Difference between revisions of "Minnesota" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{US state |
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{{Infobox U.S. state
Name = Minnesota |
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| Name = Minnesota
Fullname = State of Minnesota |
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| Fullname = State of Minnesota
Flag = Flag of Minnesota.svg |
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| Flag = Flag of Minnesota.svg
Flaglink = [[Flag of Minnesota]] |
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| Flaglink = [[Flag of Minnesota|Flag]]
Seal = Minnesota state seal.png |
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| Seal = Minnesota state seal.png
Map = Map of USA MN.svg |
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| Map = Map of USA MN.svg
Nickname = North Star State,<br/>The Land of 10,000 Lakes, The Gopher State|
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| Nickname = North Star State;<br>Land of 10,000 Lakes; The Gopher State
Motto = [[L'Étoile du Nord]] (French: The Star of the North)|  
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| Motto = L’Étoile du Nord (French: The Star of the North)
Capital = [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]] |
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| Former = Minnesota Territory
LargestCity = [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] |
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| Capital = [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]
Governor = [[Tim Pawlenty]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) |
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| LargestCity = [[Minneapolis]]
Senators = [[Norm Coleman]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])<br />[[Amy Klobuchar]] ([[Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFL]])|
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| LargestCounty = [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis County]]
PostalAbbreviation = MN |
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| LargestMetro = [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul]]
AreaRank = 12<sup>th</sup> |
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| Demonym = Minnesotan
TotalAreaUS = 87,014|
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| Governor = [[Mark Dayton]] ([[Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFL]])
TotalArea = 225,365 |
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| Lieutenant Governor = [[Yvonne Prettner Solon]] ([[Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFL]])
LandAreaUS = 79,682 |
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| Legislature = [[Minnesota Legislature]]
LandArea = 206,375 |
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| Upperhouse = [[Minnesota Senate|Senate]]
WaterAreaUS = 7,332|
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| Lowerhouse = [[Minnesota House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
WaterArea = 18,990 |
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| Senators = [[Amy Klobuchar]] ([[Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFL]])<br /> [[Al Franken]] ([[Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFL]])
PCWater = 8.4 |
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| Representative=4 Democrats, 4 Republicans
PopRank = 21<sup>st</sup> |
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| PostalAbbreviation = MN
2000Pop = 4,919,479 |
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| TradAbbreviation = Minn.
DensityRank = 31<sup>st</sup> |
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| AreaRank = 12th
2000DensityUS = 61.80|
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| TotalAreaUS = 86,939
2000Density = 23.86 |
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| TotalArea = 225,181
MedianHouseholdIncome = $55,914 |
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| LandAreaUS = 79,610
IncomeRank = 5<sup>th</sup> |
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| LandArea = 206,375
AdmittanceOrder = 32<sup>nd</sup> |
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| WaterAreaUS = 7,329
AdmittanceDate = May 11, 1858 |
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| WaterArea = 18,990
TimeZone = [[Central Standard Time Zone|Central]]: [[UTC]]-6/[[Daylight saving time|-5]] |
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| PCWater = 8.4
Latitude = 43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N |
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| PopRank = 21st
Longitude = 89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W |
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| 2000Pop = 5,344,861 (2011 est)<ref name=PopEstUS>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2011 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=December 2011|accessdate=December 21, 2011}}</ref>
WidthUS = 250|
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| DensityRank = 31st
Width = 400 |
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| 2000DensityUS = 67.1
LengthUS = 400 |
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| 2000Density = 25.9
Length = 645 |
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| MedianHouseholdIncome = $55,802
HighestPoint = [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| year = 2005 | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessdate = 2006-11-06}}</ref> |
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| IncomeRank = 10th<ref name = MHI>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GRTTable?_bm=y&-_box_head_nbr=R1901&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-format=US-30&-CONTEXT=grt Median Household Income], from U.S. Census Bureau (from 2007 American Community Survey, [[U.S. Census Bureau]]. Retrieved April 9, 2009.</ref>
HighestElevUS = 2,301 |
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| AdmittanceOrder = 32nd
HighestElev = 701 |
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| AdmittanceDate = May 11, 1858
MeanElevUS = 1,198 |
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| TimeZone = [[Central Standard Time Zone|Central]]: [[UTC]]-6/[[Daylight saving time|-5]]
MeanElev = 365 |
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| Latitude = 43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N
LowestPoint = [[Lake Superior]]<ref name=usgs/> |
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| Longitude = 89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W
LowestElevUS = 602 |
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| WidthUS = c. 200–350
LowestElev = 183 |
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| Width = c. 320–560
ISOCode = US-MN |
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| LengthUS = c. 400
Website = www.state.mn.us
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| Length = c. 640
 +
| HighestPoint = [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2001|accessdate=October 24, 2011}}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>
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| HighestElevUS = 2,302
 +
| HighestElev = 701
 +
| MeanElevUS = 1,200
 +
| MeanElev = 370
 +
| LowestPoint = [[Lake Superior]]<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/>
 +
| LowestElevUS = 601
 +
| LowestElev = 183
 +
| ISOCode = US-MN
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| Website = www.state.mn.us
 
}}
 
}}
[[Image:MinnesotaWelcomesYou2007.JPG|thumb|right|Minnesota welcome sign]]
 
  
'''Minnesota'''  is a U.S. state located in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern region]] of the [[United States of America]]. The twelfth-largest state by area in the U.S., it is the 21<sup>st</sup> most populous, with just over five million residents as of 2006. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the [[Minnesota Territory]] and admitted to the Union as the 32<sup>nd</sup> state on May 11, 1858.  The state is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes," and those [[lakes]] and the other waters for which the state is named, together with state and national forests and parks, offer residents and tourists a vigorous outdoor lifestyle.
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[[Image:MinnesotaWelcomesYou2007.JPG|thumb|225px|right|Minnesota welcome sign]]
  
Nearly 60% of Minnesota's [[residents]] live in the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul]] [[metropolitan area]] known as the ''Twin Cities'', the center of [[transportation]], [[business]], and [[industry]], and home to an internationally known [[arts]] community. The remainder of the state, often referred to as "[[Regions of Minnesota|Greater Minnesota]]" or "Outstate Minnesota," consists of western [[prairie]]s now given over to intensive [[agriculture]]; eastern [[Deciduous|deciduous forests]], also heavily [[farmed]] and settled; and the less-populated northern [[Taiga|boreal forest]].  While the state's residents are primarily [[White American|white]] and of [[Northern European]] ancestry, substantial influxes of [[African American|African]], [[Asian American|Asian]], and [[Hispanics in the United States|Latin America]]n immigrants have joined the descendants of [[European American|European]] immigrants and of the original [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] inhabitants.
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'''Minnesota''' is a U.S. state located in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern region]] of the [[United States of America]]. The twelfth-largest state by area in the U.S., it is the 21st most-populous with just over five million residents as of 2006. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the [[Minnesota Territory]] and admitted to the Union as the 32nd state on May 11, 1858. The state is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes," and those [[lake]]s and the other waters for which the state is named, together with state and national [[forest]]s and [[park]]s, offer residents and [[tourism|tourists]] a vigorous outdoor lifestyle.
  
The extremes of the climate contrast with the moderation of Minnesota’s people. The state is known for its moderate-to-progressive politics and social policies, its civic involvement, and high voter turnout.  It ranks among the healthiest states by a number of measures, and has one of the most highly educated and literate populations.
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Nearly 60 percent of Minnesota's residents live in the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul]] [[metropolitan area]] known as the ''Twin Cities,'' the center of [[transportation]], [[business]], and [[industry]], and home to an internationally known [[arts]] community. The remainder of the state, often referred to as "[[Regions of Minnesota|Greater Minnesota]]" or "Outstate Minnesota," consists of western [[prairie]]s now given over to intensive [[agriculture]]; eastern [[Deciduous|deciduous forests]], also heavily farmed and settled; and the less-populated northern [[Taiga|boreal forest]]. While the state's residents are primarily [[White American|white]] and of [[Northern European]] ancestry, substantial influxes of [[African American|African]], [[Asian American|Asian]], and [[Hispanics in the United States|Latin America]]n immigrants have joined the descendants of [[European American|European]] immigrants and of the original [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] inhabitants.
  
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The extremes of the [[climate]] contrast with the moderation of Minnesota’s people. The state is known for its moderate-to-progressive [[politics]] and [[social policy|social policies]], its civic involvement, and high voter turnout. It ranks among the healthiest states by a number of measures, and has one of the most highly [[education|educated]] and [[literacy|literate]] populations.
  
 
==Etymology==
 
==Etymology==
The name ''Minnesota'' comes from the word for the [[Minnesota River]] in the [[Sioux language|Dakota language]], ''Mnisota''. The Dakota word ''Mni'' (sometimes spelled ''mini'', or ''minne'') can be translated as "water." ''Mnisota'' is then translated as ''sky-tinted water'' or ''somewhat clouded water''[[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it ''mnisota''The names of many locations in the state contain the [[Dakota]] word for water, such as [[Minnehaha Falls]] ("waterfall," not "laughing waters" as is commonly thought), [[Minneiska, Minnesota|Minneiska]] ("white water"), [[Lake Minnetonka|Minnetonka]] ("big water"), [[Minnetrista, Minnesota|Minnetrista]] ("crooked water"), and [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], which is a combination of ''mni'' and ''polis'', the Greek word for "city."
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The name ''Minnesota'' comes from the word for the [[Minnesota River]] in the [[Sioux language|Dakota language]], ''Mnisota.'' The Dakota word ''Mni'' (sometimes spelled ''mini'' or ''minne'') can be translated as "water." ''Mnisota'' is then translated as ''sky-tinted water'' or ''somewhat clouded water.'' [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it ''mnisota.'' The names of many locations in the state contain the [[Dakota]] word for water, such as [[Minnehaha Falls]] ("waterfall," not "laughing waters" as is commonly thought), [[Minneiska, Minnesota|Minneiska]] ("white water"), [[Lake Minnetonka|Minnetonka]] ("big water"), [[Minnetrista, Minnesota|Minnetrista]] ("crooked water"), and [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], which is a combination of ''mni'' and ''polis,'' the Greek word for "city."
  
 
==Geography==
 
==Geography==
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[[Image:Img 0748.jpg|thumb|250px|Pose Lake in the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]].]]
 
[[Image:Img 0748.jpg|thumb|250px|Pose Lake in the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]].]]
  
Minnesota is the northernmost state outside of [[Alaska]]; its isolated [[Northwest Angle]] in [[Lake of the Woods]] is the only part of the 48 [[Continental United States|contiguous states]] lying north of the 49<sup>th</sup> Parallel. Minnesota is in the U.S. region known as the [[Upper Midwest]]. The state shares a [[Lake Superior]] water border with [[Michigan]] and [[Wisconsin]] on the northeast; the remainder of the eastern border is with Wisconsin, marked in part by the upper [[Mississippi River]]. [[Iowa]] is to the south, [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]] are west, and the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[province]]s of [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]] are north. With 87,014 square miles (225,365 km²), or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12<sup>th</sup> largest state by area. <ref> ''Information Please''. 2006. [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html Land and Water Area of States, 2000] Retrieved November 12, 2007. </ref>
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Minnesota is the northernmost state outside of [[Alaska]]; its isolated [[Northwest Angle]] in [[Lake of the Woods]] is the only part of the 48 [[Continental United States|contiguous states]] lying north of the 49th Parallel. Minnesota is in the U.S. region known as the [[Upper Midwest]]. The state shares a [[Lake Superior]] water border with [[Michigan]] and [[Wisconsin]] on the northeast; the remainder of the eastern border is with Wisconsin, marked in part by the upper [[Mississippi River]]. [[Iowa]] is to the south, [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]] are west, and the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[province]]s of [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]] are north. With 87,014 square miles (225,365 km²), or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state by area.<ref> Information Please, [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html Land and Water Area of States, 2000]. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
  
 
===Geology and terrain===
 
===Geology and terrain===
Minnesota contains some of the oldest rocks found on earth, [[gneiss]]es some 3.6 billion years old, or 80 percent as old as the planet. About 2.7 billion years ago, [[basalt]]ic [[lava]] poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial [[ocean]]; the remains of this [[volcano|volcanic]] rock formed the [[Canadian Shield]] in northeast Minnesota. The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of [[Precambrian]] seas formed the [[Iron Range]] of northern Minnesota. Following a period of [[vulcanism]] 1.1 billion years ago, Minnesota's geological activity has been more subdued, with no vulcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, leaving behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock.  
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Minnesota contains some of the oldest [[rock (geology)|rocks]] found on earth, [[gneiss]]es some 3.6 billion years old, or 80 percent as old as the planet. About 2.7 billion years ago, [[basalt]]ic [[lava]] poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial [[ocean]]; the remains of this [[volcano|volcanic]] rock formed the [[Canadian Shield]] in northeast Minnesota. The roots of these volcanic [[mountain]]s and the action of [[Precambrian]] seas formed the [[Iron Range]] of northern Minnesota. Following a period of [[vulcanism]] 1.1 billion years ago, Minnesota's geological activity has been more subdued, with no vulcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, leaving behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock.  
  
In more recent times, massive ice sheets more than 3000 feet (one kilometer) thick scoured the landscape of the state and sculpted its current terrain. The [[Wisconsin glaciation]] receded 12,000 years ago. These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the [[bedrock]]. This region, shared with a neighboring section of Wisconsin, is known as the [[Coulee Region|Driftless Zone]] for its absence of glacial drift. <ref> ''Minnesota DNR''. [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/snas/naturalhistory.html Natural history - Minnesota's geology] Retrieved November 12, 2007. </ref> Much of the remainder of the state outside of the northeast has 50 feet (15 m) or more of [[glacial till]] deposited as the last glaciers retreated. 13,000 years ago, gigantic [[Lake Agassiz]] formed in the northwest; the lake's outflow, the [[glacial River Warren]], carved the valley of the [[Minnesota River]], and its bottom created the fertile lands of the [[Red River of the North|Red River]] valley. Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences very minor [[earthquake]]s very infrequently.  
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In more recent times, massive [[ice]] sheets more than 3,000 feet (one kilometer) thick scoured the landscape of the state and sculpted its current terrain. The [[Wisconsin glaciation]] receded 12,000 years ago. These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the [[bedrock]]. This region, shared with a neighboring section of [[Wisconsin]], is known as the [[Coulee Region|Driftless Zone]] for its absence of glacial drift.<ref> Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/snas/naturalhistory.html Natural history: Minnesota's geology]. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref> Much of the remainder of the state outside of the northeast has 50 feet (15 m) or more of [[glacial till]] deposited as the last glaciers retreated. Thirteen thousand years ago, gigantic [[Lake Agassiz]] formed in the northwest; the lake's outflow, the [[glacial River Warren]], carved the valley of the [[Minnesota River]], and its bottom created the fertile lands of the [[Red River of the North|Red River]] valley. Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences very minor [[earthquake]]s very infrequently.  
 
