Difference between revisions of "Siraj ud-Daulah" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
Line 4: Line 4:
 
| image          = [[Image:S 0411A.JPG]]
 
| image          = [[Image:S 0411A.JPG]]
 
| caption        = Siraj-Ud Daulah
 
| caption        = Siraj-Ud Daulah
| reign          = April, [[1756]] - June, [[1757]]
+
| reign          = April, 1756 - June, 1757
 
| coronation      =
 
| coronation      =
 
| othertitles    =
 
| othertitles    =
Line 34: Line 34:
 
|}}
 
|}}
  
'''Mîrzâ Mohammad Sirâjud Dawla''', more popularly known as ''Siraj-Ud-Daulah'', ([[1733]] – [[July 2]], [[1757]]) was the last independent [[Nawab]] of [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa]]. The end of his reign marks the start of [[British East India Company]] rule in India. He was also called as "Sir Roger Dowlett" by many of the  British who were unable to pronounce his name correctly in  [[Hindustani]].
+
'''Mîrzâ Mohammad Sirâjud Dawla''', more popularly known as ''Siraj-Ud-Daulah'', (1733 – July 2, 1757) was the last independent [[Nawab]] of [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa]]. The end of his reign marks the start of [[British East India Company]] rule in India. He was also called as "Sir Roger Dowlett" by many of the  British who were unable to pronounce his name correctly in  [[Hindustani]].
  
 
==Early years==
 
==Early years==
Line 43: Line 43:
  
 
==Reign as Nawab==
 
==Reign as Nawab==
Mirza Mohammad Siraj succeeded [[Ali Vardi Khan]] as the [[Nawab]] of [[Bengal]] in April [[1756]] at the age of 23, and took the name Siraj-Ud-Daulah. He, as the direct political disciple of his grand  father, was aware of global British interest of colonization and hence, resented British politico-military presence in Bengal. He was annoyed at the company's alleged involvement with and instigation of some of his own court in a conspiracy to oust him. His charges against the company were mainly threefold. First, that they strengthened the fortification around the Fort William without any intimation and approval; second, that they grossly abused the trade privileges granted to them by the Mughal rulers, which caused heavy loss of customs duties for the government; and third, that they gave shelter to some of his officers, for example Krishnadas, son of Rajballav, who fled [[Dhaka]] after misappropriating government funds. Hence, when the East India Company started further enhancement of military preparedness at Fort William in Calcutta, Siraj asked them to stop. The Company did not heed his directives, so Siraj-Ud-Daulah retaliated and captured [[Kolkata]] from the British in June [[1756]]. During this time, he is alleged to have put 146 British subjects in a 20 by 20 foot chamber, known as the infamous [[Black Hole of Calcutta]]; only 23 were said to have survived the overnight ordeal. The real facts around the incident are disputed by later historians, but at that time the lurid account of this incident by one survivor - Holwell - obtained wide circulation in England and helped gain support for the East India Company's continued conquest of India. To place these developments in  context, Siraj demanded that all the Europeans dismantle their trading posts and leave Bengal. The [[France|French]] and the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] did so but the British refused, regarding Calcutta. "rightly or wrongly ... as their own creation."<ref>Schama, Simon. 2001. ''A History of Britain: Volume 11: the wars of the British, 1603-1776''. NY: Hyperion/Miramax ISBN 978-0786867523 page 517.</ref>
+
Mirza Mohammad Siraj succeeded [[Ali Vardi Khan]] as the [[Nawab]] of [[Bengal]] in April 1756 at the age of 23, and took the name Siraj-Ud-Daulah. He, as the direct political disciple of his grand  father, was aware of global British interest of colonization and hence, resented British politico-military presence in Bengal. He was annoyed at the company's alleged involvement with and instigation of some of his own court in a conspiracy to oust him. His charges against the company were mainly threefold. First, that they strengthened the fortification around the Fort William without any intimation and approval; second, that they grossly abused the trade privileges granted to them by the Mughal rulers, which caused heavy loss of customs duties for the government; and third, that they gave shelter to some of his officers, for example Krishnadas, son of Rajballav, who fled [[Dhaka]] after misappropriating government funds. Hence, when the East India Company started further enhancement of military preparedness at Fort William in Calcutta, Siraj asked them to stop. The Company did not heed his directives, so Siraj-Ud-Daulah retaliated and captured [[Kolkata]] from the British in June 1756. During this time, he is alleged to have put 146 British subjects in a 20 by 20 foot chamber, known as the infamous [[Black Hole of Calcutta]]; only 23 were said to have survived the overnight ordeal. The real facts around the incident are disputed by later historians, but at that time the lurid account of this incident by one survivor - Holwell - obtained wide circulation in England and helped gain support for the East India Company's continued conquest of India. To place these developments in  context, Siraj demanded that all the Europeans dismantle their trading posts and leave Bengal. The [[France|French]] and the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] did so but the British refused, regarding Calcutta. "rightly or wrongly ... as their own creation."<ref>Schama, Simon. 2001. ''A History of Britain: Volume 11: the wars of the British, 1603-1776''. NY: Hyperion/Miramax ISBN 978-0786867523 page 517.</ref>Simon Schama says that Holwell doubled his statistics but that "some of his account must have been true: the stiffling heat and unhinged victims" but that the incident was only ever an excuse to preserve Fort William.<ref>Schama, page 498.</ref>
  
