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[[Category:Archaeological sites]]
 
 
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'''Mycenae''' ([[Ancient language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|Μυκῆναι}}), is an [[archaeology|archaeological site]] in [[Greece]], located about 90km south-west of [[Athens]], in the north-eastern [[Peloponnese]]. In the second millennium B.C.E. Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece. The period of [[History of Greece|Greek history]] from about 1600 B.C.E. to about 1100 B.C.E. is called [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] in reference to Mycenae.
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'''Mycenae''' ([[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|Μυκῆναι}}), is an [[archaeology|archaeological]] site in [[Greece]], located about 90 km south-west of [[Athens]], in the north-eastern [[Peloponnese]]. In the second millennium B.C.E., Mycenae was one of the major centers of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece. The period of Greek history from about 1600 B.C.E. to about 1100 B.C.E. is called [[Mycenaean civilization|Mycenaean]] in reference to Mycenae. According to legend, Mycenae was the capital city of [[Agamemnon]], famous for his sacking of [[Troy]] during this time.
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Mycenae was a powerful [[city-state]], rivaling and later superseding that of [[Knossos]], the center of [[Minoan]] culture on [[Crete]]. It was finally destroyed by warriors from [[Argos]], becoming a [[tourism|tourist]] attraction in classical Greek and Roman times. [[Archaeology|Archaeologists]] in the nineteenth century began to excavate the site, and [[Heinrich Schliemann]] unearthed numerous beautiful artifacts, including the "[[mask of Agamemnon]]." Today, Mycenae is a [[World Heritage Site]], again a tourist attraction this time for the world, where the beauty and magnificence of the works of the ancient people who inhabited this place are available for all to appreciate.  
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
 
[[Image:Mycenae ruins dsc06390.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View from the [[acropolis]], or "high city".]]
 
[[Image:Mycenae ruins dsc06390.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View from the [[acropolis]], or "high city".]]
It is believed that Mycenae was settled by [[Indo-European people|Indo-European]]s who practiced farming and herding, close to 2000 B.C.E., but little is known of these people and there cultures. At the same time, [[Knossos|Minoan Crete]] developed a very complex civilization which interacted with Mycenae, and most likely influenced Mycenae development.
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It is believed that '''Mycenae''' was settled by [[Indo-European people|Indo-European]]s who practiced [[farming]] and [[herding]], close to 2000 B.C.E., but little is known of these people and their cultures. At the same time, [[Knossos|Minoan Crete]] developed a very complex civilization which interacted with Mycenae, and most likely influenced its development.
  
At some point in the [[Bronze Age]], the civilization on Mycenae began to become more [[Hellenism|Hellenistic]] in nature. The settlement pattern changed into a fortified hill surrounded by hamlets and estates, instead of the dense urbanity present on the coast (such as at [[Argos]]). Soon, Mycenae became incorporated local and small [[city-states]] into its civilization, such as [[Tiryns]], [[Pylos]], [[Thebes]], and [[Orchomenos]].<ref name=mandelkow> Mandelkow, Brian. MSU EMuseum (2007)
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At some point in the [[Bronze Age]], the civilization on Mycenae began to become more [[Hellenism|Hellenistic]] in nature. The settlement pattern changed into a fortified hill surrounded by hamlets and estates, instead of the dense urbanity present on the coast (such as at [[Argos]]). Soon, Mycenae incorporated local and small [[city-state]]s into its civilization, such as [[Tiryns]], [[Pylos]], [[Thebes]], and [[Orchomenos]].<ref>Brian Mandelkow, MSU EMuseum, (2007), [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/mycenae.html Mycenae.] Retrieved October 5, 2007.</ref> These city-states paid [[tax]]es to the Mycenaean rulers, pledged their allegiance to Mycenae, and provided soldiers in times of battle. Around this time, the first great palaces of the city were constructed. Due to its position in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], Mycenae became a central port of trade and economic growth flourished. It soon rivaled [[Knossos]] as a central power, both economically and militarily. The general consensus is that the Mycenaean civilization reached its pinnacle of power around 1400 B.C.E. This period is generally referred to as Late Helladic IIIA-IIIB.
[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/mycenae.html"Mycenae"] Retrieved October 5, 2007</ref> These city states paid [[tax]]es to the Mycenae rulers, pledged their allegiance to Mycenae and donated soldiers in times of battle. Around this time, the first great palaces of the city were constructed. Due to its position in the [[Mediterranean]], Mycenae became a central port of trade and economic growth flourished. They soon rivaled [[Knossos]] as a central power, both economic and militarily. The general consensus is that the Mycenaean civilization reached its pinnacle of power around 1400 B.C.E.<ref name=mandelkow/> This period is generally referred to as Late Helladic IIIA-IIIB.
 
 
[[Image:Mycenae northern gate 2006.JPG|left|thumb|250px|The so-called "Tomb of Aegisthus" outside the walls of the citadel]]
 
