Mahal, Mumtaz

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[[Image:Mumtaz Mahal.jpg|right|thumb|Artistic depiction of Mumtaz Mahal]]
 
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'''Mumtāz Mahal''' (April 1593 - June 17, 1631) ([[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]]: '''ممتاز محل'''; pronunciation /{{IPA|mumtɑːz mɛhɛl}}/; meaning "beloved ornament of the palace") is the common nickname of Arjumand Banu Begum, an Indian-Persian Empress in the Mughal Dynasty. She was born in [[Agra]], [[Hindustan|India]]. Her father was the [[Persian people|Persian]] noble [[Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan]], the brother of [[Nur Jehan]] (who subsequently became the wife of the emperor [[Jahangir]]). She was religiously a [[Shi'a]] [[Muslim]]. She was [[married]] at the age of 19, on May 10, 1612, to Prince Khurram, who would later ascend the [[Takht e Taus|Peacock Throne]] as [[Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Jahan|Shah Jahan I]]. She was his third wife, and became his favorite.
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She died in [[Burhanpur]] in the [[Deccan]] (now in [[Madhya Pradesh]]) during the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named [[Gauhara Begum]]. Her body remained at Burhanpur for 23 years until the Taj was completed. Only then was her coffin shifted to Agra. Her body was then buried in the [[Taj Mahal]] in Agra, which is widely acknowledged to be one of the world's most beautiful buildings, a triumph of [[architecture|architectural]] skill and an immortal monument to [[love]]. If Mumtaz had not lived, if her husband had not cherished her memory as much as he did, the world would lack a jewel in the crown of [[humanity|human]] artistic and creative achievement.  Millions of visitors to this sublime memorial are inspired to imagine that if men and women could produce such an exquisite, beautiful witness to love, they might also have the necessary [[creativity]] to make the world a place where only love and harmony exist between people, banishing hatred and hostility from the human space.
 
[[Image:Taj1.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Taj Mahal]]
 
[[Image:Taj1.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Taj Mahal]]
'''Mumtāz Mahal''' (April, 1593 - 17 June 1631) ([[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]]: '''ممتاز محل'''; pronunciation /{{IPA|mumtɑːz mɛhɛl}}/; meaning "beloved ornament of the palace") is the common nickname of Arjumand Banu Begum, an Indian-Persian Empress in the Mughal Dynasty. She was born in [[Agra]], [[Hindustan|India]]. Her father was the [[Persian people|Persian]] noble [[Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan]], the brother of [[Nur Jehan]] (who subsequently became the wife of the emperor [[Jahangir]]).  She was religiously a [[Shi'a]] [[Muslim]]. She was married at the age of 19, on 10 May 1612, to Prince Khurram, who would later ascend the [[Takht e Taus|Peacock Throne]] as [[Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Jahan|Shah Jahan I]]. She was his third wife, and became his favorite. She died  in [[Burhanpur]] in the [[Deccan]] (now in [[Madhya Pradesh]]) during the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named [[Gauhara Begum]]. Her body remained at Burhanpur for 23 years untill the Taj was completed. Only then was her coffin shifted to Agra. Her body was then buried in the [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]].
 
 
 
