Difference between revisions of "Indian Standard Time" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:IST-Mirzapur.svg|thumb|Location of [[Mirzapur]] and the 82.5° E longitude that is used as the reference longitude for Indian Standard Time]]
  
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'''Indian Standard Time''' '''(IST)''' represents the [[time zone|time]] observed throughout [[India]], with a [[time offset]] of [[UTC+5:30]]. India opted out of observing [[daylight saving time]], (DST) or other seasonal adjustments, although briefly using DST during the [[Sino-Indian War|Sino–Indian War of 1962]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]].<ref name="timez">Greenwich Mean Time, [http://wwp.india-time.com/indian-time-zones.htm India Time Zones.] Retrieved November 25, 2006.</ref> In military and aviation time, '''E*''' ("Echo-Star") designates IST.<ref>Greenwich Mean Time, [http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/timezone.htm Military and Civilian Time Designations.] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref>
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Indian Standard Time calculates on the basis of 82.5° E [[longitude]], just west of the town of [[Mirzapur]], near [[Allahabad]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The longitude difference between Mirzapur and the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Observatory]] at [[Greenwich]] translates to an exact time difference of 5 hours 30 minutes. A [[clock tower]] at the [[Allahabad Observatory]] ({{coor d|25.15|N|82.5|E|}}) calculates local time, though the [[National Physical Laboratory, India|National Physical Laboratory]], in [[New Delhi]] has been entrusted with the official time-keeping devices.<ref name="bbc">BBC, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1501252.stm India investigates different time zones.] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref>
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==History==
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One of the earliest descriptions of ''standard time'' in India appeared in the [[fourth century]] C.E. [[Hindu astronomy|astronomical]] treatise [[Surya Siddhanta]]. Postulating a [[Spherical Earth|spherical earth]], the book defined the [[Prime Meridian|prime meridian]], or zero longitude, as passing through ''[[Avanti (India)|Avanti]],'' the ancient name for the historic city of [[Ujjain]] ({{coor dms|23|10|58|N|75|46|38|E}}), and ''Rohitaka'', the ancient name for [[Rohtak]] ({{coor dm|28|54|N|76|38|E}}), a city near the historic battle-field of [[Kurukshetra]].<ref>Olaf H. Schmidt, [http://www.jstor.org/view/00211753/ap020353/02a00020/0 The Computation of the Length of Daylight in Hindu Astronomy,] ''Isis'' 35 (3): 205–211. Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref> <blockquote>Situated upon the line which passes through the haunt of the demons ([[equator]] and 76° E) and the mountain which is the seat of the gods (the [[North Pole]]), are Rohitaka and Avanti …<ref name=burgess>Ebenezer Burgess,  [http://www.jstor.org/view/00030279/ap020003/02a00030/0 "Translation of the Surya-Sikddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With Notes, and an Appendix,"] ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 6: 141–498. Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref></blockquote>
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The day used by ancient Indian astronomers began at sunrise at the prime meridian of Ujjain,<ref>N. Swerdlow, [http://www.jstor.org/view/00211753/ap010172/01a00100/0 "A Lost Monument of Indian Astronomy,"] ''Isis'' 64 (2): 239–243. Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref> which they divided into smaller time units in the following manner:<ref>Sukumar Ranjan Das, [http://www.jstor.org/view/00029890/di991110/99p1463g/0 "The Equation of Time in Hindu Astronomy,"] ''The American Mathematical Monthly'' 35 (10): 540–543.  Retrieved December 1, 2006.</ref> <blockquote> Time that is measurable is that which is in common use, beginning with the ''prāṇa'' (or, the time span of one breath).  The ''pala'' contains six ''{{Unicode|prāṇas}}''.  The ''ghalikā'' is 60 ''palas'', and the ''{{Unicode|nakṣatra ahórātra}}'', or astronomical day, contains 60 ''ghalikās''.  A ''{{Unicode|nakṣatra māsa}}'', or [[sidereal month|astronomical month]], consists of 30 days.</blockquote>
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Measuring a day as twenty four hours, the smallest time unit, ''prāṇa,'' or one respiratory cycle, equals four seconds, a value consistent with the ''normal breathing frequency'' of fifteen breaths/min used in modern medical research.<ref>M. Piepoli, [http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/95/7/1813 "Origin of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Conscious Humans,"]  ''Circulation'' 95: 1813–1821. Retrieved December 1, 2006.</ref> The Surya Siddhanta also described a method of converting local time to the standard time of Ujjain.<ref name=burgess/> Despite those early advances, only astronomers commonly used standard time. For most of [[History of India|India's history]], ruling kingdoms kept their own local time, typically using the [[Hindu calendar]] in both [[sidereal time|lunar]] and [[solar time|solar]] units.<ref>Matthias Tomczak, [http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/science+society/lecture7.html Lecture 7: Living with the seasons—the calendar problem.] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref> For example, the [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jantar Mantar]] observatory built by [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh]] in [[Jaipur]] in 1733 contains large [[sundial]]s, up to 90 ft (27 m) high, used to accurately determine the local time.
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[[Image:John Goldingham.png|thumb|Astronomer [[John Goldingham]] is credited with the establishment of the current fractional time zone (UTC+5:30).]]
