Tuvalu

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Tuvalu
Flag of Tuvalu Tuvalu Coat of Arms
Flag of Tuvalu Coat of Arms of Tuvalu
LocationTuvalu.png
National anthem Tuvalu mo te Atua
(Eight Standing
Together for the Almighty
)
Languages Tuvaluan, English
Capital Funafuti
Queen Elizabeth II
Governor-General Filoimea Telito
Prime Minister Maatia Toafa
Independence 1978
Area
 – Total
Ranked 190th
 26 km²
Population
 – Total
 – Density
Ranked 192nd
  11,636 (2005 est.)
 441/km²
Currency Australian dollar
Time zone Universal Time +12
Internet TLD .tv
Country Calling Code 688

Tuvalu is an island nation located in the Pacific Ocean midway between Hawaii and Australia. Its name means "Eight Standing Together" in Tuvaluan. With the exception of tiny Vatican City, it is the independent nation with the fewest inhabitants. Due to their low elevation (five meters, or 14 feet maximum), the islands that make up this nation are threatened by any future sea level rise. The population may evacuate during the next decades to New Zealand, or Niue.

Geography

Tuvalu (pronounced too-VAH-loo) consists of four reef islands and five true atolls. Its small, scattered group of atolls has poor soil and a total land area of only about 26 square kilometres (less than 10 sq. mi.) making it the fourth smallest country in the world. The land is very low lying with narrow coral atolls. The highest elevation is five meters (16 ft) above the sea level. Funafuti is the largest atoll of the nine low reef islands and atolls that form the Tuvalu volcanic island chain.

Tuvalu also has almost no potable water, and the soil is hardly usable for agriculture.

Tuvalu has westerly gales and heavy rain from November to March and tropical temperatures moderated by easterly winds from March to November.

In 2001, Tuvalu's government announced that the islands, whose highest point is 5m above sea level, may need to be evacuated in the event of rising sea levels. New Zealand has agreed to accept an annual quota of 75 evacuees, while Australia has refused the Tuvaluans' petitions, presumably based on that country's rejection of the underlying basis of the Kyoto Protocol.

History

Tuvaluan man in traditional costume drawn by Alfred Agate in 1841 during the United States Navy Exploring Expedition.

Tuvaluans are a Polynesian people who are estimated to have settled the islands around 2,000 years ago, coming from Tonga and Samoa. Before European contact, there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands.

Tuvalu was first sighted by Europeans in 1568 with the arrival of Alvaro de Mendaña y Neyra from Spain, who encountered the island of Nui but was unable to land. No other Europeans turned up again until the late 1700s, when further European explorers reached the area. By the early 1800s, whalers were in the Pacific, though visiting Tuvalu only infrequently due to the difficulties of landing ships on the atoll, and no settlements were established by them. Peruvian slave raiders ("blackbirders") combed the Pacific between 1862 and 1864, and Tuvalu was one of the hardest-hit Pacific island groups with over 400 people taken from Funafuti and Nukulaelae, none of whom returned.

In 1865, the London Missionary Society, Protestant congregationalists, began their process of evangelization of Tuvalu, and conversion to Christianity was complete by the 1920s. Also in the late 1800s, European traders began to live on the islands hoping to profit from local resources. Europeans brought diseases new to the Pacific that caused many deaths in Tuvalu.

In 1892, the islands became part of the British protectorate of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, with Tuvalu being called the Ellice Islands. The protectorate became a colony in 1915.

In 1943 during World War II, Tuvalu was selected as an operations base for Allied forces battling the Japanese in the Pacific. Thousands of marines were stationed there until December 1945.

In 1974, ethnic differences within the colony caused the Polynesians of the Ellice Islands to vote for separation from the Micronesians of the Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati). The following year, the Ellice Islands became the separate British colony of Tuvalu. Independence was granted in 1978. Tuvalu Independence Day is celebrated on the 1st of October. In 1979 Tuvalu signed a treaty of friendship with the United States, which recognized Tuvalu's possession of four small islands formerly claimed by the United States.