  
Line 50: Line 50:
 
==The Battle of Plassey==
 
==The Battle of Plassey==
 
The [[Battle of Plassey]] (or Palashi) is widely considered the turning point in the history of India, and opened the way to eventual British domination. After Siraj-Ud-Daulah's conquest of [[Kolkata]], the British responded by sending fresh troops from [[Madras|Chennai]] to recapture the fort and avenge the attack. A retreating Siraj-Ud-Daulah met the British at Plassey, but betrayed by the machinations  
 
The [[Battle of Plassey]] (or Palashi) is widely considered the turning point in the history of India, and opened the way to eventual British domination. After Siraj-Ud-Daulah's conquest of [[Kolkata]], the British responded by sending fresh troops from [[Madras|Chennai]] to recapture the fort and avenge the attack. A retreating Siraj-Ud-Daulah met the British at Plassey, but betrayed by the machinations  
[[Image:Clive.jpg|thumb|200px|Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, meeting with Mir Jafar after Plassey, by Francis Hayman]]of his former army chief [[Mir Jafar]], he lost the battle and had to flee. He escaped to [[Murshidabad]] and then to [[Patna]] by boat, but was eventually arrested by Mir Jafar's soldiers. Siraj-Ud-Daulah was executed on [[July 2]], [[1757]] by [[Mohammad Ali Beg]] under orders from Mir Jafar.
+
[[Image:Clive.jpg|thumb|200px|Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, meeting with Mir Jafar after Plassey, by Francis Hayman]]of his former army chief [[Mir Jafar]], he lost the battle and had to flee. He escaped to [[Murshidabad]] and then to [[Patna]] by boat, but was eventually arrested by Mir Jafar's soldiers. Siraj-Ud-Daulah was executed on July 2, 1757 by [[Mohammad Ali Beg]] under orders from Mir Jafar.
  
 
==The character of Siraj-Ud-Daulah==
 
==The character of Siraj-Ud-Daulah==
 
Although proclaimed as a freedom fighter in modern India, Bangladesh and Pakistan for his opposition to the British annexation, many historians of the period report that he was cruel and his opposition to the British was not out of any nationalistic fervor, but an expression of his desire to strengthen his own power. As a teenager, he led a reckless life, which came to the notice of his grandfather. But keeping a promise he made to his dear grandfather on his death bed, he gave up gambling and drinking alcohol totally after becoming the nawab. He was a fierce fighter against the Marathas and the pirates of Southern Bengal as a prince during 1740s, but his forces were later totally routed by the greatly outnumbered British.
 
Although proclaimed as a freedom fighter in modern India, Bangladesh and Pakistan for his opposition to the British annexation, many historians of the period report that he was cruel and his opposition to the British was not out of any nationalistic fervor, but an expression of his desire to strengthen his own power. As a teenager, he led a reckless life, which came to the notice of his grandfather. But keeping a promise he made to his dear grandfather on his death bed, he gave up gambling and drinking alcohol totally after becoming the nawab. He was a fierce fighter against the Marathas and the pirates of Southern Bengal as a prince during 1740s, but his forces were later totally routed by the greatly outnumbered British.
  
