Difference between revisions of "Singapore" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
(Singapore - edit)
(Singapore - geog, hist, politics, econ)
Line 10: Line 10:
 
|national_anthem          = ''[[Majulah Singapura]]''
 
|national_anthem          = ''[[Majulah Singapura]]''
 
|official_languages      = [[English language|English]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
 
|official_languages      = [[English language|English]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|capital                  = Singapore<sup>[[#Infobox footnotes|1]]</sup>  
+
|capital                  = Singapore<sup>[[#Infobox footnotes|1]]</sup> |latd=1|latm=17|latNS=N|longd=103|longm=51|longEW=E
 +
|largest_city            = Singapore<sup>[[#Infobox footnotes|1]]</sup>
 
|government_type          = [[Parliamentary republic]]
 
|government_type          = [[Parliamentary republic]]
 
|leader_title1            = [[President of Singapore|President]]
 
|leader_title1            = [[President of Singapore|President]]
Line 21: Line 22:
 
|areami²                  = 270  <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]—>
 
|areami²                  = 270  <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]—>
 
|percent_water            = 1.444
 
|percent_water            = 1.444
|population_estimate      = 4,483,900 <!--singstat 13 Dec 2006 :  
+
|population_estimate      = 4,483,900 <!--singstat 13 Dec 2006 : http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/annual/indicators.html—>
 
|population_estimate_year = Dec 2006
 
|population_estimate_year = Dec 2006
 
|population_estimate_rank = 117th
 
|population_estimate_rank = 117th
Line 30: Line 31:
 
|population_density_rank  = 4th
 
|population_density_rank  = 4th
 
|GDP_PPP_year            = 2006
 
|GDP_PPP_year            = 2006
|GDP_PPP                  = $123.4 billion <!--IMF 2005:  
+
|GDP_PPP                  = $123.4 billion <!--IMF 2005: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2005&ED=2006&R1=1&R2=1&CS=3&SS=2&OS=C&DD=0&OUT=1&C=576&S=PPPWGT-PPPPC&RequestTimeout=120&CMP=0&x=10&y=16—>
 
|GDP_PPP_rank            = 57th
 
|GDP_PPP_rank            = 57th
 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita      = $28,368
 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita      = $28,368
Line 40: Line 41:
 
|sovereignty_type        = [[Independence]]
 
|sovereignty_type        = [[Independence]]
 
|established_event1      = Unilateral declaration (from the [[United Kingdom|UK]])
 
|established_event1      = Unilateral declaration (from the [[United Kingdom|UK]])
 +
|established_event2      = Officially from UK (as a state of Malaysia)
 +
|established_event3      = from [[Malaysia]]
 
|established_date1        = [[August 31]] [[1963]]
 
|established_date1        = [[August 31]] [[1963]]
 +
|established_date2        = [[September 16]] [[1963]]
 +
|established_date3        = [[August 9]] [[1965]]
 
|currency                = [[Singapore dollar]]
 
|currency                = [[Singapore dollar]]
 
|currency_code            = SGD
 
|currency_code            = SGD
 
|time_zone                = [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
 
|time_zone                = [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
 
|utc_offset              = +8
 
|utc_offset              = +8
 +
|time_zone_DST            = ''not observed''
 +
|utc_offset_DST          = +8
 
|cctld                    = [[.sg]]
 
|cctld                    = [[.sg]]
 
|calling_code            = 65<sup>2</sup>
 
|calling_code            = 65<sup>2</sup>
 +
|footnotes                = <cite id="Infobox_footnotes"> </cite> <sup>1</sup> Singapore is a [[city-state]].<br><sup>2</sup> 02 from Malaysia.
 
}}
 
}}
  

Revision as of 20:08, 16 January 2007

Republik Singapura
新加坡共和国
சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு

Republic of Singapore
Flag of Singapore Coat of arms of Singapore
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Majulah Singapura
(Malay: "Onward, Singapore")
Anthem: Majulah Singapura
Location of Singapore
Capital
(and largest city)
Singapore1
1°17′N 103°51′E
Official languages English, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil
Government Parliamentary republic
 - President Sellapan Ramanathan
 - Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
Independence  
 - Unilateral declaration (from the UK) August 31 1963 
 - Officially from UK (as a state of Malaysia) September 16 1963 
 - from Malaysia August 9 1965 
Area
 - Total 699.4 km² (188th)
270 sq mi 
 - Water (%) 1.444
Population
 - Dec 2006 estimate 4,483,900
 - 2000 census 4,117,700
 - Density 6,208/km²
16,392/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2006 estimate
 - Total $123.4 billion
 - Per capita $28,368
HDI  (2004) Green Arrow Up Darker.svg 0.916 (high)
Currency Singapore dollar (SGD)
Time zone SST (UTC+8)
 - Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+8)
Internet TLD .sg
Calling code +652
1 Singapore is a city-state.
2 02 from Malaysia.

Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island nation and the smallest country in Southeast Asia. It is located on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, south of the Malaysian state of Johor, and north of the Indonesian Riau Islands. It lies 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator.

The site of several ancient port cities and a possession of several empires in its history, Singapore was a Malay fishing village when it was colonised by the United Kingdom in the nineteenth century. It was further occupied by the Japanese Empire in World War II, and was later part of the merger that established Malaysia. When Singapore acquired independence, having few natural resources, it was socio-politically volatile and economically undeveloped. Foreign investment and rapid government-led industrialisation has since created an economy which relies on exports of electronics and manufacturing primarily from its port.

According to the quality-of-life index assembled by the Economist Intelligence Unit, Singapore has the highest standard of living in Asia, and is ranked 11th in the world. In the United Nations Human Development Index, Singapore holds the 25th place, behind only Japan, Hong Kong, and Israel in Asia. Measured by GDP per capita, Singapore is the 22nd wealthiest country. The geographically small nation has foreign exchange reserves of S$197b (US$119b).

Eighty-three percent of Singapore's population lives in housing estates constructed by the Housing and Development Board. As a result of controls on motorised traffic, the maintenance of natural greenery, strict regulations on industrial locations and emissions, Singapore has been able to control its pollution levels to within World Health Organization standards.

Geography

Template:Singapore Urban Planning Areas Labelled Map Singapore is divided into 55 urban planning areas, grouped into five regions.

Singapore consists of 63 islands, including the main island itself. It is slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington DC.

Singapore has reclaimed land with earth from its hills, seabed and neighbouring countries. As a result, the land area grew from 224 square miles (581.5 square kilometers) in the 1960s to 269 square miles (697.2 square kilometers) today, and may grow by another 40 square miles (100 square kilometers) by 2030. About 23 percent of Singapore's land area consists of forest and nature reserves. Many of the smaller islands have been expanded and joined to form larger, more functional islands, such as Jurong Island.

The extensive land reclamation means few Singaporeans know what types of rocks are found there. Igneous rocks, mostly granite, are found in Bukit Timah, Woodlands, and Pulau Ubin island. Sedimentary rocks, sandstone and mudstones, are found on the western part of Singapore. Metamorphic rocks are found in the north-eastern area.

There are two connections from Singapore to the Malaysian state of Johor — the Johor-Singapore Causeway to the north, crossing the Tebrau Straits, and Malaysia-Singapore Second Link, a bridge from western Singapore to Johor. Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the largest of Singapore's many smaller islands. The highest point of Singapore is Bukit Timah Hill, with a height of 538 feet (166 metres).

File:Singapore botanic garden pond.jpg
Singapore Botanic Gardens, a 166-acre) botanical garden in Singapore that includes the National Orchid Garden which has a collection of more than 3000 species of orchids.

Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate with no distinct seasons. Its climate is characterised by uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity and abundant rainfall. Temperatures range from 72F to 93F (22C to 34C). On average, the relative humidity is around 90 percent in the morning and 60 percent in the afternoon. During prolonged heavy rain, relative humidity often reaches 100 percent.

Urbanisation has eliminated many areas of primary rainforest, with the only remaining area of primary rainforest being Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. A variety of parks are maintained, such as the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Without natural freshwater rivers and lakes, rainfall, collected in reservoirs, supplies approximately 50 percent of water. The remainder is imported from Malaysia or obtained from recycled water, a product called NEWater, and desalination plants.

The urban area used to be concentrated to the south around the mouth of the Singapore River and what is now the Downtown Core, while the rest of the land was tropical rainforest or used for agriculture. New towns built since the 1960s has resulted in an entirely built-up and urban landscape.

History

The name Singapore is derived from the Malay language words |singa (lion) and pura (city), which were themselves derived from Sanskrit words. Hence, Singapore is also known as the Lion City. The naming is attributed to a prince named Sang Nila Utama, who according to folklore, was caught in a terrible storm that did not cease until he had thrown his crown into the water. He sailed to the closest island. The first animal he saw on the island was supposedly a lion. Therefore, he decided to name the island Singapura.

