowerPC]] processor.<ref>[https://www.apple-history.com/6100 Power Macintosh 6100] ''Apple History''. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>
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In 1994, Apple formed the [[AIM alliance]] with [[IBM]] and [[Motorola]], to create a new computing platform (the [[PowerPC Reference Platform]]), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple's software. The AIM alliance hoped that the combination of PReP's performance and Apple's software would outdistance the PC and put an end to Microsoft’s dominance. The same year, Apple introduced the [[Power Macintosh]], the first of many Apple computers to use IBM's [[PowerPC]] processor.<ref>[https://www.apple-history.com/6100 Power Macintosh 6100] ''Apple History''. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
 
In 1996, [[Michael Spindler]] was replaced by [[Gil Amelio]] as CEO. Amelio made many changes at Apple, including massive layoffs. After multiple failed attempts to improve Mac OS, first with the [[Taligent]] project, then later with [[Copland (operating system)|Copland]] and [[Gershwin operating system|Gershwin]] operating systems, Amelio decided to purchase [[NeXT]] and its [[NeXTSTEP]] operating system, bringing Steve Jobs back to Apple initially as an advisor. On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted by the board of directors after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses. Jobs became the interim CEO and began restructuring the company's product line.
 
In 1996, [[Michael Spindler]] was replaced by [[Gil Amelio]] as CEO. Amelio made many changes at Apple, including massive layoffs. After multiple failed attempts to improve Mac OS, first with the [[Taligent]] project, then later with [[Copland (operating system)|Copland]] and [[Gershwin operating system|Gershwin]] operating systems, Amelio decided to purchase [[NeXT]] and its [[NeXTSTEP]] operating system, bringing Steve Jobs back to Apple initially as an advisor. On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted by the board of directors after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses. Jobs became the interim CEO and began restructuring the company's product line.
  
At the 1997 [[Macworld Expo]], [[Steve Jobs]] announced that Apple would join [[Microsoft]] to release new versions of [[Microsoft Office]] for the Macintosh, and that Microsoft had made a $150 million investment in non-voting Apple stock.<ref>[https://news.microsoft.com/1997/08/06/microsoft-and-apple-affirm-commitment-to-build-next-generation-software-for-macintosh/ Microsoft and Apple Affirm Commitment to Build Next Generation Software for Macintosh] ''Microsoft'', August 6, 1997. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> This boosted industry confidence in Apple's future.
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At the 1997 [[Macworld Expo]], [[Steve Jobs]] announced that Apple would join [[Microsoft]] to release new versions of [[Microsoft Office]] for the Macintosh, and that Microsoft had made a $150 million investment in non-voting Apple stock.<ref>[https://news.microsoft.com/1997/08/06/microsoft-and-apple-affirm-commitment-to-build-next-generation-software-for-macintosh/ Microsoft and Apple Affirm Commitment to Build Next Generation Software for Macintosh] ''Microsoft'', August 6, 1997. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> This boosted industry confidence in Apple's future.
  
 
On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the [[Apple Store (online)|Apple Store]], tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy.
 
On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the [[Apple Store (online)|Apple Store]], tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy.
  
 
===1998–2005: New beginnings===
 
===1998–2005: New beginnings===
[[Image:Applecomputerheadquarters.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Company headquarters on [[Infinite Loop (street)|Infinite Loop]] in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]].]]
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[[Image:Applecomputerheadquarters.jpg|right|400px|thumb|Company headquarters on [[Infinite Loop (street)|Infinite Loop]] in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]].]]
On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the [[Macintosh 128K]]: the [[iMac]]. The iMac design team was led by [[Jonathan Ive]], who later designed the [[iPod]] and the [[iPhone]]. The iMac featured the newest technology and a groundbreaking design. It sold close to 800,000 units in its first five months and returned Apple to profitability for the first time since 1993.<ref name="800kimacs">[https://www.macobserver.com/news/99/january/990106/800000imacs.html Apple Announces That 800,000 iMacs Sold/ 45% Of Buyers New To Mac] ''The Mac Observer'', January 6, 1999. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>
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On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the [[Macintosh 128K]]: the [[iMac]]. The iMac design team was led by [[Jonathan Ive]], who later designed the [[iPod]] and the [[iPhone]]. The iMac featured the newest technology and a groundbreaking design. It sold close to 800,000 units in its first five months and returned Apple to profitability for the first time since 1993.<ref name="800kimacs">[https://www.macobserver.com/news/99/january/990106/800000imacs.html Apple Announces That 800,000 iMacs Sold/ 45% Of Buyers New To Mac] ''The Mac Observer'', January 6, 1999. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
During this period, Apple purchased several companies to create a portfolio of professional and consumer-oriented digital production software. In 1998, Apple announced the purchase of [[Macromedia]]'s [[Final Cut Pro|Final Cut]] software, signaling its expansion into the [[digital video]] editing market.<ref>Pia Sarkar, [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/02/25/BU107610.DTL&type=tech FRIENDS AND FOES / Despite squabbles, Apple and Adobe have benefited from one another] ''SFGate'', February 25, 2002. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> The following year, Apple released two video editing products: [[iMovie]] for consumers; and Final Cut Pro for professionals, which has gone on to be a significant video-editing program, with 800,000 registered users in early 2007.<ref>Greg Sandoval, [https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-exhibits-final-cut-studio-2/ Apple exhibits Final Cut Studio 2] ''CNet'', April 16, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> In 2002 Apple purchased [[Nothing Real]] for its advanced digital [[compositing]] application [[Shake (software)|Shake]],<ref>Bryan Chaffin, [https://www.macobserver.com/article/2002/02/07.6.shtml Apple Shake: Apple Buys Nothing Real, A High End Compositing Software Maker] ''The Mac Observer'', February 7, 2002. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> as well as [[Emagic]] for its music productivity application [[Logic Pro|Logic]], which led to the development of Apple’s consumer-level [[GarageBand]] application.<ref>Andy Deitrich, [https://arstechnica.com/features/2004/02/garageband/ Garage Band] ''Ars Technica'', February 2, 2004. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> [[iPhoto]]'s release the same year completed the [[iLife]] suite.
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During this period, Apple purchased several companies to create a portfolio of professional and consumer-oriented digital production software. In 1998, Apple announced the purchase of [[Macromedia]]'s [[Final Cut Pro|Final Cut]] software, signaling its expansion into the [[digital video]] editing market.<ref>Pia Sarkar, [https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/FRIENDS-AND-FOES-Despite-squabbles-Apple-and-2869580.php FRIENDS AND FOES / Despite squabbles, Apple and Adobe have benefited from one another] ''SFGate'', February 25, 2002. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> The following year, Apple released two video editing products: [[iMovie]] for consumers; and Final Cut Pro for professionals, which has gone on to be a significant video-editing program, with 800,000 registered users in early 2007.<ref>Greg Sandoval, [https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-exhibits-final-cut-studio-2/ Apple exhibits Final Cut Studio 2] ''CNet'', April 16, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> In 2002 Apple purchased [[Nothing Real]] for its advanced digital [[compositing]] application [[Shake (software)|Shake]],<ref>Bryan Chaffin, [https://www.macobserver.com/article/2002/02/07.6.shtml Apple Shake: Apple Buys Nothing Real, A High End Compositing Software Maker] ''The Mac Observer'', February 7, 2002. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> as well as [[Emagic]] for its music productivity application [[Logic Pro|Logic]], which led to the development of Apple’s consumer-level [[GarageBand]] application.<ref>Andy Deitrich, [https://arstechnica.com/features/2004/02/garageband/ Garage Band] ''Ars Technica'', February 2, 2004. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> [[iPhoto]]'s release the same year completed the [[iLife]] suite.
  
 
[[Mac OS X]], based on NeXT's [[OPENSTEP]] and [[BSD Unix]] was released on March 24, 2001, after several years of development. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X aimed to combine the stability, reliability and security of [[Unix]] with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface. To aid users in migrating from [[Mac OS 9]], the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications through Mac OS X's [[Classic (Mac OS X)|Classic environment]].
 
[[Mac OS X]], based on NeXT's [[OPENSTEP]] and [[BSD Unix]] was released on March 24, 2001, after several years of development. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X aimed to combine the stability, reliability and security of [[Unix]] with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface. To aid users in migrating from [[Mac OS 9]], the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications through Mac OS X's [[Classic (Mac OS X)|Classic environment]].
  
[[Image:Apple store fifth avenue.jpg|thumb|250px|The entrance of the [[Apple Store]] on [[Fifth Avenue]] in [[New York City]] is a glass cube, housing a cylindrical elevator and a spiral staircase that leads into the subterranean store.]]
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[[Image:Apple store fifth avenue.jpg|thumb|400px|The entrance of the [[Apple Store]] on [[Fifth Avenue]] in [[New York City]] is a glass cube, housing a cylindrical elevator and a spiral staircase that leads into the subterranean store.]]
  
In 2001, Apple introduced the [[iPod]] portable [[digital audio player]]. The product’s success was unprecedented; over 100 million units were sold within six years.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4625262.stm Apple enjoys ongoing iPod demand], ''BBC News'', January 18, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> In 2003, Apple's [[iTunes Store]] was introduced, offering online music downloads for $0.99 a song and integration with the iPod. The service quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over 5 billion downloads by June 19, 2008.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2008/06/19iTunes-Store-Tops-Over-Five-Billion-Songs-Sold/ iTunes Store Tops Over Five Billion Songs Sold] ''Apple Inc.'', June 19, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>
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In 2001, Apple introduced the [[iPod]] portable [[digital audio player]]. The product’s success was unprecedented; over 100 million units were sold within six years.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4625262.stm Apple enjoys ongoing iPod demand], ''BBC News'', January 18, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> In 2003, Apple's [[iTunes Store]] was introduced, offering online music downloads for $0.99 a song and integration with the iPod. The service quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over 5 billion downloads by June 19, 2008.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2008/06/19iTunes-Store-Tops-Over-Five-Billion-Songs-Sold/ iTunes Store Tops Over Five Billion Songs Sold] ''Apple Inc.'', June 19, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
 
Since 2001 Apple's design team progressively abandoned the use of the translucent colored plastics first used in the [[iMac G3]], beginning with the [[titanium]] [[PowerBook]], followed by the white [[polycarbonate]] [[iBook]], and the flat-panel [[iMac]].
 
Since 2001 Apple's design team progressively abandoned the use of the translucent colored plastics first used in the [[iMac G3]], beginning with the [[titanium]] [[PowerBook]], followed by the white [[polycarbonate]] [[iBook]], and the flat-panel [[iMac]].
  
 
===2005–2011: Success with mobile devices===
 
===2005–2011: Success with mobile devices===
  [[Image:MacBook Pro.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The [[MacBook Pro]] (15.4" widescreen) was Apple's first laptop with an [[Intel]] microprocessor. It was announced in January 2006 and aimed at the professional market.]]
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  [[Image:MacBook Pro.jpg|right|400px|thumb|The [[MacBook Pro]] (15.4" widescreen) was Apple's first laptop with an [[Intel]] microprocessor. It was announced in January 2006 and aimed at the professional market.]]
At the [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] keynote address on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would begin producing [[Intel]]-based Mac computers in 2006.<ref name="printel">[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2005/06/06Apple-to-Use-Intel-Microprocessors-Beginning-in-2006/ Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006] ''Apple Inc.'', June 6, 2005. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> On January 10, 2006, the new [[MacBook Pro]] and [[iMac]] became the first Apple computers to utilize Intel's [[Core Duo]] [[CPU]]. By August 7, 2006 Apple had transitioned the entire Mac product line to Intel chips, more than one year earlier than announced.<ref name="printel" /> The [[Power Mac]], [[iBook]], and [[PowerBook]] brands were retired during the transition, the [[Mac Pro]], [[MacBook]], and [[Macbook Pro]] became their respective successors.
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At the [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] keynote address on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would begin producing [[Intel]]-based Mac computers in 2006.<ref name="printel">[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2005/06/06Apple-to-Use-Intel-Microprocessors-Beginning-in-2006/ Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006] ''Apple Inc.'', June 6, 2005. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> On January 10, 2006, the new [[MacBook Pro]] and [[iMac]] became the first Apple computers to utilize Intel's [[Core Duo]] [[CPU]]. By August 7, 2006 Apple had transitioned the entire Mac product line to Intel chips, more than one year earlier than announced.<ref name="printel" /> The [[Power Mac]], [[iBook]], and [[PowerBook]] brands were retired during the transition, the [[Mac Pro]], [[MacBook]], and [[Macbook Pro]] became their respective successors.
  
 
Apple also introduced [[Boot Camp (software)|Boot Camp]] software to help users install [[Windows XP]] or [[Windows Vista]] on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X.
 
Apple also introduced [[Boot Camp (software)|Boot Camp]] software to help users install [[Windows XP]] or [[Windows Vista]] on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X.
Line 90: Line 91:
 
Apple's success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple's stock increased more than tenfold, from around $6 per share (split-adjusted) to over $80. In January 2006, Apple's [[market cap]] surpassed that of [[Dell]].
 
Apple's success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple's stock increased more than tenfold, from around $6 per share (split-adjusted) to over $80. In January 2006, Apple's [[market cap]] surpassed that of [[Dell]].
  