Siraj "was the first official villain of imperialist history; the sadistic fiend who immured innocent Britons within the living tomb of the Black Hole of Calcutta. Pictures of the monster gloating over his victims, which illustrated Victorian and even twentieth-century 'empire stories' featured stereotypes of the Oriental despot: curled mustachios as black as his heart. 'Early debauchery had unnerved his body and mind', wrote [[Thomas Babbington Macauley|Macauley]] (which certainly could not be said of his own childhood) '... it has early been his amusement to torture beasts and birds and when he grew up he enjoyed with still keener relish the misery of his fellow creatures. But Sirah ud-Daulah was, of course, just your standard eighteenth century Indian princely post-adolescent: impulsive, spoiled rotten, ill-informed and politically out of his depth." <ref>Schama, Simon. 2001. ''A History of Britain: Volume 11: the wars of the British, 1603-1776''. NY: Hyperion/Miramax ISBN 978-0786867523 page 517.</ref>
+
Siraj "was the first official villain of imperialist history; the sadistic fiend who immured innocent Britons within the living tomb of the Black Hole of Calcutta. Pictures of the monster gloating over his victims, which illustrated Victorian and even twentieth-century 'empire stories' featured stereotypes of the Oriental despot: curled mustachios as black as his heart. 'Early debauchery had unnerved his body and mind', wrote [[Thomas Babbington Macauley|Macauley]] (which certainly could not be said of his own childhood) '... it has early been his amusement to torture beasts and birds and when he grew up he enjoyed with still keener relish the misery of his fellow creatures. But Sirah ud-Daulah was, of course, just your standard eighteenth century Indian princely post-adolescent: impulsive, spoiled rotten, ill-informed and politically out of his depth." <ref>Schama, page 517.</ref>
  
 
''"Siraj-ud-daula has been pictured"'', says the biographer of  [[Lord Clive|Robert Clive]], ''"as a monster of vice, cruelty and depravity."''. In 1778, Robert Orme wrote of the relationship with his maternal grandfather Ali Vardi Khan:
 
''"Siraj-ud-daula has been pictured"'', says the biographer of  [[Lord Clive|Robert Clive]], ''"as a monster of vice, cruelty and depravity."''. In 1778, Robert Orme wrote of the relationship with his maternal grandfather Ali Vardi Khan:
Line 74: Line 74:
 
* Chaudhury, Sushil. 2000. The prelude to empire: Plassey revolution of 1757. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors.ISBN 9788173043017
 
* Chaudhury, Sushil. 2000. The prelude to empire: Plassey revolution of 1757. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors.ISBN 9788173043017
 
* Gupta, Brijen Kishore. 1966. ''Sirajuddaullah and the East India company, 1756-1757, background to the foundation of British power in India''. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
 
* Gupta, Brijen Kishore. 1966. ''Sirajuddaullah and the East India company, 1756-1757, background to the foundation of British power in India''. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
* Marshall, P. J. 1987. Bengal—the British bridgehead: eastern India, 1740-1828. The New Cambridge history of India, II, 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9780521253307
+
* Marshall, P. J. 1987. Bengal—the British bridgehead: eastern India, 1740-1828. The New Cambridge history of India, II, 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9780521253307
* Sarkar, Jadunath. 2003. ''The· history of Bengal 2 Muslim period: 1200 A.D. - 1757 A.D.'' Delhi: B. R. Publ. ISBN 9788176462396
+
* Sarkar, Jadunath. 2003. ''The· history of Bengal 2 Muslim period: 1200 C.E. - 1757 C.E.'' Delhi: B. R. Publ. ISBN 9788176462396
 
* Watts, William, and Bimal Kanti Ghosh. 1988. ''Memoirs of the revolution in Bengal, Anno. Dom. 1757''. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co.ISBN 9788170740346
 
* Watts, William, and Bimal Kanti Ghosh. 1988. ''Memoirs of the revolution in Bengal, Anno. Dom. 1757''. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co.ISBN 9788170740346
  
Line 83: Line 83:
 