[[Image:Mycenae northern gate 2006.JPG|left|thumb|250px|The so-called "Tomb of Aegisthus" outside the walls of the citadel]]
Mycenaean civilization did not stay in power for long. By 1200 B.C.E., the civilization was in decline. There are numerous theories for this turnaround. Around this time, a series of catastrophes struck the entire Greek mainland. Nearly all of the palaces of southern Greece were burned, including the one at Mycenae, which is traditionally attributed to a [[Dorian invasion]] of Greeks from the north, although some historians now doubt that such an invasion took place. Another circulating theory is that a drought caused the Mycenaean decline and that frustration with the powerful caused the burning of granaries and palaces. Another theory is that the destruction of the palaces is related to the [[Sea People]] who destroyed the [[Hittite Empire]] and attacked the nineteenth then the twentieth dynasties of Egypt. The evacuation of the area was also due to the drought; although there is no climatological evidence for it other than lack of evidence for an invasion. Volcanic and geological activity, such as is sometimes attributed to the decline of Knossos, has also been thought to have caused the destruction of Mycenae.<ref> French, Elizabeth. ''Mycenae: Agamemnon's Capital: The Site and Its Setting'' (Tempus Publishing 2002 ISBN 075241951X) </ref>
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Mycenaean civilization did not stay in power for long. By 1200 B.C.E., the civilization was in decline. There are numerous theories for this turnaround. Around this time, a series of catastrophes struck the entire Greek mainland. Nearly all of the palaces of southern Greece were burned, including the one at Mycenae, which is traditionally attributed to a [[Dorian invasion]] of Greeks from the north, although some historians now doubt that such an invasion took place. Another theory is that a [[drought]] caused the Mycenaean decline and that frustration with those in power caused the burning of granaries and palaces. Another theory is that the destruction of the palaces is related to the [[Sea People]] who destroyed the [[Hittite Empire]] and attacked the nineteenth and the twentieth dynasties of Egypt. The evacuation of the area was also due to the drought; although there is no climatological evidence for it other than lack of evidence for an invasion. [[volcano|Volcanic]] and geological activity, such as is sometimes attributed to the decline of Knossos, has also been thought to have caused the destruction of Mycenae.<ref>Elizabeth French, ''Mycenae: Agamemnon's Capital: The Site and Its Setting'' (Tempus Publishing, 2002). ISBN 075241951X</ref>
  
 
In the period, LHIIIC, also termed "submycenaean," Mycenae was no longer a power. Pottery and decorative styles were changing rapidly. Craftmanship and art declined. The citadel was abandoned at the end of the twelfth century, as it was no longer a strategic location, but only a remote one.
 
In the period, LHIIIC, also termed "submycenaean," Mycenae was no longer a power. Pottery and decorative styles were changing rapidly. Craftmanship and art declined. The citadel was abandoned at the end of the twelfth century, as it was no longer a strategic location, but only a remote one.
  
During the early Classical period, Mycenae was once again inhabited, though it never regained its earlier importance. Mycenaeans fought at [[Thermopylae]] and [[Plataea]] during the [[Persian Wars]]. In 462 B.C.E., however, troops from [[Argos]] captured Mycenae and expelled the inhabitants. In [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, the ruins at Mycenae were a [[tourist]] attraction (just as they are now). A small town grew up to serve the tourist trade. By late Roman times, however, the site had been abandoned.
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During the early Classical period, Mycenae was once again inhabited, although it never regained its earlier importance. Mycenaeans fought at [[Thermopylae]] and [[Plataea]] during the [[Persian Wars]]. In 462 B.C.E., however, troops from [[Argos]] captured Mycenae and expelled the inhabitants. In [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, the ruins at Mycenae were a [[tourist]] attraction (just as they are now). A small town grew up to serve the tourist trade. By late Roman times, however, the site had been abandoned.
  
 
==Excavation==
 
==Excavation==
 
[[Image:Mycenaean Treasure.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Myceanean swords and cups.]]
 
[[Image:Mycenaean Treasure.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Myceanean swords and cups.]]
The first excavations at Mycenae were carried out by the Greek [[archaeology|archaeologist]] [[Kyriakos Pittakis]] in 1841. He found and restored the Lion Gate. In 1874 [[Heinrich Schliemann]] defied popular convention regarding Mycenae as a place of myth (Just as the lost city of [[Troy]] had been considered) and used ancient texts and literature to discover the buried city. In conjunction with the [[Athens Archaeological Society]], Schliemann discovered what is called ''Grave Circle A'', in which he found royal [[skeleton]]s and spectacular grave goods. Schliemann's discoveries, which included the "mask of [[Agamemnon]]," captured the attention of the academic world, igniting interest in ancient Greece and is sometimes considered the father of Ancient Greece archeology.<ref> National Archaeological Museum Athens-Greece (2007) [http://www.rgzm.de/Tomba1/Institutes/Athens.htm"Grave Circle A"] Retrieved October 5, 2007</ref>
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The first excavations at Mycenae were carried out by the Greek [[archaeology|archaeologist]] [[Kyriakos Pittakis]] in 1841. He found and restored the Lion Gate. In 1874, [[Heinrich Schliemann]] defied popular convention regarding Mycenae as a place of myth (just as the lost city of [[Troy]] had been considered) and used ancient texts and literature to discover the buried city. In conjunction with the [[Athens Archaeological Society]], Schliemann discovered what is called Grave Circle A, in which he found royal [[skeleton]]s and spectacular grave goods. Schliemann's discoveries, which included the "mask of [[Agamemnon]]," captured the attention of the academic world, igniting interest in ancient Greece, and is sometimes considered the foundation of Ancient Greece archeology.<ref>National Archaeological Museum Athens-Greece, (2007), [http://www.rgzm.de/Tomba1/Institutes/Athens.htm Grave Circle A]. Retrieved October 5, 2007.</ref>
  
 
[[Image:NAMA Tablette 7671.jpg|right|250 px|thumb|A clay tablet with writing in [[Linear B]] from Mycenae.]]
 
[[Image:NAMA Tablette 7671.jpg|right|250 px|thumb|A clay tablet with writing in [[Linear B]] from Mycenae.]]
Since Schliemann's day more scientific excavations have taken place at Mycenae, mainly by Greek archaeologists but also by the [[British School at Athens]]. The acropolis was excavated in 1902, and the surrounding hills have been methodically investigated by subsequent excavations, which have led to a wealth of information regarding Mycenae and Ancient Greece in general.
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Since Schliemann's day, more scientific excavations have taken place at Mycenae, mainly by Greek archaeologists but also by the [[British School at Athens]]. The acropolis was excavated in 1902, and the surrounding hills have been methodically investigated by subsequent excavations, which have led to a wealth of information regarding Mycenae and Ancient Greece in general.
  