Delivering his keynote at the [[Macworld Expo]] on January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc., was changing its name to Apple Inc. The launches of the [[iPhone]] and the [[Apple TV]] were also announced. The following day, Apple’s share price hit an all-time high of $97.80. In May 2007, Apple's share price rose above $100.<ref>[http://www.macnn.com/articles/07/04/26/analyst.raised.aapl.target/ AAPL surges past $100, target at $140] ''MacNN'', April 26, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>
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Delivering his keynote at the [[Macworld Expo]] on January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc., was changing its name to Apple Inc. The launches of the [[iPhone]] and the [[Apple TV]] were also announced. The following day, Apple’s share price hit an all-time high of $97.80. In May 2007, Apple's share price rose above $100.
  
 
On February 7, 2007, Apple indicated that it would sell [[music]] on the iTunes Store without [[Digital rights management|DRM]] (which would allow tracks to be played on third-party players) if record labels would agree to drop the technology. On April 2, 2007, Apple and [[EMI]] jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI's catalog in the iTunes Store, effective in May.
 
On February 7, 2007, Apple indicated that it would sell [[music]] on the iTunes Store without [[Digital rights management|DRM]] (which would allow tracks to be played on third-party players) if record labels would agree to drop the technology. On April 2, 2007, Apple and [[EMI]] jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI's catalog in the iTunes Store, effective in May.
  
On July 11, 2008, Apple launched the [[App Store]] to sell third-party applications for the [[iPhone]] and [[iPod touch]].<ref>Raymund Flandez, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121789232442511743 Programmers Jockey for iPhone Users at Apple Site] ''The Wall Street Journal'', August 5, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> Within a month, the store sold 60 million applications and averaged sale of $1 million daily. By April 2009, one billion App Store applications, many free, had been downloaded.
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On July 11, 2008, Apple launched the [[App Store]] to sell third-party applications for the [[iPhone]] and [[iPod touch]].<ref>Raymund Flandez, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121789232442511743 Programmers Jockey for iPhone Users at Apple Site] ''The Wall Street Journal'', August 5, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Within a month, the store sold 60 million applications and averaged sale of $1 million daily. By April 2009, one billion App Store applications, many free, had been downloaded.
  
After years of speculation and multiple rumored "leaks," Apple announced a large screen, tablet-like media device known as the [[iPad]] on January 27, 2010. The iPad ran the same touch-based operating system as the iPhone, and many iPhone apps were compatible with the iPad. This gave the iPad a large app catalog on launch, despite very little development time before the release. Later that year on April 3, 2010, the iPad was launched in the US. It sold more than 300,000 units on its first day, and 500,000 by the end of the first week.<ref>Dan Moren, [https://www.macworld.com/article/1150417/ipad_sales.html Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day] ''Mac World'', April 5, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> In May of the same year, Apple's [[market cap]] exceeded that of competitor [[Microsoft]] for the first time since 1989.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/10168684 Apple passes Microsoft to be biggest tech company] ''BBC'', May 27, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>
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After years of speculation and multiple rumored "leaks," Apple announced a large screen, tablet-like media device known as the [[iPad]] on January 27, 2010. The iPad ran the same touch-based operating system as the iPhone, and many iPhone apps were compatible with the iPad. This gave the iPad a large app catalog on launch, despite very little development time before the release. Later that year on April 3, 2010, the iPad was launched in the US. It sold more than 300,000 units on its first day, and 500,000 by the end of the first week.<ref>Dan Moren, [https://www.macworld.com/article/1150417/ipad_sales.html Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day] ''Mac World'', April 5, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> In May of the same year, Apple's [[market cap]] exceeded that of competitor [[Microsoft]] for the first time since 1989.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/10168684 Apple passes Microsoft to be biggest tech company] ''BBC'', May 27, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
In June 2010, Apple released the [[iPhone 4]], which introduced [[video calling]], [[Computer multitasking|multitasking]], and a new [[Electrical insulation|uninsulated]] [[stainless steel]] design that acted as the phone's antenna. Later that year, Apple again refreshed its iPod line of MP3 players by introducing a [[multi-touch]] [[iPod Nano]], an [[iPod Touch]] with [[FaceTime]], and an [[iPod Shuffle]] that brought back the buttons of earlier generations.<ref>Joshua Topolsky, [https://www.engadget.com/2010-09-07-ipod-touch-review-2010.html iPod touch review (2010)] ''Engadget'', September 7, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> Additionally, on October 20, Apple updated the [[MacBook Air]] laptop, [[iLife]] suite of applications, and unveiled [[Mac OS X Lion]], the last version with the name ''[[Mac OS X]]''.<ref>[https://www.pcmag.com/archive/apple-unveils-ilife-11-with-new-iphoto-imovie-garageband-255911 Apple Unveils iLife 11 with New iPhoto, iMovie, GarageBand] ''PC Magazine'', October 20, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>
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In June 2010, Apple released the [[iPhone 4]], which introduced [[video calling]], [[Computer multitasking|multitasking]], and a new [[Electrical insulation|uninsulated]] [[stainless steel]] design that acted as the phone's antenna. Later that year, Apple again refreshed its iPod line of MP3 players by introducing a [[multi-touch]] [[iPod Nano]], an [[iPod Touch]] with [[FaceTime]], and an [[iPod Shuffle]] that brought back the buttons of earlier generations.<ref>Joshua Topolsky, [https://www.engadget.com/2010-09-07-ipod-touch-review-2010.html iPod touch review (2010)] ''Engadget'', September 7, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Additionally, on October 20, Apple updated the [[MacBook Air]] laptop, [[iLife]] suite of applications, and unveiled [[Mac OS X Lion]], the last version with the name ''[[Mac OS X]]''.<ref>[https://www.pcmag.com/archive/apple-unveils-ilife-11-with-new-iphoto-imovie-garageband-255911 Apple Unveils iLife 11 with New iPhoto, iMovie, GarageBand] ''PC Magazine'', October 20, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
On January 17, 2011, Jobs announced in an internal Apple memo that he would take another medical leave of absence, for an indefinite period, to allow him to focus on his health. Chief operating officer [[Tim Cook]] assumed Jobs's day-to-day operations at Apple, although Jobs would still remain "involved in major strategic decisions".<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-12205173 Apple boss Steve Jobs takes 'medical leave'] ''BBC News'', January 17, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> Apple became the most valuable consumer-facing brand in the world.<ref>Lauren Indvik, [https://mashable.com/2011/05/09/apple-google-brandz-study/ Apple Now World's Most Valuable Brand] ''Mashable'', May 9, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> In June 2011, Jobs surprisingly took the stage and unveiled [[iCloud]], an online storage and syncing service for music, photos, files and software which replaced MobileMe, Apple's previous attempt at content syncing.<ref>Miguel Helft, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/07/technology/07apple.html?_r=1&ref=technology Apple Unveils ‘Cloud’ Music and Storage Service] ''The New York Times'', June 6, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>
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On January 17, 2011, Jobs announced in an internal Apple memo that he would take another medical leave of absence, for an indefinite period, to allow him to focus on his health. Chief operating officer [[Tim Cook]] assumed Jobs's day-to-day operations at Apple, although Jobs would still remain "involved in major strategic decisions."<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-12205173 Apple boss Steve Jobs takes 'medical leave'] ''BBC News'', January 17, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Apple became the most valuable consumer-facing brand in the world.<ref>Lauren Indvik, [https://mashable.com/2011/05/09/apple-google-brandz-study/ Apple Now World's Most Valuable Brand] ''Mashable'', May 9, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> In June 2011, Jobs surprisingly took the stage and unveiled [[iCloud]], an online storage and syncing service for music, photos, files and software which replaced MobileMe, Apple's previous attempt at content syncing.<ref>Miguel Helft, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/07/technology/07apple.html?_r=1&ref=technology Apple Unveils ‘Cloud’ Music and Storage Service] ''The New York Times'', June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
 
===2011–present: Post-Jobs era===
 
===2011–present: Post-Jobs era===
On October 5, 2011, Apple announced that [[Steve Jobs]] had died, marking the end of an era for Apple.<ref name="CNN">Brandon Griggs, [https://www.cnn.com/2011/10/05/us/obit-steve-jobs/index.html?iref=BN1&hpt=hp_t1 Steve Jobs, Apple founder, dies] ''CNN'', October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> The first major product announcement by Apple following Jobs' passing occurred on January 19, 2012, when Apple's [[Phil Schiller]] introduced iBooks Textbooks for iOS and iBook Author for Mac OS X in New York City.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/01/19Apple-Reinvents-Textbooks-with-iBooks-2-for-iPad/ Apple Reinvents Textbooks with iBooks 2 for iPad – New iBooks Author Lets Anyone Create Stunning iBooks Textbooks] ''Apple Inc.''. January 19, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> Jobs had stated in his biography that he wanted to reinvent the textbook industry and education.
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On October 5, 2011, Apple announced that [[Steve Jobs]] had died, marking the end of an era for Apple.<ref name="CNN">Brandon Griggs, [https://www.cnn.com/2011/10/05/us/obit-steve-jobs/index.html?iref=BN1&hpt=hp_t1 Steve Jobs, Apple founder, dies] ''CNN'', October 5, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> The first major product announcement by Apple following Jobs' passing occurred on January 19, 2012, when Apple's [[Phil Schiller]] introduced iBooks Textbooks for iOS and iBook Author for Mac OS X in New York City.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/01/19Apple-Reinvents-Textbooks-with-iBooks-2-for-iPad/ Apple Reinvents Textbooks with iBooks 2 for iPad – New iBooks Author Lets Anyone Create Stunning iBooks Textbooks] ''Apple Inc.''. January 19, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Jobs had stated in his biography that he wanted to reinvent the textbook industry and education.
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From 2011 to 2012, Apple released the [[iPhone 4S]] and [[iPhone 5]], which featured improved cameras, an "[[Intelligent personal assistant|intelligent software assistant]]" named [[Siri]], and cloud-sourced data with iCloud;<ref>Daniel Ionescu, [https://www.pcworld.com/article/241372/iphone_4s_pre_orders_begin.html iPhone 4S Pre-Orders Begin] ''PC World'', October 7, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022. </ref> the [[iPad (third generation)|third]] and [[iPad (fourth generation)|fourth]] generation iPads, which featured [[Retina Display|Retina displays]];<ref>Walter Mossberg, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304459804577281472610072322 New iPad: a Million More Pixels Than HDTV] ''The Wall Street Journal'',  March 15, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> and the [[iPad Mini]], which featured a 7.9-inch screen in contrast to the iPad's 9.7-inch screen. These launches were successful, with the iPhone 5 (released September 21, 2012) becoming Apple's biggest iPhone launch with over 2 million pre-orders, and sales of 3 million iPads in three days following the launch of the iPad Mini and fourth generation iPad (released November 3, 2012). Apple also released a third-generation 13-inch [[MacBook Pro]] with a Retina display and new [[iMac]] and [[Mac Mini]] computers.<ref>Molly Wood, [https://www.cnet.com/news/the-new-new-ipad-lightning-strikes-again/ The new 'new iPad': Lightning strikes again] ''CNET News'', October 23, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022. </ref>
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On October 29, 2011, Apple purchased C3 Technologies, a mapping company, for $240 million, becoming the third mapping company Apple has purchased.<ref>David Murphy, [https://www.pcmag.com/archive/apple-acquires-c3-technologies-one-step-closer-to-new-maps-app-289892#fbid=et5kCXxABGs Apple Acquires C3 Technologies, One Step Closer to New Maps App] ''PC Magazine'', October 29, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> On January 10, 2012, Apple paid $500 million to acquire [[Anobit]], an Israeli hardware company that developed and supplied a proprietary memory signal processing technology that improved the performance of the flash-memory used in iPhones and iPads.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-anobit/apple-buys-israeli-technology-firm-anobit-idUSTRE80A0U620120111 Apple buys Israeli technology firm Anobit] ''Reuters'', January 11, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
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On August 20, 2012, Apple's rising stock rose the company's value to a world-record $624 billion.  On August 24, 2012, a US jury ruled that Samsung should pay Apple $1.05 billion (£665m) in damages in an [[intellectual property]] lawsuit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19377261#TWEET205825 Apple awarded $1bn in damages from Samsung in US court] ''BBC'', August 25, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Samsung appealed the damages award, which the Court reduced by $450 million.<ref>[http://www.fosspatents.com/2013/03/judge-strikes-450-million-from-1.html Judge strikes $450 million from $1 billion damages award in Apple v. Samsung: second trial needed] ''FOSS Patents'', March 1, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> The Court further granted Samsung's request for a new trial. On November 10, 2012, Apple confirmed a global settlement that would dismiss all lawsuits between Apple and HTC up to that date, in favor of a ten-year license agreement for current and future patents between the two companies.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/11/11HTC-and-Apple-Settle-Patent-Dispute/ HTC and Apple Settle Patent Dispute] ''Apple Inc.'', November 10, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
From 2011 to 2012, Apple released the [[iPhone 4S]] and [[iPhone 5]], which featured improved cameras, an "[[Intelligent personal assistant|intelligent software assistant]]" named [[Siri]], and cloud-sourced data with iCloud;<ref>Daniel Ionescu, [https://www.pcworld.com/article/241372/iphone_4s_pre_orders_begin.html iPhone 4S Pre-Orders Begin] ''PC World'', October 7, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020. </ref> the [[iPad (third generation)|third]] and [[iPad (fourth generation)|fourth]] generation iPads, which featured [[Retina Display|Retina displays]];<ref>Walter Mossberg, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304459804577281472610072322 New iPad: a Million More Pixels Than HDTV] ''The Wall Street Journal'',  March 15, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> and the [[iPad Mini]], which featured a 7.9-inch screen in contrast to the iPad's 9.7-inch screen. These launches were successful, with the iPhone 5 (released September 21, 2012) becoming Apple's biggest iPhone launch with over 2 million pre-orders, and sales of 3 million iPads in three days following the launch of the iPad Mini and fourth generation iPad (released November 3, 2012). Apple also released a third-generation 13-inch [[MacBook Pro]] with a Retina display and new [[iMac]] and [[Mac Mini]] computers.<ref>Molly Wood, [https://www.cnet.com/news/the-new-new-ipad-lightning-strikes-again/ The new 'new iPad': Lightning strikes again] ''CNET News'', October 23, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020. </ref>
+
During a press event on September 9, 2014, Apple introduced a smartwatch, the [[Apple Watch]]. Initially, Apple marketed the device as a fashion accessory and a complement to the iPhone, that would allow people to look at their smartphones less.<ref>David Pierce, [https://www.wired.com/2015/04/the-apple-watch/ iPhone Killer: The Secret History of the Apple Watch] ''WIRED'', May 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Over time, the company has focused on developing health and fitness-oriented features on the watch, in an effort to compete with dedicated activity trackers.
  