==Biography==
 
==Biography==
In 1607 AD (1016 AH), Prince Khurrum was [[Betrothal|betrothed]] to Arjumand Banu Begum, who was just 14 years old at the time. She would become the unquestioned love of his life. They would however, have to wait five years before they were married in 1612 AD (1021 AH), on a date selected by the court astrologers as most conducive to ensuring a happy marriage. After their wedding celebrations, Khurram "finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time", gave her the title 'Mumtaz Mahal' Begum (Chosen One of the Palace).<ref name="K18">Koch, page 18.</ref> 18 AH). The intervening years had seen Khurrum take two other wives. By all accounts however, Khurram was so taken with Mumtaz, that he showed little interest in exercising his [[polygamous]] rights with the two earlier wives, other than dutifully siring a child with each. According to the official court chronicler, [[Qazwini]], the relationship with his other wives "had nothing more than the status of marriage. The intimacy, deep affection, attention and favour which His Majesty had for the Cradle of Excellence (Mumtaz) exceeded by a thousand times what he felt for any other."<ref name="K18"/><ref>Qazwini. fol. 233a translated by Begley and Desai (1984), page 14.</ref><ref name="islamic arch">[http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html Bloom, J. and Blair, S. (1994). "The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250-1800". New Haven and London: Yale University Press]</ref>
+
In 1607 C.E. (1016 AH), Prince Khurrum was [[Betrothal|betrothed]] to Arjumand Banu Begum, who was just 14 years old at the time. She would become the unquestioned love of his life. They would however, have to wait five years before they were married in 1612 C.E. (1021 AH), on a date selected by the court astrologers as most conducive to ensuring a happy marriage. After their wedding celebrations, Khurram "finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time," gave her the title 'Mumtaz Mahal' Begum (Chosen One of the Palace) (18 AH).<ref name="K18">Koch (2006), 18.</ref> The intervening years had seen Khurrum take two other wives. By all accounts, however, Khurram was so taken with Mumtaz, that he showed little interest in exercising his [[polygamous]] rights with the two earlier wives, other than dutifully siring a child with each. According to the official court chronicler, [[Qazwini]], the relationship with his other wives "had nothing more than the status of marriage. The intimacy, deep affection, attention, and favor which His Majesty had for the Cradle of Excellence (Mumtaz) exceeded by a thousand times what he felt for any other."<ref name="K18"/><ref>Begley and Desai (1984), 14.</ref><ref name="islamic arch">Islamic Art and Architecture, [http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html The Reign of Shah Jahan, 1628-1658.] Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>
  
Mumtaz Mahal had a very deep and loving marriage with Shah Jahan. Even during her lifetime, poets would extol her beauty, gracefulness and compassion. Mumtaz Mahal was Shah Jahan's trusted companion, travelling with him all over the [[Mughal Empire]]. He trusted her so far that he even gave her his imperial seal, the [[Muhr Uzah]]. Mumtaz was portrayed as the perfect wife with no aspirations to political power in contrast to [[Nur Jehan]], the wife of [[Jahangir]] who had wielded considerable influence in the previous reign.<ref name="K19">Koch, page 19.</ref> She was a great influence on him, apparently often intervening on behalf of the poor and destitute. But she also enjoyed watching elephant and combat fights performed for the court. It was quite common for women of noble birth to commission architecture in the Mughal Empire. Mumtaz devoted some time to a riverside garden in Agra.
+
===Marriage===
 +
Mumtaz Mahal had a very deep and loving marriage with Shah Jahan. Even during her lifetime, poets would extol her beauty, gracefulness and compassion. Mumtaz Mahal was Shah Jahan's trusted companion, travelling with him all over the [[Mughal Empire]]. He trusted her so far that he even gave her his imperial seal, the [[Muhr Uzah]]. Mumtaz was portrayed as the perfect wife with no aspirations to political power in contrast to [[Nur Jehan]], the wife of [[Jahangir]] who had wielded considerable influence in the previous reign.<ref name="K19">Koch (2006), 19.</ref> She was a great influence on him, apparently often intervening on behalf of the poor and destitute. But she also enjoyed watching [[elephant]] and combat fights performed for the court. It was quite common for women of [[nobility|noble]] birth to commission architecture in the Mughal Empire. Mumtaz devoted some time to a riverside garden in Agra.  
  
Despite her frequent pregnancies, Mumtaz travelled with Shah Jahan's entourage throughout his earlier military campaigns and the subsequent rebellion against his father. She was his constant companion and trusted confidant and their relationship was intense. Indeed, the court historians go to unheard lengths to document the intimate and erotic relationship the couple enjoyed. In their nineteen years of marriage, they had thirteen children together<ref name="K19"/>, seven of whom died at birth or at a very young age.
+
Despite her frequent pregnancies, Mumtaz traveled with Shah Jahan's entourage throughout his earlier military campaigns and the subsequent rebellion against his father. She was his constant companion and trusted confidant and their relationship was intense. Indeed, the court historians go to unheard lengths to document the intimate and erotic relationship the couple enjoyed. In their nineteen years of marriage, they had thirteen children together<ref name="K19"/>, seven of whom died at birth or at a very young age.
  