 
==Architecture==
 
==Architecture==
Much of the earliest structures on the island no longer exist, and archaeologists have had to make educated guessed based on similar bronze age architecture contemporary to the time. There ie evidence however, of a shift in style, which correlates to a shift in culture. Burial in tholoi is seen as replacing burial in shaft graves, which has suggested the beginnings of the great empire to come. The care taken to preserve the shaft graves testifies that they were by then part of the royal heritage, the tombs of the ancestral heroes.  
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Much of the earliest structures on the island no longer exist, and archaeologists have had to make educated guesses based on similar bronze age architecture contemporary to the time. There is evidence however, of a shift in style, which correlates to a shift in culture. Burial in [[tholos|tholoi]] (or [[beehive tomb]]s) is seen as replacing burial in shaft graves, which has suggested the beginnings of the great empire to come. The care taken to preserve the shaft graves testifies that they were by then part of the royal heritage, the tombs of the ancestral heroes.  
 
[[Image:Mycenae lion gate detail dsc06384.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The Lion Gate (detail).]]
 
[[Image:Mycenae lion gate detail dsc06384.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The Lion Gate (detail).]]
  
At a conventional date of 1350 B.C.E. the fortifications on the acropolis, and other surrounding hills, were rebuilt in a style known as "[[cyclopean]]," because the blocks of stone used were so massive that they were thought in later ages to be the work of the one-eyed giants known as [[Cyclops]]. Within these walls, parts of which can still be seen, monumental  
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At a conventional date of 1350 B.C.E., the fortifications on the acropolis, and other surrounding hills, were rebuilt in a style known as "[[cyclopean]]," because the blocks of stone used were so massive that they were thought in later ages to be the work of the one-eyed giants known as [[Cyclops]]. Within these walls, parts of which can still be seen, monumental  
 
palaces were built. The palace (what is left of it) currently visible on the acropolis of Mycenae dates to the start of LHIIIA:2. Earlier palaces must have existed but they had been cleared away or built over.
 
palaces were built. The palace (what is left of it) currently visible on the acropolis of Mycenae dates to the start of LHIIIA:2. Earlier palaces must have existed but they had been cleared away or built over.
  
 
The construction of palaces at that time with a similar architecture was general throughout southern Greece. They all featured a [[megaron]], or throne room, with a raised central hearth under an opening in the roof, which was supported by four columns in a square around the hearth. A throne was placed against the center of one wall. [[Fresco]]s adorned the plaster walls and floor.
 
The construction of palaces at that time with a similar architecture was general throughout southern Greece. They all featured a [[megaron]], or throne room, with a raised central hearth under an opening in the roof, which was supported by four columns in a square around the hearth. A throne was placed against the center of one wall. [[Fresco]]s adorned the plaster walls and floor.
  
The room was accessed from a courtyard with a columned portico. At Mycenae a grand staircase led from a terrace below to the courtyard on the acropolis. One can easily imagine [[Clytemnestra]] rolling out the proverbial red carpet upon it, but there is no evidence beyond the stories of poets and playwrights where she might have rolled it, or whether she really did.
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The room was accessed from a courtyard with a columned [[portico]]. At Mycenae, a grand staircase led from a terrace below to the courtyard on the acropolis. One can easily imagine [[Clytemnestra]] rolling out the proverbial red carpet upon it, but there is no evidence beyond the stories of poets and playwrights where she might have rolled it, or whether she really did.
  
 
[[Image:Lion Gate at Mycenae.JPG|thumb|200px|The Lion Gate at Mycenae]]
 
[[Image:Lion Gate at Mycenae.JPG|thumb|200px|The Lion Gate at Mycenae]]
The pottery phases on which the relative dating scheme is based (EH, MH, LH, etc.) do not allow very precise dating, even augmented by the few existing C-14 dates, which have a tolerance. The sequence of construction of imperial Mycenae is approximately as follows. At the beginning of LHIIIB, around 1300 or so, the Cyclopean wall was extended to the south slope to include grave circle A. The main entrance through the circuit wall was made grand by the best known feature of Mycenae, Lion Gate, through which passed a stepped ramp leading past circle A and up to the palace. The Lion Gate was built in the form of a 'Relieving Triangle' to support the weight of the stones. It went past some houses considered to workshops now: the House of Shields, the House of the Oil Merchant, the House of the Sphinxes and the West House. An undecorated postern gate was also constructed through the north wall.
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The pottery phases on which the relative dating scheme is based (EH, MH, LH, etc.) do not allow very precise dating, even augmented by the few existing C-14 dates. The sequence of construction of imperial Mycenae is approximately as follows. At the beginning of LHIIIB, around 1300 or so, the Cyclopean wall was extended to the south slope to include grave circle A. The main entrance through the circuit wall was made grand by the best known feature of Mycenae, Lion Gate, through which passed a stepped ramp leading past circle A and up to the palace. The Lion Gate was built in the form of a "Relieving Triangle" to support the weight of the stones. It went past some houses considered to be workshops now: The House of Shields, the House of the Oil Merchant, the House of the Sphinxes, and the West House. An undecorated postern gate was also constructed through the north wall.
  
 
Somewhat later, at the LHIIIB:1/2 border, around 1250 or so, another renovation project was undertaken. The wall was extended again on the west side, with a sally port and also a secret passage through and under the wall, of corbeled construction, leading downward by some 99 steps to a cistern carved out of rock 15 m below the surface. It was fed by a tunnel from a spring on more distant higher ground. The "Treasury of Atreus," so-called by [[Heinrich Schliemann|Schliemann]] since it had long ago been looted of its contents that he did not realize it was a [[tomb]], was constructed at about this time.
 
