Difference between revisions of "Serengeti Plain" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:Serengeti intro.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The Serengeti Plain.]]
 
[[Image:Serengeti intro.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The Serengeti Plain.]]
  
The Serengeti Plain is world reknowened as an ideal location for wildlife and nature photography. Much of the beauty of the region derives its sweeping vistas and dramatic natural features that extend for over 60,000 square kilometers. A significant portion of the Serengeti Plain is prtected and preserved from the ravages of modern society in the Serengeti National Park. This park, which extends for roughly 12,950 square kilometers, contains a diverse selection of habitats and wildlife. For the sake of comparison, the Serengeti National Park is approximately the size of North Ireland. However, it offers some of the most spectacular and undisturbed natural habitats found anywhere on the globe. The Serengeti National Park is bordered by Lake Victoria in the west, Lake Eyasi in the south, and the Great Rift Valley to the east.  
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The '''Serengeti Plain''', located in north-central [[Tanzania]], ([[Africa]]) is world renowned as an ideal location for wildlife and nature [[photography]]. Much of the beauty is attributed to its sweeping vistas and dramatic natural features that extend over 60,000 square kilometers. The Serengeti has more than 2 million [[herbivore]]s and thousands of predators. Blue [[Wildebeest]]s, [[gazelle]]s, [[zebra]]s and [[buffalo]]s are the animals most commonly found in the region.
 +
 
 +
A significant portion of the Serengeti Plain is protected and preserved from the ravages of modern society in the Serengeti National Park. This park, which extends for roughly 12,950 square kilometers, contains a diverse selection of habitats and wildlife. For the sake of comparison, the Serengeti National Park is approximately the size of [[Northern Ireland]]. It offers some of the most spectacular and undisturbed natural habitats found anywhere on the globe. The Serengeti National Park is bordered by [[Lake Victoria]] in the west, [[Lake Eyasi]] in the south, and the [[Great Rift Valley]] to the east.
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The area is also home to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, which contains the Olduvai Gorge, where some of the oldest [[hominid]] [[fossil]]s are found, as well as the Ngorongoro Crater, the world's largest unbroken volcanic caldera.
  
 
== Geography ==
 
== Geography ==
 
[[Image:Maasai woman, Serengeti.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Maasai woman of the Serengeti Plain, 2006.]]
 
[[Image:Maasai woman, Serengeti.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Maasai woman of the Serengeti Plain, 2006.]]
  
The landscape of the Serengeti Plain is extrememly varied, ranging from savanah, to hilly woodlands, to open grasslands. The geographic diversity of the region is due to the extreme weather conditions that plague the area, particularly the potent combination of heat and wind. Many environmental scientists claim that the all the different habitats in the region originated from a series of volcanoes, whose activity shaped the basic geographic features of the plain and added mountains and craters to the landscape. In the southern portions of the plain, broad expanses of open grassland play host to herds of zebras and wildebeast, images which have become closely associated with the Serengeti. To the north of the grasslands lie the savanahh, home to gazelles and ostriches. This zone of the plain is also famous for granite outcroppings called kopjes, that interrupt the plains and play host to seperate ecosystems than found in the grasses below. To the north of the savanah lies a wooded, hilly region that combines many of grassland features of the savanahh with difficult terrain. This area of the plain is host to herds of elephants, evidence of which can be seen in the damaged trees scattered throughout the area.  
+
The landscape of the Serengeti Plain is extremely varied, ranging from [[savannah]], to hilly woodlands, to open grasslands. The geographic diversity of the region is due to the extreme weather conditions that plague the area, particularly the potent combination of heat and wind. Many [[environmentalism|environmental]] scientists claim that the diverse habitats in the region originated from a series of [[volcano]]es, whose activity shaped the basic geographic features of the plain and added mountains and craters to the landscape.  
 +
 
 +
In the southern portions of the plain, broad expanses of open grassland play host to herds of [[zebra]]s and [[wildebeest]], images which have become closely associated with the Serengeti. To the north of the grasslands lie the savannah, home to [[gazelle]]s and [[ostrich]]es. This zone of the plain is also famous for [[granite]] outcroppings called kopjes, that interrupt the plains and play host to separate [[ecosystem]]s than are found in the grasses below. To the north of the savannah lies a wooded, hilly region that combines many of grassland features of the savannah, with more difficult terrain. This area of the plain is host to herds of [[elephant]]s, evidence of which can be seen in the damaged trees scattered throughout the area.
 +
 