Mumtaz died in [[Burhanpur]] in 1631 AD (1040 AH), while giving birth to their fourteenth child. She had been accompanying her husband whilst he was fighting a campaign in the [[Deccan Plateau]]. Her body was temporarily buried at [[Burhanpur]] in a walled pleasure garden known as [[Zainabad]] originally constructed by Shah Jahan's uncle Daniyal on the bank of the [[Tapti River]].<ref>Preston, page 171.</ref> Rumour has it that on her deathbed, her last wish to the emperor was for a symbol or a monument to their love. She also asked her husband not to marry anyone. Inconsolable, the emperor promised immediately. {{Fact|date=July 2007}} The contemporary court chroniclers paid an unusual amount of attention to Mumtaz Mahal's death and Shah Jahan's grief at her demise. In the immediate aftermath of his bereavement, the emperor was reportedly inconsolable.<ref name="k20"> Koch, page 20. </ref> Apparently after her death, Shah Jahan went into secluded mourning for a year.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn. Jahan's eldest daughter, the devoted [[Jahanara Begum]], gradually brought him out of grief and took the place of Mumtaz at court.  
+
===Death===
 +
Mumtaz died in [[Burhanpur]] in 1631 C.E. (1040 AH), while giving birth to their fourteenth child. She had been accompanying her husband whilst he was fighting a campaign in the [[Deccan Plateau]]. Her body was temporarily buried at Burhanpur in a walled pleasure garden known as [[Zainabad]] originally constructed by Shah Jahan's uncle Daniyal on the bank of the [[Tapti River]].<ref>Preston, and Preston (2007), 171.</ref> Rumor has it that on her deathbed, her last wish to the emperor was for a symbol or a monument to their love. She also asked her husband not to marry anyone. Inconsolable, the emperor promised immediately. The contemporary court chroniclers paid an unusual amount of attention to Mumtaz Mahal's death and Shah Jahan's grief at her demise. In the immediate aftermath of his bereavement, the emperor was reportedly inconsolable.<ref name="k20">Koch (2006), 20.</ref> Apparently after her death, Shah Jahan went into secluded mourning for a year. When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn. Jahan's eldest daughter, the devoted [[Jahanara Begum]], gradually brought him out of grief and took the place of Mumtaz at court.  
  
Her personal fortune valued at 10,000,000 rupees was divided by Shah Jahan between Jahanara Begum, who received half and the rest of her surviving children.<ref>Preston, page 175.</ref> Burhanpur was never intended by her husband as his wife's final resting spot. As a result her body was disinterred in December 1631 and transported in a golden casket escorted by her son Shah Shuja and the head lady in waiting of the deceased Empress back to Agra.<ref>Preston, page 176.</ref> There it was interred in a small building on the banks of the Yumma River. Shah Jahan stayed behind in Burhanpur to conclude the military campaign that had originally bought him to the region. While there he began planning the design and construction of a suitable mausoleum and funerary garden in Agra for his wife, a task that would take more than 22 years <!-- (fact ref. needed) and most of the treasury, —> to complete, the [[Taj Mahal]].
+
Her personal fortune valued at 10,000,000 rupees was divided by Shah Jahan between Jahanara Begum, who received half and the rest of her surviving children.<ref>Preston, and Preston (2007), 175.</ref> Burhanpur was never intended by her husband as his wife's final resting spot. As a result her body was disinterred in December 1631 and transported in a golden casket escorted by her son Shah Shuja and the head lady in waiting of the deceased Empress back to Agra.<ref>Preston, and Preston (2007), 176.</ref> There it was interred in a small building on the banks of the Yumma River. Shah Jahan stayed behind in Burhanpur to conclude the military campaign that had originally bought him to the region. While there he began planning the design and construction of a suitable mausoleum and funerary garden in Agra for his wife, a task that would take more than 22 years to complete, the [[Taj Mahal]].
  