* [http://www.boloji.com/poetry/1200-1300/1241.htm A Poem on Siraj]
 
* [http://www.boloji.com/poetry/1200-1300/1241.htm A Poem on Siraj]
 
* [http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/murshid.html Murshidabad-the Capital of Bengal during the Nawabs]
 
* [http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/murshid.html Murshidabad-the Capital of Bengal during the Nawabs]
* [http://erga.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=1 "Riyazu-s-salatin", A History of Bengal], Ghulam Husain Salim (translated from the Persian): viewable online at the Packard Humanities Institute
+
* [http://erga.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=1 "Riyazu-s-salatin," A History of Bengal], Ghulam Husain Salim (translated from the Persian): viewable online at the Packard Humanities Institute
 
* [http://erga.packhum.org/persian/pf?auth=0075&work=001 "Seir Mutaquerin"], Ghulam Husain Tatabai (translated from the Persian): viewable online at the Packard Humanities Institute
 
* [http://erga.packhum.org/persian/pf?auth=0075&work=001 "Seir Mutaquerin"], Ghulam Husain Tatabai (translated from the Persian): viewable online at the Packard Humanities Institute
 
*[http://www.indiaprofile.com/monuments-temples/murshidabad.htm Siraj in Murshidabad]
 
*[http://www.indiaprofile.com/monuments-temples/murshidabad.htm Siraj in Murshidabad]
Line 95: Line 95:
 
{{s-bef|before=[[Alivardi Khan]]}}  
 
{{s-bef|before=[[Alivardi Khan]]}}  
 
{{s-ttl|title=[[Nawab of Bengal]]  
 
{{s-ttl|title=[[Nawab of Bengal]]  
|years=[[1756]]–[[1757]]}}  
+
|years=1756–1757}}  
 
{{s-aft|after=[[Mir Jafar]]}}  
 
{{s-aft|after=[[Mir Jafar]]}}  
 
{{end}}
 
{{end}}
  
[[Category:1729 births]]
+
 
[[Category:1757 deaths]]
+
 
 
[[Category:Bengal]]
 
[[Category:Bengal]]
 
[[Category:British rule in India]]
 
[[Category:British rule in India]]
 
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
 
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
 
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
 
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
 
[[bn:সিরাজদ্দৌলা]]
 
[[zh:西拉杰·乌德·达乌拉]]
 
  
 
{{Credit|212770972}}
 
{{Credit|212770972}}

Revision as of 05:38, 9 June 2008

Siraj ud-Daulah
Nawab of Bengal
S 0411A.JPG
Siraj-Ud Daulah
Reign April, 1756 - June, 1757
Full name Mîrzâ Mohammad Sirâjud Dawla
Predecessor Ali Vardi Khan
Successor Mir Jafar
Consort Begum Lutfunnissa
Issue Umme Zohra
Father Zain Uddin
Mother Amina Begum

Mîrzâ Mohammad Sirâjud Dawla, more popularly known as Siraj-Ud-Daulah, (1733 – July 2, 1757) was the last independent Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The end of his reign marks the start of British East India Company rule in India. He was also called as "Sir Roger Dowlett" by many of the British who were unable to pronounce his name correctly in Hindustani.

Early years

Siraj's father Zain Uddin was the ruler of Bihar and his mother Amina Begum was the youngest daughter of Nawab Ali Vardi Khan. Since Ali Vardi had no son, Siraj, as his grandson, became very close to him and since his childhood was seen by many as successor to the throne of Murshidabad. Accordingly, he was raised at the nawab's palace with all necessary education and training suitable for a future nawab. Young Siraj also accompanied Ali Vardi in his military ventures against the Marathas in 1746.

Ali Vardi Khan in 1752 officially declared his grandson Crown Prince and successor to the throne, creating no small amount of division in the family and the royal court.

