Muhammad Ali

From New World Encyclopedia
Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg
Career Snapshot
Born January 17, 1942
Died
Total Fights 61
Won 56
Lost 5
Drew 0
Knockouts 37
Titles Won Heavyweight

Muhammad Ali-Haj (born January 17, 1942 as Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.), is a retired American boxer. He is considered one of the world's greatest heavyweight boxers, as well as one of the world's most famous individuals, renowned the world over both for his boxing and his political activism. In 1999, he was crowned Sportsman of the Century by Sports Illustrated. He is considered by many to be one of the greatest athletes of the twentieth century.

Ali had a highly unorthodox style for a heavyweight boxer. He carried his hands at his sides, rather than high to defend the face. Instead, he relied on his extraordinary reflexes and reach (80 inches) to keep him away from his opponents' blows. Ali punched to the head much more than most boxers—a high-risk strategy since, over the duration of a long fight, punches to the body can be much more effective in tiring an opponent out.

Ali retired permanently in 1981, with a career record of 56 wins, 37 by knockout, against five losses. In 1982, he was diagnosed with pugilistic Parkinson's syndrome, following which his motor functions began a slow decline.

Biography

Beginnings

Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Cassius Clay was named after his father, who was himself named for the Kentucky abolitionist Cassius M. Clay). At age 12, he had his bicycle stolen, and he reported the fact to a local policeman and boxing trainer, Joe Martin. Martin suggested that Clay learn to fight. Under his guidance, Clay rapidly advanced through the youth ranks. A low-achiever academically, Clay won six Kentucky Golden Gloves while attending high school and was allowed to graduate, despite his poor grades. Presciently, his principal announced during a staff meeting about the issue that Clay would someday be "this school's claim to fame." Clay later joked about his lackluster academic record saying, "I said I was the Greatest, not the smartest."

At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Clay won a gold medal as a light heavyweight boxer. Later, after being refused service in a whites-only restaurant, a disgusted Clay threw his gold medal into the Ohio River. He then turned professional, under the tutelage of legendary trainer Angelo Dundee. Ali quickly became famous for his spectacular results, his unorthodox style, and his tireless self-promotion, inspired in part by professional wrestler Gorgeous George and singer Little Richard). The earned the nickname "the Louisville Lip" through his composing poems and predicting in which round he would knock out his opponent. He boisterously sang his own praises, with such saying as "I am the greatest" and "I'm young, I'm pretty, I'm fast, and no one can beat me."

Ali admitted that he used this ostentation as a publicity device. As a youngster, he learned that boasting with maximum impudence would bring bigger and bigger crowds to attend his fights, because everyone would so desperately want to see the braggart get beaten or otherwise pummeled.

Professional Career

In Louisville, on October 29, 1960, Cassius Clay won his first professional fight. He won a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker, who was the police chief of Fayetteville, West Virginia. From 1960 to 1963, the young fighter amassed a record of 19-0, with 15 knockouts. He defeated such boxers as Tony Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Duke Sabedong, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi Besmanoff, and Lamar Clark (who had won his previous 40 bouts by knockout). Among Clay's more impressive victories were against Sonny Banks (who knocked him down earlier in the bout), Alejandro Lavorante, and Archie Moore (a boxing legend who had won over 200 previous fights).

Clay became the number one contender for Sonny Liston's title. Liston was greatly feared, and some have said that he was the Mike Tyson of his era. Almost no one gave the young boxer a chance of beating Liston. The date was fixed for February 25, 1964; during the weigh-in, the boisterous Ali declared that he would "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee." [1]

First Title Fight

Clay, however, had a plan. Misreading Clay's exuberance as nervousness, Liston was over-confident, and unprepared for any result but a quick stoppage. In the opening rounds, Clay's speed, greater even than his idols, Sugar Ray Robinson and Archie Moore, kept him away from Liston's powerful head and body shots, as he used his height and reach advantage to effectively counter-punch with the jab. As early as the third round, Liston began to visibly tire, and Clay took full advantage, landing several heavy punches. By the third, Clay was clearly on top, and had opened a large cut under Liston's eye. Liston regained some ground in the fourth, as Clay was blinded by a foreign substance. It is unknown whether this was something used to close Liston's cuts, or applied to Liston's gloves for a nefarious purpose.

