Difference between revisions of "Turkey (bird)" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Taxobox
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| color = pink
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| name = Turkey
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| image = Picture 027.JPG
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| image_caption = [[Wild Turkey]], ''Meleagris gallopavo''
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
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| ordo = [[Galliformes]]
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| familia = [[Phasianidae]]
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| subfamilia = '''Meleagridinae'''
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| subfamilia_authority = [[George Robert Gray|Gray]], [[1840]]
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| genus = '''''Meleagris'''''
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subdivision =
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''[[Wild Turkey|M. gallopavo]]''<br>
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''[[Ocellated Turkey|M. ocellata]]''
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<!-- | wikispecies  = Meleagris | itis = 176135—>
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}}
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A '''turkey''' is either one of two [[species]] of large [[bird]]s in the [[genus]] '''''Meleagris''''' native to North America.  Turkeys are classed in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Galliformes]]. Formerly they were considered a distinct [[family (biology)|family]], Meleagrididae, but more recently were reclassified as a subfamily ('''Meleagridinae''') of the [[pheasant]]s and their allies.<ref>{{cite web
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  | title = The A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds, Seventh Edition
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  | publisher = The American Ornithologists' Union
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  | date = 2007
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  | url = http://www.aou.org/checklist/index.php3
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  | format = HTML Public
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  | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref> Turkeys have a distinctive fleshy caruncle that hangs from the beak, called a snood. As with many galliform [[species]], the female is smaller than the male, and much less colorful. With wingspans of 1.5&ndash;1.8 [[metre|meter]]s (almost 6 [[Foot (length)|feet]]), the turkeys are by far the largest birds in the open forests in which they live, and are rarely mistaken for any other species. The usual lifespan for a turkey is 10 years.
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== Species of turkey ==
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The two species are the North American Wild Turkey (''M. gallopavo'') and the Central American Ocellated Turkey (''M. ocellata'').
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The modern domesticated turkey was developed from the Wild Turkey by the indigenous people of [[Mexico]]. The Ocellated Turkey was probably also domesticated by the Mayans.  Turkeys were taken to Europe by the [[Spain|Spanish]] who had found them as a favorite domesticated animal among the [[Aztecs]].  Since the modern domesticated turkey is a descendant of the Wild Turkey,  it is concluded that the Aztecs had chosen to domesticate this species rather than the Ocellated Turkey which is found in far southern Mexico.  The Aztecs relied on the turkey ([[Mexican Spanish]] ''guajolote'', from [[Nahuatl]] ''huexolotl'') as a major source of protein (meat and eggs), and also utilized its feathers extensively for decorative purposes.  The turkey was associated with their trickster god [[Tezcatlipoca]] [http://www.wildturkeyzone.com/wildturkey/species.htm].  In Mexico today, turkey meat with [[mole (sauce)|mole]] sauce (''mole de guajolote'') is widely regarded as the official national dish [http://fiery-foods.com/dave/nancy1102.asp].
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== Naming ==
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[[Image:Turkey chick.JPG|thumb|right|A young turkey]]
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When Europeans first encountered turkeys in the Americas, they incorrectly identified the birds as a type of [[guinea fowl]] (''Numida meleagris''), also known as a turkey-cock from its importation to Central Europe through [[Turkey]], and the name of that country stuck as the name of the bird. The confusion is also reflected in the scientific name: ''meleagris'' is [[Greek language|Greek]] for guinea-fowl.
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The [[List of names for the Wild Turkey|names for ''M. gallopavo'' in other languages]] also frequently reflect its exotic origins, seen from an Old World viewpoint, and add to the confusion about where turkeys actually came from. The many references to [[India]] seen in common names go back to a combination of two factors: first, the genuine belief that the newly-discovered [[Americas]] were in fact a part of [[Asia]], and second, the tendency during that time to attribute exotic animals and foods to a place that symbolized far-off, exotic lands. The latter is reflected in terms like "[[Muscovy Duck]]" (which is from South America, not [[Muscovy]]). This was a major reason why the name "turkey-cock" stuck to ''Meleagris'' rather than to the guinea fowl (''Numida meleagris''): the [[Ottoman Empire]] represented the exotic East much the same as did India.
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Several other birds which are sometimes called "turkeys" are not particularly closely related: the [[Australian brush-turkey]] is a [[megapode]], and the bird sometimes known as the "Australian turkey" is in fact the [[Australian Bustard]], a [[Gruiformes|gruiform]]. The bird sometimes called a Water Turkey is actually an [[Anhinga]] (''Anhinga rufa'')