Reign as Nawab

Mirza Mohammad Siraj succeeded Ali Vardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal in April 1756 at the age of 23, and took the name Siraj-Ud-Daulah. He, as the direct political disciple of his grand father, was aware of global British interest of colonization and hence, resented British politico-military presence in Bengal. He was annoyed at the company's alleged involvement with and instigation of some of his own court in a conspiracy to oust him. His charges against the company were mainly threefold. First, that they strengthened the fortification around the Fort William without any intimation and approval; second, that they grossly abused the trade privileges granted to them by the Mughal rulers, which caused heavy loss of customs duties for the government; and third, that they gave shelter to some of his officers, for example Krishnadas, son of Rajballav, who fled Dhaka after misappropriating government funds. Hence, when the East India Company started further enhancement of military preparedness at Fort William in Calcutta, Siraj asked them to stop. The Company did not heed his directives, so Siraj-Ud-Daulah retaliated and captured Kolkata from the British in June 1756. During this time, he is alleged to have put 146 British subjects in a 20 by 20 foot chamber, known as the infamous Black Hole of Calcutta; only 23 were said to have survived the overnight ordeal. The real facts around the incident are disputed by later historians, but at that time the lurid account of this incident by one survivor - Holwell - obtained wide circulation in England and helped gain support for the East India Company's continued conquest of India. To place these developments in context, Siraj demanded that all the Europeans dismantle their trading posts and leave Bengal. The French and the Dutch did so but the British refused, regarding Calcutta. "rightly or wrongly ... as their own creation."[1]Simon Schama says that Holwell doubled his statistics but that "some of his account must have been true: the stiffling heat and unhinged victims" but that the incident was only ever an excuse to preserve Fort William.[2]


Siraj-Ud-Daulah's nomination to the nawabship aroused the jealousy and enmity of Ghaseti Begum (the eldest sister of Siraj's mother), Raja Rajballabh, Mir Jafar Ali Khan and Shawkat Jang (Siraj's cousin). Ghaseti Begam possessed huge wealth, which was the source of her influence and strength. Apprehending serious opposition from her, Sirajuddaula seized her wealth from Motijheel Palace and placed her in confinement. The Nawab also gave high government positions to his favourites. Mir Mardan was appointed Bakshi (Paymaster of the army) in place of Mir Jafar. Mohanlal was elevated to the post of peshkar of his Dewan Khana and he exercised great influence in the administration. Eventually Siraj suppressed Shaukat Jang, governor of Purnia, who was killed in a clash.

The Battle of Plassey

The Battle of Plassey (or Palashi) is widely considered the turning point in the history of India, and opened the way to eventual British domination. After Siraj-Ud-Daulah's conquest of Kolkata, the British responded by sending fresh troops from Chennai to recapture the fort and avenge the attack. A retreating Siraj-Ud-Daulah met the British at Plassey, but betrayed by the machinations

Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, meeting with Mir Jafar after Plassey, by Francis Hayman

of his former army chief Mir Jafar, he lost the battle and had to flee. He escaped to Murshidabad and then to Patna by boat, but was eventually arrested by Mir Jafar's soldiers. Siraj-Ud-Daulah was executed on July 2, 1757 by Mohammad Ali Beg under orders from Mir Jafar.

The character of Siraj-Ud-Daulah

Although proclaimed as a freedom fighter in modern India, Bangladesh and Pakistan for his opposition to the British annexation, many historians of the period report that he was cruel and his opposition to the British was not out of any nationalistic fervor, but an expression of his desire to strengthen his own power. As a teenager, he led a reckless life, which came to the notice of his grandfather. But keeping a promise he made to his dear grandfather on his death bed, he gave up gambling and drinking alcohol totally after becoming the nawab. He was a fierce fighter against the Marathas and the pirates of Southern Bengal as a prince during 1740s, but his forces were later totally routed by the greatly outnumbered British.

Siraj "was the first official villain of imperialist history; the sadistic fiend who immured innocent Britons within the living tomb of the Black Hole of Calcutta. Pictures of the monster gloating over his victims, which illustrated Victorian and even twentieth-century 'empire stories' featured stereotypes of the Oriental despot: curled mustachios as black as his heart. 'Early debauchery had unnerved his body and mind', wrote Macauley (which certainly could not be said of his own childhood) '... it has early been his amusement to torture beasts and birds and when he grew up he enjoyed with still keener relish the misery of his fellow creatures. But Sirah ud-Daulah was, of course, just your standard eighteenth century Indian princely post-adolescent: impulsive, spoiled rotten, ill-informed and politically out of his depth." [3]

