Sir Thomas Browne

Sir Thomas Browne (October 19, 1605 – October 19, 1682) was an English author of varied works that disclose his wide learning in diverse fields including medicine, religion, science and the esoteric.

Browne's writings display a deep curiosity towards the natural world, influenced by the Scientific revolution of Baconian enquiry. In counterbalance his Christian faith exuded tolerance and goodwill towards humanity in an often intolerant era. A consummate literary craftsman, Browne's works are permeated by frequent reference to Classical and Biblical sources and to his own highly idiosyncratic personality. His literary style varies according to genre resulting in a rich, unusual prose ranging from rough note-book observations to the highest baroque eloquence.

Life and Work

The son of a silk merchant from Upton, Cheshire, Browne was born in the parish of St Michael, Cheapside in London on October 19, 1605. His father died while he was still young and he was sent to school at Winchester College.

In 1623 Browne went up to Oxford University. He graduated from Pembroke College, Oxford in 1626 after which he studied medicine at various Continental universities, including Leiden, where he received an MD in 1633. He settled in Norwich in 1637 where he practiced medicine and lived until his death in 1682.

His first well-known work bore the Latin title Religio Medici (The Religion of a Physician). This work was circulated in manuscript among his friends, and it caused Browne some surprise and embarrassment when an unauthorised edition appeared in 1642, since the work contained a number of religious speculations that might be considered unorthodox. An authorised text with some of the controversial matter removed appeared in 1643. The expurgation did not end the controversy; in 1645, Alexander Ross attacked Religio Medici in his Medicus Medicatus (The Doctor, Doctored) and in fact the book was placed upon the Papal index of forbidden reading for Catholics in the same year.

In 1646, Browne published Pseudodoxia Epidemica, or, Enquiries into Very many Received Tenets, and commonly Presumed Truths, whose title refers to the prevalence of false beliefs and "vulgar errors", what we would today call superstitions, that were still wide-spread in Browne's time, science being still a relatively new invention. Pseudodoxie is a sceptical work that debunks a number of legends circulating in Browne's time by way of reductio ad absurdum, revealing paradoxes in oft-held beliefs in a swift and witty manner; it displays the Baconian side of Browne's thought—the side that was unafraid of what at the time was still called "the new learning." The book is significant in the history and philosophy of science as one of the most noteworthy texts, outside of Bacon's Novum Organum itself, that propounded the value of rational inquiry and the scientific method.

In 1658 Browne published together two Discourses which are intimately related to each other and which have, together, become his most highly praised works. The first Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial or a Brief Discourse of the Sepulchral Urns lately found in Norfolk, occasioned by the discovery of some Bronze Age burials in earthenware vessels found in Norfolk near Browne's home. Hydrotaphia is perhaps one of the earliest and one of the finest examples of essay-writing in the English language. The work begins innocently enough, with the first few chapters consisting of Browne's catalogues of funerary customs of the ancient world and his own thoughts on the possible history of the urns buried in Norfolk, and who might have been buried in them; by the third chapter, however, Browne takes a significant departure, spending the rest of the book meditating deeply on the nature of death, immortality, and posterity. Although notorious (even among Browne's works) for its densely allusive style and tremendously long and complex sentences, the revelations which Browne's slow and learned sentences are truly astounding. Here is an excerpt from the book's fifth and final chapter, and some of the finest paragraphs ever written in the English language:

There is no antidote against the Opium of time, which temporally considereth all things; Our Fathers finde their graves in our short memories, and sadly tell us how we may be buried in our Survivors. Grave-stones tell truth scarce fourty years. Generations passe while some trees stand, and old Families last not three Oaks. To be read by bare Inscriptions like many in Gruter, to hope for Eternity by Ænigmaticall Epithetes, or first letters of our names, to be studied by Antiquaries, who we were, and have new Names given us like many of the Mummies, are cold consolations unto the Students of perpetuity, even by everlasting Languages.

To be content that times to come should only know there was such a man, not caring whether they knew more of him, was a frigid ambition in Cardan disparaging his horoscopal inclination and judgement of himself, who cares to subsist like Hippocrates Patients, or Achilles horses in Homer, under naked nominations, without deserts and noble acts, which are the balsame of our memories, the Entelecchia and soul of our subsistences. To be namelesse in worthy deeds exceeds an infamous history. The Canaanitish woman lives more happily without a name, then Herodias with one. And who had not rather have been the good theef, then Pilate?