Today, the [[Taj Mahal]] stands as the ultimate monument to love, and an homage to her beauty and life.
+
==Legacy==
 +
Today, the Taj Mahal stands as the ultimate monument to love, and an homage to her beauty and life.  The Taj is a celebration of love, of the marital bond; it also celebrates marriage and love as gifts from God. [[Quran|Quranic]] calligraphy is omnipresent; the gardens represent paradise. Mahal inspired what has been described as "simply the most exquisite building in the world."<ref>Ahmed, 95.</ref> Few women and few men have inspired as magnificent memorial. Through the Taj, Mahal's legacy lives on. Visitors to the tomb are uplifted [[spirituality|spiritually]] by the experience of viewing the sublime, and dare to imagine that if love could produce what they perceive to be as a piece of [[heaven]] on earth, perhaps humanity can transcend other limitations too, and create a [[justice|just]], harmonious and [[peace|peaceful]] world.  The tomb has a [[mosque]] on one side and a guest house on the other.
  
==Children==
+
===Children===
1. Shahzadi [[Huralnissa Begum]] (1613 - 1616)<br>  
+
1. Shahzadi [[Huralnissa Begum]] (1613-1616)<br/>  
2. Shahzadi (Imperial Princess) [[Jahanara Begum]] ) (1614 - 1681)<br>  
+
2. Shahzadi (Imperial Princess) [[Jahanara Begum]] ) (1614-1681)<br/>  
3. Shahzada (Imperial Prince) [[Dara Shikoh]] (1615 - 1659)<br>
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3. Shahzada (Imperial Prince) [[Dara Shikoh]] (1615-1659)<br/>
4. Shahzada [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Mohammed Sultan Shah Shuja Bahadur]] (1616 - 1660)<br>
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4. Shahzada [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Mohammed Sultan Shah Shuja Bahadur]] (1616-1660)<br/>
5. Shahzadi [[Roshanara Begum]] (1617 - 1671)<br>
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5. Shahzadi [[Roshanara Begum]] (1617-1671)<br/>
6. [[Badshah]] [[Aurangzeb|Mohinnudin Mohammed Aurangzeb]] (1618 - 1707)<br>
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6. [[Badshah]] [[Aurangzeb|Mohinnudin Mohammed Aurangzeb]] (1618-1707)<br/>
7. Shahzada [[Sultan Ummid Baksh]] (1619 - 1622)<br>
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7. Shahzada [[Sultan Ummid Baksh]] (1619-1622)<br/>
8. Shahzadi [[Surayya Banu Begum]] (1621 - 1628)<br>
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8. Shahzadi [[Surayya Banu Begum]] (1621-1628)<br/>
9. Shahzada [[Murad Baksh|Sultan Murad Baksh]] (1624 - 1661)<br>
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9. Shahzada [[Murad Baksh|Sultan Murad Baksh]] (1624-1661)<br/>
10. Shahzada [[Sultan Luftallah]] (1626 - 1628)<br>
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10. Shahzada [[Sultan Luftallah]] (1626-1628)<br/>
11. Shahzada [[Sultan Daulat Afza]] (1628 - ?)<br>
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11. Shahzada [[Sultan Daulat Afza]] (1628-?)<br/>
12. Shahzadi [[Husnara Begum]] (1630 - ?)<br>
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12. Shahzadi [[Husnara Begum]] (1630-?)<br/>
13. Shahzadi [[Gauhara Begum]] (1631 - 1707)<br>
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13. Shahzadi [[Gauhara Begum]] (1631-1707)<br/>
14.Samedia ((imperial princess)) ?to?
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14. Samedia (imperial princess) ?to?
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php —>
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<references/>
{{reflist}}
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
* Koch, Ebba. 2006. ''The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra''. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0500342091
+
* Ahmed, Akbar. 1999. ''Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World.'' London: I. B. Taurus. ISBN 1860642578.
* Preston, Diana & Michael. 2007. ''A Teardrop on the Cheek of Time''. London: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385609470
+
* Bloom, Jonathan M., and Sheila Blair. 1994. ''The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250-1800''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300064659.
 +
* Islamic Art and Architecture. [http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html The Reign of Shah Jahan, 1628-1658.] Retrieved January 24, 2009.
 +
* Koch, Ebba. 2006. ''The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra''. London, UK: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0500342091.
 +
* Preston, Diana, and Michael Preston. 2007. ''A Teardrop on the Cheek of Time''. London, UK: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385609470.
 +
* Qazwini. fol. 233a. Translated by Begley and Desai. 1984.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
 +
All links retrieved September 9, 2014.
 +
* [http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/MB77/ Mumtaz Mahal: Picture and Biography]
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* [http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/tajmahal.html Taj Majal, Mausoleum of Mumtaz Mahal]
  