Chinese texts from the third century C.E. contain the first records of Singapore's existence The island was an outpost of the Sumatran Srivijaya empire and originally bore the Javanese name Temasek (which means sea town). Temasek became a significant trading city, but subsequently declined. There are few remnants of old Temasek in Singapore, but archaeologists have uncovered evidence of the civilization. Between the sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Singapore was a part of the Sultanate of Johore. During the Malay-Portugal wars in 1613, Portuguese troops set fire to Singapore.

Statue of Thomas Stamford Raffles by Thomas Woolner, erected at the spot where he first landed at Singapore. He is recognised as the founder of modern Singapore.

In 1819, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, an official with the British East India Company, signed a treaty with the Sultan of Johore, and established Singapore as a trading post and settlement, bringing instant growth and immigration. Britain made Singapore a crown colony in 1867. After a series of colonial territorial expansions, the British Empire soon raised Singapore's status to that of an entrepot town, due to its strategic location along the busy shipping routes connecting Europe to China.

During World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded Malaya and the surrounding region in the Battle of Malaya, which culminated in the Battle of Singapore. The British were ill-prepared and swiftly defeated, despite having more troops. They surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942. The Japanese renamed Singapore to Shōnan and occupied it until the British arrived a month after the Japanese surrender to repossess the island on 12 September 1945.

Singapore became a self-governing state in 1959 with Yusof bin Ishak as its first head of state and Lee Kuan Yew from the People's Action Party as its first prime minister. Following the 1962 Merger Referendum of Singapore, Singapore joined Malaysia along with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak as a state with autonomous powers in September 1963. Singapore was expelled from the federation after heated ideological conflict developed between the state government formed by PAP and the federal government in Kuala Lumpur. It gained official sovereignty on 9 August 1965, which later became Singapore's National Day. Malaysia was the first country to recognise it as an independent nation. Yusof bin Ishak was sworn in as the first president and Lee Kuan Yew remained as prime minister.

File:Singapore.jpg
The Downtown Core of Singapore at dusk

The fledgling nation faced problems including mass unemployment, housing shortages and lack of land and natural resources such as petroleum. Lee Kuan Yew, during his term as prime minister from 1959 to 1990, curbed unemployment, raised the standard of living and implemented a large-scale public housing programme. The country's economic infrastructure was developed, the threat of racial tension was eliminated and an independent national defence system was created. Singapore evolved from a developing nation to a global city with first-world status towards the end of the twentieth century.

In 1990, Goh Chok Tong succeeded Lee as prime minister. During his tenure, the country tackled the economic impacts of the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the 2003 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, as well as terrorist threats posed by the Jemaah Islamiah post-September 11 attacks and the Bali bombings. In 2004 Lee Hsien Loong, the eldest son of Lee Kuan Yew, became the third prime minister.

Politics and government

The politics of Singapore takes place in a framework of a parliamentary system republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Singapore is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system.

The president had largely a ceremonial role until 1991, when constitutional changes mean the president is now directly elected, by popular vote, for a six-year term. As of early 2007, an no election had ever taken place. The president has veto powers in a few key decisions such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of key judiciary positions.

The cabinet forms the executive, or the government, and it is answerable to parliament. It consists of 84 sitting members of parliament and is headed by a prime minister, the head of government. The prime minister is Lee Hsien Loong. The president appoints the prime minister, and cabinet ministers, on the advice of the prime minister.

The unicameral parliament is the legislature in Singapore with the president as its head. The 84 members of parliament (MPs) are elected for a maximum five-year term, and represent either single-member constituencies or group representation constituencies. In group constituencies, political parties field a team of between three to six candidates. At least one candidate in the team must belong to a minority race. In the general election in 2006, the incumbent People's Action Party (PAP) won 82 of the 84 seats.

Voting has been compulsory in Singapore since 1959. Paper ballots are still used.