Somewhat later, at the LHIIIB:1/2 border, around 1250 or so, another renovation project was undertaken. The wall was extended again on the west side, with a sally port and also a secret passage through and under the wall, of corbeled construction, leading downward by some 99 steps to a cistern carved out of rock 15 m below the surface. It was fed by a tunnel from a spring on more distant higher ground. The "Treasury of Atreus," so-called by [[Heinrich Schliemann|Schliemann]] since it had long ago been looted of its contents that he did not realize it was a [[tomb]], was constructed at about this time.
  
 
==Religion==
 
==Religion==
In many ways we know [[Mycenaean]] [[religion]] for much of it survives into [[classical Greece]] in the pantheon of [[Greek gods]]. However, the specifics of early Mycenaean religion is vague at best. Mycenaean religions were almost certainly polytheistic, and the Myceneans were actively syncretistic, adding foreign gods to their pantheon of gods with surprising ease. The Mycenaeans probably entered Greece with a pantheon of gods headed by some ruling sky-god. In Greek, this god would become "[[Zeus]]." <ref name=hooker> Hooker, Richard (1996) [http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MINOA/MYCREL.HTM"The Mycenaens: Mycenaean Religion"] Retrieved October 5, 2007 </ref>
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In many ways [[Mycenaean]] [[religion]] is still known, for much of it survives into [[classical Greece]] in the pantheon of [[Greek god]]s. However, the specifics of early Mycenaean religion is vague at best. Mycenaean religions were almost certainly [[polytheism|polytheistic]], and the Myceneans were actively syncretistic, adding foreign gods to their pantheon of gods with surprising ease. The Mycenaeans probably entered Greece with a pantheon of gods headed by some ruling sky-god. In Greek, this god would become [[Zeus]].<ref>Richard Hooker, (1996), [http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MINOA/MYCREL.HTM The Mycenaens: Mycenaean Religion.] Retrieved October 5, 2007. </ref>
  
At some point in their cultural history, the Mycenaeans adopted the [[Minoan]] goddesses and associated these goddesses with their sky-god; [[scholars]] believe that the Greek pantheon of gods do not reflect Mycenaeans religion except for Zeus and the female goddesses. These goddesses, however, are Minoan in origin. In general, later Greek religion distinguishes between two types of gods: the [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian]] or sky-gods (which you have all heard of in some form or another), and the gods of the earth, or chthonic gods—these chthonic gods are almost all female. The Greeks believed that the chthonic gods were older than the Olympian gods; this suggests that the original [[Greeks|Greek]] religion may have been oriented around goddesses of the earth, but there is no evidence for this outside of reasonable speculation.
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At some point in their cultural history, the Mycenaeans adopted the [[Minoan]] goddesses and associated these goddesses with their sky-god; scholars believe that the Greek pantheon of gods do not reflect Mycenaeans religion except for Zeus and the female goddesses, which are, however, Minoan in origin. In general, later Greek religion distinguishes between two types of gods: The [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian]] or sky-gods, and the gods of the earth, or chthonic gods—these chthonic gods are almost all female. The Greeks believed that the chthonic gods were older than the Olympian gods; this suggests that the original Greek religion may have been oriented around goddesses of the earth, but there is no evidence for this outside of reasonable speculation.
  
Mycenean [[religion]] certainly involved offerings and sacrifices to the gods, and some have speculated that they involved human sacrifice based on textual evidence and bones found outside tombs. <ref name=hooker/> In the Homeric poems, there seems to be a lingering cultural memory of human sacrifice in King [[Agamemnon]]'s sacrifice of his daughter, [[Iphigenia]]; several of the stories of Trojan heroes involve tragic human sacrifice. This, however, is all speculation.
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Mycenean religion certainly involved offerings and sacrifices to the gods, and some have speculated that they involved human sacrifice based on textual evidence and bones found outside tombs. In the [[Homer]]ic poems, there seems to be a lingering cultural memory of human sacrifice in King [[Agamemnon]]'s sacrifice of his daughter, [[Iphigenia]]; several of the stories of [[Troy|Trojan]] heroes involve tragic human sacrifice.
  
 
==Mythology==
 
==Mythology==
 
 
[[Image:Pompejanischer Maler des 1. Jahrhunderts 001.jpg|thumb|left|Perseus, from Pompei]]
 
[[Image:Pompejanischer Maler des 1. Jahrhunderts 001.jpg|thumb|left|Perseus, from Pompei]]
Legend asserts that Mycenae was founded by [[Perseus]], grandson of king [[Acrisius]] of [[Argos]], son of Acrisius' daughter, [[Danae]]. Having killed his grandfather by accident, Perseus could not or would not inherit the throne of Argos. Instead he arranged an exchange of realms with his half-brother, [[Megapenthes]], and became king of [[Tiryns]], Megapenthes taking Argos. From there he founded Mycenae and ruled the kingdoms jointly from Mycenae.
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Legend asserts that Mycenae was founded by [[Perseus]], grandson of king [[Acrisius]] of [[Argos]], son of Acrisius' daughter, [[Danae]]. Having killed his grandfather by accident, Perseus could not or would not inherit the throne of Argos. Instead, he arranged an exchange of realms with his half-brother, [[Megapenthes]], and became king of [[Tiryns]], Megapenthes taking Argos. From there he founded Mycenae and ruled the kingdoms jointly from Mycenae.
  
