Difference between revisions of "Adrian V" - New World Encyclopedia
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image=[[Image:Hadrian V.png|150px]]| | image=[[Image:Hadrian V.png|150px]]| | ||
birth_name=Ottobuono de' Fieschi| | birth_name=Ottobuono de' Fieschi| | ||
| − | term_start= | + | term_start=July 11, 1276| |
| − | term_end= | + | term_end=August 18, 1276| |
predecessor=[[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]]| | predecessor=[[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]]| | ||
successor=[[Pope John XXI|John XXI]]| | successor=[[Pope John XXI|John XXI]]| | ||
| − | birth_date=c. | + | birth_date=c. 1205| |
birthplace= [[Genoa]], [[Italy]] | | birthplace= [[Genoa]], [[Italy]] | | ||
dead=dead|death_date={{death date|1276|8|18|mf=y}}| | dead=dead|death_date={{death date|1276|8|18|mf=y}}| | ||
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other=Adrian}} | other=Adrian}} | ||
| − | '''Pope Adrian V''' (c. | + | '''Pope Adrian V''' (c. 1205 – August 18, 1276), born '''Ottobuono de' Fieschi''' was [[Pope]] in 1276 for only five weeks before his death following a sudden illness. In fact, dying before his consecration and only a deacon, not a priest or a bishop at the time, by modern criteria he would not be considered a Pope. He is best known for his mediation in England between King [[Henry III]] and his rebellious barons. |
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| − | Ottobuono | + | Ottobuono Fieschi was, by birth, a [[Genoa|Genoese]] nobleman, born in 1205. In 1243, he was appointed a papal chaplain. His uncle was Pope [[Innocent IV]] and in 1252, still only ordained as a deacon, he was created |
| + | created [[Cardinal Deacon]] of San Adriano thus joining the College of Cardinals. In addition, he held the offices of [[archdeacon]] of [[Parma]] and [[Rheims]]. The dates are unknown for Parma, but it is known he became Archdeacon of Rheims in 1250. | ||
| − | + | ===Papal Legate=== | |
| + | In 1256, Pope [[Clement IV]] [[Pope Clement IV]] (1265–68) sent him as papal legate to England to mediate between [[Henry III of England]] (1216–72) and his barons, and to preach the [[Crusades]]; he remained, serving from October 1265 to July 1268. His diplomatic position was such that his name is still on the oldest extant piece of [[English law|English]] [[statute law]], the [[Statute of Marlborough]] of 1267, where the formal title mentions as a witness "''the Lord Ottobon, at that time legate in England''." Anothet member of this legation was a young diplomat, the future [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]]. In April 1268, Cardinal Fieshchi issued a set of canons, which formed the basis of church law in England until the reformation of the sixteenth century. Henry III faced a rebellion led by [[Simon de Montfort]] who was demanding a greater say by the Barons in governing the Kingdom. The English barons had remained disontent since their rebellion under Henry's father, [[John I]] to whom they had presented the [[Magna Carta]], which they re-published several time during Henry reign. He was only 9 when he ascended the throne. Now, the freemen, who were emerging as a class, also demanded rights. The freemen and the barons increasingly viewed England as 'a community rather than as a community rather than a mere aggregation of independent manors, villages, and outlying principalities." The barons wanted a say in appointing officers of the state, and to be regularly consulted by the King. <ref> "Henry III", Britannia: Monarchs [http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon29.html Henry III] Retrieved September 23, 2007</ref>Called on to contribute troops and money whenever the incumbent king wanted to wage war, which often has little benefit for the barons, they demanded more say in governance. The feudal system was not entiterly autocratic: various stakeholders, barons, the church had to be consulted by the King if he was to be able to prosecute war, or raise new taxes. In 1264, at the Battle of Lewes on 14 May, Henry was defeated and until the royalist victory at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 the monarchy was suspended, and rule devolved to the barons who governed throuhg a council of nine. This situation was unacceptable to the Pope, who found it more convenient to deal with a single monarch. Thus, Cardinal Fieschi was sent to restore the King's authority and to limit that of the barons. His mission in England was considered a success, and on his return to Rome he ressumed his duties at San Adriana and was popular within the Roman curia. It was under Henry III that the beginning of Parliamentary goivernance began in England. In 1265, he summoned not only barons but also burgers from the cities to a Grand Assembly, from which the House of Commons later evolved. | ||