The People's Action Party has dominated Singaporean politics since 1959. Some foreign analysts and several opposition parties, including the Workers' Party of Singapore, the Singapore Democratic Party and the Singapore Democratic Alliance, have argued that Singapore is a de facto one-party state. The Economist Intelligence Unit listed Singapore as a country with a "hybrid" system with democratic and authoritarian elements. Though general elections are free from irregularities and vote rigging, the PAP has been criticised for manipulating the political system.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Supreme Court consists of the Court of Appeal and the High Court. The Court of Appeal exercises appellate criminal and civil jurisdiction, while the High Court exercises both original and appellate criminal and civil jurisdiction. The president appoints the chief justice, judges of appeal, judicial commissioners and High Court judges from candidates recommended by the prime minister. The prime minister must consult the chief justice before recommending the judges. The chief justice is Chan Sek Keong.

The constitution is the supreme law of Singapore. It cannot be amended without the support of more than two-thirds of the members of parliament. The president may seek opinion on constitutional issues from a tribunal consisting of not less than three judges of the Supreme Court. Singaporean courts, like the courts in Australia, cannot offer advisory opinion on the constitutionality of laws.

Part XII of the constitution allows the Parliament of Singapore to enact legislation designed to stop or prevent subversion. Such legislation is valid even if it is inconsistent with Part IV of the constitution. The Internal Security Act is a law under such provision. In 1966, Chia Thye Poh was detained under the ISA and was imprisoned for 23 years without trial.

Singapore's laws are inherited from British and British Indian laws, and include many elements of English common law. The PAP has liberal democratic values, which it typifies as Western, but also says that there should not be a “one-size-fits-all” solution to a democracy. Laws restricting the freedom of speech are justified by claims that they are intended to prohibit speech that may breed ill will or cause disharmony within Singapore's multiracial, multi-religious society. For example, in September 2005, three bloggers were convicted of sedition for posting racist remarks targeting minorities.

Some offences can lead to heavy fines or caning. First-degree murder and drug trafficking attract the death penalty. Amnesty International has alleged Singapore has possibly the highest execution rate in the world per capita. The Singapore government argues that there is no international consensus on the appropriateness of the death penalty and that Singapore has the sovereign right to impose capital punishment.

Singapore has what its government considers to be a highly successful and transparent market economy. The PAP's policies contain some aspects of socialism. The Housing Development Board oversees a large-scale public housing programme and education in Singapore is a rigorous compulsory public education system. Government-linked companies dominate the media, utilities, and public transport. Singapore has consistently been rated as the least-corrupt country in Asia and amongst the top ten cleanest from corruption in the world by Transparency International.

The Gurkha Contingent of the Singapore Police Force, with its members recruited from Nepal, is a counter-terrorism unit. Here, the officers join other members of the local constabulary in the annual Police Day Parade.

The military of Singapore serves to deter potential invaders. Singapore has mutual defence pacts with several countries, most notably the Five Power Defence Arrangements. Singapore subscribes to a philosophy of Total Defence, in which five aspects of a c national defence are identified: Civil defence; economic defence, which stresses the need for a robust economy; psychological defence, which calls for a patriotic citizenry; and “social defence,” in which stresses the need for a population at harmony with itself.

The Singapore Armed Forces, which includes the army, navy, and air force, is one of the most modern in Asia, with advanced equipment and high level of training reflecting the fact that military expenditure dominates the annual government budget.

The recent rise in unconventional warfare and terrorism has cast increasing emphasis upon the non-military aspects of Total Defence. The Gurkha Contingent, which is part of the Singapore Police Force, is also a counter-terrorist force. Singapore's defence resources have been used in United Nations peacekeeping assignments in Kosovo, Kuwait and East Timor.

One notable terrorist attack was the bombing of MacDonald House during the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation in the early 1960s. The Shell Oil refinery on Pulau Bukom was attacked by members of the Japanese Red Army and the PFLP in the Laju Incident of 1974; and in 1991, the hijacking of Singapore Airlines Flight 117 ended in the storming of the aircraft and the subsequent deaths of all four hijackers. A concern in 2007 was Jemaah Islamiyah, a militant Islamic group operating in South East Asia known to be responsible for several bombings around the region, as well as planning in 2001 an ultimately foiled attack on American interests in Singapore.

Economy

File:SGcurrency.jpg
Singapore banknotes and coins
Singapore's Central Business District (CBD), where there is the fourth largest exchange centre in the world. The piece of green land facing the CBD would be half the site of the future Integrated Resort.
Singapore's national icon, the Merlion can be seen in the CBD and Sentosa.
Orchard Road is a popular tourist attraction in Singapore. Every year, Orchard Road is brightly lit during Christmas, so that tourists can enjoy the night scene of the streets every night during this period of time.
Panoramic view of the Singapore River. Once centre of trade and commerce as the port of Singapore during its colonial times, it is now a tourist spot with numerous bars, pubs, and seafood along the river.