Perseus married [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]] and had many sons but in the course of time went to war with Argos and was slain by Megapenthes. His son, [[Electryon]], became the second of the dynasty but the succession was disputed by the [[Taphos|Taphians]] under [[Pterelaos]], another Perseid, who assaulted Mycenae and losing retreated with the cattle. The cattle were recovered by [[Amphitryon]], a grandson of Perseus, but he killed his uncle by accident with a club in an unruly cattle incident and had to go into exile.<ref name=hamilton>Edith Hamilton, ''Mythology'' (1942 ISBN 0316341142)</ref>  
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Perseus married [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]] and had many sons, but in the course of time went to war with Argos and was slain by Megapenthes. His son, [[Electryon]], became the second of the dynasty, but the succession was disputed by the [[Taphos|Taphians]] under [[Pterelaos]], another Perseid, who assaulted Mycenae and, losing, retreated with the cattle. The cattle were recovered by [[Amphitryon]], a grandson of Perseus, but he killed his uncle by accident with a club in an unruly cattle incident and had to go into exile.<ref>Edith Hamilton, ''Mythology'' (1942). ISBN 0316341142</ref>  
  
The throne went to [[Sthenelus]], third in the dynasty, a son of Perseus. He set the stage for future greatness by marrying [[Nicippe]], a daughter of king [[Pelops]] of [[Elis]], the most powerful state of the region and the times. With her he had a son, [[Eurystheus]] the fourth and last of the Perseid dynasty. When a son of [[Heracles]], [[Hyllus]], killed Sthenelus, Eurystheus became noted for his enmity to Heracles and for his ruthless persecution of the [[Heracleidae]], the descendants of Heracles.<ref name=hamilton/>
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The throne went to [[Sthenelus]], third in the dynasty, a son of Perseus. He set the stage for future greatness by marrying [[Nicippe]], a daughter of king [[Pelops]] of [[Elis]], the most powerful state of the region and the times. With her, he had a son, [[Eurystheus]] the fourth and last of the Perseid dynasty. When a son of [[Heracles]], [[Hyllus]], killed Sthenelus, Eurystheus became noted for his enmity to Heracles and for his ruthless persecution of the [[Heracleidae]], the descendants of Heracles.
  
Mycenae has also been sometimes dubbed the "House of Agamemnon," the legendary warrior-king who played an integral part in Greek legend. To appease the gods, who would not grant wind so the Greek armies could sail against Troy, Agamemnon sacrificed his own daughter. Upon returning home after the successful sacking of Troy, Agammemnon's heartbroken wife, Clytemnestra, killed her husband to avenge his sacrificing of their daughter. In return, their son Orestes, had to weight the options of avenging his father against committing [[matricide]].
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Mycenae has also been sometimes dubbed the "House of Agamemnon," the legendary warrior-king who played an integral part in Greek legend. To appease the gods, who would not grant [[wind]] so the Greek armies could sail against Troy, Agamemnon sacrificed his own daughter. Upon returning home after the successful sacking of Troy, Agamemnon's heartbroken wife, [[Clytemnestra]], killed her husband to avenge his sacrificing of their daughter. In return, their son Orestes, had to weight the options of avenging his father against committing [[matricide]].
  
 
==Tourism==
 
==Tourism==
Today Mycenae, one of the foundational sites of [[European civilization]], is a popular tourist destination, less than two hours' drive from Athens. The site has been well-preserved, and the massive ruins of the cyclopean walls and the palaces on the acropolis still arouse the admiration of visitors, particularly when it is remembered that they were built a thousand years before the monuments of Classical Greece.
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Today Mycenae, one of the foundational sites of [[European civilization]], is a popular tourist destination, less than two hours' drive from [[Athens]]. The site has been well-preserved, and the massive ruins of the cyclopean walls and the palaces on the acropolis still arouse the admiration of visitors, particularly when it is remembered that they were built a thousand years before the monuments of Classical Greece.
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
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==References==
 
==References==
*Elizabeth French, ''Mycenae: Agamemnon's Capital'', Tempus, Stroud 2002, ISBN 07524 1951 X.
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*Bryson, Reid and Thomas J. Murray. 1977. ''Climates of Hunger''. University of Wiconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-07370-X
*K.A. and Diana Wardle, ''Cities of Legend: The Mycenaean World'', Bristol Classical Press 1997, 2000, ISBN 1-85399-355-7.
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*Chadwick, John. ''The Mycenaean World.'' Cambridge University Press, 1976. ISBN 0-521-21077-1
*W.D.Taylour, E.B. French, K.A. Wardle, ''Well Built Mycenae'', Oxbow Books Oxford, 1983-2007.
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*Finley, M.I. 1981. ''Early Greece, The Bronze and Archaic Ages.'' W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-01569-6
*A.J.B. Wace, ''Mycenae: an archaeological history and guide'', Princeton 1949 (reprinted 1964).
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*French, Elizabeth. 2002. ''Mycenae: Agamemnon's Capital''. Tempus, Stroud. ISBN 07524 1951 X
*John Chadwick, ''The Mycenaean World'', Cambridge University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-521-21077-1 hardcover or ISBN 0-521-29037-6 paperback
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*Mylonas, George E. 1983. ''Mycenae Rich in Gold''. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon.  
*Emily Vermeule, ''Greece in the Bronze Age'', the University of Chicago Press, 1964, LC 64-23427
+
*Mylonas, George E. 1968. ''Mycenae's Last Century of Greatness''. Sydney University Press. ISBN 424-05820-3
*Martin P. Nilsson, ''The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology'', 1932, reissued by the University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-01951-2 Cloth, ISBN 0-520-02163-0 Paper
+
*Nilsson, Martin P. 1932. ''The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology''. Reissued by the University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01951-2  
*George E. Mylonas, ''Mycenae's Last Century of Greatness'', Sydney University Press, 1968, SBN 424-05820-3
+
*Palmer, Leonard R. 1965. ''Mycenaeans and Minoans''.
*George E. Mylonas, ''Mycenae Rich in Gold'', Athens: Ekdotike Athenon, 1983.
+
*Taylour, W.D., E.B. French, and K.A. Wardle. 2007. ''Well Built Mycenae''. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
*Leonard R. Palmer, ''Mycenaeans and Minoans'', 1961, 2nd ed. 1965
+
*Vermeule, Emily. 1964. ''Greece in the Bronze Age''. The University of Chicago Press.
*M. I. Finley, ''Early Greece, The Bronze and Archaic Ages'', W. W. Norton & Company, 1981, ISBN 0-393-01569-6 Hard, ISBN 0-393-30051-X Paper
+
*Wace, A.J.B. [1949] 1964. ''Mycenae: An Archaeological History and Guide''. Princeton.  
*Reid Bryson and Thomas J. Murray, "Climates of Hunger," University of Wiconsin Press, 1977, ISBN 0-299-07370-X
+
*Wardle, K.A. and Diana. ''Cities of Legend: The Mycenaean World.'' Bristol Classical Press, 1997. ISBN 1-85399-355-7
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
*[http://www.bsa.gla.ac.uk/archive/index.htm?excavs/sitepres/mycenae/main British School at Athens Mycenae page]
+
 