"Siraj-ud-daula has been pictured", says the biographer of Robert Clive, "as a monster of vice, cruelty and depravity.". In 1778, Robert Orme wrote of the relationship with his maternal grandfather Ali Vardi Khan:

"Mirza Mahmud Siraj, a youth of seventeen years, had discovered the most vicious propensities, at an age when only follies are expected from princes. But the great affection which Allaverdy [Ali Vardi] had borne to the father was transferred to this son, whom he had for some years bred in his own palace; where instead of correcting the evil dispositions of his nature, he suffered them to increase by overweening indulgence: born without compassion, it was one of the amusements of Mirza Mahmud's childhood to torture birds and animals; and, taught by his minions to regard himself as of a superior order of being, his natural cruelty, hardened by habit, rendered him as insensible to the sufferings of his own species as of the brute creation [animals]: in conception he was not slow, but absurd; obstinate, sullen, and impatient of contradiction; but notwithstanding this insolent contempt of mankind, innate cowardice, the confusion of his ideas rendered him suspicious of all those who approached him, excepting his favourites, who were buffoons and profligate men, raised from menial servants to be his companions: with these he lived in every kind of intemperance and debauchery, and more especially in drinking spiritous liquors to an excess, which inflamed his passions and impaired the little understanding with which he was born. He had, however, cunning enough to carry himself with much demureness in the presence of Allaverdy, whom no one ventured to inform of his real character; for in despotic states the sovereign is always the last to hear what it concerns him most to know."

Two Muslim historians of the period wrote of him, and both made specific mention of his exceptional cruelty and arrogance.

Ghulam Husain Salim wrote[1]:

"Owing to Siraj ud Dowla’s harshness of temper and indulgence, fear and terror had settled on the hearts of everyone to such an extent that no one among his generals of the army or the noblemen of the city was free from anxiety. Amongst his officers, whoever went to wait on Siraj ud Dowla despaired of life and honour, and whoever returned without being disgraced and ill-treated offered thanks to God. Siraj ud Dowla treated all the noblemen and generals of Mahabat Jang [Ali Vardi Khan] with ridicule and drollery, and bestowed on each some contemptuous nickname that ill-suited any of them. And whatever harsh expressions and abusive epithet came to his lips, Siraj ud Dowla uttered them unhesitatingly in the face of everyone, and no one had the boldness to breath freely in his presence."'

Ghulam Husain Tabatabai had this[2] to say about him:

"Making no distinction between vice and virtue, he carried defilement wherever he went, and, like a man alienated in his mind, he made the house of men and women of distinction the scenes of his depravity, without minding either rank or station. In a little time he became detested as Pharaoh, and people on meeting him by chance used to say, ‘God save us from him!'"

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Chaudhury, Sushil. 2000. The prelude to empire: Plassey revolution of 1757. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors.ISBN 9788173043017
  • Gupta, Brijen Kishore. 1966. Sirajuddaullah and the East India company, 1756-1757, background to the foundation of British power in India. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • Marshall, P. J. 1987. Bengal—the British bridgehead: eastern India, 1740-1828. The New Cambridge history of India, II, 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9780521253307
  • Sarkar, Jadunath. 2003. The· history of Bengal 2 Muslim period: 1200 C.E. - 1757 C.E. Delhi: B. R. Publ. ISBN 9788176462396
  • Watts, William, and Bimal Kanti Ghosh. 1988. Memoirs of the revolution in Bengal, Anno. Dom. 1757. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co.ISBN 9788170740346

External links

Notes

  1. ^  Riyazu-s-salatin, A History of Bengal - a reference to Siraj-Ud-Daul's character may be found here
  2. ^  The Seir Mutaqherin, Vol 2 - a discussion of Sirj-Ud-Daulah's character here


Born: 1733; Died: 2 July 1757
Preceded by:
Alivardi Khan
Nawab of Bengal
1756–1757
Succeeded by: Mir Jafar

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

  1. Schama, Simon. 2001. A History of Britain: Volume 11: the wars of the British, 1603-1776. NY: Hyperion/Miramax ISBN 978-0786867523 page 517.
  2. Schama, page 498.
  3. Schama, page 517.