Partially sighted, Clay was able to keep out of range, and by the fifth and into the sixth, he was looking for a finish. That came before the seventh, when Liston retired on his stool, later claiming his shoulder had become dislocated. Clay leapt out of his corner, proclaiming himself "King of the World," and demanding the writers eat their words.

Clay was duly crowned the heavyweight champion of the world. He would reconfirm his abilities when he knocked out Liston in the first round of their rematch in Lewiston, Maine on May 25, 1965, albeit controversially; as few observers saw the "phantom punch" that floored Liston. That November, Clay met and defeated former champion Floyd Patterson. The referee stopped the fight in Round 12, after Patterson had taken a horrible beating.

Clay changes his name to Muhammed Ali

In between the two matches, he also became famous for other reasons: he joined the Nation of Islam and changed his name to Muhammad Ali, although only a few journalists (most notably Howard Cosell) accepted it. The year 1966 and early 1967 were a busy time for the champion. In that period, he defended his title seven times. No other champion has had that many defenses in only a year. In March 1966, Ali won a unanimous decision over tough Canadian champion George Chuvalo (who was never knocked down in his career). Ali then traveled to England to face "British Bulldog" Brian London and Henry Cooper, who had knocked Clay down in their initial 1963, non-title match. Ali won both fights by knockout. He traveled to Germany next, to face southpaw Karl Mildenberger (who was the first German to fight for the title since Max Schmeling). In one of his tougher fights, Ali finally won by knockout in Round 12.

In November 1966, Ali returned to the United States to face Cleveland "Big Cat" Williams in the Houston Astrodome. Williams had one of the highest knockout percentages in history, and has often been ranked as one of the finest fighters who never won a title. Many felt he would give the champion a tough battle. However, Ali easily knocked him out in the third round. In February 1967, Ali faced Ernie Terrell in the Astrodome. At Madison Square Garden Terrell had refused to acknowledge Ali's name, and the champ vowed to punish him for this perceived insolence. Even though the fight went to a decision, Ali delivered a horrible beating and won every round. He kept taunting the challenger throughout the fight; after every hit, Ali hollered "What's my name?" Many called his treatment cruel and brutal. In March of the same year, and in the same location, he faced Zora Folley. Ali's fight with the 35-year-old Folley is regarded by many as his finest performance in the ring. He showed what a breath-taking fighter he was, by throwing every punch sharply and on target. He knocked out the challenger in Round 7.

It was also in this same year that he refused to serve in the American army during the Vietnam War as a conscientious objector, famously saying that he "got nothing against no Viet Cong" - largely misquoted as "No Vietnamese ever called me a nigger." Ali was stripped of his championship belt and his license to box, and was sentenced to five years in prison. The sentence was overturned on appeal three years later, by a unanimous decision of the Supreme Court.

Ali's actions in refusing military service and aligning himself with the Nation of Islam, made him a lightning rod of controversy, turning the outspoken-but-popular former champion into one of that era's most recognizable and controversial figures. Appearing at rallies with Nation of Islam leaders Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X, and declaring his allegiance to them at a time when mainstream America viewed them with suspicion—if not actual hostility—made Ali a target of outrage, and suspicion as well. Ali seemed at times to even provoke such reactions, with viewpoints that wavered from support for civil rights to outright support of racial separatism.

In 1970, granted a license to box once more following his Supreme Court victory wherein he was granted his right to refuse military service for religious reasons, he began a comeback. But he suffered a setback when he lost his 1971 title fight, a bruising 15-round encounter with Joe Frazier at Madison Square Garden. This fight, known as The Fight of the Century, was perhaps one of the most famous and eagerly anticipated bouts of all time, since it featured two skilled, undefeated fighters, both of whom had reasonable claims to the heavyweight crown. The fight lived up to the hype, and Frazier punctuated his victory by flooring Ali with a hard left hook in the final round. Ali split two bouts with Ken Norton (in the bout that Ali lost to Norton, Ali suffered a broken jaw, but refused to quit), before beating Frazier on points in their 1974 rematch, to earn another title shot.

Ali's religious views also changed with time. He began to study the Qur'an, and converted to Sunni Islam, rejecting the teachings of the Nation of Islam.