Politics

Tuvalu islands is a constitutional monarchy and Commonwealth Realm, with Queen Elizabeth II recognised as Queen of Tuvalu. She is represented in Tuvalu by a Governor-General, who is appointed upon the advice of the prime minister.

The local parliament, or Fale I Fono, has 15 members and is chosen every four years. Its members elect a prime minister, who is the head of government. Some elders exercise informal authority on a local level. There are no formal political parties and election campaigns are largely on the basis of personal or family ties and reputation.

The highest court in Tuvalu is the High Court, and there are eight Island Courts with limited jurisdiction. Rulings from the High Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal in Fiji.

Tuvalu has no regular military forces, and spends no money on the military. Its police force includes a Maritime Surveillance Unit for search and rescue missions and surveillance operations. The police have a Pacific-class patrol boat provided by Australia for use in maritime surveillance and fishery patrol.

Map of Tuvalu

Although Tuvalu technically has no administrative subdivisions - its population is too small (estimated at 11,000 in 2004) - the country can be divided into nine atolls.

The smallest island, Niulakita, was uninhabited until people from Niutao resettled there in 1949. Thus, the name Tuvalu means "eight standing together" in the Tuvaluan.

Tuvalu maintains close relations with Fiji and Australia. It has diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan); Taipei maintains the only resident embassy in Tuvalu and has a large assistance program in the islands.

Tuvalu became a member of United Nations in 2000 and maintains a mission at the UN in New York. A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN, at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg and in other international fora is promoting concern about global warming and possible sea level rise. Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. It also is a member of the Asian Development Bank.

Tuvalu is a party to a treaty of friendship with the United States, signed soon after independence, under which the United States renounced prior territorial claims to four Tuvaluan islands under the Guano Act.

Economy

Tuvalu has almost no natural resources, and its main form of income consists of foreign aid. Main industries are fishing and tourism, even though, due to the remote location of the islands, only a small number of tourists arrive annually. Virtually the only jobs in the islands that pay a steady wage or salary are with the government. Only 30 percent of the labor force participates in the formal wage economy. The remaining 70 percent are primarily in rural subsistence and livelihood activities. There is high youth unemployment and few new jobs being created. Meanwhile, there has been an inflow of people from the outer islands to Funafuti.

Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. About 1000 Tuvaluans work in Nauru in the phosphate mining industry. Nauru has begun repatriating Tuvaluans, however, as phosphate resources decline. Substantial income is received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and theUnited Kingdom and supported also by Japan and South Korea. Wise investments and conservative withdrawals meant this fund grew from an initial $17-million to over $35 million in 1999. Payments from the U.S. as part of a 1988 treaty on fisheries brought in about $9-million in 1999, a total which is expected to rise annually. In an effort to reduce its dependence on foreign aid, the government is pursuing public sector reforms, including privatization of some government functions and personnel cuts of up to seven percent.

In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue from use of its area code for "900" telephone lines and from the sale of its ".tv" Internet domain name. Domain name income paid most of the cost of paving the streets of Funafuti and installing street lighting in mid-2002.

Exports totalled $1-million in 2004. Export commodities comprised copra and fish. Export partners were: Germany 56.8%, Fiji 14.4%, Italy 10.9%, UK 7.7%, Poland 4.9%. Imports totalled $31-million in that year. Import commodities comprised food, animals, ineral fuel, machinery, and manufactured goods. Import partners were: Fiji 50.2%, Japan 18.1%, Australia 9.6%, China 8%, and New Zealand 5.5%.

Per capita gross domestic product was $1100 in 2000. The Tuvalu dollar, the local currency, is coupled to the Australian dollar.

Demographics

Tuvalu’s small population 11,636 (2005 est.), that has more than doubled since 1980, may be a contributing factor to the environmental devastation on the islands. The population is almost entirely of Polynesian ethnicity, with just four percent Micronesian. Life expectancy for the whole population is 68.01 years. Overseas, significant clusters of Tuvaluans are found on Kioa Island in Fiji (about 400), in Kiribati (about 400), and in New Zealand (estimated at several hundred).