*[http://www.artsweb.bham.ac.uk/aha/kaw/mycenae/mycenaeindex.htm Well Built Mycenae project pages]
+
*[http://www.bsa.gla.ac.uk/archive/index.htm?excavs/sitepres/mycenae/main Excavations at Mycenae]. British School at Athens. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
*[http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104a/e211da01.html Mycenae]
+
*[http://www.artsweb.bham.ac.uk/aha/kaw/mycenae/mycenaeindex.htm Mycenae: Research and Publication]. Retrieved November 4, 2007.  
*[http://www.sikyon.com/Mykinai/Monuments/monum_eg00.html Pictures of Mycenae]
+
*[http://www.sikyon.com/Mykinai/Monuments/monum_eg00.html Pictures of Mycenae]. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
*[http://www.greeklandscapes.com/greece/athens_museum_mycenae.html Artifacts from Mycenae]
+
*[http://www.greeklandscapes.com/greece/athens_museum_mycenae.html Artifacts from Mycenae]. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
*[http://www.ou.edu/finearts/art/ahi4913/aegeanhtml/mycobj1.html Objects from Grave Circle A, including votive weaponry]
+
*[http://www.ou.edu/finearts/art/ahi4913/aegeanhtml/mycobj1.html Objects from Grave Circle A, including votive weaponry]. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
*[http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/mycenae/article_mycenae.htm The Odyssey Mycenae site]
+
*[http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/mycenae/article_mycenae.htm The Odyssey Mycenae site]. Retrieved November 4, 2007.  
*[http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Perseus1.html The Greek Mythology Link]
+
*[http://www.varchive.org/schorr/encit.htm The Entrance to the Citadel]. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
*[http://www.varchive.org/schorr/encit.htm The Entrance to the Citadel]
+
*[http://www.varchive.org/schorr/design.htm The Design of the Palace]. Retrieved November 4, 2007.  
*[http://www.varchive.org/schorr/design.htm The Design of the Palace]
+
*[http://www.hellas.net/index.php?category=8100 360° Virtual tours of Mycenae]. Retrieved November 4, 2007.  
*[http://www.mun.ca/classics/mouseion/1997/jansen/ Bronze Age Highways at Mycenae]
+
*[http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MINOA/MYCREL.HTM Mycenaean Religion]. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
*[http://www.hellas.net/index.php?category=8100 360° Virtual tours of Mycenae]
 
*[http://madeinatlantis.com/athens/mycenae.htm Mycenae]
 
*[http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MINOA/MYCREL.HTM Mycenae Religion]
 
  
 
{{Credits|Mycenae|156098558|}}
 
{{Credits|Mycenae|156098558|}}

Revision as of 12:50, 2 April 2008

Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns*
UNESCO World Heritage Site

The Lion Gate at Mycenae
State Party Flag of Greece Greece
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii, iii, iv, vi
Reference 941
Region** Europe and North America
Coordinates 37°43′51″N 22°45′22″E / 37.73083, 22.75611
Inscription history
Inscription 1999  (23rd Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.

Mycenae (Greek Μυκῆναι), is an archaeological site in Greece, located about 90 km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese. In the second millennium B.C.E., Mycenae was one of the major centers of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece. The period of Greek history from about 1600 B.C.E. to about 1100 B.C.E. is called Mycenaean in reference to Mycenae. According to legend, Mycenae was the capital city of Agamemnon, famous for his sacking of Troy during this time.

Mycenae was a powerful city-state, rivaling and later superseding that of Knossos, the center of Minoan culture on Crete. It was finally destroyed by warriors from Argos, becoming a tourist attraction in classical Greek and Roman times. Archaeologists in the nineteenth century began to excavate the site, and Heinrich Schliemann unearthed numerous beautiful artifacts, including the "mask of Agamemnon." Today, Mycenae is a World Heritage Site, again a tourist attraction this time for the world, where the beauty and magnificence of the works of the ancient people who inhabited this place are available for all to appreciate.

History

View from the acropolis, or "high city".

It is believed that Mycenae was settled by Indo-Europeans who practiced farming and herding, close to 2000 B.C.E., but little is known of these people and their cultures. At the same time, Minoan Crete developed a very complex civilization which interacted with Mycenae, and most likely influenced its development.