 +
===Climate===
 +
The climate of the Serengeti Plain is predominantly warm and dry, with the [[rain]]y season falling between March and May. During times where the rainfall is steady, the environment is rich and lush and resplendent with [[plant]] life. Soon after the rains stop, however, the green landscape begins to dry out and prepare again for the rains. Rainfall can vary throughout the plain, from 508 mm a year in the grasslands to 1,200 mm annually near the shores of [[Lake Victoria]].
  
One of the most eye catching events in the Serengeti Plain is the biannual migration of zebras and wildebeast from the grasslands of the south to the northern reaches of the plain. This migration, which is the longest overland migration in the world, first takes place in May, when the grasslands of the south begin to dry up.<ref name="partridge">{{cite news | first=Frank | last=Partridge | coauthors= | title=The fast show | date=[[2006-05-20]] | publisher= | url =http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 | work =The Independent (London) | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-14 | language = }}</ref> Unable to survive on the dry plain the wildebeest lead the charge towards the north. The zebras then join into the mass migration, careful to maintain their family groupings in the the movement. The long trek to the north is quite challenging for many of the animals, particularly as the males begin compete for dominance and mating partners. Once the animals have reached the fertile lands of the northern plains, they will stay there and graze until November. Once November comes to the Srengeti Plain, the wildebeest and the zebras begin their migration back to the grasslands of the south. When leaving the northern plains, lions and cheetahs often follow the herd, posing a significant threat to animals who fall too far behind. Anothing challenge for animals during the migration is stampedes, which have been known to kill hundreds of startled animals at once. Over 250,000 wildebeest alone will die along the journey .<ref name="partridge"/>
+
Some say that in the Serengeti, each 12-month period contains two years: one of plenty followed by one of famine. Once the welcome rains cease the streams run dry and the lush green grass turns brown, crackling underneath one's feet. Then it is time for the great migration. <ref>Robert M. Poole. February 2006. [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature1/index.html/ Heartbreak on the Serengeti] ''National Geographic'' Magazine. Retrieved October 18, 2007.</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Annual migration==
 +
One of the most eye catching events in the Serengeti Plain is the biannual migration of zebras and wildebeest from the grasslands of the south to the northern reaches of the plain. This migration, which is the longest overland migration in the world, first takes place in May, when the grasslands of the south begin to dry up. <ref>Frank Partridge. May 20, 2006. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 The fast show] ''The Independent'' (London) via: findarticles.com  Retrieved October 18, 2007.</ref> Unable to survive on the dry plain the wildebeest lead the charge toward the north. The zebras then join into the mass migration, careful to maintain their family groupings in the the movement. The long trek to the north is quite challenging for many of the animals, particularly as the males begin to compete for dominance and mating partners. Once the animals have reached the fertile lands of the northern plains, they will stay there and graze until November. Once November comes to the Serengeti Plain, the wildebeest and the zebras begin their migration back to the grasslands of the south. When leaving the northern plains, [[lion]]s and [[cheetah]]s often follow the herd, posing a significant threat to animals who fall too far behind. Another challenge for animals during the migration is stampedes, which have been known to kill hundreds of startled animals at once. Over 250,000 wildebeest alone will die along the journey. <ref>Ibid. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 The fast show] ''The Independent'' (London). via: findarticles.com Retrieved October 18, 2007.</ref>  
  
 
The migration is chronicled in the 1994 documentary film, ''[[Africa: The Serengeti]]''.
 
The migration is chronicled in the 1994 documentary film, ''[[Africa: The Serengeti]]''.
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| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/156
 
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/156
 
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The '''Serengeti National Park''' is a large [[national park]] in [[Serengeti]] area, [[Tanzania]]. It is most famous for its annual migration of over one million white bearded (or brindled) [[wildebeest]] and 200,000 [[zebra]].
 