   
 
   
The state's high point is [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]] at 2,301 feet (701 m), which is only 13 miles (20.9 km) away from the low of 602 feet (183 m) at the shore of [[Lake Superior]]. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling [[peneplain]].
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The state's high point is [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]] at 2,301 feet (701 m), which is only 13 miles (20.9 km) away from the low of 602 feet (183 m) at the shore of [[Lake Superior]]. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling [[peneplain]].  
  
Two [[continental divide]]s meet in the northeastern part of Minnesota in rural [[Hibbing, Minnesota|Hibbing]], forming a triple [[Drainage basin|watershed]]. Precipitation can follow the [[Mississippi River]] south to the [[Gulf of Mexico]], the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway|St. Lawrence Seaway]] east to the [[Atlantic Ocean]], or the [[Hudson Bay]] watershed to the [[Arctic Ocean]]. <ref> ''National Atlas''. [http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America] Retrieved November 12, 2007. </ref>
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Two [[continental divide]]s meet in the northeastern part of Minnesota in rural [[Hibbing, Minnesota|Hibbing]], forming a triple [[Drainage basin|watershed]]. Precipitation can follow the [[Mississippi River]] south to the [[Gulf of Mexico]], the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway|St. Lawrence Seaway]] east to the [[Atlantic Ocean]], or the [[Hudson Bay]] watershed to the [[Arctic Ocean]].<ref> Mark A. Gonzalez, “Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America, ''North Dakota Geological Survey Newsletter'' 30, no. 1 (Summer 2003). Adaptation found at ''National Atlas of the United States,'' [http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America]. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
  
Minnesota's nickname is ''The Land of 10,000 Lakes''; there are 11,842 lakes over 10 acres (.04 km²) in size. The Minnesota portion of [[Lake Superior]] is the largest at 1504 mi² (3,896 km²) and deepest (1,290 ft, 393 m) body of water in the state. The state has 6,564 natural [[river]]s and streams that cumulatively flow for 69,000 miles (111,000 km). The headwaters of the [[Mississippi River]] flow from [[Lake Itasca]] and crosses the [[Iowa]] border downstream. It is joined by the [[Minnesota River]] at [[Fort Snelling, Minnesota|Fort Snelling]], by the [[St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota)|St. Croix River]] near [[Hastings, Minnesota|Hastings]], by the [[Chippewa River (Wisconsin)|Chippewa River]] at [[Wabasha, MN|Wabasha]], and by many smaller streams. The [[Red River of the North|Red River]], in the bed of glacial Lake Agassiz, drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada's [[Hudson Bay]]. Approximately 10.6 million acres (42,900 km²) of wetlands are contained within Minnesota's borders; only [[Alaska]] has more. <ref> Seeley, Mark W. 2006. Minnesota weather almanac. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 0873515544 </ref>
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Minnesota's nickname is ''The Land of 10,000 Lakes''; there are 11,842 lakes over 10 acres (.04 km²) in size. The Minnesota portion of [[Lake Superior]] is the largest at 1,504 square miles (3,896 km²) and deepest (1,290 ft/393 m) body of water in the state. The state has 6,564 natural [[river]]s and streams that cumulatively flow for 69,000 miles (111,000 km). The headwaters of the [[Mississippi River]] flow from [[Lake Itasca]] and cross the [[Iowa]] border downstream. It is joined by the Minnesota River at [[Fort Snelling, Minnesota|Fort Snelling]], by the [[St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota)|St. Croix River]] near [[Hastings, Minnesota|Hastings]], by the [[Chippewa River (Wisconsin)|Chippewa River]] at [[Wabasha, Minnesota|Wabasha]], and by many smaller streams. The Red River, in the bed of glacial Lake Agassiz, drains the northwest part of the state northward toward [[Canada]]'s Hudson Bay. Approximately 10.6 million acres (42,900 km²) of [[wetland]]s are contained within Minnesota's borders; only [[Alaska]] has more.<ref>Mark W. Seeley, ''Minnesota Weather Almanac'' (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2006 ISBN 0873515544). </ref>
  
 
===Flora and fauna===
 
===Flora and fauna===
Three of [[North America]]'s [[biome]]s converge in Minnesota: [[prairie|prairie grasslands]] in the southwestern and western parts of the state, the [[Big Woods]] [[deciduous forest]] of the southeast, and the northern [[Taiga|boreal forest]]. The northern [[coniferous]] forests are a vast wilderness of [[pine]] and [[spruce]] trees mixed with patchy stands of [[birch]] and [[poplar]]. Much of Minnesota's northern [[forest]] has been logged, leaving only a few patches of [[old growth forest]] today in areas such as in the [[Chippewa National Forest]] and the [[Superior National Forest]] where the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]] has some 400,000 acres (1,600 km²) of unlogged land.  
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Three of [[North America]]'s [[biome]]s converge in Minnesota: [[prairie|prairie grasslands]] in the southwestern and western parts of the state, the [[Big Woods]] [[deciduous forest]] of the southeast, and the northern [[Taiga|boreal forest]]. The northern [[coniferous]] forests are a vast wilderness of [[pine]] and [[spruce]] trees mixed with patchy stands of [[birch]] and [[poplar]]. Much of Minnesota's northern [[forest]] has been logged, leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as in the [[Chippewa National Forest]] and the [[Superior National Forest]] where the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]] has some 400,000 acres (1,600 km²) of unlogged land.  
  
Although logging continues, regrowth keeps about one third of the state forested. While loss of habitat has affected native [[animal]]s such as the [[American marten|pine marten]], [[elk]], and [[American bison|bison]], [[whitetail deer]] and [[bobcat]] thrive. The state has the nation's largest population of [[wolf|timber wolves]] outside Alaska, and supports healthy populations of [[American black bear|black bear]] and [[moose]]. Located along the [[Mississippi Flyway]], Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as [[geese]] and [[ducks]], and game birds such as [[grouse]], [[pheasants]], and [[turkeys]]. It is home to [[bird of prey|birds of prey]] including the [[bald eagle]], [[red-tailed Hawk|red-tailed hawk]], and [[snowy owl]]. The lakes teem with the sport fish such as [[walleye]], [[bass (fish)|bass]], [[muskellunge]], and [[Northern Pike|northern pike]], and streams in the southeast are populated by [[brook trout|brook]], [[brown trout|brown]], and [[rainbow trout]].
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Although logging continues, regrowth keeps about one-third of the state forested. While loss of habitat has affected native [[animal]]s such as the [[American marten|pine marten]], [[elk]], and [[bison]], whitetail [[deer]], and [[bobcat]] thrive. The state has the nation's largest population of [[wolf|timber wolves]] outside Alaska, and supports healthy populations of [[American black bear|black bear]] and [[moose]]. Located along the [[Mississippi Flyway]], Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as [[goose|geese]] and [[duck]]s, and game birds such as [[grouse]], [[pheasant]]s, and [[turkey (bird)|turkeys]]. It is home to [[bird of prey|birds of prey]] including the [[bald eagle]], [[red-tailed hawk]], and [[snowy owl]]. The lakes teem with the sport [[fish]] such as [[walleye]], [[bass (fish)|bass]], [[muskellunge]], and [[Northern Pike|northern pike]], and streams in the southeast are populated by [[brook trout|brook]], [[brown trout|brown]], and [[rainbow trout]].
  
 
===Climate===
 
===Climate===
Minnesota endures [[temperature]] extremes characteristic of its [[continental climate]]; with cold winters and hot summers, the record high and low span 174 degrees [[Fahrenheit]] (96.6 °C). [[Meteorology|Meteorological]] events include [[rain]], [[snow]], [[hail]], [[blizzard]]s, [[polar front]]s, [[tornado]]es, [[thunderstorms]s, and high-velocity straight-line winds. The growing season varies from 90 days per year in the [[Iron Range]] to 160 days in southeastern Minnesota near the [[Mississippi River]], and mean average temperatures range from 36 °F (2 °C) to 49 °F (9 °C). Average summer dewpoints range from about 58 °F (14.4 °C) in the south to about 48 °F (8.9 °C) in the north. Depending on location, average annual precipitation ranges from 19 in (48.3 cm) to 35 in (88.9 cm), and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years. <ref> ''National Weather Service Forecast Office.'' [http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf Climate of Minnesota] Retrieved November 12, 2007. </ref>
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Minnesota endures [[temperature]] extremes characteristic of its [[continental climate]]; with cold winters and hot summers, the record high and low span 174 degrees [[Fahrenheit]] (96.6°C). [[Meteorology|Meteorological]] events include [[rain]], [[snow]], [[hail]], [[blizzard]]s, [[polar front]]s, [[tornado]]es, [[thunderstorms]]s, and high-velocity straight-line [[wind]]s. The growing season varies from 90 days per year in the [[Iron Range]] to 160 days in southeastern Minnesota near the [[Mississippi River]], and mean average temperatures range from 36°F (2°C) to 49°F (9°C). Average summer dewpoints range from about 58°F (14.4°C) in the south to about 48°F (8.9°C) in the north. Depending on location, average annual precipitation ranges from 19 inches (48.3 cm) to 35 inches (88.9 cm), and [[drought]]s occur every 10 to 50 years.<ref> National Climatic Data Center, [http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf Climate of Minnesota]. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
  
 
===Protected lands===
 
===Protected lands===
Minnesota is home to a variety of wilderness, park, and other open spaces. Minnesota's first state park, [[Itasca State Park]], was established in 1891, and is the source of the Mississippi River. Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas, 58 state forests covering about four million acres (16,000 km²), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]]. There are 5.5 million acres (22,000 km²) in the [[Chippewa National Forest|Chippewa]] and [[Superior National Forest]]s. The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]], which encompasses over a million acres (4,000 km²) and a thousand lakes. To its west is [[Voyageurs National Park]], the state's only national park.
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Minnesota is home to a variety of wilderness, park, and other open spaces. Minnesota's first state park, [[Itasca State Park]], was established in 1891, and is the source of the [[Mississippi River]]. Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas, 58 state forests covering about four million acres (16,000 km²), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]]. There are 5.5 million acres (22,000 km²) in the [[Chippewa National Forest|Chippewa]] and [[Superior National Forest|Superior national forest]]s. The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]], which encompasses over a million acres (4,000 km²) and a thousand lakes. To its west is [[Voyageurs National Park]], the state's only [[national park]].
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
[[Image:Minnesotaterritory.PNG|thumb|left|Map of [[Minnesota Territory]] 1849–1858.]]
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[[Image:Minnesotaterritory.PNG|thumb|Map of [[Minnesota Territory]] 1849–1858.]]
Before European settlement, Minnesota was populated by the [[Anishinaabe]], the [[Sioux|Dakota]], and other [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. The first [[Europe]]ans were [[France|French]] [[fur trade]]rs who arrived in the 1600s. Late that century, the [[Ojibwe]] Indians migrated westward to Minnesota, causing tensions with the Sioux. Explorers such as [[Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut]], Father [[Louis Hennepin]], [[Jonathan Carver]], [[Henry Schoolcraft]], and [[Joseph Nicollet]], among others, mapped out the state.
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Before European settlement, Minnesota was populated by the [[Anishinaabe]], the [[Sioux|Dakota]], and other [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. The first Europeans were [[France|French]] [[fur trade]]rs who arrived in the 1600s. Late that century, the [[Ojibwe]] Indians migrated westward to Minnesota, causing tensions with the Sioux. Explorers such as [[Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut]], Father [[Louis Hennepin]], [[Jonathan Carver]], [[Henry Schoolcraft]], and [[Joseph Nicollet]], among others, mapped out the state.
  
The area east of the [[Mississippi River]] became part of the [[United States]] in 1783 at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]], when the [[Second Treaty of Paris]] was signed. Land west of the Mississippi River was acquired with the [[Louisiana Purchase]], although part of the [[Red River Valley]] was disputed until the [[Treaty of 1818]]. In 1805, [[Zebulon Pike]] bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the [[Minnesota River|Minnesota]] and Mississippi rivers. The construction of [[Fort Snelling]] followed between 1819 and 1825. Its soldiers built a [[grist mill]] and a [[sawmill]] at [[Saint Anthony Falls]], the first of the water-powered industries around which the city of [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and tourists had settled in the vicinity of the fort. In 1839, the Army forced them to move downriver, and they settled in the area that became [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]]. Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3, 1849. Thousands of people had come to build [[farm]]s and cut [[timber]], and Minnesota became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858.
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The area east of the [[Mississippi River]] became part of the [[United States]] in 1783 at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]], when the [[Second Treaty of Paris]] was signed. Land west of the Mississippi River was acquired with the [[Louisiana Purchase]], although part of the [[Red River Valley]] was disputed until the [[Treaty of 1818]]. In 1805, [[Zebulon Pike]] bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the [[Minnesota River|Minnesota]] and Mississippi rivers. The construction of [[Fort Snelling]] followed between 1819 and 1825. Its soldiers built a [[grist mill]] and a [[sawmill]] at [[Saint Anthony Falls]], the first of the water-powered industries around which the city of [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and tourists had settled in the vicinity of the fort. In 1839, the U.S. Army forced them to move downriver, and they settled in the area that became [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]]. Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3, 1849. Thousands of people had come to build [[farm]]s and cut [[timber]], and Minnesota became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858.
  
Treaties between Europeans and the Sioux and Ojibwe gradually forced the Native Americans off their lands and onto small reservations. As conditions deteriorated for the Sioux, tensions rose, leading to the [[Dakota War of 1862]]. The result of the six-week war was the execution of 38 Indians — the largest mass execution in United States history — and the exile of most of the rest of the Sioux to the [[Crow Creek Reservation]] in [[Nebraska]].  
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Treaties between Europeans and the Sioux and Ojibwe gradually forced the Native Americans off their lands and onto small reservations. As conditions deteriorated for the Sioux, tensions rose, leading to the [[Dakota War of 1862]]. The result of the six-week war was the execution of 38 Indians—the largest mass execution in United States history—and the exile of most of the rest of the Sioux to the [[Crow Creek Reservation]] in [[Nebraska]].  
[[Image:Fort Snelling Round Tower.JPG|thumb|right|[[Fort Snelling]] played a pivotal role in Minnesota's history and in the development of the cities of [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] and [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]].]]
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[[Image:Fort Snelling Round Tower.JPG|thumb|left|200px|[[Fort Snelling]] played a pivotal role in Minnesota's history and in the development of the cities of [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] and [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]].]]
  