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In 1792, the [[British East India Company]] established the [[Madras Observatory]] in [[Chennai]] (then Madras), largely due to the efforts of the British sailor–astronomer [[Michael Topping]]. In 1802, John Goldingham, appointed as the first official astronomer of the Company in India, established the longitude of Madras ({{coor dms|13|5|24|N|80|18|30|E|}}) as 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of [[Greenwich Mean Time]] as the local [[standard time]]. That marked the first use of the current time zone, and departure from the earlier standard of the day beginning at sunrise; now it started at midnight. The clock in the observatory attached to a gun that fired at 8 p.m. daily to announce that "all was well" with IST.<ref>Greenwich Mean Time, [http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/asia/india/time/history-indian-time.htm History of Indian Time.] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref> Time-keeping support for shipping activities in [[Mumbai Harbour|Bombay Harbour]] was provided by the Colaba Observatory in Bombay, which was established in 1826.<ref>National Informatics Centre, [http://iigs.iigm.res.in/history.htm History of Indian Institute of Geomagnetism.] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref>
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Most towns in India retained their own local time until a few years after the introduction of the [[Rail transport in India|railways]] in the 1850s, when the need for a unified time zone became apparent. Local time in [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay) and [[Kolkata]] (then Calcutta), as headquarters of the two largest [[Presidency City|Presidencies of British India]], assumed special importance, the nearby provinces and [[princely state]]s gradually adopted the standard. In the 19th century, [[telegraph]] kept the clocks in synchronization– for example the railways synchronized their clocks thorough a time signal sent from the head office or the regional headquarters at a specified time every day.<ref name="Princely states">IRFCA, [http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-misc.html Odds and Ends.] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref>
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In 1884, the [[International Meridian Conference]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] set up uniform time zones across the world, India receiving two time zones, with Calcutta using the 90th east meridian and Bombay the 75° E meridian. The Conference set [[Calcutta time]] at 5 hours 30 minutes 21 seconds ahead of GMT, while setting [[Bombay time]] at 4 hours 51 minutes ahead.<ref>Project Gutenberg, [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17759/17759-h/17759-h.htm Indian Time Zones (IST).] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref> By the late 1880s, many railway companies began to use [[Madras time]] (known as "[[Railway time]]") as an intermediate time between the two zones. The Britist colonial government established another time zone, [[Port Blair mean time]], established at [[Port Blair]], the capital of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. They set Port Blair mean time to 49 minutes 51 seconds ahead of Madras time.<ref>Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), [http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/Oldham1881account.htm Note on the earthquake of December 31, 1881,] ''Records of the Geological Survey of India'' XVII(2): 47–53. Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref>
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[[British Raj|British India]] officially adopted the standard time zones in 1905, when picking the meridian passing east of Allahabad at 82.5° E longitude as the central meridian for India, corresponding to a single time zone for the country. That came into force on January 1, 1906, also applying to [[Sri Lanka]] (then [[Ceylon]]). Calcutta time remained as an official, separate time zone until 1948.<ref name="Princely states"/>
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[[Image:IST-CIA-TZ.png|thumb|IST in relation with the bordering nations]]
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In 1925, the government began relaying time synchronization through omnibus telephone systems and control circuits to organizations that needed to know the precise time. That continued until the 1940s, when the government began to broadcast time signals using the radio.<ref name="Princely states"/>
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After [[Indian independence movement|independence in 1947]], the [[Government of India|Indian government]] established IST as the official time for the whole country, although Kolkata and Mumbai retained their own local time for a few more years.<ref name="Princely states"/> The Central observatory moved from Chennai to a location near [[Mirzapur]], as close as possible to UTC +5:30.
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During the Sino–Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971, the government resorted briefly to daylight saving time as a way of reducing civilian energy consumption.<ref name="timez"/>
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==Problems==
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<!--A single, large time zone has been assumed to cost more, {{Fact|date=October 2007}} by requiring rescheduling of events to make them compatible with the rest of the zone or with the day's cycle.{{clarifyme}}—>The country's east–west distance of more than 2,000 km (1,200 miles) covers over 28 degrees of longitude, resulting in the sun rising and setting almost two hours earlier in the north-eastern [[Seven Sister States]] than in the [[Rann of Kutch]] in the far west. In the late 1980s, a team of researchers proposed separating the country into two or three time zones to conserve energy. The binary system that they suggested involved a return to British–era time zones; the government rejected the recommendations adopted.<ref name="bbc"/>