On October 29, 2011, Apple purchased C3 Technologies, a mapping company, for $240 million, becoming the third mapping company Apple has purchased.<ref>David Murphy, [https://www.pcmag.com/archive/apple-acquires-c3-technologies-one-step-closer-to-new-maps-app-289892#fbid=et5kCXxABGs Apple Acquires C3 Technologies, One Step Closer to New Maps App] ''PC Magazine'', October 29, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> On January 10, 2012, Apple paid $500 million to acquire [[Anobit]], an Israeli hardware company that developed and supplied a proprietary memory signal processing technology that improved the performance of the flash-memory used in iPhones and iPads.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-anobit/apple-buys-israeli-technology-firm-anobit-idUSTRE80A0U620120111 Apple buys Israeli technology firm Anobit] ''Reuters'', January 11, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>  
+
On August 19, 2020, Apple's share price briefly topped $467.77, making Apple the first US company with a market capitalization of $2 trillion.<ref>Jessica Bursztynsky, [https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/19/apple-reaches-2-trillion-market-cap.html Apple becomes first U.S. company to reach a $2 trillion market cap] ''CNBC'', August 19 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
On August 20, 2012, Apple's rising stock rose the company's value to a world-record $624 billion. On August 24, 2012, a US jury ruled that Samsung should pay Apple $1.05 billion (£665m) in damages in an [[intellectual property]] lawsuit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19377261#TWEET205825 Apple awarded $1bn in damages from Samsung in US court] ''BBC'', August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> Samsung appealed the damages award, which the Court reduced by $450 million.<ref>[http://www.fosspatents.com/2013/03/judge-strikes-450-million-from-1.html Judge strikes $450 million from $1 billion damages award in Apple v. Samsung: second trial needed] ''FOSS Patents'', March 1, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> The Court further granted Samsung's request for a new trial. On November 10, 2012, Apple confirmed a global settlement that would dismiss all lawsuits between Apple and HTC up to that date, in favor of a ten-year license agreement for current and future patents between the two companies.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/11/11HTC-and-Apple-Settle-Patent-Dispute/ HTC and Apple Settle Patent Dispute] ''Apple Inc.'', November 10, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref>
+
During its annual WWDC keynote speech on June 22, 2020, Apple announced it would move away from Intel processors, and the Mac would transition to processors developed in-house. On November 10, 2020, the MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and the Mac Mini became the first Mac devices powered by an Apple-designed processor, the Apple M1.<ref> Chaim Gartenberg, [https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/2/21546136/apple-event-date-time-november-10th-one-more-thing-arm-mac-silicon Apple announces ‘One More Thing’ event for November 10th] ''The Verge'', November 2, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
 
==Products==
 
==Products==
 
===Mac and accessories===
 
===Mac and accessories===
  [[Image:Mac mini Intel Core.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Mac mini]], low-cost desktop computer.]]
+
  [[Image:Mac mini Intel Core.jpg|thumb|400px|right|The [[Mac mini]], low-cost desktop computer.]]
 
*[[Mac mini]], consumer sub-desktop computer introduced in January 2005.
 
*[[Mac mini]], consumer sub-desktop computer introduced in January 2005.
 
*[[iMac]], consumer all-in-one desktop computer that was first introduced by Apple in 1998. Its popularity helped revive the company's fortunes.<ref name="800kimacs" />
 
*[[iMac]], consumer all-in-one desktop computer that was first introduced by Apple in 1998. Its popularity helped revive the company's fortunes.<ref name="800kimacs" />
Line 125: Line 132:
  
 
===iPod===
 
===iPod===
On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the [[iPod]] digital music player. It evolved to include various models targeting the needs of different users. In 2007, the iPod was the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin, with more than 100 million units shipped as of April 9, 2007.<ref> Marguerite Reardon, [https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-ships-100-millionth-ipod/ Apple ships 100 millionth iPod] ''CNet'', April 10, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> In 2008 Apple sold four variants of the iPod.
+
On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the [[iPod]] digital music player. It evolved to include various models targeting the needs of different users. In 2007, the iPod was the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin, with more than 100 million units shipped as of April 9, 2007.<ref> Marguerite Reardon, [https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-ships-100-millionth-ipod/ Apple ships 100 millionth iPod] ''CNet'', April 10, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> In 2008 Apple sold four variants of the iPod.
 
*[[iPod classic]] (Previously named iPod from 2001 to 2007), [[portable media player]] first introduced in 2001, with a 120 GB capacity.
 
*[[iPod classic]] (Previously named iPod from 2001 to 2007), [[portable media player]] first introduced in 2001, with a 120 GB capacity.
 
*[[iPod nano]], portable media player first introduced in 2005, available in 8 and 16 GB models.
 
*[[iPod nano]], portable media player first introduced in 2005, available in 8 and 16 GB models.
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===iPhone===
 
===iPhone===
The [[iPhone]], a convergence of an Internet-enabled [[smartphone]] and iPod.<ref name="apple.com">[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/01/09Apple-Reinvents-the-Phone-with-iPhone/ Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone] ''Apple Inc.'', January 9, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> went on sale in June 2007 for $499 (4 GB) and $599 (8 GB). The original iPhone combined a [[2.5G]] [[quad band]] [[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM]] and [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]] cellular phone with features found in hand held devices, running a scaled-down versions of Apple's Mac OS X (dubbed [[iPhone OS]]), with various Mac OS X applications such as [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] and [[Mail (software)|Mail]]. It also included web-based and [[Dashboard (software)|Dashboard]] applications such as [[Google Maps]] and [[Dashboard (software)#Included widgets|Weather]]. The iPhone featured a {{convert|3.5|in|mm|sing=on}} touch screen display, 8 or 16 GB of memory, [[Bluetooth]], and [[Wi-Fi]] (both "b" and "g").<ref name="apple.com" /> In 2008, the iPhone 3G added support for [[3G]] networking and assisted-GPS navigation, with the price cut to $199 for the 8 GB version, and $299 for the 16 GB version.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2008/06/09Apple-Introduces-the-New-iPhone-3G/ Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G] ''Apple Inc.'', June 9, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</ref> Along with the release of the new iPhone Apple launched an [[App Store]], providing applications for download that were compatible with the iPhone; it has since surpassed one billion downloads.
+
[[File:IPhone 14 Pro - 2.jpg|thumb|300px|iPhone 14]]
 +
The [[iPhone]], a convergence of an Internet-enabled [[smartphone]] and iPod.<ref name="apple.com">[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/01/09Apple-Reinvents-the-Phone-with-iPhone/ Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone] ''Apple Inc.'', January 9, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> went on sale in June 2007 for $499 (4 GB) and $599 (8 GB). The original iPhone combined a [[2.5G]] [[quad band]] [[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM]] and [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]] cellular phone with features found in hand held devices, running a scaled-down versions of Apple's Mac OS X (dubbed [[iPhone OS]]), with various Mac OS X applications such as [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] and [[Mail (software)|Mail]]. It also included web-based and [[Dashboard (software)|Dashboard]] applications such as [[Google Maps]] and [[Dashboard (software)#Included widgets|Weather]]. The iPhone featured a {{convert|3.5|in|mm|sing=on}} touch screen display, 8 or 16 GB of memory, [[Bluetooth]], and [[Wi-Fi]] (both "b" and "g").<ref name="apple.com" /> In 2008, the iPhone 3G added support for [[3G]] networking and assisted-GPS navigation, with the price cut to $199 for the 8 GB version, and $299 for the 16 GB version.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2008/06/09Apple-Introduces-the-New-iPhone-3G/ Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G] ''Apple Inc.'', June 9, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Along with the release of the new iPhone Apple launched an [[App Store]], providing applications for download that were compatible with the iPhone; it has since surpassed one billion downloads.
  
 
===Apple TV===
 
===Apple TV===
At the 2007 Macworld conference, Jobs demonstrated the [[Apple TV]], (previously known as the iTV),<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/sep/12itunes7.html Apple Announces iTunes 7 with Amazing New Features] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> a set-top video device intended to bridge the sale of content from iTunes with high-definition televisions. The device linked up to a user's TV and synchronized, either via Wi-Fi or a wired network, with one computer's [[iTunes]] library and streams from an additional four computers. The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40 GB hard drive for storage, included outputs for [[HDMI]] and [[component video]], and played video at a maximum resolution of [[720p]].<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/09appletv.html Apple TV Coming to Your Living Room] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> In May 2007, a 160 GB drive was released alongside the existing 40 GB model<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/05/30appletv.html YouTube Coming to Apple TV] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> and in January 2008 a software update was released, which allowed media to be purchased directly from the Apple TV.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15appletv.html Apple Introduces New Apple TV Software & Lowers Price to $229] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
+
At the 2007 Macworld conference, Jobs demonstrated the [[Apple TV]], (previously known as the iTV), a set-top video device intended to bridge the sale of content from iTunes with high-definition televisions. The device linked up to a user's TV and synchronized, either via Wi-Fi or a wired network, with one computer's [[iTunes]] library and streams from an additional four computers. The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40 GB hard drive for storage, included outputs for [[HDMI]] and [[component video]], and played video at a maximum resolution of [[720p]]. In May 2007, a 160 GB drive was released alongside the existing 40 GB model and in January 2008 a software update was released, which allowed media to be purchased directly from the Apple TV.<ref>Peter Cohen, [https://www.macworld.com/article/1131582/appletv.html Apple TV untethers from Mac, price dropped] ''Macworld'', January 15, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Apple Watch===
 +
[[File:Apple Watch 5 40mm on my desk.jpg|thumb|400px|Apple Watch 5]]
 +
Apple Watch is a line of smartwatches produced by Apple Inc. It incorporates fitness tracking, health-oriented capabilities, and wireless telecommunication, and integrates with iOS and other Apple products and services.
 +
 
 +
The Apple Watch was released in April 2015, and quickly became the best-selling wearable device.
  
 
===Software===
 
===Software===
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Apple offerers a range of professional software titles. Their range of server software included the operating system [[Mac OS X Server]]; [[Apple Remote Desktop]], a remote systems management application; [[WebObjects]], [[Java Platform, Enterprise Edition|Java EE]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] [[application server]]; and [[Xsan]], a [[Storage Area Network]] file system. For the professional creative market, there was [[Aperture (software)|Aperture]] for professional [[Raw image format|RAW]]-format [[photo]] processing; [[Final Cut Studio]], a video production suite; [[Logic Pro|Logic]], a comprehensive music toolkit and [[Shake (software)|Shake]], an advanced effects composition program.
 
Apple offerers a range of professional software titles. Their range of server software included the operating system [[Mac OS X Server]]; [[Apple Remote Desktop]], a remote systems management application; [[WebObjects]], [[Java Platform, Enterprise Edition|Java EE]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] [[application server]]; and [[Xsan]], a [[Storage Area Network]] file system. For the professional creative market, there was [[Aperture (software)|Aperture]] for professional [[Raw image format|RAW]]-format [[photo]] processing; [[Final Cut Studio]], a video production suite; [[Logic Pro|Logic]], a comprehensive music toolkit and [[Shake (software)|Shake]], an advanced effects composition program.
  