About 97% of the Tuvaluans are members of the Church of Tuvalu, a Protestant Christian church. Seventh-day Adventists make up 1.4%, the Bahá'í Faith 1%, and others 0.6%. On Tuvalu, Christianity has been mixed with some elements of the indigenous religions.

Tuvaluan is spoken by virtually everyone. Each island community has a distinct dialect. Tuvaluan is historically related to Polynesian Outlier languages in Melanesia, and is a more distant relative of Samoan and Tokelauan. Gilbertese is spoken by some people on Nui. Since the mid-1970s, English has become the prestige language and the medium of communication with the outside world.

Many Tuvaluans are competent in Samoan, which functioned as the language of church and (to a lesser extent) government until recently, as well as Gilbertese, the dominant language of the colony for seven decades. Samoan in particular has exerted considerable influence on the structure of Tuvaluan.

Marriage is one of the most important rites of passage in Tuvalu. It legitimizes children and establishes new kinship links in relation to land rights and the flow of resources. Few people fail to marry. Missionaries suppressed polygamy (having more than one wife). The Christian religion shapes attitudes concerning marriage, sexuality, and family obligation. Divorce and remarriage, rare until recently, are on the increase.

Occupational specialization, the increasing importance of cash, and the development of business caused the beginning of class formation on Funafuti, caused by occupational specialization. But kinship obligations tend to neutralize class-generated upward mobility. On most islands, traditional chiefs (“aliki”) headed the major descent groups and sometimes deferred to one or two paramount chiefs. The chiefs were as much religious leaders as political ones, but they shared religious authority with spirit mediums and diviners. While missionaries suppressed mediums, the chiefs survived.

Culture

Imported rice and flour figure now feature in the daily diet, as well as canned and frozen meat. The most important cultivated plant is swamp taro (“pulaka”), which is grown in large pits dug into the top layer of a freshwater lens, and valued for its resistance to drought and high salinity. Coconut palms are used for the collection of toddy (“kaleve”) as well as for the nuts. Pandanus, bananas, and breadfruit are cultivated. Fish was the main source of protein. Feasts comprise larger quantities of the daily staples, with pork and fowl meat, and occasionally wild birds and turtle.

Each island has one or two villages, each of which is divided into two or four "sides" (“feituu”). The church, the meetinghouse (“maneapa”), and the village green (“malae”) are located in the center of the village. The island’s office, school, first-aid station, and rest house are built on the outskirts. Until the 1970s, houses were open rectangular structures supported by pandanus posts and roofed with pandanus thatch. After a devastating hurricane on Funafuti in 1972, dwellings were rebuilt with timber, wood-chip board, cement, and corrugated iron. Other islands gradually followed suit.

The traditional community system still to a large extent survives on Tuvalu. Each family has its own task, or salanga, to perform for the community, such as fishing, house building or defence. The skills of a family are passed on from father to son. A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti, which is similar to cricket.

A radio station broadcasts (highly sanitized) information and entertainment for several hours a day. There is an intermittent government news sheet and an even more intermittent church newsletter. There is no broadcast television. Videos are popular and have replaced film screenings as a mode of entertainment.

Children, especially girls, are involved in the rearing of younger siblings. Physical punishment is used but it is rarely severe. Shaming and peer pressure are more effective. Education is valued, but most non-elite households do not provide children the space and time to study. Competence in English, a requirement for advancement in the educational system, is a major stumbling block for children on the outlying islands. There are only two secondary schools for the entire group, and entry is competitive.

Despite the very high rate of literacy, there is no tradition of written literature. The only graphic artistry is the decoration of mats, dancing skirts, and fans with dyed fibers.