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In 2001, the government established a four–member committee under the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]] to examine the need for multiple time zones and daylight saving.<ref name="bbc"/> The findings of the committee, presented to [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in 2004 by the Minister for Science and Technology, [[Kapil Sibal]], recommended maintaining the current unified system, stating that "the prime meridian was chosen with reference to a central station, and that the expanse of the Indian State was not large."<ref>Department of Science and Technology, [http://dst.gov.in/admin_finance/un-sq1007.htm Standard Time for Different Regions.] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref>
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Though the government has consistently refused to split the country into multiple time zones, provisions in labour laws such as the ''Plantations Labour Act, 1951'' allow the Central and State governments to define and set the local time for a particular industrial area.<ref>National Resource Centre for Women, [http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/19.htm A matter of time.] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref>
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An August 2007 article in the ''[[Current Science]]'' [[Academic journal|journal]] estimated that the evening peak energy demand could be reduced by as much as 16 percent by setting Indian Standard Time six hours ahead of Universal Coordinated Time instead of the present 5.5 hours.<ref>The Hindu, [http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/11/stories/2007081158212200.htm  Time to move forward to meet India’s energy crunch? by Divya Gandhi.] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref> According to the authors, the money value of the savings accrued as a result of the time change would be in the range of Rs 1,000 crore every year.<ref>Times of India, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Scientists_suggest_pushing_IST_to_save_energy/articleshow/2331397.cms Scientists suggest pushing IST to save energy.] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref>
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==Time signals==
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The [[Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory]] at the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi generate official time signals for both commercial and official use. The signals, based on [[atomic clock]]s, synchronize with the worldwide system of clocks that support the [[Coordinated Universal Time]].
 +
 +
Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory include:<ref>Greenwich Mean Time, [http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/asia/india/time/indian-time-today.htm Indian Time Today (IST).] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref>
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*Four [[caesium]] and [[rubidium]] atomic clocks
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*[[High frequency]] broadcast service operating at 10 MHz under call sign ''ATA'' to synchronize the user clock within a millisecond
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*[[Indian National Satellite System]] satellite–based standard time and frequency broadcast service, which offers IST correct to ±10 microsecond and frequency calibration of up to ±10<sup>−10</sup>
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*Time and frequency calibrations made with the help of [[picosecond|pico–]] and [[nanosecond]]s time interval [[frequency counter]]s and [[phase (waves)|phase]] recorders
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The state–owned [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]] television network broadcast the exact time. Telephone companies have dedicated phone numbers connected to [[mirror (computing)|mirror]] [[time server]]s that also relay the precise time. Obtaining the time through [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) receivers offers another increasingly popular method.<ref>Press Information Bureau, Government of India, [http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=19703 Satellites for Navigation.] Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref>
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==See also==
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*[[Equation of time]]
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*[[Hindu astrology]]
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*[[International Atomic Time]]
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*[[Terrestrial Time]]
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*[[Time zone]] ([[List of time zones|list]])
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*[[zoneinfo]]
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==Notes==
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<references />
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==References==
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* Bartky, Ian R. 2007. ''One Time Fits All the Campaigns for Global Uniformity.'' Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804756426.
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* Blaise, Clark. 2000. ''Time Lord Sir Sandford Fleming and the Creation of Standard Time.'' New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780375401763.
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* Vij, Brij Bhushan. 1982. ''Towards a Unified Technology if Time Standard Went Metric.'' New Delhi: Soni Book Agency (India). OCLC: 9392166.
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==External links==
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All links retrieved April 12, 2014.
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*[http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/asia/india/time/history-indian-time.htm History of India Time (IST)].
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*[http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/asia/india/time/indian-time-today.htm India Time Today.].
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[[Category:Physical sciences]]
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[[Category:Astronomy]]
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{{credits|168151011}}