| − | + | ===Election as Pope== | |
| − | + | Under the influence of [[Charles of Anjou]], Cardinal Fieschi was elected Pope to succeed [[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]] on July 12, 1276, taking the name Adrian V. He was still only a deacon at the time of his election, and as he actually died before his consecration he was, technically, never a bishop and so is not considered to have been Bishop of Rome. He is counted, however, as a Pope, since his election is deemed valid under the rules of the time. In terms of modern criteria, set out in the Code of Canon Law of 1993, he would not be counted as Pope because episcopal ordination is now a criterion <ref>McBrien, p 222</ref>. In fact, during the five weeks of his brief pontificate, the one act that Adrian V did was to revoke the conclave rules promulgated by Gregory X in 1274. In 1059, Cardinals gained the exclusive right to elect the Pope (prior to this, election took place at an informal gathering of the people and clergy of Rome). From 1241, the tradition of secluding the Cardinals in one room until they agreed on a candidate began. Gregiry had added to this rules pertaining to Cardinals sleeping in the same room and swearing secrecy Adrian promised new rules but in fact Gregory's remain the "basis of todays norms" <ref> "Conclave Process Has Changed Over Time', CBC News, April 19, 2005 [http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/pope/conclave_process.html conclave Process Has Changed Over time] Retrieved September 23, 2007</ref>. Adrian left Rome in August to escape the heat, retreating to Viterbo, where he suddenly fell ill and died Until but on August 18, 1276, He is buried there in the church of S. Francesco. McBrien says that Adrian V was one of four "canonically recognized Pope in the year 1276", namely [[Gregory X]], his immediate predecessor, [[Innocent V]], his successor, John XXII and himself. Adrian's previous namesake, Adrain IV, had been English, while his next namesake, Pope [[Adrian VI]] (Pope VI (1459-1523) would be Dutch. | |
| − | + | ==Legacy== | |
| − | + | So short a pontifical reign gave Adrian V not time to create a legacy for himself. His reputation rests on his successful mission to England. [[Dante]], however, placed him in Purgatory, where he held a conversation with him. Dante placed the pontiff in Purgator for the sin of avarice, although it is unclear why. There does not seem to be any foundation in fact for this representation of Adrian. To have achieved the highest office in Western [[Christianity]], even though he died too soon to demonstrate his abilities, suggests that Adrian enjoyed the respect of his fellow Cardinals and was thought worthy of sitting on St. Peter's throne. His mediatorial skills tested during his mission in England may well have impressed his peers, and might have served him well if illness had not intervened to terminate his short papacy. | |
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Revision as of 23:51, 23 September 2007
| Adrian V | |
|---|---|
| |
| Birth name | Ottobuono de' Fieschi |
| Papacy began | July 11, 1276 |
| Papacy ended | August 18, 1276 |
| Predecessor | Innocent V |
| Successor | John XXI |
| Born | c. 1205 Genoa, Italy |
| Died | August 18 1276 Viterbo, Italy |
| Other popes named Adrian | |
Pope Adrian V (c. 1205 – August 18, 1276), born Ottobuono de' Fieschi was Pope in 1276 for only five weeks before his death following a sudden illness. In fact, dying before his consecration and only a deacon, not a priest or a bishop at the time, by modern criteria he would not be considered a Pope. He is best known for his mediation in England between King Henry III and his rebellious barons.
Biography
Ottobuono Fieschi was, by birth, a Genoese nobleman, born in 1205. In 1243, he was appointed a papal chaplain. His uncle was Pope Innocent IV and in 1252, still only ordained as a deacon, he was created created Cardinal Deacon of San Adriano thus joining the College of Cardinals. In addition, he held the offices of archdeacon of Parma and Rheims. The dates are unknown for Parma, but it is known he became Archdeacon of Rheims in 1250.