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahal, Mumtaz}}
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[[Category:Biography]]
 
[[Category:History]]
 
[[Category:History]]
 
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[[Category:History of India]]
 
{{Credits|261234621}}
 
{{Credits|261234621}}

Revision as of 17:05, 9 September 2014

Artistic depiction of Mumtaz Mahal

Mumtāz Mahal (April 1593 - June 17, 1631) (Persian, Urdu: ممتاز محل; pronunciation /mumtɑːz mɛhɛl/; meaning "beloved ornament of the palace") is the common nickname of Arjumand Banu Begum, an Indian-Persian Empress in the Mughal Dynasty. She was born in Agra, India. Her father was the Persian noble Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, the brother of Nur Jehan (who subsequently became the wife of the emperor Jahangir). She was religiously a Shi'a Muslim. She was married at the age of 19, on May 10, 1612, to Prince Khurram, who would later ascend the Peacock Throne as Mughal emperor Shah Jahan I. She was his third wife, and became his favorite.

She died in Burhanpur in the Deccan (now in Madhya Pradesh) during the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named Gauhara Begum. Her body remained at Burhanpur for 23 years until the Taj was completed. Only then was her coffin shifted to Agra. Her body was then buried in the Taj Mahal in Agra, which is widely acknowledged to be one of the world's most beautiful buildings, a triumph of architectural skill and an immortal monument to love. If Mumtaz had not lived, if her husband had not cherished her memory as much as he did, the world would lack a jewel in the crown of human artistic and creative achievement. Millions of visitors to this sublime memorial are inspired to imagine that if men and women could produce such an exquisite, beautiful witness to love, they might also have the necessary creativity to make the world a place where only love and harmony exist between people, banishing hatred and hostility from the human space.

The Taj Mahal

Biography

In 1607 C.E. (1016 AH), Prince Khurrum was betrothed to Arjumand Banu Begum, who was just 14 years old at the time. She would become the unquestioned love of his life. They would however, have to wait five years before they were married in 1612 C.E. (1021 AH), on a date selected by the court astrologers as most conducive to ensuring a happy marriage. After their wedding celebrations, Khurram "finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time," gave her the title 'Mumtaz Mahal' Begum (Chosen One of the Palace) (18 AH).[1] The intervening years had seen Khurrum take two other wives. By all accounts, however, Khurram was so taken with Mumtaz, that he showed little interest in exercising his polygamous rights with the two earlier wives, other than dutifully siring a child with each. According to the official court chronicler, Qazwini, the relationship with his other wives "had nothing more than the status of marriage. The intimacy, deep affection, attention, and favor which His Majesty had for the Cradle of Excellence (Mumtaz) exceeded by a thousand times what he felt for any other."[1][2][3]

Marriage

Mumtaz Mahal had a very deep and loving marriage with Shah Jahan. Even during her lifetime, poets would extol her beauty, gracefulness and compassion. Mumtaz Mahal was Shah Jahan's trusted companion, travelling with him all over the Mughal Empire. He trusted her so far that he even gave her his imperial seal, the Muhr Uzah. Mumtaz was portrayed as the perfect wife with no aspirations to political power in contrast to Nur Jehan, the wife of Jahangir who had wielded considerable influence in the previous reign.[4] She was a great influence on him, apparently often intervening on behalf of the poor and destitute. But she also enjoyed watching elephant and combat fights performed for the court. It was quite common for women of noble birth to commission architecture in the Mughal Empire. Mumtaz devoted some time to a riverside garden in Agra.

Despite her frequent pregnancies, Mumtaz traveled with Shah Jahan's entourage throughout his earlier military campaigns and the subsequent rebellion against his father. She was his constant companion and trusted confidant and their relationship was intense. Indeed, the court historians go to unheard lengths to document the intimate and erotic relationship the couple enjoyed. In their nineteen years of marriage, they had thirteen children together[4], seven of whom died at birth or at a very young age.