Logging and farming were mainstays of Minnesota's early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls, and logging centers like [[Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota|Marine on St. Croix]], [[Stillwater, Minnesota|Stillwater]], and [[Winona, Minnesota|Winona]], processed high volumes of lumber. These cities were situated on rivers that were ideal for transportation. Later, Saint Anthony Falls was tapped to provide power for [[gristmill|flour mills]]. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers" or "clear" flour that it replaced. By 1900, Minnesota mills, led by [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]] and the Washburn-Crosby Company (a forerunner of [[General Mills]]), were grinding 14.1 percent of the nation's grain. <ref> Danbom, David B. 2003. ''Flour power the significance of flour milling at the falls''. Minnesota History. 585.</ref>
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[[Logging]] and [[farming]] were mainstays of Minnesota's early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls, and logging centers like [[Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota|Marine on St. Croix]], [[Stillwater, Minnesota|Stillwater]], and [[Winona, Minnesota|Winona]], processed high volumes of lumber. These cities were situated on rivers that were ideal for transportation. Later, Saint Anthony Falls was tapped to provide power for [[flour]] mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers" or "clear" flour that it replaced. By 1900, Minnesota mills, led by [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]] and the Washburn-Crosby Company (a forerunner of [[General Mills]]), were grinding 14.1 percent of the nation's grain.<ref>David B. Danbom, “Flour Power: The Significance of Flour Milling at the Falls,” ''Minnesota History'' 58 (Spring-Summer 2003): 270–285.</ref>
  
The state's [[iron]]-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron ore in the [[Vermilion Range (Minnesota)|Vermilion Range]] and the [[Mesabi Range]] in the 1880s, and in the [[Cuyuna Range]] in the early 1900s. The ore was shipped by rail to [[Two Harbors, Minnesota|Two Harbors]] and [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], then loaded onto ships and transported eastward over the [[Great Lakes]].  
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The state's [[iron]]-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron ore in the [[Vermilion Range (Minnesota)|Vermilion Range]] and the [[Mesabi Range]] in the 1880s, and in the [[Cuyuna Range]] in the early 1900s. The ore was shipped by rail to [[Two Harbors, Minnesota|Two Harbors]] and [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], then loaded onto ships and transported eastward over the [[Great Lakes]].  
  
Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 1900s. Nevertheless, [[farming]] remained important. Minnesota's economy was hard-hit by the [[Great Depression]], resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were plagued by [[drought]] from 1931 to 1935. Federal [[New Deal]] programs provided some economic relief. The [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] and other programs around the state established some jobs for [[Native American]]s on the reservations, and the [[Indian Reorganization Act]] of 1934 provided tribes with mechanisms for self-government. This provided Native Americans a greater voice within the state, and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native [[language]]s were no longer suppressed.  
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Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 1900s. Nevertheless, farming remained important. Minnesota's economy was hard-hit by the [[Great Depression]], resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were plagued by [[drought]] from 1931 to 1935. Federal [[New Deal]] programs provided some economic relief. The [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] and other programs around the state established some jobs for Native Americans on the reservations, and the [[Indian Reorganization Act]] of 1934 provided tribes with mechanisms for self-government. This provided Native Americans a greater voice within the state, and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native [[language]]s were no longer suppressed.  
  
After [[World War II]], industrial development expanded. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of [[feedlot]]s for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized with hybridization of corn and wheat, and the use of farm machinery such as [[tractor]]s and [[Combine harvester|combines]] spread. [[University of Minnesota]] professor [[Norman Borlaug]] contributed to these developments as part of the [[Green Revolution]]. [[Suburb]]an development accelerated due to increased postwar housing demand and convenient transportation. Increased mobility, in turn, enabled more specialized jobs.  
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After [[World War II]], industrial development expanded. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of [[feedlot]]s for [[pig|hogs]] and [[cattle]], machine milking at dairy farms, and raising [[chicken]]s in large buildings. Planting became more specialized with hybridization of [[corn]] and [[wheat]], and the use of farm machinery such as [[tractor]]s and [[Combine harvester|combines]] spread. [[University of Minnesota]] professor [[Norman Borlaug]] contributed to these developments as part of the [[Green Revolution]]. [[Suburb]]an development accelerated due to increased postwar housing demand and convenient transportation. Increased mobility, in turn, enabled more specialized jobs.  
  
Minnesota became a center of technology after the war. Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop [[computer]]s for the [[United States Navy]]. It later merged with [[Remington Rand]], and then became [[Sperry Rand]]. [[William Norris]] left Sperry in 1957 to form [[Control Data Corporation]] (CDC). <ref> ''Hagley Museum and Library''. [http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm Engineering Research Associates Records 1946–1959] Retrieved November 12, 2007. </ref> [[Cray|Cray Research]] was formed when [[Seymour Cray]] left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker [[Medtronic]] also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949.
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Minnesota became a center of technology after the war. Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop [[computer]]s for the [[United States Navy]]. It later merged with Remington Rand, and then became Sperry Rand. [[William Norris]] left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation (CDC).<ref> Hagley Museum and Library, [http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm Engineering Research Associates Records 1946–1959]. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref> Cray Research was formed when [[Seymour Cray]] left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker [[Medtronic]] also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949.
  
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==Law and government==
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[[Image:Minnesota State Capitol.jpg|thumb|The [[Minnesota State Capitol]] in Saint Paul, designed by [[Cass Gilbert]].]]
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'''Saint Paul''' is the state capital and the second most populous city in the state. It is the county seat of Ramsey County. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 287,151. In 1820, it was an extreme outpost in the [[American Old West]], where [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], [[Europe]]an explorers, and American soldiers (from neighboring [[Fort Snelling]], just upstream on the [[Mississippi River]]) lived in close proximity. Saint Paul and the adjacent city of [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] form the core of the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul|Twin Cities]] metropolitan area.
  
==Demographics==
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===State and local politics===
[[Image:Minnesota population map cropped.png|thumb|A map of Minnesota's [[population density]].]]
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Minnesota's major political parties include the [[Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party]] (DFL), the Republican Party of Minnesota, and the Independence Party of Minnesota (IP). The DFL was created in 1944 when the Minnesota Democratic Party and Farmer-Labor Party merged.
  
===Cities and towns===
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The top executives of the state are the governor and lieutenant governor, both of whom serve four-year terms. The executive branch is headed by the governor, who has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state, attorney general, and state auditor.
[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], located in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota's capital city since 1849, first as capital of the [[Territory of Minnesota]], and then as state capital since 1858.
 
[[Image:OwatonnaBank.JPG|thumb|left|[[National Farmers Bank]] in [[Owatonna, Minnesota|Owatonna]] by [[Louis Sullivan]]]]
 
Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota's most populous city, [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]]; they and their suburbs are known collectively as the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul|Twin Cities]] [[metropolitan area]], the 16<sup>th</sup> largest metropolitan area in the United States and home to about 60 percent of the state's population (as of April 2005). <ref> ''Minnesota Demographic Center''. [http://www.demography.state.mn.us/estimates.html Population Estimates] Retrieved November 12, 2007. </ref> The remainder of the state is known as "Greater Minnesota" or "Outstate Minnesota."
 
  
Minnesota has 17 cities with populations above fifty thousand (based on 2005 estimates).  The largest of these are [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington]]. Rochester, Duluth, and St. Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.
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The Minnesota Legislature is a [[bicameral]] body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has 67 districts, each covering about 60,000 people. Each district has one state senator and two state representatives. Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years.  
  
Minnesota's population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan [[Sherburne County, Minnesota|Sherburne]] and [[Scott County, Minnesota|Scott Counties]] doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state's 87 counties lost residents over the same decades. <ref> Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf Environmental Information Report, Socioeconomic Information] Retrieved November 12, 2007. </ref>
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In addition to the city and county levels of government, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. Projects in the Twin Cities metropolitan area can be coordinated by the [[Metropolitan Council]], and many lakes and rivers are overseen by [[watershed district]]s and [[soil and water conservation district]]s.
  
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There are seven [[Anishinaabe]] reservations and four [[Santee Sioux|Dakota]] communities in Minnesota. These communities are self-governing.<ref> North Star, [http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?subchannel=-536888182&id=-8494&agency=NorthStar Tribal Government], Minnesota State Government Online. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
  
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===Federal politics===
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[[Image:H Humphrey.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Hubert Humphrey|Hubert H. Humphrey]].]]
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Minnesota politics have always been characterized by recurring waves of protest and reform that have spawned such national groups as the Grange, the Greenbackers, the Antimonopolists, the Farmers Alliance, the Populists, the Prohibitionists, and the Nonpartisan League. Each of these movements brought about social reforms and influenced the major political parties. Minnesota has been a leader in such national movements as those to guarantee the rights of women, homosexuals, and American Indians.<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica, [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-78762 Minnesota], Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2007.</ref>
  
===Population===
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Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, with [[populism]] being a longstanding force among the state's [[political party|political parties]]. It has consistently high voter turnout; in the 2004 U.S. presidential election 77.2 percent of eligible Minnesotans voted, the highest of any U.S. state (the national average was 60.93 percent),<ref> Michael McDonald, [http://elections.gmu.edu/Voter_Turnout_2004.htm 2004 Voting-Age and Voting-Eligible Population Estimates and Voter Turnout], United States Election Project. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref> due in part to its liberal voter registration laws.  
From fewer than 6,100 people in 1850, Minnesota's population grew to over 1.75 million by 1900.  Each of the next six decades saw a 15% rise in population, reaching 3.41 million in 1960. Growth then slowed, rising 11% to 3.8 million in 1970, and an average of 9% over the next three decades to 4.91 million in the 2000 census.<ref name = EIA /> As of July 1, 2006, the state's population was estimated at 5,167,101 by the U.S. Census Bureau.<ref>{{cite web| title = national and state population estimates| work = Annual Population Estimates 2000 to 2006| publisher = US Census Bureau| date = 2006-12-22 | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/states/NST-ann-est.html| accessdate = 2006-12-22}}</ref> The rate of population change, and age and gender distributions, approximate the national average. Minnesota's growing minority groups, however, still form a significantly smaller proportion of the population than in the nation as a whole.<ref name="quickfacts">{{cite web | url= http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/27000.html | title = Minnesota QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau | accessdate = 2006-11-26}}</ref> The [[center of population]] of Minnesota is located in [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin County]], in the city of [[Rogers, Minnesota|Rogers]].<ref>{{cite web| title = statecenters | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | date = 2000 | url = http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt | accessdate = 2006-11-21}}</ref>
 
  
===Race and ancestry===
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[[Hubert Humphrey]] brought national attention to the state with his address at the 1948 Democratic National Convention. [[Eugene McCarthy]]'s anti-war stance and popularity prior to the 1968 Democratic National Convention likely convinced [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] to drop out of the presidential election. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation whose electoral votes were not won by [[Ronald Reagan]] in either 1980 or 1984.
Over 75% of Minnesota's residents are of [[Western European]] descent, with the largest reported ancestries being [[German people|German]] (39%), [[Norwegian people|Norwegian]] (17.2%), [[Irish people|Irish]] (11.9%), and [[Swedish people|Swedish]] (9.6%).<ref name = SSC>{{cite web | url = http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_DP2&-geo_id=04000US27&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false | title=Minnesota - Selected Social Characteristics | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | date = 2005 | accessdate = 2007-05-12}}</ref> As of 2005, 6.3% of residents were foreign-born, compared to 12.4% for the nation.<ref name = SSC /><ref>{{cite web | url = http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_DP2&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-redoLog=false | title=National Selected Social Characteristics | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau|date=2005 | accessdate = 2007-05-12}}</ref> The state is slowly becoming less homogeneous as immigration from other parts of the world increases.  Recent arrivals include Spanish speaking from diverse origins, Hmong, Somalis, Vietnamese, South Asians, and Eastern Europeans. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.demography.state.mn.us/DownloadFiles/PopulationProjectionsRaceHispanicOrigin.pdf | title = Minnesota Population Projections by Race and Hispanic Origin| publisher = Minnesota Department of Administration | date = 2004 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-08-14}}</ref>,<ref>
 
{{cite web | url = http://www.mla.org/map_data_states〈_id=722&mode=lang_tops | title = Modern Language Ass'n List of Hmong Language speakers by State using 2000 census data | publisher = Modern Language Association | date = 2004 | accessdate = 2007-03-28}}</ref>
 
  
[[Image:CathedralofStPaul.jpg|thumb|right|The [[French Renaissance architecture|French Renaissance]] style [[Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota)|Cathedral of St. Paul]] in the city of St. Paul.]]
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==Economy==
The state's racial composition in 2005 was:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST2005-04.html | title = State Population Estimates by Selected Race Categories: July 1, 2005 | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate = 2006-11-26}}</ref>
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[[Image:Phelpsmill ottertailcounty.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Phelps Mill in Otter Tail County.]]
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[[Image:IDS reflecting Wells Fargo.jpg|200px|thumb|The IDS Tower, designed by [[Philip Johnson]] and the state's second-tallest building, reflecting [[César Pelli|César Pelli's]] [[Art Deco]]-style Wells Fargo Center.]]  
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[[Image:Duluth canal.jpg|thumb|200px|The Aerial Lift Bridge in [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]].]]
  
*86.3% [[White (people)|White]] (non-Hispanic);
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Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota's economy has transformed in the last 150 years to emphasize finished products and services. The diversified economy of Minnesota had a [[gross domestic product]] of US$234 billion in 2005.<ref> Bureau of Economic Analysis, [http://www.bea.gov/bea/newsrel/GSPNewsRelease.htm Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State], U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref> Thirty-six of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2006) are headquartered in Minnesota, including [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[UnitedHealth Group]], [[3M]], [[Medtronic]], [[General Mills]], [[U.S. Bancorp]], and [[Best Buy]]. The second-largest privately owned U.S. company, [[Cargill]], is headquartered in Wayzata.  
*4.1% [[Black people|Black]] (non-Hispanic);
 
*3.6% [[Hispanic]], a category that includes people of many races;
 
*3.4% [[Asian people|Asian]]/Pacific Islander;
 
*1.1% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]/Alaskan Native;
 
*1.5% [[Multiracial|mixed race]];
 
*1.8% other races.
 