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In a similar confusion, Spanish explorers thought the turkey to be a kind of [[peacock]] and called it by the same word, ''pavo''. Today, the turkey is still called ''pavo'' in Spanish (except in Mexico where the [[Nahuatl]]-derived name ''guajalote'' is commonly used), and the peacock is commonly referred to as ''pavo real'' ("royal turkey").
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==Fossil turkeys==
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Many turkeys have been described from [[fossil]]s. The Meleagridinae are known from the Early [[Miocene]] (c. 23 [[mya (unit)|mya]]) onwards, with the [[extinct]] [[genus|genera]] ''[[Rhegminornis]]'' (Early Miocene of Bell, U.S.) and ''[[Proagriocharis]]'' (Kimball Late Miocene/Early [[Pliocene]] of Lime Creek, U.S.).  The former is probably a basal turkey, the other a more contemporary bird not very similar to known turkeys; both were much smaller birds. A turkey fossil not assignable to genus  but similar to ''Meleagris'' is known from the Late Miocene of [[Westmoreland County, Virginia|Westmoreland County]], [[Virginia]] (Olson, 1985).
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[[Image:Turkey track 5777.JPG|thumb|right|Wild turkey [[Animal tracks|track]], Georgetown, South Carolina]]
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In the modern genus ''Meleagris'', a considerable number of species have been described, as turkey fossils are robust, fairly often found, and turkeys show much variation among individuals. Many of these supposed fossilized species are now considered [[junior synonym]]s.  One, the well-documented [[California Turkey]] ''Meleagris californica'',<ref>
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Formerly ''Parapavo californica'' and initially described as ''Pavo californica'' or "California [[Peacock]]"</ref>
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became extinct recently enough to have been hunted by early human settlers<!-- <ref>{{cite web
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  | title = Early California: A Killing Field — Research Shatters Utopian Myth, Finds Indians Decimated Birds
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  | publisher = ScienceDaily
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  | date = 2006-02-13
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  | url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/02/060213090658.htm
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  | format = HTML Public
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  | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref> [this story is fairly crappy; the actual ref should be: Broughton, Jack M. (2004): Prehistoric Human Impacts on California Birds: Evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound Avifauna. ''Ornithological Monographs'' '''56'''. But the news story does not at all mention the California Turkey.] —>,
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though its actual demise is more probably attributable to [[climate change]] at the end of the [[last ice age]]. The modern species and the California Turkey seem to have diverged approximately one million years ago.
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'''Turkeys known only from fossils:'''
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*''Meleagris'' sp. (Early Pliocene of Bone Valley, U.S.)
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<!-- *''Meleagris leopoldi'' (Late Pliocene of Cita Canyon, U.S.) - formerly ''Agriocharis''
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*''Meleagris progenes'' (Rexroad Late Pliocene, Meade County, U.S.) - formerly ''Agriocharis'' [probably synonyms of extant gallopavo] —>
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*''Meleagris'' sp. (Late Pliocene of Macasphalt Shell Pit, U.S.)
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<!-- *''Meleagris anza'' (Early Pleistocene of San Diego County, U.S.) [probably synonyms of extant gallopavo] —>
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*''Meleagris californica'' (Late Pleistocene of SW U.S.) - formerly ''Parapavo/Pavo''<!-- Auk62:596; Condor32:81; Condor38:249; Condor44:283 —>
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*''Meleagris crassipes'' (Late Pleistocene of SW North America)<!-- Condor42:154; Condor96:577; RevMexCiencGeol20:79 —>
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==References==
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* '''Madge and McGowan''',''Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse'' ISBN 0-7136-3966-0
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* "National Geographic" ''Field Guide to the Birds of North America''  ISBN:0792268776
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* '''Olson''', Storrs L. (1985): Section VIII.H.4.d. Meleagridinae. ''In:'' Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): ''Avian Biology'' '''8''': 118-119. Academic Press, New York.
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===Footnotes===
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<references/>
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==See also==
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*[[Wild Turkey]]
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*[[Domesticated turkey]]
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==External links==
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* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=35 Turkey videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
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* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=turkey Etymology of the word]
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{{commons|Meleagris gallopavo|Turkey (bird)}}
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[[Category:Life sciences]]
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{{credit|150793381}}