Apple also offers online services with [[MobileMe]] (formerly [[.Mac]]) which incorporates personal [[web page]]s, [[email]], [[social network service|Groups]], [[iDisk]], [[Backup (backup software)|backup]], [[iSync]], and Learning Center online tutorials. MobileMe is a subscription-based Internet suite that capitalizes on the ability to store personal data on an online server and thereby keep all web-connected devices in sync.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/mobileme/features/ Apple.com —MobileMe —Features] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> [[iWork.com]], announced at MacWorld Expo 2009, allows iWork users to upload documents for sharing and collaboration.
+
Apple also offers online services with [[iCloud]] (formerly [[MobileMe]]) which incorporates personal [[web page]]s, [[email]], [[social network service|Groups]], [[iDisk]], [[Backup (backup software)|backup]], [[iSync]], and Learning Center online tutorials. iCloud is built into every Apple device, working automatically to store personal data on an online server and thereby keep all web-connected devices in sync.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/icloud/ iCloud] ''Apple Inc.''. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
 
==Culture==
 
==Culture==
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===Users===
 
===Users===
According to surveys by [[J. D. Power]], Apple has the highest brand and repurchase loyalty of any computer manufacturer. While this brand loyalty is considered unusual for any product, Apple appears not to have gone out of its way to create it. After Apple discovered the extent of brand loyalty among its customers, it actively engaged “Apple evangelists,” employees whose job was to convince [[software developer]]s to write software products for the Macintosh. “Apple evangelists” promote Apple products primarily by working with [[third-party developer]]s and helping them to get the assistance they need from Apple staff. <ref>Jackie Huba, Ben McConnell, [http://www.creatingcustomerevangelists.com/resources/evangelists/guy_kawasaki.asp The father of evangelism marketing]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
+
According to surveys by [[J. D. Power]], Apple has the highest brand and repurchase loyalty of any computer manufacturer. While this brand loyalty is considered unusual for any product, Apple appears not to have gone out of its way to create it.  
  
 
Apple supports the continuing existence of a network of [[Macintosh User Group|Mac]] [[user group|User Groups]] in most major and many minor centers of population where Mac computers are available. Mac users meet at the European [[Apple Expo]] and the San Francisco [[Macworld Conference & Expo]] trade shows, where Apple has traditionally introduced new products each year to the industry and public. Mac developers gather at the annual Apple [[Worldwide Developers Conference]].
 
Apple supports the continuing existence of a network of [[Macintosh User Group|Mac]] [[user group|User Groups]] in most major and many minor centers of population where Mac computers are available. Mac users meet at the European [[Apple Expo]] and the San Francisco [[Macworld Conference & Expo]] trade shows, where Apple has traditionally introduced new products each year to the industry and public. Mac developers gather at the annual Apple [[Worldwide Developers Conference]].
  
[[Apple Store (retail)|Apple Store]] openings have drawn crowds of thousands, with some waiting in line as long as a day before the opening or flying in from other countries for the event.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/news/2003/12/61513 Apple Store: Chain of Devotion] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> The opening of the [[New York City]] [[Fifth Avenue]] "Cube" store had a line almost half a mile long; a few Mac fans even used the event as a setting to [[marriage proposal|propose marriage]]. The line for the opening of the [[Ginza]] store in [[Tokyo]] exceeded eight city blocks and was estimated in the thousands.<ref>[http://www.japanconsuming.com/news/040828.html Apple in Osaka] ''JapanConsuming.com''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
+
[[Apple Store (retail)|Apple Store]] openings have drawn crowds of thousands, with some waiting in line as long as a day before the opening or flying in from other countries for the event. The opening of the [[New York City]] [[Fifth Avenue]] "Cube" store had a line almost half a mile long; a few Mac fans even used the event as a setting to [[marriage proposal|propose marriage]]. The line for the opening of the [[Ginza]] store in [[Tokyo]] exceeded eight city blocks and was estimated in the thousands.<ref>Leander Kahney, [https://www.wired.com/2003/12/apple-store-chain-of-devotion/ Apple Store: Chain of Devotion] ''WIRED'', December 10, 2003. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
Market research indicates that Apple’s customer base is unusually artistic, creative, and well-educated, which may explain the platform’s popularity with certain youthful, avant-garde subcultures.<ref>Ian Fried, [http://news.cnet.com/2100-1040-943519.html?hhTest=1 Are Mac users smarter?], ''news.com'', July 12, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
+
Market research indicates that Apple’s customer base is unusually artistic, creative, and well-educated, which may explain the platform’s popularity with certain youthful, avant-garde subcultures.<ref>Ian Fried, [https://www.cnet.com/news/are-mac-users-smarter/ Are Mac users smarter?] ''CNET'', July 12, 2002. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
 
==Industry standards==
 
==Industry standards==
Apple is [[vertical integration|vertically integrated]], manufacturing the hardware on which they pre-install their software. During the Mac's early history Apple did not adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, creating their own instead.<ref>[http://lawlor.cs.uaf.edu/~olawlor/ref/mac_ports/index.html Mac Ports] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s, beginning with Apple's adoption of the [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] bus in the [[Power Macintosh 7500|7500]]/[[Power Macintosh 8500|8500]]/[[Power Macintosh 9500|9500]] [[Power Macintosh|Power Macs]]. Apple has since adopted [[USB]], [[AGP]], [[HyperTransport]], [[Wi-Fi]], and other industry standards in its computers and was in some cases a leader in the adoption of such standards such as USB.<ref>[http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/power/library/pa-spec7.html Standards and specs: The ins and outs of USB] ''ibm.com''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> [[FireWire]], an Apple-originated standard, was widely adopted after it was standardized as [[IEEE 1394]].<ref>[http://www.1394ta.org/Technology/index.htm 1394 Trade Association: What is 1394?] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
+
Apple is [[vertical integration|vertically integrated]], manufacturing the hardware on which they pre-install their software. During the Mac's early history Apple did not adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, creating their own instead.<ref>[http://lawlor.cs.uaf.edu/~olawlor/ref/mac_ports/index.html Mac Ports, past and present] Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s, beginning with Apple's adoption of the [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] bus in the [[Power Macintosh 7500|7500]]/[[Power Macintosh 8500|8500]]/[[Power Macintosh 9500|9500]] [[Power Macintosh|Power Macs]]. Apple has since adopted [[USB]], [[AGP]], [[HyperTransport]], [[Wi-Fi]], and other industry standards in its computers and was in some cases a leader in the adoption of such standards such as USB. [[FireWire]], an Apple-originated standard, was widely adopted after it was standardized as [[IEEE 1394]].
  
Ever since the first Apple Store opened, Apple has sold third party accessories.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2003/may/20retail.html Apple Marks Second Anniversary of Retail Stores] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>, allowing, for example, [[Nikon]] and [[Canon (company)|Canon]] to sell their Mac-compatible [[digital camera]]s and [[camcorder]]s inside the store. [[Adobe Software|Adobe]], one of Apple's oldest software partners,<ref>[http://www.macworld.com/article/59940/2007/09/adobeandapple.html Opinion: Adobe's DNA is part of Apple] ''Macworld''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> also sells its Mac-compatible software, as does Microsoft, who sells Microsoft Office for the Mac.  
+
Ever since the first Apple Store opened, Apple has sold third party accessories, allowing, for example, [[Nikon]] and [[Canon (company)|Canon]] to sell their Mac-compatible [[digital camera]]s and [[camcorder]]s inside the store. [[Adobe Software|Adobe]], one of Apple's oldest software partners,<ref> Rick LePage, [https://www.macworld.com/article/1059940/adobeandapple.html Opinion: Adobe's DNA is part of Apple] ''Macworld'', September 10, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> also sells its Mac-compatible software, as does Microsoft, who sells Microsoft Office for the Mac.  
  
 
===Headquarters===
 
===Headquarters===
Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in the middle of [[Silicon Valley]], at 1 [[Infinite Loop (street)|Infinite Loop]], [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]]. This Apple campus has six buildings which total {{convert|850000|ft2|m2}} and was built in 1993 by Sobrato Development Cos.<ref>[http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2005/10/03/story4.html Apple gobbles up Cupertino office space - Silicon Valley] ''San Jose Business Journal''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
+
Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in the middle of [[Silicon Valley]], at 1 [[Infinite Loop (street)|Infinite Loop]], [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]]. This Apple campus has six buildings which total {{convert|850000|ft2|m2}} and was built in 1993 by Sobrato Development Cos.<ref>Sharon Simonson, [https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2005/10/03/story4.html Apple gobbles up Cupertino office space ] ''San Jose Business Journal'', October 2, 2005. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Apple has a satellite campus in neighboring Sunnyvale, California, where it houses a testing and research laboratory.
  
In 2006, Apple announced its intention to build a second campus on {{convert|50|acre|m2}} assembled from various contiguous plots. The new campus, also in Cupertino, will be about one mile (1.6 km) east of the current campus.<ref>[http://traveldk.com/san-francisco/bay-area/member/apple-inc The Bay Area: Apple Inc.]. ''traveldk.com'' Retrieved February 13, 2009 }}</ref>
+
In 2006, Apple announced its intention to build a second campus on {{convert|50|acre|m2}} assembled from various contiguous plots. The new campus, called Apple Park, is also in Cupertino about one mile (1.6 km) east of the original campus and opened in 2017. Its scale and circular groundscraper design, by Norman Foster, earned the structure the nickname “the spaceship."
  
 
====Logos====
 
====Logos====
Apple’s first logo, designed by Jobs and Wayne, depicted Sir [[Isaac Newton]] sitting under an apple tree. Almost immediately this was replaced by [[Rob Janoff]]’s “rainbow Apple,” the now-familiar [[rainbow]]-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it, possibly as a tribute to Isaac Newton's discoveries of [[gravity]] (the apple), and the separation of light by [[prism]]s (the colors). This was one of several designs Janoff presented to Jobs in 1976.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/news/2003/09/60597 Wired News: Apple Doin' the Logo-Motion] ''wired.com''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
+
Apple’s first logo, designed by Jobs and Wayne, depicted Sir [[Isaac Newton]] sitting under an apple tree. Almost immediately this was replaced by [[Rob Janoff]]’s “rainbow Apple,” the now-familiar [[rainbow]]-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it, possibly as a tribute to Isaac Newton's discoveries of [[gravity]] (the apple), and the separation of light by [[prism]]s (the colors). This was one of several designs Janoff presented to Jobs in 1976.<ref>Leander Kahney, [https://www.wired.com/2003/09/apple-doin-the-logo-motion/ Apple Doin' the Logo-Motion] ''WIRED'', September 26, 2003. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
In 1998, with the launch of the new iMac, Apple began to use a [[monochromatic]] logo —supposedly at the insistence of recently returned Jobs —nearly identical in shape to its previous rainbow incarnation. No specific color is prescribed for the logo throughout Apple's software and hardware line. The logo's shape is one of the most recognized brand symbols in the world, identifies all Apple products and retail stores (the name "Apple" is not even present) and has been included as label stickers in nearly all Macintosh and iPod packages through the years.
+
In 1998, with the launch of the new iMac, Apple began to use a [[monochromatic]] logo — supposedly at the insistence of recently returned Jobs — nearly identical in shape to its previous rainbow incarnation. No specific color is prescribed for the logo throughout Apple's software and hardware line. The logo's shape is one of the most recognized brand symbols in the world, identifies all Apple products and retail stores (the name "Apple" is not even present) and has been included as label stickers in nearly all Macintosh and iPod packages through the years.
  
 
====Slogans====
 
====Slogans====
Apple's first slogan, "[[Byte]] into an Apple," was coined in the late 1970s.<ref> [http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/fa-apple.htm Operating System Documentation Project]. ''Apple Company''. Retrieved February 13, 2009</ref> From 1997–2002, Apple used the slogan "[[Think Different]]" in [[advertising campaign]]s. The slogan had a lasting impact on their image and revived their popularity with the media and customers. Although the slogan has been retired, it is still closely associated with Apple.<ref>[http://www.theinspirationroom.com/daily/2005/apple-think-different Apple Think Different Campaign] ''The Inspiration Room Daily''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Apple also has slogans for specific product lines —for example, "iThink, therefore iMac," was used in 1998 to promote the iMac, and "Say hello to iPhone" has been used in iPhone advertisements. "Hello" was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, iMac ("hello (again)"), and iPod when they were announced by Steve Jobs.
+
Apple's first slogan, "[[Byte]] into an Apple," was coined in the late 1970s.<ref> [https://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/fa-apple.htm Apple Company] ''Operating System''. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> From 1997–2002, Apple used the slogan "[[Think Different]]" in [[advertising campaign]]s. The slogan had a lasting impact on their image and revived their popularity with the media and customers. Although the slogan has been retired, it is still closely associated with Apple.<ref>Duncan Macleod, [http://www.postkiwi.com/2005/apple-think-different/ Apple Think Different Campaign] ''PostKiwi'', October 7, 2005. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> Apple also has slogans for specific product lines —for example, "iThink, therefore iMac," was used in 1998 to promote the iMac, and "Say hello to iPhone" has been used in iPhone advertisements. "Hello" was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, iMac ("hello (again)"), and iPod when they were announced by Steve Jobs.
  