Singapore has a highly developed market-based economy, and is a developed nation. It ranks 25th on the Human Development Index which measures standards of living, and second in the Index of Economic Freedom. Singapore's gross domestic product (GDP), per capita, is equal to that of the major European countries. Singapore is also the fourth largest foreign exchange trading centre in the world after London, New York City and Tokyo.

Singapore has been rated as the most business-friendly economy in the world. The economies were evaluated on 10 key parameters that included the ease of starting a business, getting licences, sourcing staff, and enforcing contracts.

The city-state employs thousands of foreign workers — Indians, Malaysians and Filipinos. It requires talent from outside to fill the various jobs the economy is generating, most of which are in the IT and financial sectors. The government offers easier processing time for permanent residency or citizenship.

The economy depends heavily on exports produced from refining imported goods. Manufacturing, which contributes around 28 percent of GDP, includes electronics, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences. Along with Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan, Singapore's fast-paced industrialization earned it a place as one of the four original “East Asian Tigers.”

In 2001, a global recession and slump in the technology sector caused the GDP to contract by 2.2 percent. The Economic Review Committee set up in December 2001, recommended policy changes to revitalise the economy. Improvements in the world economy meant the Singaporean economy grew by 8.3 percent in 2004 and 6.4 percent in 2005, and 7.7 percent in 2006.

The per capita GDP in 2005 was US$26,833 and the unemployment rate was 2.7 percent in 2006, with 124,000 new jobs being created in the first three quarters of 2006, a record high.

Exports totalled US$204.8-billion in 2005. Export commodities were machinery and equipment (including electronics), consumer goods, chemicals, and mineral fuels. Export partners were Malaysia 14.7 percent, US 11.5 percent, Indonesia 10.7 percent, Hong Kong 10.4 percent, China 9.5 percent, Japan 6 percent, Thailand 4.5 percent, Australia 4.1 percent.

Imports totalled US$188.3-billion in 2005. Import commodities were machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, and foodstuffs. Import partners were Malaysia 14.4 percent, US 12.4 percent, China 10.8 percent, Japan 10.1 percent, Indonesia 5.5 percent, Saudi Arabia 4.7 percent, and South Korea 4.5 percent.

Singapore introduced a goods and services tax (GST) with an initial rate of 3 percent on 1 April, 1994. This has substantially increased government revenue by $1.6-billion, stabilising the government's finances. The government has used revenue from this tax to reorient the economy around services and value added-goods to reduce dependence on electronics manufacturing. The taxable GST was increased to 4 percent in 2003 and to 5 percent in 2004.

Singapore is a popular travel destination, making tourism one of its largest industries. 8.9 million and 9.5 million tourists visited Singapore in 2005 and 2006 respectively. The Orchard Road district, which is dominated by multi-storey shopping centres and hotels, is the centre of tourism in Singapore. Other popular tourist attractions include the Singapore Zoo and its Night Safari along with the tourist island of Sentosa. To attract more tourists, the government decided in 2005 to legalise gambling and to allow two Integrated Resorts to be developed at Marina South and Sentosa.

Cuisine has been heavily promoted as an attraction for tourists, alongside shopping. The government organises the Singapore Food Festival in July annually to celebrate Singapore's cuisine. The multiculturalism of local food, the ready availability of international cuisine, and their wide range in prices to fit all budgets at all times of the day and year helps create a "food paradise" to rival other contenders claiming the same moniker.

File:NS logo.jpg
Logo of the PTC- Public Transport System
File:Singapore Changi Airport, Control Tower 2, Dec 05.JPG
Singapore's Changi International Airport is one of the largest aviation facilities in Asia, serving 179 cities in 57 countries.

Singapore is a major Asian transportation hub, strategically lying on sea and air trade routes. Its history has been closely tied to the growth of its transportation industry since the establishment of its port. The transportation industry comprises over 10 percent of Singaporean GDP. The Port of Singapore was the world's busiest port in 2005 with 1.15 billion gross tons handled.

Singapore is an aviation hub, acting as a stopover point for the “Kangaroo route” between Australasia and Europe. Singapore’s Changi Airport has a network of 81 airlines connecting Singapore to 179 cities in 57 countries in 2005. It is one of the top five airports in Asia in terms of passengers handled, with 30 million passengers passing through in 2004.