Revision as of 02:11, 15 August 2007


Turkey
Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo
Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Subfamily: Meleagridinae
Gray, 1840
Genus: Meleagris
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

M. gallopavo
M. ocellata

A turkey is either one of two species of large birds in the genus Meleagris native to North America. Turkeys are classed in the order Galliformes. Formerly they were considered a distinct family, Meleagrididae, but more recently were reclassified as a subfamily (Meleagridinae) of the pheasants and their allies.[1] Turkeys have a distinctive fleshy caruncle that hangs from the beak, called a snood. As with many galliform species, the female is smaller than the male, and much less colorful. With wingspans of 1.5–1.8 meters (almost 6 feet), the turkeys are by far the largest birds in the open forests in which they live, and are rarely mistaken for any other species. The usual lifespan for a turkey is 10 years.

Species of turkey

The two species are the North American Wild Turkey (M. gallopavo) and the Central American Ocellated Turkey (M. ocellata).

The modern domesticated turkey was developed from the Wild Turkey by the indigenous people of Mexico. The Ocellated Turkey was probably also domesticated by the Mayans. Turkeys were taken to Europe by the Spanish who had found them as a favorite domesticated animal among the Aztecs. Since the modern domesticated turkey is a descendant of the Wild Turkey, it is concluded that the Aztecs had chosen to domesticate this species rather than the Ocellated Turkey which is found in far southern Mexico. The Aztecs relied on the turkey (Mexican Spanish guajolote, from Nahuatl huexolotl) as a major source of protein (meat and eggs), and also utilized its feathers extensively for decorative purposes. The turkey was associated with their trickster god Tezcatlipoca [1]. In Mexico today, turkey meat with mole sauce (mole de guajolote) is widely regarded as the official national dish [2].

Naming

A young turkey

When Europeans first encountered turkeys in the Americas, they incorrectly identified the birds as a type of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), also known as a turkey-cock from its importation to Central Europe through Turkey, and the name of that country stuck as the name of the bird. The confusion is also reflected in the scientific name: meleagris is Greek for guinea-fowl.

The names for M. gallopavo in other languages also frequently reflect its exotic origins, seen from an Old World viewpoint, and add to the confusion about where turkeys actually came from. The many references to India seen in common names go back to a combination of two factors: first, the genuine belief that the newly-discovered Americas were in fact a part of Asia, and second, the tendency during that time to attribute exotic animals and foods to a place that symbolized far-off, exotic lands. The latter is reflected in terms like "Muscovy Duck" (which is from South America, not Muscovy). This was a major reason why the name "turkey-cock" stuck to Meleagris rather than to the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris): the Ottoman Empire represented the exotic East much the same as did India.

Several other birds which are sometimes called "turkeys" are not particularly closely related: the Australian brush-turkey is a megapode, and the bird sometimes known as the "Australian turkey" is in fact the Australian Bustard, a gruiform. The bird sometimes called a Water Turkey is actually an Anhinga (Anhinga rufa)

In a similar confusion, Spanish explorers thought the turkey to be a kind of peacock and called it by the same word, pavo. Today, the turkey is still called pavo in Spanish (except in Mexico where the Nahuatl-derived name guajalote is commonly used), and the peacock is commonly referred to as pavo real ("royal turkey").

Fossil turkeys

Many turkeys have been described from fossils. The Meleagridinae are known from the Early Miocene (c. 23 mya) onwards, with the extinct genera Rhegminornis (Early Miocene of Bell, U.S.) and Proagriocharis (Kimball Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lime Creek, U.S.). The former is probably a basal turkey, the other a more contemporary bird not very similar to known turkeys; both were much smaller birds. A turkey fossil not assignable to genus but similar to Meleagris is known from the Late Miocene of Westmoreland County, Virginia (Olson, 1985).

Wild turkey track, Georgetown, South Carolina

In the modern genus Meleagris, a considerable number of species have been described, as turkey fossils are robust, fairly often found, and turkeys show much variation among individuals. Many of these supposed fossilized species are now considered junior synonyms. One, the well-documented California Turkey Meleagris californica,[2] became extinct recently enough to have been hunted by early human settlers, though its actual demise is more probably attributable to climate change at the end of the last ice age. The modern species and the California Turkey seem to have diverged approximately one million years ago. Turkeys known only from fossils:

  • Meleagris sp. (Early Pliocene of Bone Valley, U.S.)
  • Meleagris sp. (Late Pliocene of Macasphalt Shell Pit, U.S.)
  • Meleagris californica (Late Pleistocene of SW U.S.) - formerly Parapavo/Pavo
  • Meleagris crassipes (Late Pleistocene of SW North America)


References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Madge and McGowan,Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse ISBN 0-7136-3966-0
  • "National Geographic" Field Guide to the Birds of North America ISBN:0792268776
  • Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section VIII.H.4.d. Meleagridinae. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 118-119. Academic Press, New York.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds, Seventh Edition (HTML Public). The American Ornithologists' Union (2007). Retrieved 2007-01-21.
  2. ↑ Formerly Parapavo californica and initially described as Pavo californica or "California Peacock"


See also

  • Wild Turkey
  • Domesticated turkey

External links

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