Revision as of 16:53, 12 April 2014

Location of Mirzapur and the 82.5° E longitude that is used as the reference longitude for Indian Standard Time

Indian Standard Time (IST) represents the time observed throughout India, with a time offset of UTC+5:30. India opted out of observing daylight saving time, (DST) or other seasonal adjustments, although briefly using DST during the Sino–Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971.[1] In military and aviation time, E* ("Echo-Star") designates IST.[2]

Indian Standard Time calculates on the basis of 82.5° E longitude, just west of the town of Mirzapur, near Allahabad in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The longitude difference between Mirzapur and the United Kingdom's Royal Observatory at Greenwich translates to an exact time difference of 5 hours 30 minutes. A clock tower at the Allahabad Observatory (25.15° N 82.5° E) calculates local time, though the National Physical Laboratory, in New Delhi has been entrusted with the official time-keeping devices.[3]

History

One of the earliest descriptions of standard time in India appeared in the fourth century C.E. astronomical treatise Surya Siddhanta. Postulating a spherical earth, the book defined the prime meridian, or zero longitude, as passing through Avanti, the ancient name for the historic city of Ujjain ({{#invoke:Coordinates|coord}}{{#coordinates:23|10|58|N|75|46|38|E| | |name=

}}), and Rohitaka, the ancient name for Rohtak (28°54′N 76°38′E), a city near the historic battle-field of Kurukshetra.[4]

Situated upon the line which passes through the haunt of the demons (equator and 76° E) and the mountain which is the seat of the gods (the North Pole), are Rohitaka and Avanti …[5]

The day used by ancient Indian astronomers began at sunrise at the prime meridian of Ujjain,[6] which they divided into smaller time units in the following manner:[7]

Time that is measurable is that which is in common use, beginning with the prāṇa (or, the time span of one breath). The pala contains six prāṇas. The ghalikā is 60 palas, and the nakṣatra ahórātra, or astronomical day, contains 60 ghalikās. A nakṣatra māsa, or astronomical month, consists of 30 days.