But the iniquity of oblivion blindely scattereth her poppy, and deals with the memory of men without distinction to merit of perpetuity. Who can but pity the founder of the Pyramids? Herostratus lives that burnt the Temple of Diana, he is almost lost that built it; Time hath spared the Epitaph of Adrians horse, confounded that of himself. In vain we compute our felicities by the advantage of our good names, since bad have equall durations; and Thersites is like to live as long as Agamenon, [without the favour of the everlasting Register. Who knows whether the best of men be known? or whether there be not more remarkable persons forgot, then any that stand remembred in the known account of time? without the favour of the everlasting Register the first man had been as unknown as the last, and Methuselahs long life had been his only Chronicle.

Urn-Burial's 'twin' Discourse is The Garden of Cyrus, or, The Quincunciall Lozenge, or Network Plantations of the Ancients, Artificially, Naturally, and Mystically Considered, whose slight subject is the quincunx, the arrangement of five units like the five-spot in dice, which Browne uses to demonstrate that the Platonic forms exist throughout Nature. Again, from humble beginnings, Browne proceeds into an essay of the highest form, meditating on the nature of the world and physical phenomena and the symmetry that can be found even in such a chaotic universe. The two books were printed together, and taken together they amount to Browne's masterpieces. They have been acclaimed by writers and poets of all generations ever since; Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who had read so widely, preferred Browne above almost all others writers in English; Virginia Woolf, an ardent lover of Browne, thought Hydrotaphia and The Garden of Cyrus to be the best books Browne ever wrote.

Literary influence

The influence of Browne's literary style spans four centuries. In the eighteenth century, Doctor Johnson, who shared Browne's love of the Latinate, wrote a brief Life in which he praised Browne as a faithful Christian.

In the nineteenth century Browne's reputation was revived by the Romantics. Thomas De Quincey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Charles Lamb (who considered himself the rediscoverer of Browne) were all admirers. The seminal American novelist Herman Melville, heavily influenced by his style, deemed him "a cracked archangel."

The literary critic Robert Sencourt succinctly assessed Browne as "an instance of scientific reason lit up by mysticism in the Church of England." Indeed, Browne's paradoxical place in the history of ideas, as both a promoter of the new inductive science and as an adherent of ancient spiritual learning accounts for why he remains little-read yet much-beloved.

Perhaps no better epitaph for Browne's difficult and wonderful thought exists than what Virginia Woolf wrote of him in 1923,

"Few people love the writings of Sir Thomas Browne, but those that do are the salt of the earth."

In modern times others who have admired the English man of letters include-

• The American natural historian and paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould

• The Theosophist Madame Blavatsky

• The Scottish psychologist R. D. Laing, who opens his work The Politics of Experience with a quotation by him.

• The composer William Alwyn wrote a symphony In 1973 based upon the rhythmical cadences of Browne's literary work Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial.

• The American author Tony Kushner in 1987 wrote a play upon Browne whose title is Hydriotaphia.

• The German author W.G. Sebald wrote of Browne in his semi-autobiographical novel The Rings of Saturn (1995).

• The Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges alluded to Browne throughout his literary writings, from his first publication, Fervor de Buenos Aires (1923) until his last years. Such was Borges' admiration of Browne as a literary stylist and thinker that late in his life (Interview April 25th 1980) he stated of himself:

"I am merely a word for Chesterton, for Kafka, and Sir Thomas Browne—I love him. I translated him into seventeenth century Spanish and it worked very well. We took a chapter out of Urne Buriall and we did that into Quevedo's Spanish and it went very well."

Literary works

• Religio Medici (1643)
• Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646-72)
• Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial (1658)
• The Garden of Cyrus (1658)
• A Letter to a Friend (1656; pub. post. 1690)
• Christian Morals (1670s; pub. post. 1716)
• Musaeum Clausum Tract 13 from Miscellaneous Tracts first pub. post. 1684

External links

• The Sir Thomas Browne Page at the University of Chicago, a comprehensive site with the complete works — all the works mentioned above, plus the minor works; Samuel Johnson's Life of Browne, Kenelm Digby's Observations on Religio Medici, and Alexander Ross's Medicus Medicatus; and background material, such as many of Browne's ancient sources.
• The Thomas Browne Seminar
• Thomas Browne Bibliography
• A selection of quotations
• An essay upon Browne's relationship to alchemy
• Spiritual and literary affinity between Julian of Norwich and Sir Thomas Browne.

http://www.umilta.net/browne.html

• Interview with Jorge Luis Borges, April 25 1980, discussing Browne
• Works by Sir Thomas Browne. Project Gutenberg

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