Death

Mumtaz died in Burhanpur in 1631 C.E. (1040 AH), while giving birth to their fourteenth child. She had been accompanying her husband whilst he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau. Her body was temporarily buried at Burhanpur in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad originally constructed by Shah Jahan's uncle Daniyal on the bank of the Tapti River.[5] Rumor has it that on her deathbed, her last wish to the emperor was for a symbol or a monument to their love. She also asked her husband not to marry anyone. Inconsolable, the emperor promised immediately. The contemporary court chroniclers paid an unusual amount of attention to Mumtaz Mahal's death and Shah Jahan's grief at her demise. In the immediate aftermath of his bereavement, the emperor was reportedly inconsolable.[6] Apparently after her death, Shah Jahan went into secluded mourning for a year. When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn. Jahan's eldest daughter, the devoted Jahanara Begum, gradually brought him out of grief and took the place of Mumtaz at court.

Her personal fortune valued at 10,000,000 rupees was divided by Shah Jahan between Jahanara Begum, who received half and the rest of her surviving children.[7] Burhanpur was never intended by her husband as his wife's final resting spot. As a result her body was disinterred in December 1631 and transported in a golden casket escorted by her son Shah Shuja and the head lady in waiting of the deceased Empress back to Agra.[8] There it was interred in a small building on the banks of the Yumma River. Shah Jahan stayed behind in Burhanpur to conclude the military campaign that had originally bought him to the region. While there he began planning the design and construction of a suitable mausoleum and funerary garden in Agra for his wife, a task that would take more than 22 years to complete, the Taj Mahal.

Legacy

Today, the Taj Mahal stands as the ultimate monument to love, and an homage to her beauty and life. The Taj is a celebration of love, of the marital bond; it also celebrates marriage and love as gifts from God. Quranic calligraphy is omnipresent; the gardens represent paradise. Mahal inspired what has been described as "simply the most exquisite building in the world."[9] Few women and few men have inspired as magnificent memorial. Through the Taj, Mahal's legacy lives on. Visitors to the tomb are uplifted spiritually by the experience of viewing the sublime, and dare to imagine that if love could produce what they perceive to be as a piece of heaven on earth, perhaps humanity can transcend other limitations too, and create a just, harmonious and peaceful world. The tomb has a mosque on one side and a guest house on the other.

Children

1. Shahzadi Huralnissa Begum (1613-1616)
2. Shahzadi (Imperial Princess) Jahanara Begum ) (1614-1681)
3. Shahzada (Imperial Prince) Dara Shikoh (1615-1659)
4. Shahzada Mohammed Sultan Shah Shuja Bahadur (1616-1660)
5. Shahzadi Roshanara Begum (1617-1671)
6. Badshah Mohinnudin Mohammed Aurangzeb (1618-1707)
7. Shahzada Sultan Ummid Baksh (1619-1622)
8. Shahzadi Surayya Banu Begum (1621-1628)
9. Shahzada Sultan Murad Baksh (1624-1661)
10. Shahzada Sultan Luftallah (1626-1628)
11. Shahzada Sultan Daulat Afza (1628-?)
12. Shahzadi Husnara Begum (1630-?)
13. Shahzadi Gauhara Begum (1631-1707)
14. Samedia (imperial princess) ?to?

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 Koch (2006), 18.
  2. Begley and Desai (1984), 14.
  3. Islamic Art and Architecture, The Reign of Shah Jahan, 1628-1658. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Koch (2006), 19.
  5. Preston, and Preston (2007), 171.
  6. Koch (2006), 20.
  7. Preston, and Preston (2007), 175.
  8. Preston, and Preston (2007), 176.
  9. Ahmed, 95.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Ahmed, Akbar. 1999. Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World. London: I. B. Taurus. ISBN 1860642578.
  • Bloom, Jonathan M., and Sheila Blair. 1994. The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250-1800. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300064659.
  • Islamic Art and Architecture. The Reign of Shah Jahan, 1628-1658. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  • Koch, Ebba. 2006. The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra. London, UK: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0500342091.
  • Preston, Diana, and Michael Preston. 2007. A Teardrop on the Cheek of Time. London, UK: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385609470.
  • Qazwini. fol. 233a. Translated by Begley and Desai. 1984.

External links

All links retrieved September 9, 2014.

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