 
 
=== History ===
 
=== History ===
The [[Maasai]] people had been grazing their livestock in the open plains which they knew as “endless plain” for over 200 years when the first white man, Stewart Edward White recorded coming across it in 1913. The name Serengeti is an approximation of the word used by the [[Maasai]] to describe the area.  
+
The Serengeti Plain has been used as a grazing area for the [[Maasai people]] for many centuries. Despite the fertile grazing land and the abundant natural wildlife, however, the area was little known to outside political interests until 1913. At this time the first professional [[Hunting|hunters]] entered the region, drawn to the vast herds of rare and valuable [[animal]]s. Along with the hunters came political organization and [[Fort Ikoma]] was rapidly established in the north to serve as an administrative center.  
  
The area was declared as a ‘protected area’ in 1921 by the then German colonial administration. The national park was established in 1951 by the English administration and it then became famous after the initial work of [[Bernhard Grzimek]] and his son Michael in the 1950’s. Together they produced the book and film [[Serengeti Shall Not Die]], widely recognized as one of the most important early pieces of nature conservation documentary.
+
Continual hunting in the area began to threaten the once abundant [[lion]] populations. Due to the fact that lions were considered a nuisance for [[civilization]]s in the region, gentlemen on motor car [[safari]]s were encouraged to hunt the animals from the safety of the vehicle. This trend rapidly decreased the lion population, and threatened extinction of the lions in the Serengeti. A movement to protect the shrinking lion population contributed significantly to the formation of a Game Reserve in 1921. This small Game Reserve would later be expanded into the Serengeti National Park.  
  
As part of the gazetting of the park and in order to preserve wildlife from human interruption the area’s residents were moved to the Ngorongoro highlands. There is still considerable controversy surrounding this move, with claims made of coercion and deceit on the part of the colonial authorities.  
+
The Serengeti has gained worldwide recognition for its abundant wildlife and stunning natural features. Much of the initial attention for the area was gained by [[Bernhard Grizmek]], who worked with his son to publish the book ''Serengeti Shall Not Die.'' This book was later adapted into a film version of the same material. It is considered one of the most prominent early works of nature conservation.
  
The Serengeti is Tanzania's first national park and remains the flagship of the country’s tourism industry, providing a major draw to the “Northern Safari Circuit”, encompassing [[Lake Manyara National Park|Lake Manyara]], [[Tarangire National Park|Tarangire]] and [[Arusha National Park|Arusha]] national parks, as well as [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]]
+
===Administration and protection===
 +
The Serengeti National Park strictly preserves the natural environment of the region to foster wildlife and vegetation growth. As such, human habitation is strictly prohibited in the park. Early in the history of the Serengeti National Park the inhabitants of the region were removed from the protected area so the space could be enclosed and placed under the control of the [[Tanzania]]n government. This forced–removal continues to be a controversial part of the park's history. [[Image:Knuckles, Serengeti.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Western corridor of the Serengeti.]]
 +
Currently, only National Park staff, researchers, [[zoology|zoological]] staff, and hotel employees are allowed to live permanently on the National Park land. Many of the human settlements in the  park are clustered at Seronera, which is the home to the park's administrative building and airstrip.
  
===Geography and Wildlife===
+
As a result of the [[biodiversity]] and [[ecology|ecological]] significance of the area, the park has been listed by [[UNESCO]] as one of the [[World Heritage Site]]s. A large component of the significance of the area is the biannual game migration that continues to attract tourists from around the globe.  
[[Image:Knuckles, Serengeti.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Western corridor of the Serengeti.]]
 
 
 
The park covers 14,763km² of grassland plains and [[savanna]] as well as riverine forest and woodlands. The park lies in the north of the country, bordered to the north by the national [[Tanzania]] and [[Kenyan]] border, where it is contiguous with the [[Masai Mara|Masai Mara National Reserve]]. To the south-east of the park is [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], to the south-west lies Maswa Game Reserve, and to the western borders are Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves, finally to the north-east lies Loliondo Game Control Area.
 
 
 
Human habitation is forbidden in the National Park with the exception of staff for TANAPA, researchers and staff of Frankfurt Zoological Society, and staff of the various lodges and hotels. The main settlement is [[Seronera]] which houses the majority of research staff and the park’s main headquarters, including its primary airstrip.
 