Traditional Tuvalu music consists of a number of dances, most popularly including fatele, “fakanu” and “fakaseasea,” and were used to celebrate leaders and other prominent individuals. Traditional music prior to European contact included poems performed in a sort of monotonal recitation, though this tradition has become extinct, as well as work songs which the women performed to encourage the men while they worked.

The most famous form of Tuvaluan dance music, “fatele,” is influenced by European melody and harmony and is competitive, with each island divided into two sides. Lyricism is an important part of the fatele tradition, which begins with the older men singing a song in a meeting hall (maneapa), then gradually repeating it louder and quicker as the others join in; they also use empty cabin cracker cans to play the rhythm and a wooden box. Dancers enact the story being retold, and the music finally climaxes and ends abruptly. This tradition is shared with the music of Tokelau.

The two primary traditional dances of Tuvalu are the fakanu and fakaseasea. Of these, the fakanu has since died out, though the fakaseasea lives on, performed only by elders. It is a slower song with very loose rules on how to dance to it. The fakanu was a rhythmic dance, performed by people standing on their feet, swaying their body. The swaying was considered erotic by missionaries after the arrival of Europeans, and most traditional dancing was forbidden. The ban came along with restrictions on religious activity, for the fakanau served a spiritual purpose as well. Both dances were used for celebrations and for praising fellow islanders.

Fakanaus use as a praise song was an important part of Tuvaluan culture. A composer of a praise song would practice with the performers beforehand, and tell the subject of the song so he would have time to gather gifts. After the first performance, the subject would give the gifts to the performers, and would often continue to do so after future performances as well. Tuvalu also had a tradition of funereal singing called kupu, which is similar to the fakaseasea.

Tuvalu and global warming

Global warming and climate change became somewhat of a “cause celebre” in the early 21st century. The scientific community is divided over whether a measured increase in temperature over the past 30 years is a result of carbon emissions in the developed world, or whether it is evidence of part of a 1000-year temperature cycle. The carbon-emissions climate change group argues that warmer weather will melt the ice caps and raise the sea level.

As a low-lying island lacking a surrounding shallow shelf, the island communities of Tuvalu are especially susceptible to changes in sea level and storm patterns that hit the island undissipated. One estimate has a sea level rise of 20-40 centimetres (8-16 in) in the next 100 years, that could make Tuvalu uninhabitable. Over the past decade, the islands have seen a disappearance of 10 feet of beachfront and an increase in the severity and frequency of storms. In mid-February 2004, unusually high tides caused seepage that transformed much of the interior into a salty lake, harming root crops.

Tuvaluans are worried about the submerging of the islands and a growing number have left the island. In 2002, then-Prime Minister Koloa Talake announced plans to sue the United States and Australia at the International Court of Justice in The Hague over their disproportionate production of carbon dioxide emissions. The suit was never filed because Talake failed in his bid to be re-elected later that year, but the potential suit gained the controversy great deal of media attention.

While blaming the island's problems on climate change has gained the island much publicity, there are other factors that affect it. One of these is the population boom on a resource-scarce island which has wreaked environmental damage. Since 1980, the population of Funafuti has more than doubled from 2000 to 4500 or almost half of Tuvalu's citzenry. Another major factor contributing to gradual sinking of the island and salinization of its fresh water source is the consequences of airport construction, which has brought a sizable part of island's area within inches of sea level and caused significant damage to the island's coralline base.

While some commentators have called for the relocation of the population of Tuvalu to Australia, New Zealand or Fiji, Prime Minister Maatia Toafa says his government does not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. New Zealand has agreed to accept an annual quota of 75 evacuees.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Munro, Doug. "Migration and the Shift to Dependence in Tuvalu: A Historical Perspective." In John Connell, ed., Migration and Development in the South Pacific, 1990.

"Christians, Pagans, and Government Men: Culture Change in the Ellice Islands." In Ivan Brady and Barry Isaac, eds., A Reader in Culture Change, vol. 2, 1975.

Linkels, Ad. "The Real Music of Paradise". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 218-229. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0

External links

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