 
==Environmental record==
 
==Environmental record==
[[Greenpeace]], an [[environmentalist]] organization, has confronted Apple on various environmental issues, including the need to develop a global end-of-life take-back plan, non-recyclable hardware components, and toxins within the [[iPhone]] hardware.<ref name=itox /><ref>[http://i.abcnews.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id=3731164 ABC News: Is the iPhone Toxic? Greenpeace Says So]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Since 2003 they have campaigned against Apple regarding their chemical policies, in particular the inclusion of [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in their products.<ref name=itox>[http://www.greenpeace.org/apple/itox.html iTox + iWaste]. ''greenpeace.org''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> In May 2007, [[Steve Jobs]] released a report announcing plans to completely eliminate PVC and BFRs by the end of 2008.<ref name="agreenapple">[http://www.apple.com/hotnews/agreenerapple/ Apple - A Greener Apple]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Greenpeace’s "Guide to Greener Electronics" rates companies on chemical-disposal waste-reduction practices. In the first edition, released in August 2006, Apple scored 2.7/10.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics/electronics/how-the-companies-line-1 How the companies line up]. ''Greenpeace International''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics/electronics/how-the-companies-line-up-6 How the companies line up: 6th Edition]. ''Greenpeace International''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Apple has since improved its score to a 4.1/10, placing it 10th in the rankings.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/company-scores-plummet Company scores plummet in Greener Electronics Guide]. ''Greenpeace USA''. </ref>
+
[[Greenpeace]], an [[environmentalist]] organization, has confronted Apple on various environmental issues, including the need to develop a global end-of-life take-back plan, non-recyclable hardware components, and toxins within the [[iPhone]] hardware. Since 2003 they have campaigned against Apple regarding their chemical policies, in particular the inclusion of [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in their products.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/iphone-is-toxic-says-greenpeace/articleshow/2463850.cms?from=mdr iPhone is toxic, says Greenpeace] ''The Economic Times'', October 16, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> In May 2007, [[Steve Jobs]] released a report announcing plans to completely eliminate PVC and BFRs by the end of 2008.<ref>Jim Dalrymple, [https://www.macworld.com/article/1057680/greenapple.html Steve Jobs outlines plans for 'A Greener Apple'] ''PC World'', May 1, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>  
 
 
In May 2008, [[Climate Counts]], a [[nonprofit organization]] dedicated to directing consumers toward the greenest companies, gave Apple 11 points out of a possible 100 which placed the company last among electronics companies. Climate Counts also labeled Apple with a "stuck icon," adding that Apple was "a choice to avoid for the climate conscious consumer."<ref>[http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/mac/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207601672 Environmental Group Hits Apple] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> 
 
 
 
The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] rates Apple highest amongst producers of notebook computers, and fairly high compared to producers of desktop computers and [[LCD displays]].<ref>[http://www.macobserver.com/article/2007/01/08.6.shtml EPA Gives Apple Silver Rating on Environment]. ''The Mac Observer''. </ref>
 
  
In June 2007 Apple upgraded the [[MacBook Pro]], replacing [[cold cathode]] lamps with [[mercury (element)|mercury]]-free [[LED]]s and [[arsenic]]-free [[LCD]] glass,<ref name="2008envroUpdate">Steve Jobs, [http://www.apple.com/environment/update/ Apple - Environment - Apple 2008 Environmental Update], 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.</ref> and has since done this for all notebooks. Apple has also phased out BFRs and PVCs from various internal components.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/macbookpro/graphics.html Apple: MacBook Pro Graphics]. Retrieved June 8, 2007.</ref> Apple also offers detailed information about the emissions, materials, and electrical usage of each product.<ref name="EnvironmentalPerformance">[http://www.apple.com/environment/resources/environmentalperformance.html Apple - Environment - Resources - Environmental Performance 2008]. ''Apple''. Retrieved December 24, 2008.</ref> Apple has also begun to advertise how environmentally friendly their new laptops are including television spots and magazine ads, in addition to touting these facts on their website.
+
The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] rated Apple highest amongst producers of notebook computers, and fairly high compared to producers of desktop computers and [[LCD displays]].<ref>Bryan Chaffin, [https://www.macobserver.com/article/2007/01/08.6.shtml EPA Gives Apple Silver Rating on Environment] ''The Mac Observer'', January 8, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
  
 
Unibody aluminum MacBooks and MacBook Pros, announced in October 2008, made major improvements in being more environmentally friendly in Apple's notebook line.
 
Unibody aluminum MacBooks and MacBook Pros, announced in October 2008, made major improvements in being more environmentally friendly in Apple's notebook line.
  
 
==Criticism==
 
==Criticism==
*The Danish Consumer Complaints Board reported a fault with Apple's [[iBook]] line and criticized Apple's lackluster response to the issue, indicating customer support problems at Apple. A solder joint between two components fractured after a certain number of computer restarts causing the computer to break down, usually outside Apple's warranty period. Websites such as AppleDefects.com have been set up detailing issues on Apple’s product portfolio.<ref>[http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060809-7457.html Quality control problems or growing pains at Apple?]. ''arstechnica.com''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://blogs.smh.com.au/mashup/archives/005023.html The Sydney Morning Herald Blogs: MashUp] ''Sydney Morning Herald''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
+
*The Danish Consumer Complaints Board reported a fault with Apple's [[iBook]] line and criticized Apple's lackluster response to the issue, indicating customer support problems at Apple. A solder joint between two components fractured after a certain number of computer restarts causing the computer to break down, usually outside Apple's warranty period. Websites such as AppleDefects.com have been set up detailing issues on Apple’s product portfolio.<ref>Jacqui Cheng, [https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/08/7457/ Quality control problems or growing pains at Apple?] ''Ars Technica'', August 9, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
*Apple was criticized for lowering the price of the [[iPhone]] by $200 just two months after its release, resulting in a flood of complaints<ref>Chris MacDonald, [http://www.businessethics.ca/blog/2007/09/were-iphone-early-adopters-abused.html The Business Ethics Blog: Were iPhone Early-Adopters "Abused?"] ''Businessethics''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.tuaw.com/2007/09/05/apple-screwed-you-so-now-what/ Apple screwed you: So now what?] ''The Unofficial Apple Weblog (TUAW)''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Apple attempted to address the complaints by offering $100 store credit to early iPhone customers.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/hotnews/openiphoneletter/ Apple - To all iPhone customers] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.engadget.com/2007/09/14/iphones-100-apple-store-credit-program-goes-live/ iPhone's $100 Apple Store Credit program goes live]. ''Engadget''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
+
*Apple was criticized for lowering the price of the [[iPhone]] by $200 just two months after its release, resulting in a flood of complaints. Apple attempted to address the complaints by offering $100 store credit to early iPhone customers.<ref>Paul Miller, [https://www.engadget.com/2007-09-14-iphones-100-apple-store-credit-program-goes-live.html iPhone's $100 Apple Store Credit program goes live] ''Engadget'', September 14, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
*Apple has been accused of pressuring journalists to release their sources of leaked information about new Apple products, even filing lawsuits against "[[Apple v. Does|John Does]]".<ref>[http://www.eff.org/cases/apple-v-does Apple v. Does], ''[[Electronic Frontier Foundation|EFF]]'', May 26, 2006. Retrieved May 14, 2007.</ref> In particular, Apple fought a protracted battle against the [[Think Secret]] website which resulted in a "positive solution for both sides." No sources were revealed.<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/12/20/apple_closes_thinksecret/ Apple mugs Think Secret] ''The Register''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
+
*Apple has been accused of pressuring journalists to release their sources of leaked information about new Apple products, even filing lawsuits against "[[Apple v. Does|John Does]]."<ref>[https://www.eff.org/cases/apple-v-does Apple v. Does] ''Electronic Frontier Foundation'', May 26, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref> In particular, Apple fought a protracted battle against the [[Think Secret]] website which resulted in a "positive solution for both sides." No sources were revealed.<ref>Andrew Orlowski, [https://www.theregister.com/2007/12/20/apple_closes_thinksecret/ Apple mugs Think Secret] ''The Register'', December 20, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
*There has been criticism of the [[iPhone]] and the [[iPod]] being locked into [[iTunes]] and creating a iTunes store monopoly for these devices.<ref>[http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7002612.stm Time for Apple to face the music?] ''BBC NEWS Technology''. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref> Similarly, Apple has not licensed its [[FairPlay]] DRM system to any other company, preventing iPod and iPhone users from listening to DRM-protected music bought from sources other than the [[iTunes Store]]. DRM-free music from competing services can be purchased and used on Apple devices. However, Apple has transitioned the majority of its iTunes catalog to DRM-free, and will see the rest of the catalog go DRM-free by April 2009.
+
*There has been criticism of the [[iPhone]] and the [[iPod]] being locked into [[iTunes]] and creating a iTunes store monopoly for these devices.<ref>[http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7002612.stm Time for Apple to face the music?] ''BBC'', September 19, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</ref>
*In 2006, the ''[[Mail on Sunday]]'' alleged possible [[sweatshop]] conditions existed in factories in [[China]] where contract manufacturers make the iPod.<ref>Mike Musgrove, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/15/AR2006061501898.html Sweatshop Conditions at IPod Factory Reported]. ''Washington Post''. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref> Immediately after the allegations, Apple launched an extensive investigation and worked with their [[manufacture]]rs to remove all unacceptable conditions<ref>[http://www.macnewsworld.com/story/61454.html Apple, IT and the Specter of Sweatshop Labor]. ''macnewsworld.com''. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref> but did not find any instances of sweatshop conditions.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/08/71619 Apple: No Sweatshop IPod Labor] ''wired.com''. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref>
 
*The batteries in the iPod,<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article993003.ece Apple acts after battery of iPod complaints]. ''Times Online''. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref> iPhone,<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9739479-7.html?hhTest=1 Apple's iPhone battery replacement requires 85 bucks, data backup]. Tech news blog - ''CNET News.com''. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref> [[MacBook Air]]<ref>[http://www.slashgear.com/macbook-air-has-non-user-replaceable-battery-storage-159681.php MacBook Air has non-user-replaceable battery & storage - SlashGear] Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref> and, as of June 2009, [[MacBook Pro]] line of notebooks are not easily replaced by users. ''See also: [[Neistat Brothers]].''
 