  
===Religion===
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The [[per capita income]] for Minnesota in 2005 was $37,290—the tenth-highest in the nation.<ref> Bureau of Economic Analysis, [http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2007/spi0307.htm State Personal Income 2006], U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref> The three-year [[median household income]] from 2002–2004 was $55,914, ranking fifth in the U.S. and first among the 36 states not on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast.<ref> U.S. Census Bureau, [http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/income04/statemhi.html Three-Year-Average Median Household Income by State: 2002–2004]. Retrieved December 6, 2007.</ref>  
A 2001 survey indicated that 25% of Minnesota's population was [[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Roman Catholic]], and 24% was [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]. Other Protestant affiliations totaled about 28%religious groups represented were [[Baptists]] (5%), [[Methodists]] (4%), [[Presbyterian]]s (2%), the [[Assembly of God]] (2%), and the [[Church of God]] (2%). Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations, including other [[Mainline Protestant|Protestants]], totaled 13%, bringing the total Christian population to 77%. [[Judaism]], [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Hinduism]] together represented 3% of the population. Fourteen percent of respondents answered "no religion" on the survey; 6% refused to answer.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm | title=American Religious Identification Survey | work=Exhibit 15 | publisher = The Graduate Center, City University of New York | accessdate = 2006-11-24}}</ref>
 
  
==Economy==
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===Industry and commerce===
{{main|Economy of Minnesota}}
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Minnesota's earliest industries were [[fur trading]] and [[agriculture]]; the city of Minneapolis grew around the [[gristmill|flour mills]] powered by [[St. Anthony Falls]]. Although less than 1 percent of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold in 2002.<ref> National Agricultural Statistics Service, [http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/mn/cp99027.PDF 2002 Census of Agriculture State Profile: Minnesota], United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref> The state is the U.S.'s largest producer of [[sugar beets]], [[sweet corn]], and [[green pea]]s for processing, and farm-raised [[turkeys]].  
[[Image:Phelpsmill ottertailcounty.jpg|thumb|right|[[Phelps Mill]] in [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail County]]]]
 
Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota's economy has transformed in the last 150 years to emphasize finished products and services.    The diversified economy of Minnesota had a [[gross domestic product]] of US$234 billion in 2005.<ref>{{cite web | title = Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State | publisher = U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis | date = 2006-10-26
 
  | url = http://www.bea.gov/bea/newsrel/GSPNewsRelease.htm | accessdate = 2006-11-13 }}</ref> Thirty-six of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2006) are headquartered in Minnesota,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/states/M.html | title=FORTUNE 500 2006: States | publisher=CNN Money | accessdate = 2006-11-14}}</ref> including [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[UnitedHealth Group]], [[3M]], [[Medtronic]], [[General Mills]], [[U.S. Bancorp]], and [[Best Buy]]. The second-largest privately owned U.S. company, [[Cargill]], is headquartered in [[Wayzata, Minnesota|Wayzata]].<ref>{{cite web| author= Hoover's via Yahoo! Finance | title= Cargill, Incorporated Company Profile | url= http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/40/40079.html | date= 2007 | accessdate= 2007-05-31 }}</ref> The [[per capita income]] in 2005 was $37,290, the tenth-highest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web
 
  | title = Regional Economic Accounts | publisher = U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
 
  | url = http://www.bea.gov/bea/regional/bearfacts/stateaction.cfm?fips=27000&yearin=2005
 
  | accessdate = 2007-05-12 }}</ref> The three-year [[median household income]] from 2002-2004 was $55,914, ranking fifth in the U.S. and first among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/income04/statemhi.html | title=United States and States - R2001. Median Household Income | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate = 2007-08-05}}</ref>
 
  
===Industry and commerce===
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[[Forestry]] remains strong, including [[logging]], [[pulpwood]] processing and [[paper]] production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world's [[iron ore]] for over a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, [[taconite]] mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2004, the state produced 75 percent of the country's usable iron ore. The mining boom created the port of [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], which continues to be important for shipping ore, [[coal]], and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes [[technology]] and [[biomedical engineering|biomedical]] firms in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation's first indoor [[shopping mall]] was [[Edina, Minnesota|Edina's]] [[Southdale Center]] and the nation’s largest shopping mall, the [[Mall of America]], is located in [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington]].
[[Image:IDS reflecting Wells Fargo.jpg|left|thumb|The [[IDS Tower]], designed by [[Philip Johnson]] and the state's second tallest building, reflecting [[César Pelli|César Pelli's]] [[Art Deco]]-style [[Wells Fargo Center (Minneapolis)|Wells Fargo Center]].]] Minnesota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture; the city of Minneapolis grew around the [[gristmill|flour mills]] powered by [[St. Anthony Falls]]. Although less than 1% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US27&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on | title=Minnesota - DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics:  2000 | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate = 2006-11-26}}</ref> it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking 6<sup>th</sup> in the nation in the value of products sold.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/mn/cp99027.PDF | title=Census of Agriculture, Minnesota State Profile | publisher = U.S. Department of Agriculture | accessdate = 2006-12-03}}</ref> The state is the U.S.'s largest producer of [[sugar beets]], [[sweet corn]], and [[green peas]] for processing, and farm-raised [[turkeys]].<ref name=resources>{{cite web | url = http://www.deed.state.mn.us/whymn/resources.htm | title = Wealth of Resources | publisher = Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development | accessdate = 2006-11-26}}</ref> [[Forestry]] remains strong, including [[logging]], [[pulpwood]] processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines which produced a significant portion of the world's [[iron ore]] for over a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, [[taconite]] mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2004, the state produced 75% of the country's usable iron ore.<ref name=resources /> The mining boom created the port of [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes technology and [[biomedical]] firms in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation's first indoor [[shopping mall]] was [[Edina, Minnesota|Edina's]] [[Southdale Center]] and its largest is [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington's]] [[Mall of America]].
 
  
 
===Energy use and production===
 
===Energy use and production===
The state produces [[ethanol fuel]] and is the first to mandate its use, a 10% mix ([[E10 fuel|E10]]) since 1997,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=1905 | publisher = Ethanol Producer Magazine | title= Ethanol Producer Magazine|accessdate=2006-11-26}}</ref> and a 20% mix (E20) in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.minnesotavotes.org/2005-SF-4 |title= 2005 Senate Bill 4 (Ethanol Mandate Increase) | publisher = Minnesota Votes | accessdate=2006-11-26}}</ref> There are more than 310 service stations supplying [[E85]] fuel.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?subchannel=-536881511&programid=536907776&sc3=null&sc2=-536888997&id=-536881350&agency=Commerce |title= The complete list of Minnesota E85 fuel Sites | publisher = Minnesota Department of Commerce | accessdate=2006-11-26}}</ref>  A 2% [[biodiesel]] blend has been required in [[diesel fuel]] since 2005. As of December 2006 the state was the country's fourth-largest producer of [[wind power]], with 895 [[megawatt]]s installed and another 200 megawatts planned, much of it on the windy [[Buffalo Ridge]] in the southwest part of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.awea.org/projects |title= Wind Energy Projects Throughout the United States of America| publisher = [http://www.awea.org/ The American Wind Energy Association] | accessdate=2007-05-07}}</ref>
+
The state produces [[ethanol fuel]] and was the first to mandate its use, a 10 percent mix ([[E10 fuel|E10]]) since 1997, and a 20 percent mix (E20) by 2013.<ref> Minnesota Votes, [http://www.minnesotavotes.org/2005-SF-4 2005 Senate Bill 4 (Ethanol Mandate Increase)], USA Votes, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref> There are more than 310 service stations in Minnesota supplying [[E85]] fuel. A 2 percent [[biodiesel]] blend has been required in [[diesel fuel]] since 2005. As of December 2006, the state was the country's fourth-largest producer of [[wind power]], with 895 [[megawatt]]s installed and another 200 megawatts planned, much of it on the windy Buffalo Ridge in the southwest part of the state.<ref> American Wind Energy Association, [http://www.awea.org/projects U.S. Wind Energy Projects]. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
  
===State taxes===
+
===Transportation===
Minnesota has a slightly [[progressive income tax]] structure; the three brackets of state [[income tax]] rates are 5.35%, 7.05% and 7.85%.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnesota income tax rates for 2005/2006 | publisher = Minnesota Department of Revenue | url = http://www.taxes.state.mn.us/individ/residency_and_filing_status/filing_requirments_for_individuals/inctxrates.shtml | accessdate = 2006-11-26}}</ref>  Minnesota is ranked as the 6th highest in the nation for per capita total state taxes.<ref>{{cite web | title = States Ranked by Total State Taxes and Per Capita Amount: 2005 | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate = 2007-03-31 | url = http://www.census.gov/govs/statetax/05staxrank.html}}</ref> The [[sales tax]] in Minnesota is 6.5%, but there is no sales tax on [[clothing]], [[prescription]] [[medications]], some [[service]]s, or [[food]] items for home consumption.<ref>{{cite web | title = Sales tax fact sheets | publisher = Minnesota Department of Revenue | url = http://taxes.state.mn.us/taxes/sales/publications/fact_sheets_by_name/sales_fact_sheet_by_name.shtml | accessdate = 2006-11-26 }}</ref> The [[Minnesota Legislature|state legislature]] allows municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5% supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://taxes.state.mn.us/taxes/sales/publications/fact_sheets_by_name/content/BAT_1100111.pdf |publisher = Minnesota Department of Revenue | title= Local Sales Tax and Use |accessdate=2006-11-26 |format= PDF}}</ref> [[Excise|Excise taxes]] are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel.  The state imposes a [[use tax]] on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota. Owners of [[real property]] in Minnesota pay [[property tax]] to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.<br clear="left">
 
  
==Health and education==
+
Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the [[Minnesota Department of Transportation]]. Principal transportation corridors radiate from the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul]] metropolitan area and [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]]. The major [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highways]] are [[Interstate 35|I-35]], [[Interstate 90|I-90]], and [[Interstate 94|I-94]], with I-35 and I-94 passing through the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, and I-90 going east-west along the southern edge of the state. In 2006, a [[constitutional amendment]] was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40 percent dedicated to [[public transit]].
===Health===
+
[[Image:Hiawatha LRV.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A [[Hiawatha Line]] vehicle in Minneapolis.]]
[[Image:MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG|thumb|left|The Mayo Clinic in Rochester.]]
+
There are nearly two dozen [[rail transport|rail]] corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis-St. Paul or Duluth. There is water transportation along the [[Mississippi River]] system and from the ports of [[Lake Superior]].
The people of Minnesota have a high rate of participation in outdoor activities; the state is ranked first in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise.<ref>{{cite web | title = Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State | publisher = Statemaster | date = 2002 | url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise | accessdate = 2006-08-16}}</ref>  Minnesotans have the nation's lowest premature death rate, third-lowest [[infant mortality]] rate,<ref>{{cite web | title = America's Health Rankings 2006 | publisher = United Health Foundation | date = 2006 | url = http://www.unitedhealthfoundation.org/ahr2006/survey2006.asp | accessdate = 2006-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Statemaster Health Statistics > Death Rate per 100,000| publisher = Statemaster | url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_dea_rat_per_100-death-rate-per-100-000 | accessdate = 2006-08-16}}</ref> and the second-longest life expectancies.<ref>{{cite web | title = Explore Minnesota Living | publisher = Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development | url = http://www.deed.state.mn.us/publications/MNLiving.pdf | accessdate = 2006-08-16}}</ref>    According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 91% of Minnesotans have health insurance, more than in any other state.<ref>{{cite web| authorlink = ask.census.gov| title = The Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State Using 2- and 3-year Averages: 2003 to 2005| work = Health Insurance Coverage: 2005| publisher = U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division| date = 2006-08-29 | url = http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin05/hi05t10.pdf| format = pdf| format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-11-24}}</ref>
 
  
Medical care is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics, headed by two institutions with international reputations, the University of Minnesota Medical School and the Mayo Clinic. The [[University of Minnesota Medical School]] has a highly rated teaching hospital; the Medical School's research activities contribute significantly to the state's growing [[biotechnology]] industry.<ref>{{cite web | title = University of Minnesota Medical Milestones | publisher = University of Minnesota Medical School | date = 2002 | url = http://www.med.umn.edu/faculty/handbook/info/home.html | accessdate = 2006-08-14 }}</ref> The world-renowned [[Mayo Clinic]] is based in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]]. Mayo and the University are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into [[cancer]], [[Alzheimer’s disease]], [[Coronary heart disease|heart health]], [[obesity]], and other areas.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics | publisher = University of Minnesota Medical School | date = 2002 | url = http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/ | accessdate = 2006-08-14 }}</ref>
+
Minnesota's principal [[airport]] is [[Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport]] (MSP), the headquarters and major passenger and freight hub for [[Northwest Airlines]] and [[Sun Country Airlines]]. The airport is served by most other domestic carriers. [[Amtrak|Amtrak's]] [[Empire Builder]] runs through Minnesota, making stops at Midway Station in St. Paul and five other stations. It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]], which was built by the tycoon [[James J. Hill]] and ran from [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]] to [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]]. Public transit in Minnesota is currently limited to [[bus]] systems in the larger cities and the [[Hiawatha Line]] [[light rail]] corridor in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area.
  
===Education===
+
==Demographics==
{{see also|List of colleges and universities in Minnesota|List of high schools in Minnesota|List of school districts in Minnesota}}
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[[Image:Minnesota population map cropped.png|thumb|250px|A map of Minnesota's [[population density]].]]
[[Image:Pillsbury Hall.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] Pillsbury Hall is the second-oldest building on the [[University of Minnesota]] Minneapolis campus.]]
 
One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a [[normal school]] at [[Winona, Minnesota|Winona]]. With an 84% graduation rate, Minnesota ranks 5<sup>th</sup> in the nation in high school graduation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/ewp_08_t02.htm|title=Education Working Paper 8 - Table 2|publisher=Manhattan-institute | accessdate = 2006-11-14}}</ref>  While Minnesota has chosen not to implement [[school voucher]]s,<ref name = vouchers>{{Citation | last = Hallman | first = Charles | author-link = | title = School vouchers:  Who stands to gain at what cost? | newspaper = Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder | date = 2007-03-14 | url = http://spokesman-recorder.com/news/Article/Article.asp?NewsID=76873&sID=4}}</ref> it is home to the first [[charter school]].<ref name = Charter>{{cite web | title = Charter Schools | publisher = Minnesota Department of Education | date = 2007 | url = http://education.state.mn.us/MDE/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/Public_School_Choice/Charter_Schools/index.html | accessdate =  2007-05-06 }}</ref>
 
  
The state supports a network of public [[University|universities]] and colleges, currently comprised of 32 institutions in the [[Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System]], and five major campuses of the [[University of Minnesota system|University of Minnesota]]. It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities; six are ranked among the top 100 [[liberal arts]] colleges, according to [[U.S. News & World Report|U.S. News and World Report]].<ref>{{cite news | title =  America's Best Colleges 2007: Liberal Arts Colleges: Top Schools | publisher = USNews.com | date = 2006 | url = http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1libartco_brief.php | accessdate = 2006-11-06 }}</ref>
+
===Cities and towns===
 +
[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], located in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the [[Mississippi River]], has been Minnesota's capital city since 1849, first as capital of the [[Minnesota Territory]], and then as state capital since 1858.
  