The Rumble in the Jungle and Thrilla in Manila

File:Casseus-clay.jpg
Ali on the cover of Sports Illustrated ( Dec 23, 1974)

The incumbent, George Foreman, was a large, hard-hitting, undefeated young fighter who had previously demolished Frazier, KO'ing him in the second round of their championship fight. Foreman was the heavy favorite. The fight was held in Zaire, and promoted by Don King as "The Rumble in the Jungle." In the October 30, 1974 bout, that would cement his reputation as "The Greatest", Ali boxed his best tactical fight. Leading with his "wrong" hand and playing "rope-a-dope" by leaning far back on the ropes, Ali absorbed everything Foreman could throw at him, while only occasionally throwing counter-punches. By the end of the sixth round, Foreman had punched himself out, and Ali was able to attack a little more. Foreman kept advancing, but his blows were much less effective, and near the end of the eighth, Ali's right hand finally sent the exhausted Foreman to the floor. As a result of this fight, Ali was awarded the 1974 Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year, and Sports Illustrated magazine's "Sportsman of the Year" award.

In 1975, Ali defeated Joe Frazier once more in the "Thrilla In Manila", in the Philippines. This fight surpassed their earlier bouts, and became one of the most well-known heavyweight fights ever. After 14 grueling rounds, Frazier's trainer Eddie Futch refused to allow Frazier to continue, and Ali left, the winner by TKO. Along with the "Rumble", his fights with Frazier are widely considered among the greatest in boxing history. Ring Magazine called this bout 1975's Fight of the Year, the fifth year an Ali fight had earned that distinction. Many felt Ali should have retired after this fight; however, he continued to box.

In 1976, Ali knocked out two largely unknown opponents, Belgian stonecutter Jean-Pierre Coopman and English boxer Richard Dunn. On April 30, 1976 Ali faced Jimmy Young in Landover, Maryland, and many regard this as his worst fight. Ali was heavy and out of shape, refusing to take the young challenger seriously. Ali was awarded a unanimous decision, but it was widely boo'ed by the crowd. Many who scored the fight at ringside thought Young deserved the decision. Even Ali's loyal trainer Angelo Dundee said this was his worst performance in the ring. In September, Ali faced Ken Norton in their third fight, held at Yankee Stadium. Once again, the champion won a widely debated decision.

He would retain his title until a 1978 loss to 1976 Olympic champion Leon Spinks, who was fighting in only his eighth professional fight. He defeated Spinks in a rematch, becoming the heavyweight champion for the record third time. Then on June 27, 1979, he announced his retirement and vacated the title.

That retirement was short-lived, however, and on October 2, 1980, he challenged Larry Holmes for the WBC's version of the world Heavyweight title. Looking to set another record, as the first boxer to win the Heavyweight title four times, Ali lost by technical knockout in round eleven, when Dundee would not let him come out for the round. The Holmes fight, promoted as "The Last Hurrah." was a fight many fans and experts view with disdain, because of what many viewed as a "deteriorated version" of Ali.

Holmes was Ali's sparring partner when Holmes was a budding fighter; thus, some viewed the result of the fight as a symbolic "passing of the torch." Holmes even admitted later that, although he dominated the fight, he held his punches back a bit out of sheer respect for his idol, and former employer. It was revealed after the fight that Ali had an examination at the Mayo Clinic, and the results were shocking. He admitted to tingling in his hands, and slurring of his speech. The exam revealed he actually had a hole in the membrane of his brain. However, Don King withheld this report, and allowed the fight to go on.

Despite the apparent finality of his loss to Holmes and his increasingly suspect medical condition, Ali would fight one more time. On December 11, 1981, he fought rising contender and future world champion Trevor Berbick, in what was billed as "The Drama in the Bahamas." Because Ali was widely viewed as a damaged fighter, few American venues expressed much interest in hosting the bout, and few fans expressed much interest in attending or watching it. Compared to the mega-fights Ali fought in widely-known venues earlier in his career, the match took place in virtual obscurity, in Nassau. Although Ali performed marginally better against Berbick than he had against Holmes fourteen months earlier, he still lost a 10-round unanimous decision to Berbick, who at 27 was 12 years younger.

Following this loss, Ali retired permanently in 1981, with a career record of 56 wins, 37 by knockout, against five losses.

In retirement

Ali.jpg

Ali was diagnosed with pugilistic Parkinson's syndrome in 1982, following which his motor functions began a slow decline.