At some point in the Bronze Age, the civilization on Mycenae began to become more Hellenistic in nature. The settlement pattern changed into a fortified hill surrounded by hamlets and estates, instead of the dense urbanity present on the coast (such as at Argos). Soon, Mycenae incorporated local and small city-states into its civilization, such as Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, and Orchomenos.[1] These city-states paid taxes to the Mycenaean rulers, pledged their allegiance to Mycenae, and provided soldiers in times of battle. Around this time, the first great palaces of the city were constructed. Due to its position in the Mediterranean, Mycenae became a central port of trade and economic growth flourished. It soon rivaled Knossos as a central power, both economically and militarily. The general consensus is that the Mycenaean civilization reached its pinnacle of power around 1400 B.C.E. This period is generally referred to as Late Helladic IIIA-IIIB.

The so-called "Tomb of Aegisthus" outside the walls of the citadel

Mycenaean civilization did not stay in power for long. By 1200 B.C.E., the civilization was in decline. There are numerous theories for this turnaround. Around this time, a series of catastrophes struck the entire Greek mainland. Nearly all of the palaces of southern Greece were burned, including the one at Mycenae, which is traditionally attributed to a Dorian invasion of Greeks from the north, although some historians now doubt that such an invasion took place. Another theory is that a drought caused the Mycenaean decline and that frustration with those in power caused the burning of granaries and palaces. Another theory is that the destruction of the palaces is related to the Sea People who destroyed the Hittite Empire and attacked the nineteenth and the twentieth dynasties of Egypt. The evacuation of the area was also due to the drought; although there is no climatological evidence for it other than lack of evidence for an invasion. Volcanic and geological activity, such as is sometimes attributed to the decline of Knossos, has also been thought to have caused the destruction of Mycenae.[2]

In the period, LHIIIC, also termed "submycenaean," Mycenae was no longer a power. Pottery and decorative styles were changing rapidly. Craftmanship and art declined. The citadel was abandoned at the end of the twelfth century, as it was no longer a strategic location, but only a remote one.

During the early Classical period, Mycenae was once again inhabited, although it never regained its earlier importance. Mycenaeans fought at Thermopylae and Plataea during the Persian Wars. In 462 B.C.E., however, troops from Argos captured Mycenae and expelled the inhabitants. In Hellenistic and Roman times, the ruins at Mycenae were a tourist attraction (just as they are now). A small town grew up to serve the tourist trade. By late Roman times, however, the site had been abandoned.

Excavation

Myceanean swords and cups.

The first excavations at Mycenae were carried out by the Greek archaeologist Kyriakos Pittakis in 1841. He found and restored the Lion Gate. In 1874, Heinrich Schliemann defied popular convention regarding Mycenae as a place of myth (just as the lost city of Troy had been considered) and used ancient texts and literature to discover the buried city. In conjunction with the Athens Archaeological Society, Schliemann discovered what is called Grave Circle A, in which he found royal skeletons and spectacular grave goods. Schliemann's discoveries, which included the "mask of Agamemnon," captured the attention of the academic world, igniting interest in ancient Greece, and is sometimes considered the foundation of Ancient Greece archeology.[3]

A clay tablet with writing in Linear B from Mycenae.

Since Schliemann's day, more scientific excavations have taken place at Mycenae, mainly by Greek archaeologists but also by the British School at Athens. The acropolis was excavated in 1902, and the surrounding hills have been methodically investigated by subsequent excavations, which have led to a wealth of information regarding Mycenae and Ancient Greece in general.

Architecture

Much of the earliest structures on the island no longer exist, and archaeologists have had to make educated guesses based on similar bronze age architecture contemporary to the time. There is evidence however, of a shift in style, which correlates to a shift in culture. Burial in tholoi (or beehive tombs) is seen as replacing burial in shaft graves, which has suggested the beginnings of the great empire to come. The care taken to preserve the shaft graves testifies that they were by then part of the royal heritage, the tombs of the ancestral heroes.

The Lion Gate (detail).

At a conventional date of 1350 B.C.E., the fortifications on the acropolis, and other surrounding hills, were rebuilt in a style known as "cyclopean," because the blocks of stone used were so massive that they were thought in later ages to be the work of the one-eyed giants known as Cyclops. Within these walls, parts of which can still be seen, monumental palaces were built. The palace (what is left of it) currently visible on the acropolis of Mycenae dates to the start of LHIIIA:2. Earlier palaces must have existed but they had been cleared away or built over.

The construction of palaces at that time with a similar architecture was general throughout southern Greece. They all featured a megaron, or throne room, with a raised central hearth under an opening in the roof, which was supported by four columns in a square around the hearth. A throne was placed against the center of one wall. Frescos adorned the plaster walls and floor.

The room was accessed from a courtyard with a columned portico. At Mycenae, a grand staircase led from a terrace below to the courtyard on the acropolis. One can easily imagine Clytemnestra rolling out the proverbial red carpet upon it, but there is no evidence beyond the stories of poets and playwrights where she might have rolled it, or whether she really did.

The Lion Gate at Mycenae

The pottery phases on which the relative dating scheme is based (EH, MH, LH, etc.) do not allow very precise dating, even augmented by the few existing C-14 dates. The sequence of construction of imperial Mycenae is approximately as follows. At the beginning of LHIIIB, around 1300 or so, the Cyclopean wall was extended to the south slope to include grave circle A. The main entrance through the circuit wall was made grand by the best known feature of Mycenae, Lion Gate, through which passed a stepped ramp leading past circle A and up to the palace. The Lion Gate was built in the form of a "Relieving Triangle" to support the weight of the stones. It went past some houses considered to be workshops now: The House of Shields, the House of the Oil Merchant, the House of the Sphinxes, and the West House. An undecorated postern gate was also constructed through the north wall.