==Transportation==
+
Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota's most populous city, [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]]; they and their [[suburb]]s are known collectively as the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul|Twin Cities]] [[metropolitan area]], the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the [[United States]] and home to about 60 percent of the state's population (as of April 2005).<ref> Office of Geographic and Demographic Analysis, [http://www.demography.state.mn.us/estimates.html Minnesota Population Estimates: Number and Characteristics of the Current Population], Minnesota Department of Administration. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref> The remainder of the state is known as "Greater Minnesota" or "Outstate Minnesota."
{{Main|Transportation in Minnesota}}
 
[[Image:Duluth canal.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Aerial Lift Bridge]] at [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]]]]
 
Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the [[Minnesota Department of Transportation]].  Principal transportation corridors radiate from the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul]] metropolitan area and Duluth.  The major [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highways]] are [[Interstate 35|I-35]], [[Interstate 90|I-90]], and [[Interstate 94|I-94]], with I-35 and I-94 passing through the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, and I-90 going east-west along the southern edge of the state.  In 2006, a [[constitutional amendment]] was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40% dedicated to [[public transit]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Transportation amendment update| publisher = Minnesota Department of Transportation| date = 2006| url = http://www.dot.state.mn.us/information/mvst/index.html| accessdate = 2006-11-24}}</ref> There are nearly two dozen [[rail transport|rail]] corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis-St. Paul or Duluth. There is water transportation along the [[Mississippi River]] system and from the ports of [[Lake Superior]].
 
  
[[Image:Hiawatha LRV.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Hiawatha Line]] vehicle in Minneapolis]]
+
Minnesota has 17 cities with populations above fifty thousand (based on 2005 estimates). The largest of these are [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], and [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington]]. Rochester, Duluth, and St. Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.
Minnesota's principal airport is [[Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport]] (MSP), the headquarters and major passenger and freight hub for [[Northwest Airlines]] and [[Sun Country Airlines]]. The airport is served by most other domestic carriers. [[Amtrak|Amtrak's]] [[Empire Builder]] runs through Minnesota, making stops at [[Midway (Amtrak station)|Midway Station]] in St. Paul and five other stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Route/Horizontal_Route_Page&c=am2Route&cid=1081256321887&ssid=135|title=Amtrak - Routes - Northwest|publisher=Amtrak | accessdate = 2006-11-14}}</ref> It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]], which was built by the tycoon [[James J. Hill]] and ran from [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]] to [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]]. Public transit in Minnesota is currently limited to [[bus]] systems in the larger cities and the [[Hiawatha Line]] [[light rail]] corridor in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area.
 
  
==Law and government==
+
Minnesota's population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan Sherburne and Scott counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state's 87 counties lost residents over the same decades.<ref> Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf Environmental Information Report, Socioeconomic Information]. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
As with the federal government of the United States, power in Minnesota is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnesota Government | url = http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8494&agency=NorthStar | publisher = State of Minnesota | accessdate =  2006-10-20 }} </ref>
 
  
===State and local politics===
+
===Population===
{{see also|List of Governors of Minnesota|Minnesota gubernatorial election, 2006}}
+
From fewer than 6,100 people in 1850, Minnesota's population grew to over 1.75 million by 1900. Each of the next six decades saw a 15 percent rise in population, reaching 3.41 million in 1960. Growth then slowed, rising 11 percent to 3.8 million in 1970, and an average of 9 percent over the next three decades to 4.91 million in the 2000 census. As of July 1, 2006, the state's population was estimated at 5,167,101 by the U.S. Census Bureau.<ref> American FactFinder, [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=Search&_name=&_state=04000US27&_county=&_cityTown=&_zip=&_sse=on&_lang=en&pctxt=fph Population Finder: Minnesota], U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 6, 2007.</ref>
The executive branch is headed by the [[Governor of Minnesota|governor]]. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor have four-year terms. The governor has a [[cabinet]] consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are [[List of secretaries of state of Minnesota|secretary of state]], [[Minnesota Attorney General|attorney general]] and [[Minnesota State Auditor|state auditor]].
 
  
[[Image:Minnesota State Capitol.jpg|thumb|The [[Minnesota State Capitol]] in Saint Paul, designed by [[Cass Gilbert]].]]
+
The rate of population change, and age and gender distributions, approximate the national average. Minnesota's growing minority groups, however, still form a significantly smaller proportion of the population than in the nation as a whole. <ref> U.S. Census Bureau, [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/27000.html Minnesota QuickFacts]. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref> The center of population of Minnesota is located in Hennepin County, in the city of Rogers.
  
The [[Minnesota Legislature]] is a [[bicameral]] body consisting of the [[Minnesota Senate|Senate]] and the [[Minnesota House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The state has 67 districts, each covering about 60,000 people. Each district has one senator and two representatives (each district being divided into ''A'' and ''B'' sections). Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years. In the November 2006 election, the [[Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party]] (DFL) gained 19 house seats, giving them control of the House of Representatives by 85–49. The Senate is also controlled by the DFL, who in 2006 gained 6 seats to expand their majority to 44–23.
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===Race and ancestry===
 +
Over 75 percent of Minnesota's residents are of [[Western Europe]]an descent, with the largest reported ancestries being [[German people|German]] (39 percent), [[Norwegian people|Norwegian]] (17.2 percent), [[Irish people|Irish]] (11.9 percent), and [[Swedish people|Swedish]] (9.6 percent). As of 2005, 6.3 percent of residents were foreign-born, compared to 12.4 percent for the nation. The state is slowly becoming less homogeneous as [[immigration]] from other parts of the world increases. Recent arrivals include [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking people from diverse origins, [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Somali people|Somali]]s, [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[South Asia]]ns, and [[Eastern Europe]]ans.<ref> Minnesota State Demographic Center, [http://www.demography.state.mn.us/DownloadFiles/PopulationProjectionsRaceHispanicOrigin.pdf Minnesota Population Projections by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000–2030], Minnesota Department of Administration. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
  
Minnesota's court system has three levels. Most cases start in the [[district court]]s, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 272 district court judges in ten judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the Minnesota [[Court of Appeals]], consisting of sixteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. The seven-justice [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] hears all appeals from the Tax Court, the Worker's Compensation Court, first-degree murder convictions, and [[Certiorari#State courts|discretionary appeals]] from the Court of Appeals; it also has [[original jurisdiction]] over election disputes.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnesota Supreme Court | publisher = Court Information Office, State of Minnesota | url = http://www.courts.state.mn.us/documents/CIO/otherResources/SupremeCourt.doc | format = doc | accessdate =  2006-10-19 }} </ref>
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The state's racial composition, as estimated in 2006,<ref>U.S. Census Bureau, [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=04000US27&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US27&_street=&_county=&_cityTown=&_state=04000US27&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=040&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= 2006 American Community Survey Data Profile Highlights: Minnesota]. Retrieved December 6, 2007.</ref> was:
 +
*87.8 percent [[White people|White]] (non-Hispanic);
 +
*4.4 percent [[Black people|Black]] (non-Hispanic);
 +
*3.8 percent [[Hispanic]], a category that includes people of many races;
 +
*3.5 percent [[Asian people|Asian]]/Pacific Islander;
 +
*1.0 percent [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]/Alaskan Native;
 +
*1.6 percent [[Multiracial|mixed race]];
 +
*1.6 percent other races.
  
In addition to the city and county levels of government, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. Projects in the Twin Cities metropolitan area can be coordinated by the [[Metropolitan Council]], and many lakes and rivers are overseen by [[watershed district]]s and [[soil and water conservation district]]s.
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===Religion===
 +
A 2001 survey indicated that 25 percent of Minnesota's population was [[Roman Catholic]], and 24 percent was [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]. Other Protestant affiliations totaled about 28 percent. Religious groups represented were [[Baptist]]s (5 percent), [[Methodism|Methodist]]s (4 percent), [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]]s (2 percent), the [[Assembly of God]] (2 percent), and the Church of God (2 percent). Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations, including other [[Mainline Protestant|Protestants]], totaled 13 percent, bringing the total Christian population to 77 percent.  
  
There are seven [[Anishinaabe]] reservations and four [[Santee Sioux|Dakota]] communities in Minnesota. These communities are self-governing.<ref>{{cite web | title = Tribal Government | publisher = Minnesota North Star | url = http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?subchannel=-536888182&id=-8494&agency=NorthStar | accessdate = 2006-10-20 }} </ref>
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[[Judaism]], [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Hinduism]] together represented 3 percent of the population. Fourteen percent of respondents answered "no religion" on the survey; 6 percent did not answer the query.<ref> City University of New York, [http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm American Religious Identification Survey]. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
  
===Federal politics===
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==Health and education==
{{see also|Minnesota United States Senate election, 2006|United States House elections, 2006#Minnesota}}
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===Health===
Minnesota's two [[United States senator]]s are Republican [[Norm Coleman]] and Democrat [[Amy Klobuchar]].  The state has eight [[Minnesota Congressional Districts|congressional districts]].  Federal court cases are heard in the [[United States District Court for the District of Minnesota]], based in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and [[Fergus Falls]]. Appeals are heard by the [[Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals]] based in [[St. Louis, Missouri]] and St. Paul.
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The people of Minnesota have a high rate of participation in outdoor activities; the state is ranked first in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise. Minnesotans have the nation's lowest premature death rate, third-lowest [[infant mortality]] rate, and the second-longest life expectancies in America. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 91 percent of Minnesotans have [[health insurance]], more than in any other state.  
  
==Politics==
+
Medical care is provided by a comprehensive network of [[hospital]]s and clinics, headed by two institutions with international reputations, the [[University of Minnesota Medical School]] and the [[Mayo Clinic]]. The University of Minnesota Medical School has a highly rated teaching hospital; the Medical School's research activities contribute significantly to the state's growing [[biotechnology]] industry. The world-renowned Mayo Clinic is based in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]]. Mayo and the University are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into [[cancer]], [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Coronary heart disease|heart health]], [[obesity]], and other areas.<ref> Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Regents of the University of Minnesota, [http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/ Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics]. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
{{main|Politics of Minnesota}}
 
{{see also|List of political parties in Minnesota|United States Congressional Delegations from Minnesota|Minnesota Congressional Districts}}
 
[[Image:H Humphrey.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hubert H. Humphrey]]]]
 
Minnesota is known for its politically active citizens, and [[populism]] has been a longstanding tradition. Minnesota has a consistently high [[voter turnout]], due in part to its liberal [[voter registration]] laws. In the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 U.S. presidential election]], 77.2% of eligible Minnesotans voted—the most of any U.S. state—versus the national average of 60.93%.<ref>{{cite web | title = 2004 Voting-Age and Voting-Eligible Population Estimates and Voter Turnout | publisher = United States Elections Project | url = http://elections.gmu.edu/Voter_Turnout_2004.htm | accessdate = 2006-06-22 }}</ref> Previously unregistered voters can register on [[Election Day (United States)|election day]] at their [[Polling place|polls]] with evidence of residency.
 
  
[[Hubert Humphrey]] brought national attention to the state with his address at the [[1948 Democratic National Convention]]. [[Eugene McCarthy]]'s anti-war stance and popularity prior to the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]] likely convinced [[Lyndon Johnson]] to drop out of the [[United States presidential election, 1968|presidential election]].  Minnesotans have consistently cast their electoral college votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation whose electoral votes were not won by [[Ronald Reagan]] in either 1980 or 1984.
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===Education===
 +
One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a [[normal school]] at Winona. With an 84 percent graduation rate, Minnesota ranks fifth in the nation in [[high school]] graduation. While Minnesota has chosen not to implement [[school voucher]]s, it is home to the first [[charter school]].  
  
Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major party status in Minnesota. However, the state-level Democratic party is actually the [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party]] (DFL). Formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and [[Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party|Farmer-Labor]] parties, the DFL serves as a de-facto proxy for the federal [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], and its distinction from the Democratic party, while still official, is now a functional technicality.
+
The state supports a network of public [[University|universities]] and [[college]]s, currently comprised of 32 institutions in the [[Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System]], and major campuses of the University of Minnesota system. The [[University of Minnesota]] is a large university with several campuses spread throughout the state. There are four primary campuses: Twin Cities, Duluth, Crookston, and Morris. In addition, university services are available in Rochester, and a campus was open in Waseca for a time. The university also operates several research facilities around the state, including some large tracts of land.  
  