Measuring a day as twenty four hours, the smallest time unit, prāṇa, or one respiratory cycle, equals four seconds, a value consistent with the normal breathing frequency of fifteen breaths/min used in modern medical research.[8] The Surya Siddhanta also described a method of converting local time to the standard time of Ujjain.[5] Despite those early advances, only astronomers commonly used standard time. For most of India's history, ruling kingdoms kept their own local time, typically using the Hindu calendar in both lunar and solar units.[9] For example, the Jantar Mantar observatory built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh in Jaipur in 1733 contains large sundials, up to 90 ft (27 m) high, used to accurately determine the local time.

File:John Goldingham.png
Astronomer John Goldingham is credited with the establishment of the current fractional time zone (UTC+5:30).

In 1792, the British East India Company established the Madras Observatory in Chennai (then Madras), largely due to the efforts of the British sailor–astronomer Michael Topping. In 1802, John Goldingham, appointed as the first official astronomer of the Company in India, established the longitude of Madras ({{#invoke:Coordinates|coord}}{{#coordinates:13|5|24|N|80|18|30|E| | |name= }}) as 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time as the local standard time. That marked the first use of the current time zone, and departure from the earlier standard of the day beginning at sunrise; now it started at midnight. The clock in the observatory attached to a gun that fired at 8 p.m. daily to announce that "all was well" with IST.[10] Time-keeping support for shipping activities in Bombay Harbour was provided by the Colaba Observatory in Bombay, which was established in 1826.[11]

Most towns in India retained their own local time until a few years after the introduction of the railways in the 1850s, when the need for a unified time zone became apparent. Local time in Mumbai (then Bombay) and Kolkata (then Calcutta), as headquarters of the two largest Presidencies of British India, assumed special importance, the nearby provinces and princely states gradually adopted the standard. In the 19th century, telegraph kept the clocks in synchronization– for example the railways synchronized their clocks thorough a time signal sent from the head office or the regional headquarters at a specified time every day.[12]

In 1884, the International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. set up uniform time zones across the world, India receiving two time zones, with Calcutta using the 90th east meridian and Bombay the 75° E meridian. The Conference set Calcutta time at 5 hours 30 minutes 21 seconds ahead of GMT, while setting Bombay time at 4 hours 51 minutes ahead.[13] By the late 1880s, many railway companies began to use Madras time (known as "Railway time") as an intermediate time between the two zones. The Britist colonial government established another time zone, Port Blair mean time, established at Port Blair, the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. They set Port Blair mean time to 49 minutes 51 seconds ahead of Madras time.[14]

British India officially adopted the standard time zones in 1905, when picking the meridian passing east of Allahabad at 82.5° E longitude as the central meridian for India, corresponding to a single time zone for the country. That came into force on January 1, 1906, also applying to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). Calcutta time remained as an official, separate time zone until 1948.[12]

IST in relation with the bordering nations

In 1925, the government began relaying time synchronization through omnibus telephone systems and control circuits to organizations that needed to know the precise time. That continued until the 1940s, when the government began to broadcast time signals using the radio.[12]

After independence in 1947, the Indian government established IST as the official time for the whole country, although Kolkata and Mumbai retained their own local time for a few more years.[12] The Central observatory moved from Chennai to a location near Mirzapur, as close as possible to UTC +5:30.

During the Sino–Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971, the government resorted briefly to daylight saving time as a way of reducing civilian energy consumption.[1]

Problems

The country's east–west distance of more than 2,000 km (1,200 miles) covers over 28 degrees of longitude, resulting in the sun rising and setting almost two hours earlier in the north-eastern Seven Sister States than in the Rann of Kutch in the far west. In the late 1980s, a team of researchers proposed separating the country into two or three time zones to conserve energy. The binary system that they suggested involved a return to British–era time zones; the government rejected the recommendations adopted.[3]