Papal Legate
In 1256, Pope Clement IV Pope Clement IV (1265–68) sent him as papal legate to England to mediate between Henry III of England (1216–72) and his barons, and to preach the Crusades; he remained, serving from October 1265 to July 1268. His diplomatic position was such that his name is still on the oldest extant piece of English statute law, the Statute of Marlborough of 1267, where the formal title mentions as a witness "the Lord Ottobon, at that time legate in England." Anothet member of this legation was a young diplomat, the future Boniface VIII. In April 1268, Cardinal Fieshchi issued a set of canons, which formed the basis of church law in England until the reformation of the sixteenth century. Henry III faced a rebellion led by Simon de Montfort who was demanding a greater say by the Barons in governing the Kingdom. The English barons had remained disontent since their rebellion under Henry's father, John I to whom they had presented the Magna Carta, which they re-published several time during Henry reign. He was only 9 when he ascended the throne. Now, the freemen, who were emerging as a class, also demanded rights. The freemen and the barons increasingly viewed England as 'a community rather than as a community rather than a mere aggregation of independent manors, villages, and outlying principalities." The barons wanted a say in appointing officers of the state, and to be regularly consulted by the King. [1]Called on to contribute troops and money whenever the incumbent king wanted to wage war, which often has little benefit for the barons, they demanded more say in governance. The feudal system was not entiterly autocratic: various stakeholders, barons, the church had to be consulted by the King if he was to be able to prosecute war, or raise new taxes. In 1264, at the Battle of Lewes on 14 May, Henry was defeated and until the royalist victory at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 the monarchy was suspended, and rule devolved to the barons who governed throuhg a council of nine. This situation was unacceptable to the Pope, who found it more convenient to deal with a single monarch. Thus, Cardinal Fieschi was sent to restore the King's authority and to limit that of the barons. His mission in England was considered a success, and on his return to Rome he ressumed his duties at San Adriana and was popular within the Roman curia. It was under Henry III that the beginning of Parliamentary goivernance began in England. In 1265, he summoned not only barons but also burgers from the cities to a Grand Assembly, from which the House of Commons later evolved.
=Election as Pope
Under the influence of Charles of Anjou, Cardinal Fieschi was elected Pope to succeed Innocent V on July 12, 1276, taking the name Adrian V. He was still only a deacon at the time of his election, and as he actually died before his consecration he was, technically, never a bishop and so is not considered to have been Bishop of Rome. He is counted, however, as a Pope, since his election is deemed valid under the rules of the time. In terms of modern criteria, set out in the Code of Canon Law of 1993, he would not be counted as Pope because episcopal ordination is now a criterion [2]. In fact, during the five weeks of his brief pontificate, the one act that Adrian V did was to revoke the conclave rules promulgated by Gregory X in 1274. In 1059, Cardinals gained the exclusive right to elect the Pope (prior to this, election took place at an informal gathering of the people and clergy of Rome). From 1241, the tradition of secluding the Cardinals in one room until they agreed on a candidate began. Gregiry had added to this rules pertaining to Cardinals sleeping in the same room and swearing secrecy Adrian promised new rules but in fact Gregory's remain the "basis of todays norms" [3]. Adrian left Rome in August to escape the heat, retreating to Viterbo, where he suddenly fell ill and died Until but on August 18, 1276, He is buried there in the church of S. Francesco. McBrien says that Adrian V was one of four "canonically recognized Pope in the year 1276", namely Gregory X, his immediate predecessor, Innocent V, his successor, John XXII and himself. Adrian's previous namesake, Adrain IV, had been English, while his next namesake, Pope Adrian VI (Pope VI (1459-1523) would be Dutch.
Legacy
So short a pontifical reign gave Adrian V not time to create a legacy for himself. His reputation rests on his successful mission to England. Dante, however, placed him in Purgatory, where he held a conversation with him. Dante placed the pontiff in Purgator for the sin of avarice, although it is unclear why. There does not seem to be any foundation in fact for this representation of Adrian. To have achieved the highest office in Western Christianity, even though he died too soon to demonstrate his abilities, suggests that Adrian enjoyed the respect of his fellow Cardinals and was thought worthy of sitting on St. Peter's throne. His mediatorial skills tested during his mission in England may well have impressed his peers, and might have served him well if illness had not intervened to terminate his short papacy.
- ↑ "Henry III", Britannia: Monarchs Henry III Retrieved September 23, 2007
- ↑ McBrien, p 222
- ↑ "Conclave Process Has Changed Over Time', CBC News, April 19, 2005 conclave Process Has Changed Over time Retrieved September 23, 2007