The state has a tradition of third party movements. The [[Reform Party of the United States|Reform Party]], now the [[Independence Party of Minnesota|Independence Party]], was able to elect former mayor of [[Brooklyn Park, Minnesota|Brooklyn Park]] and [[professional wrestler]] [[Jesse Ventura]] [[Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1998|governor in 1998]]. The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major party status. The [[Green Party of Minnesota|Green Party]], while no longer having major party status, has a large presence in municipal government,<ref name = GrnOffHldrs>{{cite web  | title = Office Holders | publisher = Green Party of Minnesota | url = http://www.mngreens.org/officeholders.php | accessdate = 2007-04-18 }}</ref> notably in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] and [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices. Official "Major party" status in Minnesota (entitled to  state funding for elections) is reserved to parties which receive 5% or more of the state's general vote in the U.S. Presidential election. Status is reviewed every four years.
+
Minnesota is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities; four are ranked among the top 100 [[liberal arts]] colleges, according to ''[[U.S. News & World Report]].''<ref> ''U.S. News & World Report,'' [http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1libartco_brief.php Liberal Arts Colleges: Top Schools], America’s Best Colleges 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
  
The state's [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] seats have generally been split since the early 1990s, and in the [[108th United States Congress|108<sup>th</sup>]] and [[109th United States Congress|109<sup>th</sup>]] Congresses, Minnesota's congressional delegation was split, with four representatives and one senator from each party.  In the 2006 mid-term elections, [[Keith Ellison (politician)|Keith Ellison]] [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|(DFL)]] was elected as the first [[African-American]] U.S. Representative from Minnesota as well as the first [[Muslim]] elected to Congress nationwide and [[Michele Bachmann]] became the first [[Republican Party of Minnesota|Republican]] woman to represent the state on [[Capitol Hill]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Minnesota Democrat becomes first Muslim to win seat in Congress| publisher = International Herald Tribune | work = Associated Press | date = 2006-11-07 | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/08/america/NA_POL_US_Election_Muslim.php | accessdate = 2006-12-11}}</ref>
+
==Miscellaneous topics==
 
+
{{MetaSidebar|250px|#ffffaa|right|[[Minnesota state symbols|State symbols]]|
==Media==
+
*State [[bird]]: [[Common loon]]
[[Image:KSTP studios.jpg|thumb|right|[[KSTP|KSTP Studios]]]]
+
*State [[butterfly]]: [[Monarch butterfly|Monarch]]
The Twin Cities area is the 15<sup>th</sup> largest [[media market]] in the United States as ranked by [[Nielsen Media Research]]. The state's other top markets are [[Fargo-Moorhead]] (118<sup>th</sup> nationally), [[Twin Ports|Duluth-Superior]] (137<sup>th</sup>), Rochester-Mason City-Austin (152<sup>nd</sup>), and [[Mankato, Minnesota|Mankato]]
 
(200<sup>th</sup>).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20060517010320/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html |title= 210 Designated Market Areas - 03-04| publisher = Nielsen Media | accessdate=2006-11-26 }}</ref>
 
 
 
[[Terrestrial television|Broadcast television]] in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27, 1948, when [[KSTP-TV]] began broadcasting.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kstp.com/article/stories/S278.shtml?cat=14 |title= 5 EYEWITHNESS NEWS History | publisher = kstp.com | accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref> [[Hubbard Broadcasting Corporation]], which owns KSTP, is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota.
 
 
 
The Twin Cities metro area has the state's two largest newspapers: the ''[[Star Tribune]]'' in Minneapolis and the ''[[Saint Paul Pioneer Press]]''. Other weekly and monthly publications (most of which are fully supported by [[advertising]]) are also published. 
 
 
 
Two [[public radio]] networks, [[Minnesota Public Radio]] (MPR) and [[Public Radio International]] (PRI), are based in the state. MPR has operates a regional public radio network, broadcasting on 37 radio stations.<ref>{{cite web | title = About MPR | publisher = Minnesota Public Radio | url = http://minnesota.publicradio.org/about/mpr/ | accessdate =  2006-08-17 }} </ref> PRI provides more than 400 hours of programming weekly to 815 affiliates.<ref>{{cite web | title = PRI factsheet | url = http://www.pri.org/InPRI_FactSheet.html | publisher = Public Radio International | accessdate =  2007-05-07 }} </ref> The state's oldest radio station, [[KUOM]]-AM, was launched in 1922; it is also one of the 10 [[oldest radio station]]s in the [[United States]].
 
 
 
==Sports and recreation==
 
===Organized sports===
 
[[Image:2006 WCHA Final Five.jpg|thumb|left|A [[faceoff]] between the [[University of North Dakota]] [[North Dakota Fighting Sioux|Fighting Sioux]] and the [[Saint Cloud State University]] Huskies during the [[Western Collegiate Hockey Association|WCHA]] Final Five at the [[Xcel Energy Center]].]]
 
{{main|Sports in Minnesota}}
 
Minnesota has professional men's teams in all major sports.  The [[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]] is home to the [[Minnesota Vikings]] of the [[National Football League]], and to the [[Minnesota Twins]] of [[Major League Baseball]], winners of the [[1987 World Series|1987]] and [[1991 World Series]].  The [[Minnesota Timberwolves]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] play in the [[Target Center]]. The [[National Hockey League|National Hockey League's]] [[Minnesota Wild]] team plays in St. Paul's [[Xcel Energy Center]].<ref>{{cite press release | title = Sports Illustrated Names Xcel Energy Center Top NHL Arena | publisher = Minnesota Wild | date = 2006-09-11 | url = http://www.wild.com/fans/Press.asp?story_id=4915 | accessdate =  2006-11-02}}</ref>
 
 
 
[[Minor league baseball]] is represented both by major league-sponsored teams and independent teams such as the popular [[St. Paul Saints]].
 
 
 
Professional women's sports include the [[Minnesota Lynx]] of the [[Women's National Basketball Association]], the [[Minnesota Vixen]] of the [[Women's Professional Football League]], and the [[Minnesota Whitecaps]] of the [[National Women's Hockey League]].
 
 
 
Minnesota's Olympic medalists include eleven of the twenty members of the [[gold medal]] [[Miracle on Ice|1980 ice hockey team]] (coached by Minnesota native [[Herb Brooks]]) and the 2006 bronze medal [[Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics#Men's|U.S. men's]]  [[curling]] team.  Swimmer [[Tom Malchow]] won an Olympic gold medal in the [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Summer games]] and silver in [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]].
 
 
 
[[Grandma's Marathon]] is a perennial summer event run along the [[North Shore (Lake Superior)|North Shore of Lake Superior]], and the [[Twin Cities Marathon]] is run in the fall.
 
 
 
===Outdoor recreation===
 
[[Image:Lake Calhoun MN.jpg|thumb|right|Fishing in [[Lake Calhoun]] in Minneapolis.]]
 
Outdoor sports have a wide following in Minnesota. In the warmer months these activities involve water sports, like water skiing, which originated in Minnesota.  Shorelines of the many lakes and rivers are dotted with family cabins or cottages.  [[water sports]] such as [[water skiing]], which originated in the state,<ref>{{cite web| title = Water Skiing History| work = ABC of Skiing| publisher = MaxLifestyle.net "Go Skiing like Max!" | date = 2006| url = http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/water-skiing/history.asp| accessdate = 2006-11-29}}</ref> [[boating]], [[canoeing]], and [[fishing]]. More than 36% of Minnesotans fish, second only to Alaska.<ref>{{cite web | title = Managing for Results | publisher = Minnesota DNR | url = http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/budget/budgetpres0303.pdf | accessdate = 2006-06-26 }}</ref>
 
 
 
The long, hard Minnesota winters provide opportunities for popular cold weather activities like [[ice fishing]], introduced by early [[Scandinavia]]n immigrants.<ref>{{cite web
 
  | last = Benjamin
 
  | first = Robert W.
 
  | authorlink =
 
  | coauthors =
 
  | title = Ice Fishing can be a very exciting experience
 
  | work =
 
  | publisher = Buzzle.com
 
  | date = 2006-07-15
 
  | url = http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-15-2006-102438.asp
 
  | format =
 
  | doi =
 
  | accessdate = 2007-05-11 }}</ref> [[Ice skating|skating]], [[Ice hockey|hockey]], [[curling]], and [[broomball]], and snow sports like [[cross-country skiing]], [[snowshoe]]ing, and [[Snowmobile|snowmobiling]]have wide followings.
 
<ref>{{cite web
 
  | last =
 
  | first =
 
  | authorlink =
 
  | coauthors =
 
  | title =Turning Snow into Sport
 
  | work =Explore Minnesota Experiences
 
  | publisher =Minnesota Department of Tourism
 
  | date =
 
  | url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/snow/index.aspx
 
  | format =
 
  | doi =
 
  | accessdate = 2007-05-11 }}</ref>
 
 
 
State and national [[forest]]s and parks]] are used year-round for [[hunting]], [[camping]], and [[hiking]].  There are almost 20,000 miles of snowmobile trails statewide.<ref>{{cite web| title = Snowmobiling Minnesota| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism | url =  http://www.exploreminnesota.com/snowmobiling.html| accessdate = 2006-12-02}}</ref> and more miles of [[bike trail]]s than any other state,<ref>{{cite web| title = Take to the Trails! Explore Minnesota Biking| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism | url =  http://www.exploreminnesota.com/take_to_the_trails_explore_minnesota_biking.html| accessdate = 2006-12-02}}</ref> There is also growing network of [[trail|hiking trails]], (which double as cross-country skiing trails) including the 235-mile [[Superior Hiking Trail]] in the northeast.<ref>{{cite web| title = Superior Hiking Trail| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism | url =  http://www.exploreminnesota.com/attractions/7727.html| accessdate = 2006-12-02}}</ref>
 
 
 
==State symbols==
 
{{main|Lists of U.S. state insignia}}
 
[[Image:Great northern diver.jpg|thumb|right|The Common Loon]]
 
Minnesota's state symbols represent its history, diverse landscapes, and its people's love of the outdoors. The [[Common Loon]], as state bird, is Minnesota's best-known symbol. Its distinctive cry is heard during the summer months in the northern part of the state, and on occasion the loon can  be found as far south as the lakes of Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web | title = All About Birds | publisher = Cornell Lab of Ornithology | date = 2003 | url = http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Common_Loon_dtl.html | accessdate = 2006-10-24 }}</ref>
 
 
 
State symbols:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/Symbols.asp |title= Minnesota State Symbols| publisher = Minnesota State Legislature | accessdate=2007-01-07}}</ref>
 
*State bird: [[Great Northern Diver|Common Loon]]
 
*State butterfly: [[Monarch butterfly|Monarch]]
 
 
*State drink: [[Milk]]
 
*State drink: [[Milk]]
*State fish: [[Walleye]]
+
*State [[fish]]: [[Walleye]]
*State flower: [[Showy lady slipper|Pink and white lady slipper]]
+
*State [[flower]]: [[Showy lady slipper|Pink and white lady slipper]]
*State fruit: [[Honeycrisp|Honeycrisp apple]], which was developed at the University of Minnesota; and was adopted as part of a school project on how a bill becomes law.
+
*State [[fruit]]: [[Honeycrisp|Honeycrisp apple]]  
*State gemstone: [[Lake Superior agate]]
+
*State [[gemstone]]: [[Lake Superior agate]]
*State grain: [[Wild rice]]
+
*State [[grain]]: [[Wild rice]]
*Territory Motto (actual): ''Quo sursum velo videre'' ("I cover to see what is above" is the closest translation)
+
*State [[motto]]: L'Étoile du Nord ("Star of the North")
*Territory Motto (intended): ''Quae sursum volo videre'' ("I wish to see what is above")
+
**Territory motto (actual): ''Quo sursum velo videre'' ("I cover to see what is above" is the closest translation)
*State motto: [[L'Étoile du Nord]] ("Star of the North")
+
**Territory motto (intended): ''Quae sursum volo videre'' ("I wish to see what is above")
*State muffin: [[Blueberry muffin|Blueberry]]  
+
*State [[muffin]]: Blueberry
*State mushroom: [[Morel]]
+
*State [[mushroom]]: Morel
*State photograph: [[Grace (photograph)|Grace]]
+
*State [[photograph]]: Grace
*State song: "[[Hail! Minnesota]]"
+
*State [[song]]: "Hail! Minnesota"
*State tree: [[Norway Pine]], also known as Red Pine
+
*State [[tree]]: [[Norway pine]], also known as red pine
 
*Nicknames:
 
*Nicknames:
 
**"Land of 10,000 Lakes"
 
**"Land of 10,000 Lakes"
Line 308: Line 240:
 
**"Gopher State"
 
**"Gopher State"
 
**"Land of Sky-Blue Waters"
 
**"Land of Sky-Blue Waters"
**"Bread and Butter State"
+
**"Bread and Butter State"<ref> Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, [http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/Symbols.asp Minnesota State Symbols]. Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
 +
}}
 +
 
 +
Minnesota's state symbols represent its history, diverse landscapes, and its peoples' love of the outdoors. The [[common loon]], as state [[bird]], is Minnesota's best-known symbol. Its distinctive cry is heard during the summer months in the northern part of the state, and on occasion the loon can be found as far south as the lakes of Minneapolis.<ref> Cornell Lab of Ornithology, [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Common_Loon_dtl.html Common Loon], ''All About Birds.'' Retrieved December 6, 2007. </ref>
 +
 
 +
The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the [[prairie]] were the subject of ''Giants in the Earth'' by [[Ole Rolvaag]] and of the ''Little House'' series of children's books by [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]]. Small-town life was savaged by [[Sinclair Lewis]] in the novel ''Main Street,'' and more gently and affectionately satirized by [[Garrison Keillor]] in his tales of Lake Wobegon. St. Paul native [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] wrote of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as ''Winter Dreams'' and ''The Ice Palace'' (published in ''Flappers and Philosophers''). [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s famous epic poem ''The Song of Hiawatha'' was inspired by Minnesota and many places and bodies of water in the state are named in the poem.
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
 
{{reflist|2}}
 
{{reflist|2}}
  
== Sources and Further reading ==
+
== References ==
* ''Explore Minnesota Tourism''. [http://www.exploreminnesota.com/home.aspx Explore Minnesota], Retrieved August 8, 2007.
+
* Breining, Greg, and Paul Chesley. 2006. ''Minnesota.'' New York: Compass American Guides. ISBN 1400014840
* ''U.S. Census Bureau''. [http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html?_lang=en&_ts= American Fact Finder], Retrieved August 8, 2007.
+
* Explore Minnesota Tourism. [http://www.exploreminnesota.com/home.aspx Explore Minnesota]. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
* Radzilowski, John. 2006. ''Minnesota''. On-the-road histories. New York: Interlink Books. ISBN 1566565677 and ISBN 9781566565677
+
* Gilman, Rhoda R. 1991. ''The Story of Minnesota's Past.'' St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 9780873512671
* Hintz, Martin. 2000. ''Minnesota''. America the beautiful. New York: Children's Press. ISBN 0516210408 and ISBN 9780516210407
+
* Hasday, Judy L. 2003. ''Minnesota'' (From Sea to Shining Sea). New York: Children's Press. ISBN 9780516224787
* Mech, L. David. 2000. ''The wolves of Minnesota: howl in the heartland''. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 089658464X and ISBN 9780896584648  
+
* Heinselman, Miron L. 1996. ''The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816628056
* Hasday, Judy L. 2003. ''Minnesota''. From sea to shining sea. New York: Children's Press. ISBN 0516224786 and ISBN 9780516224787
+
* Hintz, Martin. 2000. ''Minnesota'' (America the Beautiful). New York: Children's Press. ISBN 9780516210407
 +
* Lass, William E. 1998. ''Minnesota: A History.'' New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 9780393046281
 +
* Mech, L. David. 2000. ''The Wolves of Minnesota: Howl in the Heartland.'' Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN and ISBN 9780896584648  
 +
* Minnesota Historical Society. [http://www.mnhs.org/index.htm Official Website]. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
 +
* Radzilowski, John. 2006. ''Minnesota'' (On-the-road Histories). New York: Interlink Books. ISBN 9781566565677
 +
* U.S. Census Bureau. [http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html?_lang=en&_ts= American FactFinder]. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
 +
 
 +
==Additional photos==
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:OwatonnaBank.JPG|National Farmers Bank in Owatonna by [[Louis Sullivan]].
 +
Image:CathedralofStPaul.jpg|The [[French Renaissance architecture|French Renaissance]]-style [[Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota)|Cathedral of St. Paul]] in the city of St. Paul.
 +
Image:MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG|The Mayo Clinic in Rochester.
 +
Image:Pillsbury Hall.jpg|The [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] Pillsbury Hall is the second-oldest building on the [[University of Minnesota]]-Minneapolis campus.
 +
Image:Great northern diver.jpg|The common [[loon]]
 +
Image:Lake Calhoun MN.jpg|[[Fishing]] in [[Lake Calhoun]] in Minneapolis.
 +
</gallery>
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Minnesota}}
+
All links retrieved December 6, 2007.
{{portal|Minnesota}}
+
 
<div class="references-small">
 
 
'''Government'''
 
'''Government'''
* ''Minnesota Constitution''. [http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/cco/rules/mncon/mncon.htm Constitution of the State of Minnesota]. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
+
*[http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/cco/rules/mncon/mncon.htm Constitution of the State of Minnesota].  
  