A C751B train at Eunos MRT Station on the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, one of three heavy rail passenger transport lines in Singapore.

The backbone of domestic transport infrastructure is the road transport system that includes a network of expressways that form the arteries between towns and regional centres. Following a government study which foresaw problems of traffic congestion and air pollution, the Land Transport Authority began to develop the use of public transport by improving the nation's bus service and liberalising the hired vehicle market to allow for more taxi operators. Since 1987, the heavy rail passenger Mass Rapid Transit metro system has been in operation, later augmented by and linked to the Light Rapid Transit, which provides service to several expanses of housing estates. The EZ-Link system allows contactless smartcards to serve as stored value tickets for use in the public transport systems. More than 2.8 million people use the bus network daily, while more than 1.3 million people use either the LRT or MRT as part of their daily routine. Approximately 900,000 people use the taxi services daily. Private vehicle use in the Central Area is discouraged by tolls implemented through an Electronic Road Pricing system that operates during hours of heavy road traffic.

Demographics

Built in 1843, the Sri Mariamman Temple is the largest Hindu temple in Singapore. It is also one of the many religious buildings marked as national monuments for their historical value.

Singapore is the second most densely populated independent country in the world, excluding Macau and Hong Kong which are parts of the PRC. Eighty-three percent of Singaporeans live in public housing provided by the Housing and Development Board (HDB]][1] The largest group in the population of 4.48 million (as of June 2006) are the Singaporean Chinese who account for 76.8% of Singaporeans, making it one of the largest Chinese cities outside of China. Nearby Malaysia is also home to many ethnic Chinese. Singapore is also diverse, with the Singaporean Malays, who are the indigenous native group of the country, constituting 13.9%, though this number includes many Malay ethnic groups from other parts of the Malay archipelago including the Javanese, Bugis, Baweans and Minangkabau. Indian Singaporeans are the third largest ethnic group at 7.9%, consisting of several groups — Indian Tamils and Sri Lankan Tamils, who form the largest Indian group, and others such as Malayalees, Punjabis and Bengalis. The rest are made up of smaller groups such as Arab Singaporeans, Jews, Thais, Japanese, European and the Eurasian Singaporean community.[2]

Singapore is also a multi-religious country, due mainly to its location on one of the world's major transportation routes. More than 40% of Singaporeans practice Buddhism. About 15% practice Christianity (mostly Chinese and Indians), and 15% profess no religion. Muslims (mostly Malays) account for 14%. A smaller minority practices Taoism, Sikhism, Hinduism, Baha'i Faith, and others. [citation needed]

The government of Singapore has been careful to maintain ethnic harmony after racial riots erupted in the 1960s. Racial harmony has been emphasized in all aspects of society, including the Singaporean education system, military and housing. So far the policy has been largely successful, and there have been few signs of ethnic tension since the early 1970s. Current issues include the ban on wearing the Islamic headscarf in public schools. The national language of Singapore is Malay for historical reasons, and it is used in the national anthem, "Majulah Singapura". The official languages are English, Mandarin, Malay and Tamil. English has been promoted as the country's language of administration since independence, and it is spoken by the majority of the population. Most public signs and official publications are in English although there are also translated versions in the other official languages. The government has introduced a Speak Mandarin Campaign, 'Hua Yu Cool', to promote Mandarin as a common language among the Chinese.[3]

After two decades of a successful family planning policy, Singapore is now facing the threat of an aging population with declining birth rates. The government is encouraging Singaporeans to have more children through the provision of financial incentives for the first to fourth child of each family.[4]

Culture

Architecture

File:Singapore Skyline.JPG
Skyline of the Central Business District

The architecture of Singapore is extremely varied. Due to the lack of available space, few historical buildings remain in the urban areas of Singapore. However, Singapore has become a centre for modern architecture as older buildings are cleared away to make space for newer, larger buildings. Historically, the demand for high-end buildings has been in and around the Central Business District (CBD). After decades of development, the CBD has become an area with many tall business buildings. These buildings comprise the skyline along the coast of Marina Bay and Raffles Place, which is a famous tourist attraction in Singapore. Due to the air restrictions in Singapore, [citation needed] no building in Singapore is to be taller than 280 metres. The three tallest buildings in Singapore, namely Republic Plaza, UOB Plaza One and OUB Centre, are all 280 metres in height.