Despite this, he remains a hero to millions around the world. In 1985, he was called upon to negotiate for the release of kidnapped Americans in Lebanon. In 1996, he had the honor of lighting the Olympic flame in Atlanta, Georgia. At the same Olympics, Ali was also presented with a replacement gold medal. He had supposedly thrown the previous one, won in 1960, into the Ohio River after being refused entry to a restaurant, confirming his own suspicions that even with a gold medal he would not be treated any different in the South.

His daughter Laila Ali also became a boxer in 1999, despite her father's earlier comments against female boxing in 1978: "Women are not made to be hit in the breast, and face like that... the body's not made to be punched right here [patting his chest]. Get hit in the breast... hard... and all that."

The $60 million Muhammad Ali Center opened in downtown Louisville, Kentucky in the fall of 2005. In addition to displaying his boxing memorabilia, the center focuses on core themes of peace, social responsibility, respect, and personal growth. Muhammad Ali currently lives in Michigan with his fourth wife, Yolanda Williams.

Personal life

Muhammad Ali has been married four times. His first wife was Sonji Roi, whom he married on August 14, 1964, and she had his first two children, they divorced on January 10, 1966. His second wife was Khalilah 'Belinda' Ali, whom he married on August 17, 1967; and she had four of his nine children, they divorced in 1977. His third wife was Veronica Porche Ali, whom he married on August 19, 1977, and she had two children with him, one of which was Laila Ali; they divorced in July, 1986. His fourth and current wife is Yolanda Williams, whom he married on November 19, 1986, and they adopted a son named Asaad. His children are: Rasheedah, Jamilla, Maryum, Miya, Khalilah, Hana, Laila, Muhammad Jr., and Asaad.

Pro Wrestling

  • Ali had a "boxer vs. wrestler" match against Antonio Inoki in June 1976, in Nippon Budokan in Tokyo, Japan. The match was declared a draw.
  • Ali also refereed the main event at Wrestlemania I in 1985.

Legacy

Muhammad Ali has attained mythical stature in American life. Although he was a great man with many faults, some view Ali's legacy as one of a man who used his fame to denounce war and inequality, acting as a beacon of light to oppressed people. Others view Ali as egocentric, someone who chose not to enter the Army for less than noble reasons. Regardless, most view Ali as one of the greatest — if not the greatest — heavyweight fighters of all time.

Ali in American Culture

Film

  • The Greatest [2] (1977, starring Ali as himself)
  • Ali (2001, directed by Michael Mann, starring Will Smith)
  • When We Were Kings (filmed 1974, released 1996, documentary about the "Rumble in the Jungle" by filmmaker Leon Gast.)
  • I Am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali, an animated television series

Music

  • Black Superman - Muhammed Ali, by Johnny Wakelin & The Kinshasa Band
  • Ali Shuffle, by Alvin Cash (1976)

Urban legends

There is a story that Ali had visited the remains of the World Trade Center in New York City after the September 11, 2001 attacks and was asked by reporters how he felt about having the same religion as the people who did this. He then allegedly responded with the question "How do you feel about Hitler sharing yours?"

While Ali did visit the World Trade Center around that time, what he actually said was as follows:[3]

  • "Religions all have different names, but they all contain the same truths. ... I think the people of our religion should be tolerant and understand people believe different things."
    • from "Bush: 'Justice Will Be Done.'", CNN.com, 20 September 2001.
  • "What's really hurting me, the name Islam is involved, and Muslim is involved and causing trouble and starting hate and violence. ... Islam is not a killer religion. ... Islam means peace, I couldn't just sit home and watch people label Muslims as the reason for this problem."
    • from "Muhammad Ali Defends His Religion.", New York Daily News (p. 34), 21 September 2001, Colangelo, Lisa L. and Clem Richardson.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Haskins, James, and Velasquez, Eric. Champion: The Story of Muhammad Ali. New York: Walker & Co., 2002. ISBN 978-0802787859
  • Hauser, Thomas. Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991. ISBN 978-0671688929
  • Myers, Walter Dean. The Greatest: Muhammad Ali. New York: Scholastic Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0590543422
  • Smith, Charles. R., and Collier, Bryan. Twelve Rounds to Glory: The Story of Muhammad Ali. Cambridge, Mass.: Candlewick Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0763616922

External links

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