 
'''Culture & history'''
 
'''Culture & history'''
* ''Minnesota State University''. [http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/history/mnstatehistory/timeline.html Minnesota History: A Chronology]. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
+
* [http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/history/mnstatehistory/timeline.html Minnesota History: A Chronology].  
* ''Time Pieces''. [http://events.mnhs.org/timepieces/timeline.cfm Explore events from Minnesota's past]. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
+
* [http://events.mnhs.org/timepieces/timeline.cfm Explore events from Minnesota's past].  
  
 
'''Maps and Demographics'''
 
'''Maps and Demographics'''
 
*[http://www.demography.state.mn.us/ Minnesota State Demographic Center]
 
*[http://www.demography.state.mn.us/ Minnesota State Demographic Center]
* ''United States Geological Survey''. [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=MN Science In Your Backyard: Minnesota]. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
+
* [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=MN Science In Your Backyard: Minnesota].  
* ''United States Department of Agriculture''. [http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/MN.HTM State Fact Sheets: Minnesota]. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
+
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/MN.HTM State Fact Sheets: Minnesota].  
* ''The University of Texas at Austin''. [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/minnesota.html Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection]. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
+
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/minnesota.html Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection].  
* ''University of Minnesota''. [http://www.geo.umn.edu/mgs/ Minnesota Geological Survey]. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
+
* [http://www.geo.umn.edu/mgs/ Minnesota Geological Survey].  
</div>
+
 
 
<br clear=all/>
 
<br clear=all/>
 
{{United States}}
 
{{United States}}
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{{credit|149854278}}
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{{credit|Minnesota|149854278|Saint_Paul_Minnesota|170955524|Politics_of_Minnesota|169595333}}
  
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:United States]]
 
[[Category:United States]]

Revision as of 15:20, 10 February 2012

State of Minnesota
Flag of Minnesota State seal of Minnesota
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): North Star State;
Land of 10,000 Lakes; The Gopher State
Motto(s): L’Étoile du Nord (French: The Star of the North)
Map of the United States with Minnesota highlighted
Capital Saint Paul
Largest city Minneapolis
Largest metro area Minneapolis-Saint Paul
Area  Ranked 12th
 - Total 86,939 sq mi
(225,181 km²)
 - Width c. 200–350 miles (c. 320–560 km)
 - Length c. 400 miles (c. 640 km)
 - % water 8.4
 - Latitude 43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N
 - Longitude 89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W
Population  Ranked 21st in the U.S.
 - Total 5,344,861 (2011 est)[1]
- Density 67.1/sq mi  (25.9/km2)
Ranked 31st in the U.S.


 - Median income  $55,802 (10th[2])
Elevation  
 - Highest point Eagle Mountain[3][4]
2,302 ft  (701 m)
 - Mean 1,200 ft  (370 m)
 - Lowest point Lake Superior[3][4]
601 ft  (183 m)
Admission to Union  May 11, 1858 (32nd)
Governor Mark Dayton (DFL)
Lieutenant Governor Yvonne Prettner Solon (DFL)
U.S. Senators Amy Klobuchar (DFL)
Al Franken (DFL)
Time zone Central: UTC-6/-5
Abbreviations MN Minn. US-MN
Web site www.state.mn.us
File:MinnesotaWelcomesYou2007.JPG
Minnesota welcome sign

Minnesota is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The twelfth-largest state by area in the U.S., it is the 21st most-populous with just over five million residents as of 2006. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the 32nd state on May 11, 1858. The state is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes," and those lakes and the other waters for which the state is named, together with state and national forests and parks, offer residents and tourists a vigorous outdoor lifestyle.

Nearly 60 percent of Minnesota's residents live in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area known as the Twin Cities, the center of transportation, business, and industry, and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state, often referred to as "Greater Minnesota" or "Outstate Minnesota," consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; eastern deciduous forests, also heavily farmed and settled; and the less-populated northern boreal forest. While the state's residents are primarily white and of Northern European ancestry, substantial influxes of African, Asian, and Latin American immigrants have joined the descendants of European immigrants and of the original Native American inhabitants.

The extremes of the climate contrast with the moderation of Minnesota’s people. The state is known for its moderate-to-progressive politics and social policies, its civic involvement, and high voter turnout. It ranks among the healthiest states by a number of measures, and has one of the most highly educated and literate populations.

Etymology

The name Minnesota comes from the word for the Minnesota River in the Dakota language, Mnisota. The Dakota word Mni (sometimes spelled mini or minne) can be translated as "water." Mnisota is then translated as sky-tinted water or somewhat clouded water. Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. The names of many locations in the state contain the Dakota word for water, such as Minnehaha Falls ("waterfall," not "laughing waters" as is commonly thought), Minneiska ("white water"), Minnetonka ("big water"), Minnetrista ("crooked water"), and Minneapolis, which is a combination of mni and polis, the Greek word for "city."

Geography

Minnesota, showing roads and major bodies of water
Tilted beds of the Middle Precambrian Thompson Formation in Jay Cooke State Park.
Palisade Head on Lake Superior formed from a Precambrian rhyolitic lava flow.
A groundhog seen in Minneapolis, along the banks of the Mississippi River.
A summertime view of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus.
Pose Lake in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.

Minnesota is the northernmost state outside of Alaska; its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods is the only part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th Parallel. Minnesota is in the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest. The state shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and Wisconsin on the northeast; the remainder of the eastern border is with Wisconsin, marked in part by the upper Mississippi River. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are west, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba are north. With 87,014 square miles (225,365 km²), or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state by area.[5]

Geology and terrain

Minnesota contains some of the oldest rocks found on earth, gneisses some 3.6 billion years old, or 80 percent as old as the planet. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean; the remains of this volcanic rock formed the Canadian Shield in northeast Minnesota. The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of vulcanism 1.1 billion years ago, Minnesota's geological activity has been more subdued, with no vulcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, leaving behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock.

In more recent times, massive ice sheets more than 3,000 feet (one kilometer) thick scoured the landscape of the state and sculpted its current terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation receded 12,000 years ago. These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This region, shared with a neighboring section of Wisconsin, is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift.[6] Much of the remainder of the state outside of the northeast has 50 feet (15 m) or more of glacial till deposited as the last glaciers retreated. Thirteen thousand years ago, gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest; the lake's outflow, the glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River, and its bottom created the fertile lands of the Red River valley. Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences very minor earthquakes very infrequently.

The state's high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet (701 m), which is only 13 miles (20.9 km) away from the low of 602 feet (183 m) at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling peneplain.

Two continental divides meet in the northeastern part of Minnesota in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed. Precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the St. Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean.[7]

Minnesota's nickname is The Land of 10,000 Lakes; there are 11,842 lakes over 10 acres (.04 km²) in size. The Minnesota portion of Lake Superior is the largest at 1,504 square miles (3,896 km²) and deepest (1,290 ft/393 m) body of water in the state. The state has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for 69,000 miles (111,000 km). The headwaters of the Mississippi River flow from Lake Itasca and cross the Iowa border downstream. It is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling, by the St. Croix River near Hastings, by the Chippewa River at Wabasha, and by many smaller streams. The Red River, in the bed of glacial Lake Agassiz, drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada's Hudson Bay. Approximately 10.6 million acres (42,900 km²) of wetlands are contained within Minnesota's borders; only Alaska has more.[8]

Flora and fauna

Three of North America's biomes converge in Minnesota: prairie grasslands in the southwestern and western parts of the state, the Big Woods deciduous forest of the southeast, and the northern boreal forest. The northern coniferous forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar. Much of Minnesota's northern forest has been logged, leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as in the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400,000 acres (1,600 km²) of unlogged land.

Although logging continues, regrowth keeps about one-third of the state forested. While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the pine marten, elk, and bison, whitetail deer, and bobcat thrive. The state has the nation's largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska, and supports healthy populations of black bear and moose. Located along the Mississippi Flyway, Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks, and game birds such as grouse, pheasants, and turkeys. It is home to birds of prey including the bald eagle, red-tailed hawk, and snowy owl. The lakes teem with the sport fish such as walleye, bass, muskellunge, and northern pike, and streams in the southeast are populated by brook, brown, and rainbow trout.

Climate

Minnesota endures temperature extremes characteristic of its continental climate; with cold winters and hot summers, the record high and low span 174 degrees Fahrenheit (96.6°C). Meteorological events include rain, snow, hail, blizzards, polar fronts, tornadoes, thunderstormss, and high-velocity straight-line winds. The growing season varies from 90 days per year in the Iron Range to 160 days in southeastern Minnesota near the Mississippi River, and mean average temperatures range from 36°F (2°C) to 49°F (9°C). Average summer dewpoints range from about 58°F (14.4°C) in the south to about 48°F (8.9°C) in the north. Depending on location, average annual precipitation ranges from 19 inches (48.3 cm) to 35 inches (88.9 cm), and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years.[9]

Protected lands

Minnesota is home to a variety of wilderness, park, and other open spaces. Minnesota's first state park, Itasca State Park, was established in 1891, and is the source of the Mississippi River. Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas, 58 state forests covering about four million acres (16,000 km²), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. There are 5.5 million acres (22,000 km²) in the Chippewa and Superior national forests. The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, which encompasses over a million acres (4,000 km²) and a thousand lakes. To its west is Voyageurs National Park, the state's only national park.

History

Map of Minnesota Territory 1849–1858.

Before European settlement, Minnesota was populated by the Anishinaabe, the Dakota, and other Native Americans. The first Europeans were French fur traders who arrived in the 1600s. Late that century, the Ojibwe Indians migrated westward to Minnesota, causing tensions with the Sioux. Explorers such as Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, Father Louis Hennepin, Jonathan Carver, Henry Schoolcraft, and Joseph Nicollet, among others, mapped out the state.

The area east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States in 1783 at the end of the American Revolutionary War, when the Second Treaty of Paris was signed. Land west of the Mississippi River was acquired with the Louisiana Purchase, although part of the Red River Valley was disputed until the Treaty of 1818. In 1805, Zebulon Pike bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825. Its soldiers built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls, the first of the water-powered industries around which the city of Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and tourists had settled in the vicinity of the fort. In 1839, the U.S. Army forced them to move downriver, and they settled in the area that became St. Paul. Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3, 1849. Thousands of people had come to build farms and cut timber, and Minnesota became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858.

Treaties between Europeans and the Sioux and Ojibwe gradually forced the Native Americans off their lands and onto small reservations. As conditions deteriorated for the Sioux, tensions rose, leading to the Dakota War of 1862. The result of the six-week war was the execution of 38 Indians—the largest mass execution in United States history—and the exile of most of the rest of the Sioux to the Crow Creek Reservation in Nebraska.

Fort Snelling played a pivotal role in Minnesota's history and in the development of the cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul.

Logging and farming were mainstays of Minnesota's early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls, and logging centers like Marine on St. Croix, Stillwater, and Winona, processed high volumes of lumber. These cities were situated on rivers that were ideal for transportation. Later, Saint Anthony Falls was tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers" or "clear" flour that it replaced. By 1900, Minnesota mills, led by Pillsbury and the Washburn-Crosby Company (a forerunner of General Mills), were grinding 14.1 percent of the nation's grain.[10]

The state's iron-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron ore in the Vermilion Range and the Mesabi Range in the 1880s, and in the Cuyuna Range in the early 1900s. The ore was shipped by rail to Two Harbors and Duluth, then loaded onto ships and transported eastward over the Great Lakes.

Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 1900s. Nevertheless, farming remained important. Minnesota's economy was hard-hit by the Great Depression, resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were plagued by drought from 1931 to 1935. Federal New Deal programs provided some economic relief. The Civilian Conservation Corps and other programs around the state established some jobs for Native Americans on the reservations, and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 provided tribes with mechanisms for self-government. This provided Native Americans a greater voice within the state, and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native languages were no longer suppressed.

After World War II, industrial development expanded. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized with hybridization of corn and wheat, and the use of farm machinery such as tractors and combines spread. University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to these developments as part of the Green Revolution. Suburban development accelerated due to increased postwar housing demand and convenient transportation. Increased mobility, in turn, enabled more specialized jobs.

Minnesota became a center of technology after the war. Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the United States Navy. It later merged with Remington Rand, and then became Sperry Rand. William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation (CDC).[11] Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker Medtronic also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949.

Law and government

The Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, designed by Cass Gilbert.

Saint Paul is the state capital and the second most populous city in the state. It is the county seat of Ramsey County. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 287,151. In 1820, it was an extreme outpost in the American Old West, where Native Americans, European explorers, and American soldiers (from neighboring Fort Snelling, just upstream on the Mississippi River) lived in close proximity. Saint Paul and the adjacent city of Minneapolis form the core of the Twin Cities metropolitan area.

State and local politics

Minnesota's major political parties include the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), the Republican Party of Minnesota, and the Independence Party of Minnesota (IP). The DFL was created in 1944 when the Minnesota Democratic Party and Farmer-Labor Party merged.

The top executives of the state are the governor and lieutenant governor, both of whom serve four-year terms. The executive branch is headed by the governor, who has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state, attorney general, and state auditor.

The Minnesota Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has 67 districts, each covering about 60,000 people. Each district has one state senator and two state representatives. Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years.