A few signs of Singapore's colonial past remain in the form of "Black and White Houses". These large houses are situated further away from the CBD and were built in the early to mid 19th century. These homes were built to house the British generals and governors when Britain occupied the country. Later, they became home to many Japanese generals after the fall of Singapore during World War II.


Enjoying Singaporean cuisine is a national pastime. Hawker centres and kopi tiams are well-distributed throughout the country.
The majority of Singaporeans live in planned estates of high-rise, high-density HDB flats.

Singapore is a small and relatively modern amalgam of an indigenous Malay population with a third generation Chinese majority, as well as Indian and Arab immigrants with some intermarriages. There also exist Eurasian and Peranakan (known also as 'Straits Chinese') communities. Singapore has also achieved a significant degree of cultural diffusion with its unique combination of these ethnic groups, and this has given Singapore a rich mixture of diversity for its young age. One of the prime examples is in Singaporean cuisine, often a cultural attraction for tourists.

The English used is primarily British English, with some American English influences. The local colloquial dialect of English is Singlish, which has many creole-like characteristics, having incorporated vocabulary and grammar from various Chinese dialects, Malay, and Indian languages. Singlish is spoken commonly on the streets, but the government frowns upon its use in official contexts. English became widespread in Singapore after it was implemented as a first language medium in the education system, and English is the most common language in Singaporean literature.

Singapore has several ethnic neighbourhoods, including Little India and Chinatown. These were formed under the Raffles Plan to originally segregate the immigrants, but now have a diverse patronage whose main intentions are to either eat or buy something specific to that culture. Many places of worship were also constructed during the colonial era, a practice encouraged by the British to promote religious tolerance. Sri Mariamman Temple, the Masjid Jamae Mosque and the Church of Gregory the Illuminator are among those that were built during the colonial period. Work is now underway to preserve these religious sites as National Monuments of Singapore. The policy for the primarily commercial ethnic neighbourhoods stands in contrast to the housing policies of the Housing and Development Board (HDB). HDB policies attempt to promote a mix of all races within each housing district in order to foster social cohesion and national loyalty.[5]

Since the 1990s, the government has been striving to promote Singapore as a centre for arts and culture, including theatre and music, and to transform the country into a cosmopolitan and diverse community at the 'gateway between the East and West'.[6] The highlight of these efforts was the construction of Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay, a centre for performing arts that opened on October 12, 2002.[7]


Education


File:Nh-students.JPG
Students having assembly in the hall of a Singapore secondary school.

Primary education is compulsory in Singapore and as such the literacy rate is 95%.[8] The standard for the school curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education with a mix of private schools and public schools. There is no strict public-private dichotomy: the degree of autonomy in regard to the curriculum and student admission, government funding received, and tuition burden upon the students is determined by a more specific classification system that includes classifications such as "government-run", "government-aided", "autonomous", "independent", and "privately-funded".[9] Some schools have more than one classification. In addition, there are international schools catered to expatriate students, though they have some local students.

After primary education, students take the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE). Their performance in the examination is the main criteria in determining whether they enter their desired secondary schools.

There have also been complaints about excessive educational streaming at a young age; a popular local film, I Not Stupid, highlights the competitiveness of the system and social stigma that students struggling with studies have to face. After secondary education, a further set of examinations are taken which determine which kind of tertiary education they pursue, such as junior college, a precursor for entry into public universities such as National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University and Singapore Management University. Other post-secondary institutions include polytechnics, where students will graduate with a diploma and may choose to move into the workforce or pursue higher education in public universities such as those mentioned above. The polytechnics include Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore Polytechnic, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Nanyang Polytechnic and Republic Polytechnic. Other institutes include a teaching college to train teachers, various management institutes, and vocational education institutes such as the Institute of Technical Education (ITE).

Singapore students took first place in the 1995, 1999 and 2003 TIMSS Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study. They used Singapore Math Primary Mathematics series. The national textbooks have been adapted into a series which has been successfully marketed in North America as a rival to Saxon math and an alternative to controversial standards-based mathematics curricula which many parents complained moved too far away from the sort of traditional basic skills instruction exemplified by Singapore's national curriculum.

International rankings

Economic
Educational
Political
Social
Transportation

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Notes


External links

Zhongwen.png This article contains Chinese text.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Commons-logo.svg
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:


General Information

Travel


Maps


Photography

Template:Singapore topics Template:Singapore ties

Template:ASEAN

Coordinates: 01°22′N 103°48′E

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.