In 2001, the government established a four–member committee under the Ministry of Science and Technology to examine the need for multiple time zones and daylight saving.[3] The findings of the committee, presented to Parliament in 2004 by the Minister for Science and Technology, Kapil Sibal, recommended maintaining the current unified system, stating that "the prime meridian was chosen with reference to a central station, and that the expanse of the Indian State was not large."[15]

Though the government has consistently refused to split the country into multiple time zones, provisions in labour laws such as the Plantations Labour Act, 1951 allow the Central and State governments to define and set the local time for a particular industrial area.[16]

An August 2007 article in the Current Science journal estimated that the evening peak energy demand could be reduced by as much as 16 percent by setting Indian Standard Time six hours ahead of Universal Coordinated Time instead of the present 5.5 hours.[17] According to the authors, the money value of the savings accrued as a result of the time change would be in the range of Rs 1,000 crore every year.[18]

Time signals

The Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory at the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi generate official time signals for both commercial and official use. The signals, based on atomic clocks, synchronize with the worldwide system of clocks that support the Coordinated Universal Time.

Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory include:[19]

  • Four caesium and rubidium atomic clocks
  • High frequency broadcast service operating at 10 MHz under call sign ATA to synchronize the user clock within a millisecond
  • Indian National Satellite System satellite–based standard time and frequency broadcast service, which offers IST correct to ±10 microsecond and frequency calibration of up to ±10−10
  • Time and frequency calibrations made with the help of pico– and nanoseconds time interval frequency counters and phase recorders

The state–owned All India Radio and Doordarshan television network broadcast the exact time. Telephone companies have dedicated phone numbers connected to mirror time servers that also relay the precise time. Obtaining the time through Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers offers another increasingly popular method.[20]

See also

  • Equation of time
  • Hindu astrology
  • International Atomic Time
  • Terrestrial Time
  • Time zone (list)
  • zoneinfo

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 Greenwich Mean Time, India Time Zones. Retrieved November 25, 2006.
  2. Greenwich Mean Time, Military and Civilian Time Designations. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 BBC, India investigates different time zones. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  4. Olaf H. Schmidt, The Computation of the Length of Daylight in Hindu Astronomy, Isis 35 (3): 205–211. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Ebenezer Burgess, "Translation of the Surya-Sikddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With Notes, and an Appendix," Journal of the American Oriental Society 6: 141–498. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  6. N. Swerdlow, "A Lost Monument of Indian Astronomy," Isis 64 (2): 239–243. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  7. Sukumar Ranjan Das, "The Equation of Time in Hindu Astronomy," The American Mathematical Monthly 35 (10): 540–543. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  8. M. Piepoli, "Origin of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Conscious Humans," Circulation 95: 1813–1821. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  9. Matthias Tomczak, Lecture 7: Living with the seasons—the calendar problem. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  10. Greenwich Mean Time, History of Indian Time. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  11. National Informatics Centre, History of Indian Institute of Geomagnetism. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 IRFCA, Odds and Ends. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  13. Project Gutenberg, Indian Time Zones (IST). Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  14. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Note on the earthquake of December 31, 1881, Records of the Geological Survey of India XVII(2): 47–53. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  15. Department of Science and Technology, Standard Time for Different Regions. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  16. National Resource Centre for Women, A matter of time. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  17. The Hindu, Time to move forward to meet India’s energy crunch? by Divya Gandhi. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  18. Times of India, Scientists suggest pushing IST to save energy. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  19. Greenwich Mean Time, Indian Time Today (IST). Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  20. Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Satellites for Navigation. Retrieved February 3, 2009.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Bartky, Ian R. 2007. One Time Fits All the Campaigns for Global Uniformity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804756426.
  • Blaise, Clark. 2000. Time Lord Sir Sandford Fleming and the Creation of Standard Time. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780375401763.
  • Vij, Brij Bhushan. 1982. Towards a Unified Technology if Time Standard Went Metric. New Delhi: Soni Book Agency (India). OCLC: 9392166.

External links

All links retrieved April 12, 2014.

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