In addition to the city and county levels of government, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. Projects in the Twin Cities metropolitan area can be coordinated by the Metropolitan Council, and many lakes and rivers are overseen by watershed districts and soil and water conservation districts.

There are seven Anishinaabe reservations and four Dakota communities in Minnesota. These communities are self-governing.[12]

Federal politics

Minnesota politics have always been characterized by recurring waves of protest and reform that have spawned such national groups as the Grange, the Greenbackers, the Antimonopolists, the Farmers Alliance, the Populists, the Prohibitionists, and the Nonpartisan League. Each of these movements brought about social reforms and influenced the major political parties. Minnesota has been a leader in such national movements as those to guarantee the rights of women, homosexuals, and American Indians.[13]

Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, with populism being a longstanding force among the state's political parties. It has consistently high voter turnout; in the 2004 U.S. presidential election 77.2 percent of eligible Minnesotans voted, the highest of any U.S. state (the national average was 60.93 percent),[14] due in part to its liberal voter registration laws.

Hubert Humphrey brought national attention to the state with his address at the 1948 Democratic National Convention. Eugene McCarthy's anti-war stance and popularity prior to the 1968 Democratic National Convention likely convinced Lyndon B. Johnson to drop out of the presidential election. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation whose electoral votes were not won by Ronald Reagan in either 1980 or 1984.

Economy

Phelps Mill in Otter Tail County.
The IDS Tower, designed by Philip Johnson and the state's second-tallest building, reflecting César Pelli's Art Deco-style Wells Fargo Center.
The Aerial Lift Bridge in Duluth.

Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota's economy has transformed in the last 150 years to emphasize finished products and services. The diversified economy of Minnesota had a gross domestic product of US$234 billion in 2005.[15] Thirty-six of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2006) are headquartered in Minnesota, including Target, UnitedHealth Group, 3M, Medtronic, General Mills, U.S. Bancorp, and Best Buy. The second-largest privately owned U.S. company, Cargill, is headquartered in Wayzata.

The per capita income for Minnesota in 2005 was $37,290—the tenth-highest in the nation.[16] The three-year median household income from 2002–2004 was $55,914, ranking fifth in the U.S. and first among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast.[17]

Industry and commerce

Minnesota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture; the city of Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by St. Anthony Falls. Although less than 1 percent of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold in 2002.[18] The state is the U.S.'s largest producer of sugar beets, sweet corn, and green peas for processing, and farm-raised turkeys.

Forestry remains strong, including logging, pulpwood processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world's iron ore for over a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, taconite mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2004, the state produced 75 percent of the country's usable iron ore. The mining boom created the port of Duluth, which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes technology and biomedical firms in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation's first indoor shopping mall was Edina's Southdale Center and the nation’s largest shopping mall, the Mall of America, is located in Bloomington.

Energy use and production

The state produces ethanol fuel and was the first to mandate its use, a 10 percent mix (E10) since 1997, and a 20 percent mix (E20) by 2013.[19] There are more than 310 service stations in Minnesota supplying E85 fuel. A 2 percent biodiesel blend has been required in diesel fuel since 2005. As of December 2006, the state was the country's fourth-largest producer of wind power, with 895 megawatts installed and another 200 megawatts planned, much of it on the windy Buffalo Ridge in the southwest part of the state.[20]

Transportation

Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the Minnesota Department of Transportation. Principal transportation corridors radiate from the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area and Duluth. The major Interstate highways are I-35, I-90, and I-94, with I-35 and I-94 passing through the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, and I-90 going east-west along the southern edge of the state. In 2006, a constitutional amendment was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40 percent dedicated to public transit.

A Hiawatha Line vehicle in Minneapolis.

There are nearly two dozen rail corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis-St. Paul or Duluth. There is water transportation along the Mississippi River system and from the ports of Lake Superior.

Minnesota's principal airport is Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (MSP), the headquarters and major passenger and freight hub for Northwest Airlines and Sun Country Airlines. The airport is served by most other domestic carriers. Amtrak's Empire Builder runs through Minnesota, making stops at Midway Station in St. Paul and five other stations. It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the Great Northern Railway, which was built by the tycoon James J. Hill and ran from St. Paul to Seattle. Public transit in Minnesota is currently limited to bus systems in the larger cities and the Hiawatha Line light rail corridor in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area.

Demographics

A map of Minnesota's population density.

Cities and towns

Saint Paul, located in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota's capital city since 1849, first as capital of the Minnesota Territory, and then as state capital since 1858.

Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota's most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are known collectively as the Twin Cities metropolitan area, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and home to about 60 percent of the state's population (as of April 2005).[21] The remainder of the state is known as "Greater Minnesota" or "Outstate Minnesota."

Minnesota has 17 cities with populations above fifty thousand (based on 2005 estimates). The largest of these are Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Rochester, Duluth, and Bloomington. Rochester, Duluth, and St. Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.

Minnesota's population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan Sherburne and Scott counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state's 87 counties lost residents over the same decades.[22]

Population

From fewer than 6,100 people in 1850, Minnesota's population grew to over 1.75 million by 1900. Each of the next six decades saw a 15 percent rise in population, reaching 3.41 million in 1960. Growth then slowed, rising 11 percent to 3.8 million in 1970, and an average of 9 percent over the next three decades to 4.91 million in the 2000 census. As of July 1, 2006, the state's population was estimated at 5,167,101 by the U.S. Census Bureau.[23]

The rate of population change, and age and gender distributions, approximate the national average. Minnesota's growing minority groups, however, still form a significantly smaller proportion of the population than in the nation as a whole. [24] The center of population of Minnesota is located in Hennepin County, in the city of Rogers.

Race and ancestry

Over 75 percent of Minnesota's residents are of Western European descent, with the largest reported ancestries being German (39 percent), Norwegian (17.2 percent), Irish (11.9 percent), and Swedish (9.6 percent). As of 2005, 6.3 percent of residents were foreign-born, compared to 12.4 percent for the nation. The state is slowly becoming less homogeneous as immigration from other parts of the world increases. Recent arrivals include Spanish-speaking people from diverse origins, Hmong, Somalis, Vietnamese, South Asians, and Eastern Europeans.[25]

The state's racial composition, as estimated in 2006,[26] was:

  • 87.8 percent White (non-Hispanic);
  • 4.4 percent Black (non-Hispanic);
  • 3.8 percent Hispanic, a category that includes people of many races;
  • 3.5 percent Asian/Pacific Islander;
  • 1.0 percent Native American/Alaskan Native;
  • 1.6 percent mixed race;
  • 1.6 percent other races.

Religion

A 2001 survey indicated that 25 percent of Minnesota's population was Roman Catholic, and 24 percent was Lutheran. Other Protestant affiliations totaled about 28 percent. Religious groups represented were Baptists (5 percent), Methodists (4 percent), Presbyterians (2 percent), the Assembly of God (2 percent), and the Church of God (2 percent). Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations, including other Protestants, totaled 13 percent, bringing the total Christian population to 77 percent.

Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism together represented 3 percent of the population. Fourteen percent of respondents answered "no religion" on the survey; 6 percent did not answer the query.[27]

Health and education

Health

The people of Minnesota have a high rate of participation in outdoor activities; the state is ranked first in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise. Minnesotans have the nation's lowest premature death rate, third-lowest infant mortality rate, and the second-longest life expectancies in America. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 91 percent of Minnesotans have health insurance, more than in any other state.

Medical care is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics, headed by two institutions with international reputations, the University of Minnesota Medical School and the Mayo Clinic. The University of Minnesota Medical School has a highly rated teaching hospital; the Medical School's research activities contribute significantly to the state's growing biotechnology industry. The world-renowned Mayo Clinic is based in Rochester. Mayo and the University are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into cancer, Alzheimer's disease, heart health, obesity, and other areas.[28]

Education

One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a normal school at Winona. With an 84 percent graduation rate, Minnesota ranks fifth in the nation in high school graduation. While Minnesota has chosen not to implement school vouchers, it is home to the first charter school.

The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, currently comprised of 32 institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, and major campuses of the University of Minnesota system. The University of Minnesota is a large university with several campuses spread throughout the state. There are four primary campuses: Twin Cities, Duluth, Crookston, and Morris. In addition, university services are available in Rochester, and a campus was open in Waseca for a time. The university also operates several research facilities around the state, including some large tracts of land.

Minnesota is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities; four are ranked among the top 100 liberal arts colleges, according to U.S. News & World Report.[29]

Miscellaneous topics

State symbols
  • State bird: Common loon
  • State butterfly: Monarch
  • State drink: Milk
  • State fish: Walleye
  • State flower: Pink and white lady slipper
  • State fruit: Honeycrisp apple
  • State gemstone: Lake Superior agate
  • State grain: Wild rice
  • State motto: L'Étoile du Nord ("Star of the North")
    • Territory motto (actual): Quo sursum velo videre ("I cover to see what is above" is the closest translation)
    • Territory motto (intended): Quae sursum volo videre ("I wish to see what is above")
  • State muffin: Blueberry
  • State mushroom: Morel
  • State photograph: Grace
  • State song: "Hail! Minnesota"
  • State tree: Norway pine, also known as red pine
  • Nicknames:
    • "Land of 10,000 Lakes"
    • "North Star State"
    • "Gopher State"
    • "Land of Sky-Blue Waters"
    • "Bread and Butter State"[30]

Minnesota's state symbols represent its history, diverse landscapes, and its peoples' love of the outdoors. The common loon, as state bird, is Minnesota's best-known symbol. Its distinctive cry is heard during the summer months in the northern part of the state, and on occasion the loon can be found as far south as the lakes of Minneapolis.[31]

The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the prairie were the subject of Giants in the Earth by Ole Rolvaag and of the Little House series of children's books by Laura Ingalls Wilder. Small-town life was savaged by Sinclair Lewis in the novel Main Street, and more gently and affectionately satirized by Garrison Keillor in his tales of Lake Wobegon. St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as Winter Dreams and The Ice Palace (published in Flappers and Philosophers). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's famous epic poem The Song of Hiawatha was inspired by Minnesota and many places and bodies of water in the state are named in the poem.

Notes

  1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011 (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division (December 2011). Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  2. Median Household Income, from U.S. Census Bureau (from 2007 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Elevations and Distances in the United States. United States Geological Survey (2001). Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  5. Information Please, Land and Water Area of States, 2000. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  6. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Natural history: Minnesota's geology. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  7. Mark A. Gonzalez, “Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America, North Dakota Geological Survey Newsletter 30, no. 1 (Summer 2003). Adaptation found at National Atlas of the United States, Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  8. Mark W. Seeley, Minnesota Weather Almanac (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2006 ISBN 0873515544).
  9. National Climatic Data Center, Climate of Minnesota. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  10. David B. Danbom, “Flour Power: The Significance of Flour Milling at the Falls,” Minnesota History 58 (Spring-Summer 2003): 270–285.
  11. Hagley Museum and Library, Engineering Research Associates Records 1946–1959. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  12. North Star, Tribal Government, Minnesota State Government Online. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  13. Encyclopedia Britannica, Minnesota, Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  14. Michael McDonald, 2004 Voting-Age and Voting-Eligible Population Estimates and Voter Turnout, United States Election Project. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  15. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  16. Bureau of Economic Analysis, State Personal Income 2006, U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  17. U.S. Census Bureau, Three-Year-Average Median Household Income by State: 2002–2004. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  18. National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2002 Census of Agriculture State Profile: Minnesota, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  19. Minnesota Votes, 2005 Senate Bill 4 (Ethanol Mandate Increase), USA Votes, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  20. American Wind Energy Association, U.S. Wind Energy Projects. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  21. Office of Geographic and Demographic Analysis, Minnesota Population Estimates: Number and Characteristics of the Current Population, Minnesota Department of Administration. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  22. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Environmental Information Report, Socioeconomic Information. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  23. American FactFinder, Population Finder: Minnesota, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  24. U.S. Census Bureau, Minnesota QuickFacts. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  25. Minnesota State Demographic Center, Minnesota Population Projections by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000–2030, Minnesota Department of Administration. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  26. U.S. Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey Data Profile Highlights: Minnesota. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  27. City University of New York, American Religious Identification Survey. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  28. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Regents of the University of Minnesota, Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  29. U.S. News & World Report, Liberal Arts Colleges: Top Schools, America’s Best Colleges 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  30. Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, Minnesota State Symbols. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  31. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Common Loon, All About Birds. Retrieved December 6, 2007.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Breining, Greg, and Paul Chesley. 2006. Minnesota. New York: Compass American Guides. ISBN 1400014840
  • Explore Minnesota Tourism. Explore Minnesota. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  • Gilman, Rhoda R. 1991. The Story of Minnesota's Past. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 9780873512671
  • Hasday, Judy L. 2003. Minnesota (From Sea to Shining Sea). New York: Children's Press. ISBN 9780516224787
  • Heinselman, Miron L. 1996. The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816628056
  • Hintz, Martin. 2000. Minnesota (America the Beautiful). New York: Children's Press. ISBN 9780516210407
  • Lass, William E. 1998. Minnesota: A History. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 9780393046281
  • Mech, L. David. 2000. The Wolves of Minnesota: Howl in the Heartland. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN and ISBN 9780896584648
  • Minnesota Historical Society. Official Website. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  • Radzilowski, John. 2006. Minnesota (On-the-road Histories). New York: Interlink Books. ISBN 9781566565677
  • U.S. Census Bureau. American FactFinder. Retrieved December 6, 2007.

Additional photos

External links

All links retrieved December 6, 2007.

Government

Culture & history

Maps and Demographics



Political divisions of the United States Flag of the United States
States Alabama | Alaska | Arizona | Arkansas | California | Colorado | Connecticut | Delaware | Florida | Georgia | Hawaii | Idaho | Illinois | Indiana | Iowa | Kansas | Kentucky | Louisiana | Maine | Maryland | Massachusetts | Michigan | Minnesota | Mississippi | Missouri | Montana | Nebraska | Nevada | New Hampshire | New Jersey | New Mexico | New York | North Carolina | North Dakota | Ohio | Oklahoma | Oregon | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | South Carolina | South Dakota | Tennessee | Texas | Utah | Vermont | Virginia | Washington | West Virginia | Wisconsin | Wyoming
Federal district District of Columbia
Insular areas American Samoa | Baker Island | Guam | Howland Island | Jarvis Island | Johnston Atoll | Kingman Reef | Midway Atoll | Navassa Island | Northern Mariana Islands | Palmyra Atoll | Puerto Rico | Virgin Islands | Wake Island

Coordinates: 46° N 94° W


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