 
 
As well as the migration of [[ungulates]], the park is well known for its healthy stock of other resident wildlife, particularly the "[[Big Five game|Big Five]]", named for the five most prized trophies taken by hunters, [[lion]], [[leopard]], [[elephant]], [[rhinoceros]] and [[African Buffalo|buffalo]]. These species remain the key attractions to tourists, but the park also supports many further species including [[cheetah]], [[gazelle]] and [[giraffe]] as well as a large and varied bird population.
 
 
 
===Administration and Protection===
 
As a result of the biodiversity and ecological significance of the area, the park has been listed by [[UNESCO]] as one of the [[World Heritage Sites]] The administrative body for all parks in Tanzania is Tanzania National Parks or TANAPA.
 
 
 
Myles Turner was one of the Park's first game wardens and is credited with establishing anti-poaching defenses. His autobiography, "My Serengeti Years," provides a detailed history of Serengeti National Park's early years.
 
  
 +
In fact, tourism is a major component of the Serengeti National Park, as land safaris are available for those willing to pay. [[Tanzania]] has been able to use much of the revenue from the Park to boost its economy. Tourists are also drawn to the Serengeti National Park by the personal stories of individuals who spent parts of their lives on the plain. A prime example of this is the popularity of ''My Serengeti Years,'' an autobiography by [[Myles Turner]], the Serengeti National Park's first warden.
  
 
== Photo gallery ==
 
== Photo gallery ==
<gallery>
+
<center><gallery>
 
Image:Serengeti Sunset.jpg|Sunset over the Serengeti, 1999.
 
Image:Serengeti Sunset.jpg|Sunset over the Serengeti, 1999.
 
Image:Ser 2.jpg|Caracal hunting in the Serengeti, 2007.
 
Image:Ser 2.jpg|Caracal hunting in the Serengeti, 2007.
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</gallery>
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</gallery></center>
 
 
  
  
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== Sources and further reading ==
 
== Sources and further reading ==
* My Serengeti Years – Myles Turner
+
 
* Maasailand Ecology: Pastoralist Development and Wildlife Conservation in Ngorongoro, Tanzania - K.W. Homewood and W.A. Rodgers 24th October 1991, CUP
+
* Poole, Robert M. [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/02/serengeti-heartbreak/poole-text.html Heartbreak on the Serengeti] ''National Geographic'' Magazine, February 2006. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
* [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature1/index.html/ National Geographic Magazine]
+
* Turner, Myles, and Brian Jackman. ''My Serengeti years the memoirs of an African game warden.'' New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1988.  ISBN 9780393025767
* Iwago, Mitsuaki. ''Serengeti: Natural Order on the African Plain'' Chronicle Books, New Edition: 1987. San Francisco, California. ISBN 0877014418
+
* Homewood, K. M., and W. A. Rodgers. ''Maasailand ecology pastoralist development and wildlife conservation in Ngorongoro, Tanzania.'' Cambridge studies in applied ecology and resource management. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 9780521400022
 +
* Iwago, Mitsuaki. ''Serengeti: Natural Order on the African Plain.'' San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books, New Edition: 1987. ISBN 0877014418
 +
* Scott, Johnathon. ''Mara-Serengeti: A Photographer's Paradise.'' Voyageur Press, 2001. ISBN 0863433987
 +
* Mari, Carlo. ''The Serengeti's Great Migration.'' Abbeville Press, 2000. ISBN 0789206692
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
* [http://www.serengeti.org/ Serengeti Official Site]
+
All links retrieved September 26, 2013.
* [http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ TANAPA - official site of Tanzania's national parks]
+
* ''Serengeti Park''. [http://www.serengeti.org/ Serengeti National Park Official Site]  
* [http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/serenget.html/ World Heritage Sites Protected Areas - Serengeti]
+
* ''Tanzania National Parks.'' [http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ TANAPA - official site of Tanzania's national parks]  
* [http://www.safarimappers.com/area.aspx?lngareaid=27 Map of Serengeti National Park]
+
* ''UNESCO World Heritage''. [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/156 Serengeti National Park]  
 +
* ''Safari Mappers''. [http://www.safarimappers.com/area.aspx?lngareaid=27 Serengeti National Park Map]  
  
  
 
{{credit|Serengeti|163638921|Serengeti_National_Park|155192650}}
 
{{credit|Serengeti|163638921|Serengeti_National_Park|155192650}}
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[[Category:Geography]]
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[[Category:Africa]]
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[[Category:National Parks]]

Revision as of 16:15, 26 September 2013

File:Serengeti intro.jpg
The Serengeti Plain.