*Apple was caught up in controversy regarding the online sales of music in the [[European Union]] where, as a single market, customers should be free to purchase goods and services from any member state. [[iTunes Store]]s there restricted users to only allow the purchase of content from the country to which their payment details originate, which also forced users in some countries to pay higher prices. On December 3, 2004 the British [[Office of Fair Trading]] referred the iTunes Music Store to the [[European Commission]] for violation of EU free-trade legislation. Apple commented that they did not believe they violated EU law, but were restricted by legal limits to the rights granted to them by the music labels and publishers. ''[[PC World]]'' commented that it appeared ''"the Commission's main target is not Apple but the music companies and music rights agencies, which work on a national basis and give Apple very little choice but to offer national stores".''<ref>[http://www.pcworld.com/article/130384/ PC World - European Borders Fracture iTunes]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
Line 201: Line 208:
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
*Amelio, Gil, and William L. Simon. ''On the firing line: my 500 days at Apple.'' New York: HarperBusiness. 1998. ISBN 0887309194.
+
*Amelio, Gil, and William L. Simon. ''On the firing line: my 500 days at Apple.'' New York: HarperBusiness. 1998. ISBN 0887309194
*Bagnall, Brian. ''On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore''. Variant Press, 2005. ISBN 0973864907
+
*Bagnall, Brian. ''The Story of Commodore: A Company on the Edge''. Variant Press, 2006. ISBN 0973864907
*Butcher, Lee. ''Accidental Millionaire: The Rise and Fall of Steve Jobs at Apple Computer.'' New York, NY: Paragon House. 1988. ISBN 0913729795.
+
*Butcher, Lee. ''Accidental Millionaire: The Rise and Fall of Steve Jobs at Apple Computer.'' New York, NY: Paragon House. 1988. ISBN 0913729795
*Carlton, Jim. ''Apple: the inside story of intrigue, egomania, and business blunders.'' New York: Times Business/Random House. 1997. ISBN 0887309658.
+
*Carlton, Jim. ''Apple: The inside story of intrigue, egomania, and business blunders.'' New York: Times Business/Random House. 1997. ISBN 0887309658
*Cruikschank, Jeffrey L. ''The Apple Way: 12 Management Lessons from the World's Most Innovative Company.'' New York: McGraw Hill. 2006. ISBN 0072262338.
+
*Cruikschank, Jeffrey L. ''The Apple Way: 12 Management Lessons from the World's Most Innovative Company.'' New York: McGraw Hill. 2006. ISBN 0072262338
*Deutschman, Alan. ''The second coming of Steve Jobs.'' New York: Broadway Books. 2000. ISBN 076790432X.
+
*Deutschman, Alan. ''The Second Coming of Steve Jobs.'' New York: Broadway Books. 2000. ISBN 076790432X
*Hertzfeld, Andy, ''Revolution in the Valley.'' O'Reilly Books, 2004. ISBN 0596007191.
+
*Hertzfeld, Andy. ''Revolution in the Valley.'' O'Reilly Books, 2004. ISBN 0596007191
*Kahney, Leander. ''Inside Steve's Brain. [Expanded ed.]'' New York: Portfolio Books, 2009. ISBN 978-1591842972.
+
*Kahney, Leander. ''Inside Steve's Brain. [Expanded ed.]'' New York: Portfolio Books, 2009. ISBN 978-1591842972
*Kunkel, Paul. ''AppleDesign: the work of the Apple industrial design group.'' New York, NY: Graphis Inc., 1997. ISBN 1888001259.
+
*Kunkel, Paul. ''AppleDesign: the work of the Apple industrial design group.'' New York, NY: Graphis Inc., 1997. ISBN 1888001259
*Levy, Steven. ''Insanely great: the life and times of Macintosh, the computer that changed everything.'' New York: Viking, 1994. ISBN 0140291776.
+
*Levy, Steven. ''Insanely Great: The life and times of Macintosh, the computer that changed everything.'' New York: Viking, 1994. ISBN 0140291776
*Linzmayer, Owen W. ''Apple Confidential 2.0: the definitive history of the world's most colorful company.'' San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press, 2004. ISBN 1593270100.
+
*Linzmayer, Owen W. ''Apple Confidential 2.0: The definitive history of the world's most colorful company.'' San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press, 2004. ISBN 1593270100
*Malone, Michael S. ''Infinite loop: how the world's most insanely great computer company went insane.'' New York: Currency/Doubleday. 1999. ISBN 0385486847.
+
*Malone, Michael S. ''Infinite Loop: How the world's most insanely great computer company went insane.'' New York: Currency/Doubleday. 1999. ISBN 0385486847
*Moritz, Michael. ''Return to the Little Kingdom: Steve Jobs, the Creation of Apple, and How It Changed the World.'' London: Duckworth Overlook. 2009. ISBN 9780715638880.
+
*Moritz, Michael. ''Return to the Little Kingdom: Steve Jobs, the Creation of Apple, and How It Changed the World.'' London: Duckworth Overlook. 2009. ISBN 9780715638880
*Price, Rob, Jill Savini, and Thom Marchionna. ''So far: the first ten years of a vision.'' Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer, 1987. ISBN 9781556939747.
+
*Price, Rob, Jill Savini, and Thom Marchionna. ''So Far: The first ten years of a vision.'' Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer, 1987. ISBN 9781556939747
*Rose, Frank. ''West of Eden: the end of innocence at Apple Computer [with new Introduction].'' New York, NY: Stuyvesant Farm Books. 2009. ISBN 0615278841
+
*Rose, Frank. ''West of Eden: The end of innocence at Apple Computer [with new Introduction].'' New York, NY: Stuyvesant Farm Books. 2009. ISBN 0615278841
*Sculley, John, and John A. Byrne. ''Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple: a journey of adventure, ideas, and the future.'' New York: Harper & Row., 1987. ISBN 0060157801.
+
*Sculley, John, and John A. Byrne. ''Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple: a journey of adventure, ideas, and the future.'' New York: Harper & Row., 1987. ISBN 0060157801
*Wozniak, Steve, and Gina Smith, ''iWoz: From Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It.'' W. W. Norton & Company, 2006. ISBN 0393061434.
+
*Wozniak, Steve, and Gina Smith, ''iWoz: From Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It.'' W. W. Norton & Company, 2006. ISBN 0393061434
*Young, Jeffrey S. ''Steve Jobs, The Journey is the Reward.'' Lynx Books, 1998. ISBN 155802378X.
+
*Young, Jeffrey S. ''Steve Jobs, The Journey is the Reward.'' Lynx Books, 1998. ISBN 155802378X
*Young, Jeffrey S., and William L. Simon. ''iCon: Steve Jobs, the greatest second act in the history of business.'' Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005. ISBN 0471720836.
+
*Young, Jeffrey S., and William L. Simon. ''iCon: Steve Jobs, the greatest second act in the history of business.'' Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005. ISBN 0471720836
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
All links retrieved August 24, 2020.
+
All links retrieved November 5, 2022.
*[http://www.apple.com/ Apple Inc.]
+
*[https://www.apple.com/ Apple Inc.]
 
*[https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.apple_inc.ec7f550b3a97b94d919d837672573959.html Apple Inc.] Dun & Bradstreet, Inc.
 
*[https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.apple_inc.ec7f550b3a97b94d919d837672573959.html Apple Inc.] Dun & Bradstreet, Inc.
*[http://finance.google.com/finance?q=AAPL Apple Inc. company profile] —Google Finance
+
*[https://www.google.com/finance/quote/AAPL:NASDAQ Apple Inc. company profile] Google Finance
*[https://apple2history.org/about/ Apple II history]  
+
*[https://www.apple2history.org/about/ Apple II history]  
 
*[https://techpricecrunch.com/blog/apple-statistics/ An Apple a Day Keeps the Troubles Away – Mind-Blowing Apple Statistics]
 
*[https://techpricecrunch.com/blog/apple-statistics/ An Apple a Day Keeps the Troubles Away – Mind-Blowing Apple Statistics]
  

Revision as of 23:09, 26 April 2023

Apple Inc.
Apple logo black.png
Type Public (NASDAQ: AAPL,
LSE: 0HDZ, FWB: APC)
Founded California, (April 1, 1976 (1976-04-01)
as Apple Computer Inc.)
Headquarters 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, CA
Key people Steve Jobs (Co-founder}
Steve Wozniak (Co-founder)
Industry Computer hardware
Computer software
Consumer electronics
Products Mac
iPod
iPhone
iPad
Apple Watch
Apple TV
OS X
iOS
watchOS
iLife
iWork
Services Apple Store
online Apple Store
iTunes Store
iOS App Store
Mac App Store
iBooks Store
iCloud
Apple Music


Website Apple.com


Apple Inc., (NASDAQ: AAPL) formerly Apple Computer Inc., is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics and software products. The company's best-known hardware products include Macintosh computers, the iPod, and the iPhone. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system, the iTunes media browser, the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software, the iWork suite of productivity software, and Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products. The company operates several hundred retail stores in a number of countries as well as the online online store and iTunes Store.

Established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976, co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the company was called "Apple Computer, Inc." for its first 30 years, but dropped the word "Computer" on January 9, 2007 to reflect the company's ongoing expansion into the consumer electronics market. Through its philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic design and its distinctive advertising campaigns, Apple Inc. has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry. Apple has attracted a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the United States.

History

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak first met in mid-1971, when their mutual friend Bill Fernandez introduced then 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. They began their business together using Steve Jobs' parents' home in Los Altos, California. Initial work took place in his bedroom and later moved to the home's garage.[1]

Did you know?
Apple was started in Steve Jobs's parents home, with the first products handmade in their garage

1976–1980: The early years

Apple Computer Inc. was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne,[1] to sell the Apple I personal computer kits hand-built by Wozniak[2] He had first shown them to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club.[3] The Apple I was sold as a motherboard (with CPU, RAM, and basic textual-video chips.[4] The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 for US$666.66.[5][6]

Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977 without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple.[7]

The Apple I, Apple's first product. Sold as an assembled circuit board, it lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.

The Apple II was introduced on April 16, 1977 at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its major rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because it came with color graphics and an open architecture. Early models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, but were soon superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface, the Disk II.[8]

The Apple II was chosen to be the desktop platform for the ground-breaking VisiCalc spreadsheet program.[9] VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II, and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II because it could now be used for office work. Until then, Apple had taken a distant third place to sales of Commodore and Tandy.[10]

By the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line. The Apple II was succeeded by the Apple III in May 1980 as the company competed with IBM and Microsoft in the business and corporate computing market.[11]

In December 1979 Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the Xerox PARC facilities in return for $1 million in pre-IPO Apple stock, and Jobs and several Apple employees including Jef Raskin went to see the Xerox Alto. It used a Graphical User Interface (GUI) with graphical elements such as windows, menus, radio buttons, check boxes and icons. Jobs became convinced that all future computers would use a GUI, and development of a GUI began for the Apple Lisa.

1981–1985: Lisa and Macintosh

The Macintosh 128K, the first Macintosh computer.

Steve Jobs began working on the Apple Lisa in 1978 but in 1982 he was pushed from the Lisa team due to infighting, and took over Jef Raskin's low-cost-computer project, the Macintosh. A turf war broke out between Lisa's "corporate shirts" and Jobs' "pirates" over which product would ship first and establish Apple’s reputation. In 1983 Lisa became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI, but was initially a commercial failure because of its high price tag and limited software titles.[12]

In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh. Its debut was announced by a famous $1.5 million television commercial, "1984" that aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a landmark in Apple's history[13] and an advertising masterpiece.[14]

The Macintosh initially sold well, but follow-up sales were not strong.[15] That changed with the introduction of the LaserWriter, the first reasonably-priced PostScript laser printer, and PageMaker, an early desktop publishing package. The Mac was particularly powerful due to its advanced graphics capabilities, which were necessary to create the intuitive Macintosh GUI. The combination of these three products has been credited with the creation of the desktop publishing market.[16]

Continued strong sales of the Apple II, and the introduction of the Macintosh, took Apple's sales to new highs. Apple Computer’s initial public offering on September 7, 1984, generated more money than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956 and instantly created more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history.

In 1985 a power struggle developed between Jobs and his hand-picked CEO John Sculley.[17] Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and Jobs was removed from his managerial duties. Jobs later resigned from Apple and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.

Apple's sustained growth during the early 1980s was partly due to its leadership in the education sector, attributed to its adaptation of the programming language LOGO, used in many schools with the Apple II. In California, Apple Computer Inc. donated an Apple II and one Apple LOGO software package to each public school in the state.

1986–1993: Rise and fall

The Macintosh Portable was Apple's first "portable" Macintosh computer, released in 1989.

In September 1989, Apple Computer released the Macintosh Portable, featuring a black and white active-matrix LCD screen in a hinged cover that covered the keyboard when the machine was not in use, and a mouse trackball that could be removed and located on either side of the keyboard. It was received with excitement from most critics but did not sell well because of several drawbacks including its bulk and limited battery life. Having learned several painful lessons, Apple introduced the PowerBook in 1991, which established the modern form and ergonomic layout of the laptop computer.[18] The same year, Apple introduced System 7, a major upgrade to the operating system which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for Mac OS until 2001.

The success of the PowerBook and other products increased operating revenues, and from 1989 to 1991 the Macintosh experienced a "first golden age." [17] Following the success of the LC, Apple introduced the Centris line, a low end Quadra offering, and the ill-fated Performa line which was sold in several confusing configurations and software bundles to avoid competing with the various consumer outlets such as Sears, Price Club, and Wal-Mart, the primary dealers for these models. Consumers did not understand the difference between models, causing sales to drop. During this time Apple experimented unsuccessfully with other consumer products including digital cameras, portable CD audio players, speakers, video consoles, and TV appliances. Enormous resources were also invested in the problem-plagued Newton division. Apple’s market share and stock prices continued to slide.

Apple perceived the Apple II family as being expensive to produce, and detracting from sales from the low-end Macintosh. In 1990, Apple released the Macintosh LC with a single expansion slot for the Apple IIe Card to migrate Apple II users to the Macintosh platform.[19] Apple stopped selling the Apple IIe in 1993.

Apple Computer’s rival Microsoft continued to gain market share with Windows, focusing on delivering software with cheap commodity PCs while Apple was offering its customers a richly engineered, but expensive, experience.[20] Apple relied on high profit margins and never developed a clear response to the challenge from Windows. Instead it launched a lawsuit accusing Microsoft of using a graphical user interface similar to the Apple Lisa (Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation)[21] which dragged on for years before being thrown out of court. Meanwhile Apple's reputation was damaged by a series of major product flops and missed deadlines, and Sculley was replaced by Michael Spindler as CEO.[22]

1994–1997: Attempts at reinvention

The Newton was Apple's first foray into the PDA markets, as well as one of the first in the industry. A financial failure, it nonetheless helped pave the way for the Palm Pilot and later Apple's own iPhone.

By the early 1990s, Apple was developing alternative platforms to the Macintosh, such as the A/UX. The old Macintosh platform was becoming outdated because it was not built to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, and several important software routines were programmed directly into the hardware. In addition, Apple was facing competition from OS/2 and UNIX vendors like Sun Microsystems. The Macintosh needed to be replaced by a new platform, or reworked to run on more powerful hardware.

In 1994, Apple formed the AIM alliance with IBM and Motorola, to create a new computing platform (the PowerPC Reference Platform), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple's software. The AIM alliance hoped that the combination of PReP's performance and Apple's software would outdistance the PC and put an end to Microsoft’s dominance. The same year, Apple introduced the Power Macintosh, the first of many Apple computers to use IBM's PowerPC processor.[23]

In 1996, Michael Spindler was replaced by Gil Amelio as CEO. Amelio made many changes at Apple, including massive layoffs. After multiple failed attempts to improve Mac OS, first with the Taligent project, then later with Copland and Gershwin operating systems, Amelio decided to purchase NeXT and its NeXTSTEP operating system, bringing Steve Jobs back to Apple initially as an advisor. On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted by the board of directors after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses. Jobs became the interim CEO and began restructuring the company's product line.

At the 1997 Macworld Expo, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would join Microsoft to release new versions of Microsoft Office for the Macintosh, and that Microsoft had made a $150 million investment in non-voting Apple stock.[24] This boosted industry confidence in Apple's future.

On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Apple Store, tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy.

1998–2005: New beginnings

Company headquarters on Infinite Loop in Cupertino, California.