Somewhat later, at the LHIIIB:1/2 border, around 1250 or so, another renovation project was undertaken. The wall was extended again on the west side, with a sally port and also a secret passage through and under the wall, of corbeled construction, leading downward by some 99 steps to a cistern carved out of rock 15 m below the surface. It was fed by a tunnel from a spring on more distant higher ground. The "Treasury of Atreus," so-called by Schliemann since it had long ago been looted of its contents that he did not realize it was a tomb, was constructed at about this time.

Religion

In many ways Mycenaean religion is still known, for much of it survives into classical Greece in the pantheon of Greek gods. However, the specifics of early Mycenaean religion is vague at best. Mycenaean religions were almost certainly polytheistic, and the Myceneans were actively syncretistic, adding foreign gods to their pantheon of gods with surprising ease. The Mycenaeans probably entered Greece with a pantheon of gods headed by some ruling sky-god. In Greek, this god would become Zeus.[4]

At some point in their cultural history, the Mycenaeans adopted the Minoan goddesses and associated these goddesses with their sky-god; scholars believe that the Greek pantheon of gods do not reflect Mycenaeans religion except for Zeus and the female goddesses, which are, however, Minoan in origin. In general, later Greek religion distinguishes between two types of gods: The Olympian or sky-gods, and the gods of the earth, or chthonic gods—these chthonic gods are almost all female. The Greeks believed that the chthonic gods were older than the Olympian gods; this suggests that the original Greek religion may have been oriented around goddesses of the earth, but there is no evidence for this outside of reasonable speculation.

Mycenean religion certainly involved offerings and sacrifices to the gods, and some have speculated that they involved human sacrifice based on textual evidence and bones found outside tombs. In the Homeric poems, there seems to be a lingering cultural memory of human sacrifice in King Agamemnon's sacrifice of his daughter, Iphigenia; several of the stories of Trojan heroes involve tragic human sacrifice.

Mythology

Perseus, from Pompei

Legend asserts that Mycenae was founded by Perseus, grandson of king Acrisius of Argos, son of Acrisius' daughter, Danae. Having killed his grandfather by accident, Perseus could not or would not inherit the throne of Argos. Instead, he arranged an exchange of realms with his half-brother, Megapenthes, and became king of Tiryns, Megapenthes taking Argos. From there he founded Mycenae and ruled the kingdoms jointly from Mycenae.

Perseus married Andromeda and had many sons, but in the course of time went to war with Argos and was slain by Megapenthes. His son, Electryon, became the second of the dynasty, but the succession was disputed by the Taphians under Pterelaos, another Perseid, who assaulted Mycenae and, losing, retreated with the cattle. The cattle were recovered by Amphitryon, a grandson of Perseus, but he killed his uncle by accident with a club in an unruly cattle incident and had to go into exile.[5]

The throne went to Sthenelus, third in the dynasty, a son of Perseus. He set the stage for future greatness by marrying Nicippe, a daughter of king Pelops of Elis, the most powerful state of the region and the times. With her, he had a son, Eurystheus the fourth and last of the Perseid dynasty. When a son of Heracles, Hyllus, killed Sthenelus, Eurystheus became noted for his enmity to Heracles and for his ruthless persecution of the Heracleidae, the descendants of Heracles.

Mycenae has also been sometimes dubbed the "House of Agamemnon," the legendary warrior-king who played an integral part in Greek legend. To appease the gods, who would not grant wind so the Greek armies could sail against Troy, Agamemnon sacrificed his own daughter. Upon returning home after the successful sacking of Troy, Agamemnon's heartbroken wife, Clytemnestra, killed her husband to avenge his sacrificing of their daughter. In return, their son Orestes, had to weight the options of avenging his father against committing matricide.

Tourism

Today Mycenae, one of the foundational sites of European civilization, is a popular tourist destination, less than two hours' drive from Athens. The site has been well-preserved, and the massive ruins of the cyclopean walls and the palaces on the acropolis still arouse the admiration of visitors, particularly when it is remembered that they were built a thousand years before the monuments of Classical Greece.

Gallery

Notes

  1. Brian Mandelkow, MSU EMuseum, (2007), Mycenae. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  2. Elizabeth French, Mycenae: Agamemnon's Capital: The Site and Its Setting (Tempus Publishing, 2002). ISBN 075241951X
  3. National Archaeological Museum Athens-Greece, (2007), Grave Circle A. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  4. Richard Hooker, (1996), The Mycenaens: Mycenaean Religion. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  5. Edith Hamilton, Mythology (1942). ISBN 0316341142

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Bryson, Reid and Thomas J. Murray. 1977. Climates of Hunger. University of Wiconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-07370-X
  • Chadwick, John. The Mycenaean World. Cambridge University Press, 1976. ISBN 0-521-21077-1
  • Finley, M.I. 1981. Early Greece, The Bronze and Archaic Ages. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-01569-6
  • French, Elizabeth. 2002. Mycenae: Agamemnon's Capital. Tempus, Stroud. ISBN 07524 1951 X
  • Mylonas, George E. 1983. Mycenae Rich in Gold. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon.
  • Mylonas, George E. 1968. Mycenae's Last Century of Greatness. Sydney University Press. ISBN 424-05820-3
  • Nilsson, Martin P. 1932. The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology. Reissued by the University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01951-2
  • Palmer, Leonard R. 1965. Mycenaeans and Minoans.
  • Taylour, W.D., E.B. French, and K.A. Wardle. 2007. Well Built Mycenae. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Vermeule, Emily. 1964. Greece in the Bronze Age. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Wace, A.J.B. [1949] 1964. Mycenae: An Archaeological History and Guide. Princeton.
  • Wardle, K.A. and Diana. Cities of Legend: The Mycenaean World. Bristol Classical Press, 1997. ISBN 1-85399-355-7

External links

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