The Serengeti Plain, located in north-central Tanzania, (Africa) is world renowned as an ideal location for wildlife and nature photography. Much of the beauty is attributed to its sweeping vistas and dramatic natural features that extend over 60,000 square kilometers. The Serengeti has more than 2 million herbivores and thousands of predators. Blue Wildebeests, gazelles, zebras and buffalos are the animals most commonly found in the region.

A significant portion of the Serengeti Plain is protected and preserved from the ravages of modern society in the Serengeti National Park. This park, which extends for roughly 12,950 square kilometers, contains a diverse selection of habitats and wildlife. For the sake of comparison, the Serengeti National Park is approximately the size of Northern Ireland. It offers some of the most spectacular and undisturbed natural habitats found anywhere on the globe. The Serengeti National Park is bordered by Lake Victoria in the west, Lake Eyasi in the south, and the Great Rift Valley to the east.

The area is also home to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, which contains the Olduvai Gorge, where some of the oldest hominid fossils are found, as well as the Ngorongoro Crater, the world's largest unbroken volcanic caldera.

Geography

Maasai woman of the Serengeti Plain, 2006.

The landscape of the Serengeti Plain is extremely varied, ranging from savannah, to hilly woodlands, to open grasslands. The geographic diversity of the region is due to the extreme weather conditions that plague the area, particularly the potent combination of heat and wind. Many environmental scientists claim that the diverse habitats in the region originated from a series of volcanoes, whose activity shaped the basic geographic features of the plain and added mountains and craters to the landscape.

In the southern portions of the plain, broad expanses of open grassland play host to herds of zebras and wildebeest, images which have become closely associated with the Serengeti. To the north of the grasslands lie the savannah, home to gazelles and ostriches. This zone of the plain is also famous for granite outcroppings called kopjes, that interrupt the plains and play host to separate ecosystems than are found in the grasses below. To the north of the savannah lies a wooded, hilly region that combines many of grassland features of the savannah, with more difficult terrain. This area of the plain is host to herds of elephants, evidence of which can be seen in the damaged trees scattered throughout the area.

Climate

The climate of the Serengeti Plain is predominantly warm and dry, with the rainy season falling between March and May. During times where the rainfall is steady, the environment is rich and lush and resplendent with plant life. Soon after the rains stop, however, the green landscape begins to dry out and prepare again for the rains. Rainfall can vary throughout the plain, from 508 mm a year in the grasslands to 1,200 mm annually near the shores of Lake Victoria.

Some say that in the Serengeti, each 12-month period contains two years: one of plenty followed by one of famine. Once the welcome rains cease the streams run dry and the lush green grass turns brown, crackling underneath one's feet. Then it is time for the great migration. [1]

Annual migration

One of the most eye catching events in the Serengeti Plain is the biannual migration of zebras and wildebeest from the grasslands of the south to the northern reaches of the plain. This migration, which is the longest overland migration in the world, first takes place in May, when the grasslands of the south begin to dry up. [2] Unable to survive on the dry plain the wildebeest lead the charge toward the north. The zebras then join into the mass migration, careful to maintain their family groupings in the the movement. The long trek to the north is quite challenging for many of the animals, particularly as the males begin to compete for dominance and mating partners. Once the animals have reached the fertile lands of the northern plains, they will stay there and graze until November. Once November comes to the Serengeti Plain, the wildebeest and the zebras begin their migration back to the grasslands of the south. When leaving the northern plains, lions and cheetahs often follow the herd, posing a significant threat to animals who fall too far behind. Another challenge for animals during the migration is stampedes, which have been known to kill hundreds of startled animals at once. Over 250,000 wildebeest alone will die along the journey. [3]

The migration is chronicled in the 1994 documentary film, Africa: The Serengeti.