On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the Macintosh 128K: the iMac. The iMac design team was led by Jonathan Ive, who later designed the iPod and the iPhone. The iMac featured the newest technology and a groundbreaking design. It sold close to 800,000 units in its first five months and returned Apple to profitability for the first time since 1993.[25]

During this period, Apple purchased several companies to create a portfolio of professional and consumer-oriented digital production software. In 1998, Apple announced the purchase of Macromedia's Final Cut software, signaling its expansion into the digital video editing market.[26] The following year, Apple released two video editing products: iMovie for consumers; and Final Cut Pro for professionals, which has gone on to be a significant video-editing program, with 800,000 registered users in early 2007.[27] In 2002 Apple purchased Nothing Real for its advanced digital compositing application Shake,[28] as well as Emagic for its music productivity application Logic, which led to the development of Apple’s consumer-level GarageBand application.[29] iPhoto's release the same year completed the iLife suite.

Mac OS X, based on NeXT's OPENSTEP and BSD Unix was released on March 24, 2001, after several years of development. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X aimed to combine the stability, reliability and security of Unix with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface. To aid users in migrating from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications through Mac OS X's Classic environment.

The entrance of the Apple Store on Fifth Avenue in New York City is a glass cube, housing a cylindrical elevator and a spiral staircase that leads into the subterranean store.

In 2001, Apple introduced the iPod portable digital audio player. The product’s success was unprecedented; over 100 million units were sold within six years.[30] In 2003, Apple's iTunes Store was introduced, offering online music downloads for $0.99 a song and integration with the iPod. The service quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over 5 billion downloads by June 19, 2008.[31]

Since 2001 Apple's design team progressively abandoned the use of the translucent colored plastics first used in the iMac G3, beginning with the titanium PowerBook, followed by the white polycarbonate iBook, and the flat-panel iMac.

2005–2011: Success with mobile devices

The MacBook Pro (15.4" widescreen) was Apple's first laptop with an Intel microprocessor. It was announced in January 2006 and aimed at the professional market.

At the Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would begin producing Intel-based Mac computers in 2006.[32] On January 10, 2006, the new MacBook Pro and iMac became the first Apple computers to utilize Intel's Core Duo CPU. By August 7, 2006 Apple had transitioned the entire Mac product line to Intel chips, more than one year earlier than announced.[32] The Power Mac, iBook, and PowerBook brands were retired during the transition, the Mac Pro, MacBook, and Macbook Pro became their respective successors.

Apple also introduced Boot Camp software to help users install Windows XP or Windows Vista on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X.

Apple's success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple's stock increased more than tenfold, from around $6 per share (split-adjusted) to over $80. In January 2006, Apple's market cap surpassed that of Dell.

Delivering his keynote at the Macworld Expo on January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc., was changing its name to Apple Inc. The launches of the iPhone and the Apple TV were also announced. The following day, Apple’s share price hit an all-time high of $97.80. In May 2007, Apple's share price rose above $100.

On February 7, 2007, Apple indicated that it would sell music on the iTunes Store without DRM (which would allow tracks to be played on third-party players) if record labels would agree to drop the technology. On April 2, 2007, Apple and EMI jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI's catalog in the iTunes Store, effective in May.

On July 11, 2008, Apple launched the App Store to sell third-party applications for the iPhone and iPod touch.[33] Within a month, the store sold 60 million applications and averaged sale of $1 million daily. By April 2009, one billion App Store applications, many free, had been downloaded.

After years of speculation and multiple rumored "leaks," Apple announced a large screen, tablet-like media device known as the iPad on January 27, 2010. The iPad ran the same touch-based operating system as the iPhone, and many iPhone apps were compatible with the iPad. This gave the iPad a large app catalog on launch, despite very little development time before the release. Later that year on April 3, 2010, the iPad was launched in the US. It sold more than 300,000 units on its first day, and 500,000 by the end of the first week.[34] In May of the same year, Apple's market cap exceeded that of competitor Microsoft for the first time since 1989.[35]

In June 2010, Apple released the iPhone 4, which introduced video calling, multitasking, and a new uninsulated stainless steel design that acted as the phone's antenna. Later that year, Apple again refreshed its iPod line of MP3 players by introducing a multi-touch iPod Nano, an iPod Touch with FaceTime, and an iPod Shuffle that brought back the buttons of earlier generations.[36] Additionally, on October 20, Apple updated the MacBook Air laptop, iLife suite of applications, and unveiled Mac OS X Lion, the last version with the name Mac OS X.[37]

On January 17, 2011, Jobs announced in an internal Apple memo that he would take another medical leave of absence, for an indefinite period, to allow him to focus on his health. Chief operating officer Tim Cook assumed Jobs's day-to-day operations at Apple, although Jobs would still remain "involved in major strategic decisions."[38] Apple became the most valuable consumer-facing brand in the world.[39] In June 2011, Jobs surprisingly took the stage and unveiled iCloud, an online storage and syncing service for music, photos, files and software which replaced MobileMe, Apple's previous attempt at content syncing.[40]

2011–present: Post-Jobs era

On October 5, 2011, Apple announced that Steve Jobs had died, marking the end of an era for Apple.[41] The first major product announcement by Apple following Jobs' passing occurred on January 19, 2012, when Apple's Phil Schiller introduced iBooks Textbooks for iOS and iBook Author for Mac OS X in New York City.[42] Jobs had stated in his biography that he wanted to reinvent the textbook industry and education.

From 2011 to 2012, Apple released the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5, which featured improved cameras, an "intelligent software assistant" named Siri, and cloud-sourced data with iCloud;[43] the third and fourth generation iPads, which featured Retina displays;[44] and the iPad Mini, which featured a 7.9-inch screen in contrast to the iPad's 9.7-inch screen. These launches were successful, with the iPhone 5 (released September 21, 2012) becoming Apple's biggest iPhone launch with over 2 million pre-orders, and sales of 3 million iPads in three days following the launch of the iPad Mini and fourth generation iPad (released November 3, 2012). Apple also released a third-generation 13-inch MacBook Pro with a Retina display and new iMac and Mac Mini computers.[45]

On October 29, 2011, Apple purchased C3 Technologies, a mapping company, for $240 million, becoming the third mapping company Apple has purchased.[46] On January 10, 2012, Apple paid $500 million to acquire Anobit, an Israeli hardware company that developed and supplied a proprietary memory signal processing technology that improved the performance of the flash-memory used in iPhones and iPads.[47]

On August 20, 2012, Apple's rising stock rose the company's value to a world-record $624 billion. On August 24, 2012, a US jury ruled that Samsung should pay Apple $1.05 billion (£665m) in damages in an intellectual property lawsuit.[48] Samsung appealed the damages award, which the Court reduced by $450 million.[49] The Court further granted Samsung's request for a new trial. On November 10, 2012, Apple confirmed a global settlement that would dismiss all lawsuits between Apple and HTC up to that date, in favor of a ten-year license agreement for current and future patents between the two companies.[50]

During a press event on September 9, 2014, Apple introduced a smartwatch, the Apple Watch. Initially, Apple marketed the device as a fashion accessory and a complement to the iPhone, that would allow people to look at their smartphones less.[51] Over time, the company has focused on developing health and fitness-oriented features on the watch, in an effort to compete with dedicated activity trackers.

On August 19, 2020, Apple's share price briefly topped $467.77, making Apple the first US company with a market capitalization of $2 trillion.[52]

During its annual WWDC keynote speech on June 22, 2020, Apple announced it would move away from Intel processors, and the Mac would transition to processors developed in-house. On November 10, 2020, the MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and the Mac Mini became the first Mac devices powered by an Apple-designed processor, the Apple M1.[53]

Products

Mac and accessories

The Mac mini, low-cost desktop computer.
  • Mac mini, consumer sub-desktop computer introduced in January 2005.
  • iMac, consumer all-in-one desktop computer that was first introduced by Apple in 1998. Its popularity helped revive the company's fortunes.[25]
  • Mac Pro, workstation-class desktop computer introduced in August 2006.
  • MacBook, consumer notebook introduced in 2006, available in white and aluminum variants.
  • MacBook Air, ultra-thin, ultra-portable notebook, introduced in January 2008.
  • MacBook Pro, professional portable computer alternative to the MacBook, introduced in January 2006.
  • Xserve, rack mounted, dual core, dual processor 1U server.

Apple sells a variety of computer accessories for Mac computers including the AirPort wireless networking products, Time Capsule, Cinema Display, Mighty Mouse, the Apple Wireless Keyboard computer keyboard, and the Apple USB Modem.

iPod

On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the iPod digital music player. It evolved to include various models targeting the needs of different users. In 2007, the iPod was the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin, with more than 100 million units shipped as of April 9, 2007.[54] In 2008 Apple sold four variants of the iPod.

  • iPod classic (Previously named iPod from 2001 to 2007), portable media player first introduced in 2001, with a 120 GB capacity.
  • iPod nano, portable media player first introduced in 2005, available in 8 and 16 GB models.
  • iPod shuffle, digital audio player first introduced in 2005, available in 1 and 2 GB models.
  • iPod touch, portable media player first introduced in September 2007, available in 8, 16, and 32 GB models.

iPhone

iPhone 14

The iPhone, a convergence of an Internet-enabled smartphone and iPod.[55] went on sale in June 2007 for $499 (4 GB) and $599 (8 GB). The original iPhone combined a 2.5G quad band GSM and EDGE cellular phone with features found in hand held devices, running a scaled-down versions of Apple's Mac OS X (dubbed iPhone OS), with various Mac OS X applications such as Safari and Mail. It also included web-based and Dashboard applications such as Google Maps and Weather. The iPhone featured a 3.5-inch (89 mm) touch screen display, 8 or 16 GB of memory, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi (both "b" and "g").[55] In 2008, the iPhone 3G added support for 3G networking and assisted-GPS navigation, with the price cut to $199 for the 8 GB version, and $299 for the 16 GB version.[56] Along with the release of the new iPhone Apple launched an App Store, providing applications for download that were compatible with the iPhone; it has since surpassed one billion downloads.

Apple TV

At the 2007 Macworld conference, Jobs demonstrated the Apple TV, (previously known as the iTV), a set-top video device intended to bridge the sale of content from iTunes with high-definition televisions. The device linked up to a user's TV and synchronized, either via Wi-Fi or a wired network, with one computer's iTunes library and streams from an additional four computers. The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40 GB hard drive for storage, included outputs for HDMI and component video, and played video at a maximum resolution of 720p. In May 2007, a 160 GB drive was released alongside the existing 40 GB model and in January 2008 a software update was released, which allowed media to be purchased directly from the Apple TV.[57]

Apple Watch

Apple Watch 5

Apple Watch is a line of smartwatches produced by Apple Inc. It incorporates fitness tracking, health-oriented capabilities, and wireless telecommunication, and integrates with iOS and other Apple products and services.

The Apple Watch was released in April 2015, and quickly became the best-selling wearable device.

Software

Apple develops its own operating system to run on Macs, Mac OS X (the current version is Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard,". Apple also independently develops computer software titles for its Mac OS X operating system. Much of the software Apple develops is bundled with its computers. An example of this is the consumer-oriented iLife software package which includes iDVD, iMovie, iPhoto, GarageBand, and iWeb. Its productivity suite, iWork is available, which includes the Keynote presentation software, Pages word processing software, and Numbers spreadsheet software. iTunes, QuickTime media player, and the Safari web browser are available as free downloads for both Mac OS X and Windows.

Apple offerers a range of professional software titles. Their range of server software included the operating system Mac OS X Server; Apple Remote Desktop, a remote systems management application; WebObjects, Java EE Web application server; and Xsan, a Storage Area Network file system. For the professional creative market, there was Aperture for professional RAW-format photo processing; Final Cut Studio, a video production suite; Logic, a comprehensive music toolkit and Shake, an advanced effects composition program.

Apple also offers online services with iCloud (formerly MobileMe) which incorporates personal web pages, email, Groups, iDisk, backup, iSync, and Learning Center online tutorials. iCloud is built into every Apple device, working automatically to store personal data on an online server and thereby keep all web-connected devices in sync.[58]

Culture

Business

Apple was one of several highly successful companies founded in the 1970s that challenged the traditional notions of corporate culture, implementing a horizontal rather than a vertical (flat versus tall) organizational hierarchy and requiring employees to wear casual rather than formal attire. Other highly successful firms with similar cultural aspects from the same time period include Southwest Airlines and Microsoft. Apple seemed to be in direct contrast to staid competitors like IBM; Steve Jobs often walked around the office barefoot even after Apple became a Fortune 500 company. By the time of the "1984" TV ad, this trait had become a key way in which the company attempts differentiated itself from its competitors.

Apple has a reputation for fostering individuality and excellence that attracts talented people into its employ. To recognize the best of its employees, Apple created the Apple Fellows program. Apple Fellows are those who have made extraordinary technical or leadership contributions to personal computing while at the company. The Apple Fellowship has so far been awarded to a few individuals including Bill Atkinson, Steve Capps, Rod Holt, Alan Kay, Andy Hertzfeld, Guy Kawasaki, Al Alcorn, Don Norman, and Steve Wozniak.

Users

According to surveys by J. D. Power, Apple has the highest brand and repurchase loyalty of any computer manufacturer. While this brand loyalty is considered unusual for any product, Apple appears not to have gone out of its way to create it.

Apple supports the continuing existence of a network of Mac User Groups in most major and many minor centers of population where Mac computers are available. Mac users meet at the European Apple Expo and the San Francisco Macworld Conference & Expo trade shows, where Apple has traditionally introduced new products each year to the industry and public. Mac developers gather at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference.

Apple Store openings have drawn crowds of thousands, with some waiting in line as long as a day before the opening or flying in from other countries for the event. The opening of the New York City Fifth Avenue "Cube" store had a line almost half a mile long; a few Mac fans even used the event as a setting to propose marriage. The line for the opening of the Ginza store in Tokyo exceeded eight city blocks and was estimated in the thousands.[59]

Market research indicates that Apple’s customer base is unusually artistic, creative, and well-educated, which may explain the platform’s popularity with certain youthful, avant-garde subcultures.[60]

Industry standards

Apple is vertically integrated, manufacturing the hardware on which they pre-install their software. During the Mac's early history Apple did not adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, creating their own instead.[61] This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s, beginning with Apple's adoption of the PCI bus in the 7500/8500/9500 Power Macs. Apple has since adopted USB, AGP, HyperTransport, Wi-Fi, and other industry standards in its computers and was in some cases a leader in the adoption of such standards such as USB. FireWire, an Apple-originated standard, was widely adopted after it was standardized as IEEE 1394.

Ever since the first Apple Store opened, Apple has sold third party accessories, allowing, for example, Nikon and Canon to sell their Mac-compatible digital cameras and camcorders inside the store. Adobe, one of Apple's oldest software partners,[62] also sells its Mac-compatible software, as does Microsoft, who sells Microsoft Office for the Mac.

Headquarters

Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in the middle of Silicon Valley, at 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California. This Apple campus has six buildings which total 850,000 square feet (79,000 m²) and was built in 1993 by Sobrato Development Cos.[63] Apple has a satellite campus in neighboring Sunnyvale, California, where it houses a testing and research laboratory.

In 2006, Apple announced its intention to build a second campus on 50 acres (200,000 m²) assembled from various contiguous plots. The new campus, called Apple Park, is also in Cupertino about one mile (1.6 km) east of the original campus and opened in 2017. Its scale and circular groundscraper design, by Norman Foster, earned the structure the nickname “the spaceship."

Logos

Apple’s first logo, designed by Jobs and Wayne, depicted Sir Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree. Almost immediately this was replaced by Rob Janoff’s “rainbow Apple,” the now-familiar rainbow-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it, possibly as a tribute to Isaac Newton's discoveries of gravity (the apple), and the separation of light by prisms (the colors). This was one of several designs Janoff presented to Jobs in 1976.[64]

In 1998, with the launch of the new iMac, Apple began to use a monochromatic logo — supposedly at the insistence of recently returned Jobs — nearly identical in shape to its previous rainbow incarnation. No specific color is prescribed for the logo throughout Apple's software and hardware line. The logo's shape is one of the most recognized brand symbols in the world, identifies all Apple products and retail stores (the name "Apple" is not even present) and has been included as label stickers in nearly all Macintosh and iPod packages through the years.

Slogans

Apple's first slogan, "Byte into an Apple," was coined in the late 1970s.[65] From 1997–2002, Apple used the slogan "Think Different" in advertising campaigns. The slogan had a lasting impact on their image and revived their popularity with the media and customers. Although the slogan has been retired, it is still closely associated with Apple.[66] Apple also has slogans for specific product lines —for example, "iThink, therefore iMac," was used in 1998 to promote the iMac, and "Say hello to iPhone" has been used in iPhone advertisements. "Hello" was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, iMac ("hello (again)"), and iPod when they were announced by Steve Jobs.

Environmental record

Greenpeace, an environmentalist organization, has confronted Apple on various environmental issues, including the need to develop a global end-of-life take-back plan, non-recyclable hardware components, and toxins within the iPhone hardware. Since 2003 they have campaigned against Apple regarding their chemical policies, in particular the inclusion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in their products.[67] In May 2007, Steve Jobs released a report announcing plans to completely eliminate PVC and BFRs by the end of 2008.[68]

The Environmental Protection Agency rated Apple highest amongst producers of notebook computers, and fairly high compared to producers of desktop computers and LCD displays.[69]

Unibody aluminum MacBooks and MacBook Pros, announced in October 2008, made major improvements in being more environmentally friendly in Apple's notebook line.

Criticism

  • The Danish Consumer Complaints Board reported a fault with Apple's iBook line and criticized Apple's lackluster response to the issue, indicating customer support problems at Apple. A solder joint between two components fractured after a certain number of computer restarts causing the computer to break down, usually outside Apple's warranty period. Websites such as AppleDefects.com have been set up detailing issues on Apple’s product portfolio.[70]
  • Apple was criticized for lowering the price of the iPhone by $200 just two months after its release, resulting in a flood of complaints. Apple attempted to address the complaints by offering $100 store credit to early iPhone customers.[71]
  • Apple has been accused of pressuring journalists to release their sources of leaked information about new Apple products, even filing lawsuits against "John Does."[72] In particular, Apple fought a protracted battle against the Think Secret website which resulted in a "positive solution for both sides." No sources were revealed.[73]
  • There has been criticism of the iPhone and the iPod being locked into iTunes and creating a iTunes store monopoly for these devices.[74]

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 Owen W. Linzmayer, Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc. (No Starch Press, 1999, 978-1886411289).
  2. A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak NPR, September 29, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  3. Steve Wozniak, Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be, Digital Deli. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  4. Leander Kahney, Rebuilding an Apple From the Past WIRED. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  5. Picture of original ad featuring US666.66 price Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  6. Steve Wozniak, iWoz (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006, ISBN 978-0393061437), 180.
  7. Apple Chronology. CNN Money, January 6, 1998. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  8. Steven Weyhrich, 5-The Disk II Apple II History . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  9. Thomas Hormby, VisiCalc and the rise of the Apple II, Low End Mac, September 25, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  10. Brian Bagnall, The Story of Commodore: A Company on the Edge (Variant Press, 2006, ISBN 0973864907), 109–112.
  11. Joshua Coventry, Apple III Chaos: Apple’s First Failure Low End Mac, April 28, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  12. Thomas Hormby, History of Apple's Lisa, 1979–1986, Low End Mac, October 5, 2005. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  13. Kevin Maney, Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event USA Today, January 28, 2004. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  14. Todd Leopold, Why 2006 isn't like '1984' CNN, February 3, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  15. Thomas Hormby, Good-bye Woz and Jobs: How the first Apple era ended in 1985 Low End Mac, August 16, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  16. Jacci Howard Bear, The History of Desktop Publishing Lifewire, December 11, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  17. 17.0 17.1 Thomas Hormby, Growing Apple with the Macintosh: The Sculley years Low End Mac, February 2, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  18. Thomas Hormby, Birth of the PowerBook: How Apple took over the portable market in 1991, Low End Mac, July 11, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  19. Steven Weyhrich, 7-The Apple IIe Apple II History. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  20. 1990–1995: Why the World Went Windows October 14, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  21. Thomas Hormby, The Apple vs. Microsoft GUI lawsuit Low End Mac, August 25, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  22. Thomas Hormby, Michael Spindler: The Peter Principle at Apple. Low End Mac, August 17, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
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  24. Microsoft and Apple Affirm Commitment to Build Next Generation Software for Macintosh Microsoft, August 6, 1997. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  25. 25.0 25.1 Apple Announces That 800,000 iMacs Sold/ 45% Of Buyers New To Mac The Mac Observer, January 6, 1999. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  26. Pia Sarkar, FRIENDS AND FOES / Despite squabbles, Apple and Adobe have benefited from one another SFGate, February 25, 2002. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  27. Greg Sandoval, Apple exhibits Final Cut Studio 2 CNet, April 16, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  28. Bryan Chaffin, Apple Shake: Apple Buys Nothing Real, A High End Compositing Software Maker The Mac Observer, February 7, 2002. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  29. Andy Deitrich, Garage Band Ars Technica, February 2, 2004. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  30. Apple enjoys ongoing iPod demand, BBC News, January 18, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  31. iTunes Store Tops Over Five Billion Songs Sold Apple Inc., June 19, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  32. 32.0 32.1 Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006 Apple Inc., June 6, 2005. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  33. Raymund Flandez, Programmers Jockey for iPhone Users at Apple Site The Wall Street Journal, August 5, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  34. Dan Moren, Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day Mac World, April 5, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  35. Apple passes Microsoft to be biggest tech company BBC, May 27, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  36. Joshua Topolsky, iPod touch review (2010) Engadget, September 7, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  37. Apple Unveils iLife 11 with New iPhoto, iMovie, GarageBand PC Magazine, October 20, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  38. Apple boss Steve Jobs takes 'medical leave' BBC News, January 17, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  39. Lauren Indvik, Apple Now World's Most Valuable Brand Mashable, May 9, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  40. Miguel Helft, Apple Unveils ‘Cloud’ Music and Storage Service The New York Times, June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  41. Brandon Griggs, Steve Jobs, Apple founder, dies CNN, October 5, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  42. Apple Reinvents Textbooks with iBooks 2 for iPad – New iBooks Author Lets Anyone Create Stunning iBooks Textbooks Apple Inc.. January 19, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  43. Daniel Ionescu, iPhone 4S Pre-Orders Begin PC World, October 7, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  44. Walter Mossberg, New iPad: a Million More Pixels Than HDTV The Wall Street Journal, March 15, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  45. Molly Wood, The new 'new iPad': Lightning strikes again CNET News, October 23, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  46. David Murphy, Apple Acquires C3 Technologies, One Step Closer to New Maps App PC Magazine, October 29, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  47. Apple buys Israeli technology firm Anobit Reuters, January 11, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  48. Apple awarded $1bn in damages from Samsung in US court BBC, August 25, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  49. Judge strikes $450 million from $1 billion damages award in Apple v. Samsung: second trial needed FOSS Patents, March 1, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  50. HTC and Apple Settle Patent Dispute Apple Inc., November 10, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  51. David Pierce, iPhone Killer: The Secret History of the Apple Watch WIRED, May 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  52. Jessica Bursztynsky, Apple becomes first U.S. company to reach a $2 trillion market cap CNBC, August 19 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  53. Chaim Gartenberg, Apple announces ‘One More Thing’ event for November 10th The Verge, November 2, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  54. Marguerite Reardon, Apple ships 100 millionth iPod CNet, April 10, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  55. 55.0 55.1 Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone Apple Inc., January 9, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  56. Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G Apple Inc., June 9, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  57. Peter Cohen, Apple TV untethers from Mac, price dropped Macworld, January 15, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
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References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Amelio, Gil, and William L. Simon. On the firing line: my 500 days at Apple. New York: HarperBusiness. 1998. ISBN 0887309194
  • Bagnall, Brian. The Story of Commodore: A Company on the Edge. Variant Press, 2006. ISBN 0973864907
  • Butcher, Lee. Accidental Millionaire: The Rise and Fall of Steve Jobs at Apple Computer. New York, NY: Paragon House. 1988. ISBN 0913729795
  • Carlton, Jim. Apple: The inside story of intrigue, egomania, and business blunders. New York: Times Business/Random House. 1997. ISBN 0887309658
  • Cruikschank, Jeffrey L. The Apple Way: 12 Management Lessons from the World's Most Innovative Company. New York: McGraw Hill. 2006. ISBN 0072262338
  • Deutschman, Alan. The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. New York: Broadway Books. 2000. ISBN 076790432X
  • Hertzfeld, Andy. Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books, 2004. ISBN 0596007191
  • Kahney, Leander. Inside Steve's Brain. [Expanded ed.] New York: Portfolio Books, 2009. ISBN 978-1591842972
  • Kunkel, Paul. AppleDesign: the work of the Apple industrial design group. New York, NY: Graphis Inc., 1997. ISBN 1888001259
  • Levy, Steven. Insanely Great: The life and times of Macintosh, the computer that changed everything. New York: Viking, 1994. ISBN 0140291776
  • Linzmayer, Owen W. Apple Confidential 2.0: The definitive history of the world's most colorful company. San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press, 2004. ISBN 1593270100
  • Malone, Michael S. Infinite Loop: How the world's most insanely great computer company went insane. New York: Currency/Doubleday. 1999. ISBN 0385486847
  • Moritz, Michael. Return to the Little Kingdom: Steve Jobs, the Creation of Apple, and How It Changed the World. London: Duckworth Overlook. 2009. ISBN 9780715638880
  • Price, Rob, Jill Savini, and Thom Marchionna. So Far: The first ten years of a vision. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer, 1987. ISBN 9781556939747
  • Rose, Frank. West of Eden: The end of innocence at Apple Computer [with new Introduction]. New York, NY: Stuyvesant Farm Books. 2009. ISBN 0615278841
  • Sculley, John, and John A. Byrne. Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple: a journey of adventure, ideas, and the future. New York: Harper & Row., 1987. ISBN 0060157801
  • Wozniak, Steve, and Gina Smith, iWoz: From Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It. W. W. Norton & Company, 2006. ISBN 0393061434
  • Young, Jeffrey S. Steve Jobs, The Journey is the Reward. Lynx Books, 1998. ISBN 155802378X
  • Young, Jeffrey S., and William L. Simon. iCon: Steve Jobs, the greatest second act in the history of business. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005. ISBN 0471720836

External links

All links retrieved November 5, 2022.

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