Serengeti National Park

Serengeti National Park*
UNESCO World Heritage Site

Serengeti National Park Entrance Sign
State Party Flag of Tanzania.svg United Republic of Tanzania
Type Natural
Criteria vii, x
Reference 156
Region** Africa
Inscription history
Inscription 1981  (5th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.

History

The Serengeti Plain has been used as a grazing area for the Maasai people for many centuries. Despite the fertile grazing land and the abundant natural wildlife, however, the area was little known to outside political interests until 1913. At this time the first professional hunters entered the region, drawn to the vast herds of rare and valuable animals. Along with the hunters came political organization and Fort Ikoma was rapidly established in the north to serve as an administrative center.

Continual hunting in the area began to threaten the once abundant lion populations. Due to the fact that lions were considered a nuisance for civilizations in the region, gentlemen on motor car safaris were encouraged to hunt the animals from the safety of the vehicle. This trend rapidly decreased the lion population, and threatened extinction of the lions in the Serengeti. A movement to protect the shrinking lion population contributed significantly to the formation of a Game Reserve in 1921. This small Game Reserve would later be expanded into the Serengeti National Park.

The Serengeti has gained worldwide recognition for its abundant wildlife and stunning natural features. Much of the initial attention for the area was gained by Bernhard Grizmek, who worked with his son to publish the book Serengeti Shall Not Die. This book was later adapted into a film version of the same material. It is considered one of the most prominent early works of nature conservation.

Administration and protection

The Serengeti National Park strictly preserves the natural environment of the region to foster wildlife and vegetation growth. As such, human habitation is strictly prohibited in the park. Early in the history of the Serengeti National Park the inhabitants of the region were removed from the protected area so the space could be enclosed and placed under the control of the Tanzanian government. This forced–removal continues to be a controversial part of the park's history.

File:Knuckles, Serengeti.jpg
Western corridor of the Serengeti.

Currently, only National Park staff, researchers, zoological staff, and hotel employees are allowed to live permanently on the National Park land. Many of the human settlements in the park are clustered at Seronera, which is the home to the park's administrative building and airstrip.

As a result of the biodiversity and ecological significance of the area, the park has been listed by UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites. A large component of the significance of the area is the biannual game migration that continues to attract tourists from around the globe.

In fact, tourism is a major component of the Serengeti National Park, as land safaris are available for those willing to pay. Tanzania has been able to use much of the revenue from the Park to boost its economy. Tourists are also drawn to the Serengeti National Park by the personal stories of individuals who spent parts of their lives on the plain. A prime example of this is the popularity of My Serengeti Years, an autobiography by Myles Turner, the Serengeti National Park's first warden.

Photo gallery


File:Serengeti Giraffes Panorama.jpg
Panorama view of Giraffes in the Serengeti

Notes

  1. Robert M. Poole. February 2006. Heartbreak on the Serengeti National Geographic Magazine. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
  2. Frank Partridge. May 20, 2006. The fast show The Independent (London) via: findarticles.com Retrieved October 18, 2007.
  3. Ibid. The fast show The Independent (London). via: findarticles.com Retrieved October 18, 2007.


Sources and further reading

  • Poole, Robert M. Heartbreak on the Serengeti National Geographic Magazine, February 2006. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
  • Turner, Myles, and Brian Jackman. My Serengeti years the memoirs of an African game warden. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1988. ISBN 9780393025767
  • Homewood, K. M., and W. A. Rodgers. Maasailand ecology pastoralist development and wildlife conservation in Ngorongoro, Tanzania. Cambridge studies in applied ecology and resource management. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 9780521400022
  • Iwago, Mitsuaki. Serengeti: Natural Order on the African Plain. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books, New Edition: 1987. ISBN 0877014418
  • Scott, Johnathon. Mara-Serengeti: A Photographer's Paradise. Voyageur Press, 2001. ISBN 0863433987
  • Mari, Carlo. The Serengeti's Great Migration. Abbeville Press, 2000. ISBN 0789206692

External links

All links retrieved September 26, 2013.


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